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v/;k; & 4
f'k{kk %&
Lo:i %&
1949 dks jktLFkku esa igys ea=h e.My dk xBu fd;k x;k] mlesa igyh ckj f'k{kk ea=ky;
cuk;k x;k] igys f'k{kk ,oa x`g ea=h ks- seukjk;.k ekFkqj cuk;s x;sA 1950 esa jktLFkku esa kFkfed
f'k{kk esa 3-30 yk[k] gk;j lSds.Mjh esa 0-18 yk[k vkSj mPp f'k{kk esa 0-11 yk[k fo|kFkhZ ukekafdr FksA
jkT; esa 40 dkWyst vkSj 01 fo'ofo|ky; FkkA f'k{kk ds fodkl dk dk;Z ewyr% 13 uoEcj 1954 esa
eksguyky lq[kkfM+;k ds eq[;ea=h cuus ds ckn muds 9 tqykbZ 1971 rd ds yEcs dk;Zdky esa gqvkA
f'k{kk O;oLFkk rhu Hkkxksa esa foHk FkhA Fke ljdkjh f'k{k.k laLFkk;s]a nwljk vuqnkfud f'k{k.k laLFkk
vkSj rhljk& xSj vuqnkfur futh f'k{k.k laLFkk;sAa bu f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa esa f'k{kdksa ds osru] lsok fu;e
cuk;s] f'k{k.k f'k{k.k ds fy;s jkT; f'k{k.k 'kks/k ,oa f'k{k.k lfefr xfBr dh xbZA f'k{kk ds fy;s
Ldwyksa esa fujh{kd fu;qDr fd;s x;sA vf/kd ls vf/kd cPps f'kf{kr gks lds blds fy;s kFkfed Ldwy
,d fdyksehVj ls vf/kd nwjh ij u gks nwljk cPpksa ds Ldwy v/;;u vfof/k rhu ?kaVs rd lhfer
j[kk tk;A bl dky esa nks fo|ky;& fo|k Hkou mn;iqj vkSj ouLFkyh fo|kihB] ouLFkyh dks
Lok;r 'kkflr cuk;s x;sA 1964 esa tks/kiqj vkSj mn;iqj fo'ofo|ky; LFkkfir fd;s x;sA orZeku
esa jktLFkku esa 14 fo'ofo|ky; LFkkfir gSaA 1 jktLFkku fo'ofo|ky; t;iqj] 2 t;ukjk;.k
fo'ofo|ky; tks/kiqj] 3 eksguyky lq[kkfM+;k fo'ofo|ky; mn;iqj 4 o)Zeku egkohj [kqyk
fo'ofo|ky; dksVk] 5 egf"kZ n;kuUn ljLorh fo'ofo|ky; vtesj] 6 egkjk.kk rki f"k ,oa
rduhdh fo'ofo|ky; mn;iqj] 7 chdkusj fo'ofo|ky; chdkusj] 8 jktLFkku f"k fo'ofo|ky;
chdkusj] 9 rduhdh fo'ofo|ky; dksVk] 10 jktLFkku LokLF; foKku] vuqla/kku fo'ofo|ky;
esfMdy fo-fo- t;iqj 11 txrxq# jkekuUnkpk;Z jktLFkku laLr fo'ofo|ky; t;iqj 12 vk;qonZs
fo'ofo|ky; tks/kiqj 13 jk"Vh; fof/k fo'ofo|ky; tks/kiqj 14 dksVk fo'ofo|ky; dksVkA
dsU ljdkj dh uhfr %&
jkT; ljdkj dh f'k{kk uhfr dsU ljdkj ds fu.kZ;ksa rFkk le;≤ ij cuk;s x;s vk;ksx]
lfefr;k vkSj fo'ks"kdj fo'ofo|ky; vk;ksx ls Hkkfor jgh gSA ;|fi 1976 esa laoS/kkfud la'kks/
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ku ls iwoZ f'k{kk lafo/kku dh jkT; lwph fo"k; ds vUrxZr FkkA 1948&49 esa jk/kk".ku vk;ksx dk
xBu fd;k x;k] bls fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk vk;ksx Hkh dgk tkrk gSA 1952 esa eqnkfy;j vk;ksx xfBr
fd;k x;kA blds lq>koksa ij gh vf[ky Hkkjrh; ek/;fed f'k{kk ifj"kn~ dk xBu fd;k x;k] ftls
1961 esa jk"Vh; 'kS{kf.kd vuqla/kku f'k{k.k ifj"kn~ ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- ds :i esa iquxZfBr dj {ks=
O;kid dj fn;k x;kA mDr ifj"kn ds lq>koksa vkSj dk;ksaZ ls jkT; dh f'k{kk Hkkfor gksrh gSA
1964&66 esa dksBkjh vk;ksx cuk] ftls f'k{kk vk;ksx Hkh dgrs gSA blds v/;{k ;w-th-lh- ds v/;{k
ks- nksyr flag dksBkjh FksA vki jktLFkku ds mn;iqj ds fuoklh FksA dksBkjh vk;ksx ds lq>koksa dk
lokZf/kd Hkko iM+kA D;ksafd blh ds vk/kkj ij ns'k dh igyh f'k{kk uhfr viukbZ xbZ] blds lq>koksa
ds vuqlkj 10$2$3 f'k{kk .kkyh ykxw dh xbZ] f=Hkk"kk lw=] ijh{kk .kkyh esa lq/kkj lk;adkyhu
fo|ky; vkSj dkWyst [kksyus ,oa rduhdh gkbZ Ldwy dh O;oLFkk dks ykxw fd;k x;k] blds vfrfjDr
f'k{kk dks O;olkf;d cuk;k tk;A 1968 esa bls jk"Vh; f'k{kk uhfr ds :i esa ns'k esa ykxw fd;k x;kA
jktLFkku esa Hkh ;gh f'k{kk uhfr viukbZ xbZA lkekftd fodkl dh n`f"V ls bl f'k{kk uhfr esa
egRoiw.kZ dk;Z Fks] lka;dkyhu f'k{kk ds dkj.k vkfFkZd n`f"V ls detksj oxZ tks fnu esa ukSdjh djrs
Fks os Hkh f'k{kk dk ykHk mBk ldrs FksA blds vfrfjDr Ldwy esa O;olkf;d f'k{kk vkSj rduhdh f'k{kk
dks ego nsdj f'k{kk dks jkstxkjksUeq[k Hkh cuk;kA
f'k{kk dks lkekftd vkSj jk"Vh; fodkl dk vk/kkj ekurs gq, 1976 esa vkSj 1985 esa cM+s dne
mBk;s x;sA 1976 esa lafo/kku ds 42 osa la'kks/ku }kjk f'k{kk dks leorhZ lwph esa LFkkukUrfjr fd;k x;k]
vFkkZr~ 1976 ls f'k{kk dsU vkSj jkT; dh lk>k ftEesnkjh gSa] vc f'k{kk ds Lo:i vkSj xq.kokk ds
nkf;Ro dk dsU ljdkj vkSj uhfr fu/kkZj.k ,oa 'kS{kf.kd fu;kstu dk nkf;Ro dsU ljdkj jkT;
ljdkj ds lkFk feydj fuHkkrh gSA ysfdu f'k{kk .kkyh vkSj mlds Lo:i ds ckjs esa fu.kZ; lkekU;r%
jkT; ljdkjsa gh djrh gSA vxLr 1986 esa ubZ jk"Vh; f'k{kk uhfr ykxw dh xbZ] blds ^ksxzke vkWQ
,D'ku* }kjk f'k{kk esa O;kid lq/kkj fd;s x;s] vc Ldwyh f'k{kk esa ,d o"kZ dk v/;;u dky c<+kdj
rSjgoha d{kk dh i<kbZ kjEHk dj nh] bl dkj vc Ldwy f'k{kk 10$2$1 gks xbZA fiNM+s oxksaZ rFkk
xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa cPpksa ds fy;s uoksn; fo|ky;] efgyk f'k{kk dks c<+kok nsus gsrq O;oLFk dh xbZA vc
rduhdh] O;olk;h f'k{kk ij cy fn;k ,oa dEI;wVj f'k{kk vfuok;Z ,oa egkfo|ky;] fo'ofo|ky;
f'k{kdksa ds fy;s lsokdky esa f'k{k.k jss'kj dkslZ vfuok;Z djus dh O;oLFkk dh xbZA 2010 esa f'k{kk
ds ekSfyd vf/kdkj ls tksM+dj 1 ls 14 o"kZ ds cPpksa ds fy;s f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA dsU dh
;g lHkh ,slh ;kstuk;sa jgh gSa ftls jktLFkku esa Hkh ykxw fd;k x;kA
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rd lHkh fyax lEca/kh vkSj lkekftd oxhZdj.k ds varjksa dks lekIr djukA 4 o"kZ 2010 rd
lkoZtfud rkSj ij Ldwyh f'k{kk nsukA
jkT; ds lHkh cPpksa dks f'k{kk miyC/k djkus ds fy, rRdkfyu ljdkj us 1 tqykbZ 1999 dks
jktho xk/kh Lo.kZ t;Urh ikB'kkyk, [kksyh] ftudk eq[; ms'; fdUgha dkj.kksa ls oafpr ckydksa dks
f'k{kk nsuk FkkA 1 vSy 2006 ls leLr jktho xk/kh Lo.kZ t;Urh ikB'kkykvksa dks jktdh; kFkfed
fo|ky; cuk fn;k x;kA jkT; esa py jgh vkSipkfjd o vukSipkfjd kjfEHkd f'k{kk ifj;kstukvksa
esa fdlh dkj.k ls oafpr jg x, cPpksa dks kjfEHkd f'k{kk ls tksM+us gsrq 19 uoEcj 2001 dks jkT;
ljdkj us ^f'k{kk vkids }kj* ;kstuk 'kq: dhA
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f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj
86 okW lafo/kku la'kks/ku 2010 }kjk 4&14 o"kZ vk;q ds cPpksa dks vfuok;Z ,oa fu%'kqYd f'k{kk
nsus dk ko/kku fd;k x;k gSA ;g vSy 2010 esa ykxq fd;k x;kA
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tykiw f rZ
ty fr ls fojklr esa feyk og lalk/ku gS tks lEiw.kZ tho txr dk vk/kkj gSA ty ds
fcuk tho txr dh dYiuk gh O;FkZ gSA oLrqr% ty gh thou gSA i`Foh ds 70% Hkkx ij ty gSA
fdUrq i`Foh ij miyC/k ty dk 0.07% fgLlk vFkkZr~ 1 yk[k yhVj ikuh esa ls 7 yhVj ikuh gh ekuo
ds fy, mi;ksxh gSA lkjs fo'o esa ty dk ladV gS fdUrq Hkkjr dh fLFkfr vf/kd xEHkhj gS D;ksafd
;gk nqfu;k dh 16% vkcknh fuokl djrh gS tcfd ikuh dsoy 4% gh miyC/k gSA jktLFkku tks
fd {ks=Qy dh n`f"V ls Hkkjr dk lcls cM+k ns'k gS rFkk Hkkjr ds {ks=Qy dk 10.43% Hkkx /kkj.k
djrk gS mlesa Hkkjr dk ek= 1% ty miyC/k gSA lrgh ty ds L=ksr& unh] rkykc ,oa >hysa vkfn
i;kZoj.kh; dkj.k tSls XykscyokfeZx ,oa euq"; tfur dkj.k tSls c<+rh tula[;k] vf/kd [kk|kUu
mRiknu] vkS|ksfxdhdj.k] 'kgjhdj.k ds dkj.k lrg ds ty lzksr viuk vfLrRo [kksrs tk jgs gSaA
jktLFkku dh HkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkfr;k vR;f/kd fo"ke gSa ;gk okf"kZd vkSlr o"kkZ lcls de rks gS gh
ckjg ekl cgus okyh ufn;ksa dk vHkko gS rFkk jktLFkku dk if'peh Hkkx e#Hkwfe rks lfn;ksa ls vdky
vkSj lw[ks dh pisV esa jgk gSA Hkwfexr ty lzksrksa esa ukeek= dk miyC/k ty lhfer mi;ksx }kjk gh
Hkfo"; ds fy, cpk;k tk ldrk gSA jktLFkku dh 90% vkcknh is;ty ds fy;s Hkwty lzksrksa ij
fuHkZj gS rFkk f"k dk;Z gsrq 60-70% Hkw ty lzkrs ksa dk mi;ksx gksrk gSA
ekuo ftl ty dks kphu dky esa nsork ,oa ty lzksrksa dks ifo= ekurk vk jgk gS vk/kqfud
thou 'kSyh] 'kgjhdj.k ,oa vkS|ksfxdhdj.k }kjk nwf"kr dj vius gh orZeku ,oa Hkfo"; ds lkFk
f[kyokM+ dj jgk gSA
ty dk ekuo thou ds lHkh i{kksa ;Fkk flapkbZ] f"k [kk|kUu mRiknu] m|ksx fuekZ.k] i;ZVu]
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lkaLfrd thou] thou;kiu vkfn lHkh {ks=ksa ls R;{k lEcU/k gSA ty ds vHkko es ekuo i'kq&i{kh
tho tUrq ouLifr fdlh dk Hkh vfLrRo lEHko ugha gSa ty dh deh ekuo ,oa leLr tSo txr ds
vfLrRo dks Hkkfor djrh gSA
jktLFkku ds ty&lalk/ku@ty lzksr dks nks Hkkxksa esa ckVk tk ldrk gS& 1 lrg ty
lalk/ku 2 HkwxHkhZ; ty lalk/kuA lrgh ty lalk/ku& ufn;k] >hysa o rkykc gSa tcfd HkwxHkhZ;
ty lalk/ku dq, vkSj uydwi gSaA
jktLFkku esa ufn;ksa ls laHkkfor ty& lalk/kuksa dk dsoy 50% gh mi;ksx gks jgk gSA
jktLFkku dh eq[k ufn;k pEcy] cukl] yw.kh] lwdM+h] lkcjerh ,oa ck.kxaxk gSaA jktLFkku esa ehBs
,oa [kkjs ikuh dh dbZ >hysa gSaA ehBs ikuh dh >hysa f=e gSa tcfd [kkjs ikuh dh >hysa kfrd gSa
vkSj muls ued dk mRiknu fd;k tkrk gSA ehBs ikuh dh >hysa& t;leUn] jktleUn] fiNksyk
Qrglkxj] vkuklkxj vkfn >hysa gSa tcfd [kkjs ikuh dh >hyksa esa& lkaHkj] MhMokuk] yw.kdj.k >hy
o iapHkk >hy eq[k gSaA
jktLFkku esa lrgh ty lzkrs ksa dh iwfrZ o"kkZ ij fuHkZj djrh gS vkSj o"kkZ u gksus ij lrgh ty
lzksr Hkh lw[kus yxrs gSa vkSj vUrr% lw[ks jg tkrs gSa vr% vdky dk lkeuk djus ds fy, HkwxHkhZ; ty
lzksrksa dk fodkl ,oa fonksgu djuk vko';d gks x;k gSA
fofHkUu losZ{k.kksa ds vk/kkj ij jktLFkku esa 149 yk[k ,dM+ QqV ls vf/kd Hkw&xHkhZ; ty
Hk.Mkj gksus dk vuqeku gSA nf{k.kh&iwohZ jktLFkku esa HkwxHkhZ; ty Hk.Mkj i;kZIr rFkk mudk ty Lrj
pk tcfd if'peh Hkkxksa esa tyLrj cgqr uhpk gksus ij Hkh dkQh HkwxHkhZ; ty Hk.Mkj gSA vr% tgk
nf{k.k&iwohZ jktLFkku esa dqvksa ls ty lk/kuksa dk ;ksx gksrk gS ogk if'peh Hkkxksa esa uydwiksa dk fodkl
t:jh gSA jktLFkku esa dqvksa ,oa V~;cw oSy ls dqy flafpr {ks= ds yxHkx 58% Hkkx esa flapkbZ gksrh
gSA ;g vuqeku yxk;k x;k gS fd jkT; esa mi;ksx ;ksX; dqy HkwxHkhZ; ty lalk/ku yxHkx 102 yk[k
,dM+ QhV gS mlesa ls yxHkx 86-6 yk[k ,dM+ QhV flapkbZ ds fy, miyC/k gS vkSj 15 yk[k ,dM+
QhV ikuh vkS|ksfxd ,oa is;ty vkfn ds fy, vko';d gSA
jktLFkku esa ;kstukc) fodkl ds vUrxZr miyC/k ty&lalk/kuksa ds fodkl ,oa leqfpr
mi;ksx dk ;kl jgk gS fQj Hkh is;ty ladV rFkk flapkbZ dh c<+rh vko';drk dks ns[krs gq, jkT;
esa ty lalk/kuksa ds vkSj vf/kd fodkl ,oa lnqi;ksx ds fy, dqN lq>ko fuEu gS& 1 miyC/k ikuh
ds lnqi;ksx ds fy, flapkbZ esa vk/kqfud fof/k;ka& QaOokjk flapkbZ vkSj cwan&cwan flapkbZ viukus ls de
ls de ikuh esa vf/kdre flapkbZ dh tk ldrh gSA 2 tu&tkx`fr }kjk ikuh ds nq:i;ksx ij fu;a=.k
yxk;k tk ldrk gSA 3 flapkbZ ,oa is;ty ifj;kstuk dk le;c) f;kUo;u ls Hkh ty lalk/
kuksa dk mfpr nksgu fd;k tk ldrk gSA 4 lrgh ,oa HkwxHkhZ; ty lalk/kuksa dk feyk&tqyk mi;ksx
Hkh miyC/k ty lalk/kuksa ds leqfpr fodkl esa lgk;d gSA
ty laj{k.k& 16 ebZ 2006 ls 15 twu 2006 dks jktLFkku ljdkj us ikuh ds Hkkjh ladV dks ns[krs
gq;s xzkeh.k tUrk dks ty laj{k.k gsrq ksRlkgu djus ds ms'; ls ty psruk vkSj ty jFk ;k=k,
lapkfyr dh xbZ] xkoksa ls ;k=k, djds turk dks ty dk laj{k.k djus ds fy;s ksRlkfgr fd;kA
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[kk| lq j {kk
[kk| vkSj lkoZtfud forj.k foHkkx ns'k dh [kk| vFkZO;oLFkk dk cU/k djrk gSA ;g
[kk|kUu dh [kjhn] muds HkaMkj.k] ifjogu ,oa forj.k ,tsafl;ksa rd mudh vkiwfrZ dk dk;Z djrk
gSA vUu ds mRiknu ij dM+h utj j[kh tkrh gS vkSj ns'k ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa mfpr ewY;ksa ij mudh
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forj.k .kkyh dks Hkkoh cukus ds fy, ljdkj }kjk fu/kZuksa esa ls fu/kZur O;fDr;ksa ds fy, vUR;ksn;
vUu ;kstuk dh 'kq:vkr dh xbZA bl ;kstuk ds vUrxZr R;sd ik= ifjokj dks nks #i;s fr
fdyksxzke xsgwa rFkk rhu #i;s fr fdyks xzke pkoy dh vR;f/kd fj;k;rh nj ij [kk|kUu
miyC/k djk;k x;kA
ljdkj dsUh; ,oa jkT; iwy ds fy;s [kjhns x;s [kk|kUu dh xq.kokk ij leqfpr fu;a=.k
j[krh gSA vkfFkZd mnkjhdj.k ds ;qx esa tgk [kk| alLdj.k m|ksx ds fodkl esa futh] lkoZtfud
vkSj lgdkjh {ks= dks dkjxj Hkwfedk vnk djrh gS] ea=ky; bl{ks= esa iwath fuos'k c<+kus] mfpr
fn'kk&funsZ'k nsu]s fu;kZr&ksRlkgu rFkk mfpr ekgkSy cukus esa mRsjd dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA
bl dkj [kk| lqj{kk ds mfpr cU/ku ls vk/kqfud jktLFkku esa lkekftd fodkl dh xfr
dks c<+kok fey ldrk gSA
xjhch mUewyu
Hkkjr ds lUnHkZ esa ;g dgk tkrk gS fd Hkkjr ,d le`) ns'k gS ftlesa fu/kZu turk clrh
gS jktLFkku ds lUnHkZ esa Hkh lgh ,oa lVhd yxrk gSA jktLFkku fo'kky Hkw&Hkkx ,oa fofo/k [kfut
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lEink dh le`f) ds ckotwn vYi fodkl ,oa tykHkko ds dkj.k vkfFkZd fiNM+siu ,oa xjhch ds
dqp esa Qalk gqvk jkT; gSA vkt lewpk fo'o bl Hk; ls =L= gS fd xjhch vfHk'kki gh ugha oju~
fo'o 'kkfUr ,oa vkfFkZd le`f) dk lcls cM+k [krjk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd lHkh jk"V xjhch mUewyu
ds fy;s Hkkoh dne mBkus dks ck/; gSaA ikapoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa xjhch mUewyu dks ;kstuk dk
,d egoiw.kZ ms'; Lohdkj fd;k x;kA ;g dk;Ze blds ckn fujUrj gj ;kstuk esa pyrk
jgk gSA
jktLFkku esa xjhch mUewyu o jkstxkj l`tu ds dbZ fo'ks"k dk;Ze kjEHk fd;s x;s gSa ftuesa
lefUor xzkeh.k fodkl dk;Ze] tokgj jkstxkj ;kstuk] Vkble] jk"Vh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj dk;Ze
vkfn eq[k dk;Ze gSaA xjhch mUewyu dk;Ze dks ;kstukvksa dk eq[; Hkkx cukus ds ihNs ms';
;g gS fd& lkekftd fo"kerkvksa dks nwj djuk] xjhc ls xjhc O;f ds vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd thou
Lrj dks pk mBkuk FkkA ;g dk;Ze egkRek xk/kh ds bl fpUru ls Hkkfor gS fd ^jkT; dks vfUre
O;f rd igqpukA
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vH;klkFkZ 'u
cgqp ;ukRed 'u %&
1eqnkfy;j vk;ksx dk xBu fd;k x;k&
v 1948 esa
c 1949 esa
l 1952 esa
n 1956 esa
2^f'k{kk* fdl lwph dk fo"k; gSa&
v jkT; lwph dk
c la?k lwph dk
l fo'ks"k lwph
n leorhZ lwph dk
3VsyhesfMlu ;kstuk dk mn~?kkVu fd;k x;k &
v HkhyokM+k ls
c >kykokM+ ls
l cklokM+k ls
l mn;iqj ls
4miHkksDrk laj{k.k vf/kfu;e fdl o"kZ miHkksDrkvksa dks fn;k x;k gS &
v 1990
c 1985
l 1986
n 1980
5dkSulh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa ^xjhch mUewyu* dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gS&
v Fke iapo"khZ; ;kstuk
c ikpoh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk
l lkaroh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk
n vkBoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk
vfry?kw kjkRed 'u %&
1dksBkjh f'k{kk vk;ksx dk xBu dc fd;k x;kA
2fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk vk;ksx dk nwljk uke crkb;sA
3xq: fe= ;kstuk dc o fdlds lg;ksx ls LFkkfir dh xbZA
4VsyhesfMlu ;kstuk dc o fduds fy, 'kq: dh xbZA
5jktLFkku ds ty L=ksrksa dks fdrus Hkkxksa esa ckWVk tk ldrk gS\ muds uke crkb;sA
6ebZ] 2006 esa fudkyh xbZ ty psruk jSyh dk ms'; crkb;sA
7vUukiw.kkZ ;kstuk D;k gSa\
8thou /kkjk ;kstuk fdlls lEcfU/kr gSAa
9Hkw&xHkhZ; ty L=ksrksa ds uke crkbZ;Asa
10- Mkax {ks= fodkl ;kstuk D;k gS\
11- vkfFkZd mnkjhdj.k dk ms'; D;k gSA
12- lqfuf'pr jkstxkj ;kstuk ds vUrxZr fdrus fnu dk jkstxkj fn;k tkrk gSa\
13- Hkkjrh; ekud C;wjksa dk eq[; dk;Z gSa\
y?kw kjkRed 'u %&
1vktknh ds ckn f'k{kk O;oLFkk fdu rhu Hkkxksa esa foHkDr dh xbZA
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