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EE142
Dr. Ray Kwok
reference: Fundamentals of Engineering Electromagnetics, David K. Cheng (Addison-Wesley) Electromagnetics for Engineers, Fawwaz T. Ulaby (Prentice Hall)
Ohms Law
V = IR
A E
Low resistivity => conductor ~<10-5 -cm ( T ) High resistivity => insulator ~>1010 -cm Intermediate resistivity => semiconductor typical ~10-3 to 105 -cm ( eEg/kT ) unit of conductivity = S/m = Siemens/meter = mho/m = (-m)-1
r E = 0 r r E = jH r H = 0 r r r H = J f + jE
Loss Tangent
" tan = '
good conductor >> good insulator <<
Low tan low dielectric loss the smaller, the better !!!
Example
A sinusoidal E-field with amplitude of 250 V/m and frequency 1 GHz exists in a lossy dielectric medium that has a r = 2.5 and loss tangent of 0.001. Find the average power dissipated in the medium per cubic meter.
9 9 10 2 10 36 (2.5)
Pave
1 V 2 1 (El ) 1 = = = E 2 (lA ) 2 R 2 l / A 2
2
Wave Equation
r r H E = t r r E H = c t r 2 r E 2 plane wave equation still holds with modification of E = c 2 t r r j( t k r ) r jt r c allow k be complex since is E(r, t ) = E o e E oe e
jk c = j c + j
phase constant attenuation constant propagation constant
r r r r r jr E(r ) = E oe = E oe e
attenuation
e-r
dB scale
power intensity ratio in log scale, not a unit !!
10 log(2) 3, 3 dB = double 10 log(1/2) -3, -3 dB = half 10 log(10) = 10, 10 dB = 10x 10 log(100) = 20, 20 dB = 100x 10 log(0.1) = -10, -10 dB = 1/10 What is 6 dB? 9 dB? 7 dB? 44 dB? 4x 1/8 5x 4 x 10-5
Example
Isotropic 100 W
How much electricity generated by the solar cell? What if a 40 W bulb is used? 200 W bulb? Intensity = power/area =
1m
In terms of dB
40 W bulb? 35 = 10 log
P 40
system gain
Attenuation
r r r r r jr E(r ) = E o e = E o e e r E(r ) A(r )[dB] = 20 log r = 20 log e r E ( 0) log c (b) log a (b) = log c (a ) 20r A(r )[dB] = = 8.686r ln(10)
For example, if the electric field intensity going through a medium attenuates at a rate of 0.4 dB/m, what is ? -0.4 dB = -8.686 (1 m) = 0.4/8.686 = 0.046 nepers/m Note: nepers (np) is not a real unit. similar to radians !!! Note also is a positive number for attenuation.
Low-loss dielectric
(<<) or (<<)
1 " j 1 j + j 2 '
small
" = = 2 ' 2 2
j " 1 + 2 '
Good Conductor
= j 1 j j j 1 j j = e j / 2 = e j / 4 = 2
(>>)
1 j = j = ( j + 1) + j 2 2 == 2 c = c (1 j / ) 1 + j j = (1 + j) = (1 + j) 2 2
Skin Depth
1 2 = = s
r r r j r E(r ) = E o e e
At r = , |E| decreases to 1/e (or 63% drop).
General Material
= j c = j (' j" ) + j 2 = 2(' j" ) = 2 2 + 2 j 2' = 2 2 j " = j2
2
real imaginary
2
42'
2
( ) (4 ')
2 2
2 1 + tan 2 1
+ 16 2"
2' = 1 + tan 2 + 1 2
2
( (
Summary
r E (r ) A(r )[dB] = 20 log r = 20 log e r = 8.686r E (0) A(r )[dB] = 8.686r / = 8.686(10 / 2) = 43.4dB
in just 5 skin depth. ( 43 dB = 1 / 20,000 !!!) Only surface current on conductors.
np/m
10 9 4 ( )( ) = o r tan = 2 10 = 2 . 08 0 . 0004 4 . 6 10 36
10
S/m
np/m dB
Coaxial cable works well at low freq (TV to antenna) but not so well at high freq. !!
Example
In a nonmagnetic, lossy, dielectric medium, a 300-MHz plane r j4z )e 2 y e j9 y A/m. wave is characterized by the magnetic field phasor H = (x Obtain time-domain expressions for the electric and magnetic field vectors. What is the polarization state of this wave?
t = 0+ y, k t=0 x
= 2, = 9
2' = 2 2 2" = 2 " 2 2(2)(9) = 2 = = 0.468 = tan 2 2 2 ' 9 2 ' 2 2 77c 2 77(3 108 ) 2 r = = 2 = 2 = = 1.95 o oo (2 300 106 ) 2 c =
LHEP
r c e 2 y cos(t 9 y) x 4c e 2 y sin(t 9 y) E=z r 257e 2 y cos(t 9 y + 0.22) x 1028e 2 y sin(t 9 y + 0.22) E=z
J = E = J o e z e jz = J o e (1+ j) z / r r J w J o w j / 4 I = J da = J o w e (1+ j) z / dz = o = e (1 + j) 2 0
w L w /2
Jo
Homework
1. Determine the frequency at which a time-harmonic electric field intensity causes a conduction current density and a displacement current density of equal magnitude in (a) seawater with r = 72 and = 4 S/m, and (b) moist soil with r = 2.5 and = 10-3 S/m. Calculations concerning the electromagnetic effect of currents in a good conductor usually neglect the displacement current even at microwave frequencies. (a) Assuming r = 1 and = 5.7 x 107 S/m for copper, compare the magnitude of the displacement current density with that of the conduction current density at 100 GHz. (b) Write the differential equation in phasor form for magnetic field intensity H in a source-free good conductor.
2.