4

:

:
(). O Bowlby


. ,

. ,
.
-,


.

.
Bowlby
Cambridge Craik (1943).
,
, Bowlby .
,
,

.

(Bretherton, 1991 Bowlby, 1973 1980 1988).

(West &
Sheldon-Keller, 1994).


.
,

.
,
, , , ,
. Stern
(Stern, 1995) : )

, ) )

Stern
, .
,
, ,

.
Bowlby ,
.


.


, .

, (Peterfreund,
1983).

.

- (social cognition)
.

.
, ( )

.
-

-
. Gestaldt
(Bartlett,
1932)
-
. , -
,

(. Fiske & Taylor, 19841990).
,

(.. , )
( ,
..).

.
Mary Main , 2,
,
(state of mind), , ,
.
/

.

.

.


(.. Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991 Baldwin, 1992
Baldwin, Fehr, Keedian, Seidel, & Thompson, 1993 Collins & Read, 1994 Collins,
1996).
1990
- . 1990

,
(Baldwin, Fehr, Keedian, Seidel, & Thompson,
1993 Baldwin, Keelan, Fehr, Enns, & Koh-Rangarajoo, 1996)
(.. Collins, 1996; Pietromonaco &
Carnelley, 1994).

.
-
,

.
( ,
,
)

( .
Macrae & Bodenhausen, 2000).

. ,
Bargh (.. Bargh, 1997)

(top-down)

.
. ,
Bower (.. 1981)
.
-
.
Nancy Collins -
, ,
(Collins & Read,
1990 Collins, 1996).
- .
Collins & Read (1990)
, ,
,
.
,

.
(.. ,
).

(,
, , ).
,
-
.
-
(relational schema Baldwin, 1992).
Sally Planalp (1983 1985)

. , Planalp
: ,
-.
, Mark Baldwin (1992)


, .
Baldwin
(Baldwin, Fehr, Keedian, Seidel, & Thompson, 1993)

.

.
Inge Bretherton (1987 1991)
. -

(Anderson, 1983. Smith, 1984 Baldwin et al. 1993).
,

: ,

.
.
( ) (
) ,
( )
.
/

.

(lexical decision task). ,


.
( 72
).
(
).
- .
Baldwin
(Baldwin, et al. 1996).
10

(
). 88%

, 47%
.


.

.

. Baldwin et al.
- :
(availability and accessibility, Baldwin,
Keelan, Fehr, Enns, & Koh-Rangarajoo, 1996).


-.

(Kelley, 1968).
( ),


.
,
(Baucom & Lester, 1986 Epstein, Pretzer, & Fleming, 1987 Fincham &
Bradbury, 1988 Fletxher, Fincham, Cramer, & Heron, 1987 Margolin & Weiss,
1978).
,
(Fincham, 1985.
Fincham & Bradbury, 1987 1989 Fletcher & Fitness, 1993).

.
- .

(social

perception)

,
,
(. Markus & Zajonc, 1985).

(), .

(Sumer & Cozzarelli, 2004)

(. )
.
-


.
Collins & Read (1994)

. ,

. ,
- (, , )
.
Collins
-
. (Collins & Read, 1990)
,
, ,
.
,
.
(
,
).

(, , ,
). Collins & Read
-.
- .
(..
, reaction time)
.

Collins (1993. Collins & Read,

1994)
.

. ,
,
).

(..
, / )i.

.

(.. Shaver,
Collins, & Clark, 1996),
(..
Sroufe & Waters, 1977) (Kobak & Sceery, 1988).

.
,
(schema- triggered
affect Fiske & Pavelchak, 1986

Markus & Wurf, 1987).

/

(Shaver, Collins & Clark, 1996). ,

.
.

, . ,

,
.

10

, Collins
. ,
.
,
.
/ (appraisal) (.. Berscheid,
1983 Lazarus, & Folkman, 1984).

.


(Doherty, 1982 Fincham, Beach, & Nelson, 1987 Fincham & Bradbury, 1988
Fincham & OLeary, 1983). , 5.1

,
. ,

.

,

,


/ .

11

5.1 : Collins (1996)

,

( 2).

-
, .

,
. ,
(
, . 3);

.

. ,

(Shaver & Hazan,1987 Bartholomew & Horowitz,1991)

. ( )

12

(Maseyless, 1994) .

-

. ,
( ,
, , , );

(outcomes)
,

.
,
.

, Collins & Read (1994)
(top-down) .

(. 5.2). ,

5.2 : Collins & Read (1994)

13

Collins & Read (1994)

: 1) , 2) ,
, 3)
, 4)
.
Collins & Read
.
Lazarus .
Richard Lazarus (appraisal)
.
Zajonc 1980


. , Murphy Zajonc (1993)

(affective)

.
, Collins (1996)

.

.
Collins & Read

. ,
(1 )
(2 )
( ,
) . , ,


.

14

.

.
,
.
Bowlby (1969) Crittenden (1996). O Bowlby (1969, .113)
/ (appraisal):

. -
(3) (4)
. , Crittenden
(mental) .

.

. ,

(, , .).

( -).

, (heuristic),
Bowlby .
Bretherton (1987) .

. Bowlby
.

,

.
(1990)

15

(traits)
.


.


(Bowlby, 1979 .204). , Shaver
Hazan (1987)
(1987 .511, .521 ).
:
,
(Carnelley & Jannoff-Bullman, 1992, .5),
.
,
(..
Jones et al., 1990 --
). ( 1990) .



,
.

,
-

.

(Bartholomew (1993).
. ,

16

(Ainsworth et al.,1978 Brazelton et al., 1975 Stern, 1974 Sroufe et al.
19831984).

/ .


.

Collins
Lazarus
.
,

Lazarus

. Zajonc
.


.
(.. McDougall, 1908), - (.. Cannon, 1927),
- /
(... James, 1890/1922).
. ,
,

1950.

17

,

:
- (e.g. Bower, 1981), (Frijda, 1986),
(propositional theories Lang, 1979) -
(ie. Power & Dalgleish, 1997).
(.. Beck,
1976 Power & Dalgleish, 1997).
(cognition)
(,
, , , , Fletcher & Fitness,
1996).

(emotion)

/ .
Bedford (1956) ,
,

.
(.. ). / (affect)

.

(topdown) (Frijda, 1986 Shaver, Schwartz, Kirson, & O'Connor, 1987).
1980
:
; ,
;
,


(Zajonc, 1980).
. ,
Zajonc ,

18

. (
)
.
Zajonc (Preferences
need no inferences)
. Zajonc

,
, -
,
.
-
. Richard Lazarus (1982.1984)
.

, .
Zajonc
, ,
.
Lazarus
, ii.
Lazarus (1984) Zajonc
. Murphy and Zajonc (1993)
-

- (

).

/

,
(p. 67, Powell & Dalgleish, 1997).

19

1.
;

2. ;

3. ;

( )

( )

/
(
)

5.3: Lazarus

.

.

.

, Zajonc
.
:
,

(. Sroufe et al. 1983 1984). O .

20

.

(Goldsmith & Alansky, 1987 Thompson,
Connell, & Bridges, 1988 Vaughn et al., 1992).
(Ainsworth et al. 1978 Sroufe & Waters, 1977 Sroufe
& Fleeson, 1986)
(Cassidy & Kobak, 1988 Kobak et al. 1993 Kobak & Sceery, 1988)

. Grossman Grossman (1991)

.

.
-,
(Kobak & Sceery, 1988).
,
, (Dozier &
Kobak, 1992).

(Mikulincer & Orbach, 1995). Fuendeling (1998)
affect
.

.
(Simpson, 1990 Magai, Distel, & Liker, 1995).

(Simpson, 1990).
,
. 1980


(Kobak & Sceery, 1988).

21

( )
( ). Fuendeling (1998)


(trait)
.

. ,

/.
,
(Sroufe & Waters,
1977 Berman, Marcus, & Berman, 1994).
(. )

(.
/ , .)

. , ,
(.. Nelson &
Panksepp, 1998).

,
(Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978).
() ,
( .)
. ,

- ( anxious-avoidant)
(disattachment)

22

- (C anxious-resistant)

() ,
.

(control systems)

(Kobak, Sudler, & Gamble,

1992).

( ).

() (Dodge, 1991).
( )
( C)
.
(- [repression]
[hyperactivation] )
. , Kobak Sceery (1988, :
35)

.


(Ainsworth, 1985).


(Kobak et al. 1993) (
).

(Kobak & Hazan, 1991 Simpson, Rholes & Nelligan, 1992
. Miulincer & Florian, 2001) .

23

- P. Crittenden

Pat

Crittenden

.

. Crittenden (1995)

. ,

. Crittenden
:
,
(Lymbic
System)
.

(Le Doux, 1997).
, Le Doux,

- .


.
.
.
, .
.
(Lymbic system)
.
(, )
.
-
-

24

-,

/.
/

. /

. /
( ).
/ ,
,
.
, ,
-
(Kafetsios, 2004).

. /
-
.

.

.
/
, .


(Mickelson, Shaver & Kessler, 1997 Kafetsios, 2003).
Crittenden
1. ,

.
( 4
). -

25

(
C5-6).
.

1-2

C1-2

1-2

C
/

A
3

C3-4

C5-6

C7-8

A5-6

AD

5.4: Crittenden (1995)

( Prof. P. Crittenden)

26

. Bowlby

.
Mikulincer, Birnbaum, Woddis, Nachmias (2000)
(priming)
.

- .
(.. ,
.) (lexical decision).
Mikulincer, Gillath, Shaver (2002)

.

- (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2001)
(Mikulincer et al., 2001).

(Pre-emptive) - (post-emptive).
:
, -
.
- Fraley,
Garner, & Shaver (2000)
. , -

, .
.

, (
-) - .

27

.

(Bower,
1981). Joseph Forgas
(Forgas, Bower, & Katz, 1984).

.

.

.

.
Pereg (2001)
. Pereg (2001)


.
( ECR)
: ) (
), ) , (
-).

.

(.. /
).

.
-
.

28

( )
( ..
Kelley, 1968).
- .
Shaver Mikulincer (2002)

(working memory).

.


Pereg
.
:



(Isen, 1987). Barbara
Frederickson - (broadening).
Isen

(Isen & Daubman, 1984 Isen,
Daubman, & Nowicki, 1987).
Mikulincer and Sheffi (2000)

. ,


.

29

,
,

.
.
,

.

.

.
Zikos Kafetsios (2003)
.
, ,


Jim Russell .
Russell


Frederickson
(Tugade, Fredrickson, & Barrett, 2004).


( & , 2004)



.
, Michael Cohen Shaver (2004)
Cognition & Emotion

30

.

(
) .



(Cacioppo & Gardner, 1999).



.


( - ).

.

.

,
(, )
.
,
,

.
(Mickelson, Kessler & Shaver, 1997).

(Davila, Karney, & Bradbury, 1999).

31

- (r (82) = .26, p<.05)
(Kafetsios, 2002).
(Kafetsios & Sideridis, ). o

-
(Mickelson, Kessler, & Shaver, 1997). ,
- -
- .
.
-

.

Carstensen
.

(Kafetsios, 2004) Carstensen.

- (, ,
).

Bowlby
(, -, -)

(, ,
.).
-

().
.

32

.

.
(
)

.

33

Bowlby
.
.
ii
- ,
,
( ).