GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

• Independence Days of Different Countries

The vast majority of the countries on earth became independent after 1800. Only
20 were independent before the start of the 19th century, a mere 10%. By 1900,
only 49 or 25% of the world's countries of today were independent.
Many countries became independent following World War II when European
powers granted independence to their vast colonial holdings, especially Africa.

Here are the independence days for every country, from the oldest to the
youngest...

660 BCE - Japan

221 BCE - China
301 CE - San Marino
843 CE - France
976 CE - Austria
10th Century CE - Denmark
1001 - Hungary
1143 - Portugal
1206 - Mongolia
1238 - Thailand
1278 - Andorra
August 1, 1291 - Switzerland
1419 - Monaco
15th Century - Spain
1502 - Iran
June 6, 1523 - Sweden

Ravindra 1
 January 23, 1579 - Netherlands
1650 - Oman
May 1, 1707 - United Kingdom
January 23, 1719 - Liechtenstein
1768 - Nepal
July 4, 1776 - United States of America
January 1, 1804 - Haiti
July 20, 1810 - Colombia
Sept. 16, 1810 - Mexico
Sept. 18, 1810 - Chile
May 14, 1811 - Paraguay
July 5, 1811 - Venezuela
July 9, 1816 - Argentina
July 28, 1821 - Peru
Sept. 15, 1821 - Costa Rica
Sept. 15, 1821 - El Salvador
Sept. 15, 1821 - Guatemala
Sept. 15, 1821 - Honduras
Sept. 15, 1821 - Nicaragua
May 24, 1822 - Ecuador
Sept. 7, 1822 - Brazil
August 6, 1825 - Bolivia
August 25, 1825 - Uruguay
1829 - Greece
October 4, 1830 - Belgium
1839 - Luxembourg
February 27, 1844 - Dominican Republic

Ravindra 2
 July 26, 1847 - Liberia
March 17, 1861 - Italy
July 1, 1867 - Canada
January 18, 1871 - Germany
May 9, 1877 - Romania
March 3, 1878 - Bulgaria
1896 - Ethiopia
June 12, 1898 - Philippines
January 1, 1901 - Australia
May 20, 1902 - Cuba
November 3, 1903 - Panama
June 7, 1905 - Norway
Sept. 26, 1907 - New Zealand
May 31, 1910 - South Africa
November 28, 1912 - Albania
December 6, 1917 - Finland
November 11, 1918 - Poland
December 1, 1918 - Iceland
August 19, 1919 - Afghanistan
December 6, 1921 - Ireland
February 28, 1922 - Egypt
October 29, 1923 - Turkey
February 11, 1929 - Vatican City
Sept. 23, 1932 - Saudi Arabia
October 3, 1932 - Iraq
November 22, 1943 - Lebanon
August 15, 1945 - Korea, North

Ravindra 3
 August 15, 1945 - Korea, South
August 17, 1945 - Indonesia
Sept. 2, 1945 - Vietnam
April 17, 1946 - Syria
May 25, 1946 - Jordan
August 14, 1947 - Pakistan
August 15, 1947 - India
January 4, 1948 - Burma
February 4, 1948 - Sri Lanka
May 14, 1948 - Israel
July 19, 1949 - Laos
August 8, 1949 - Bhutan
December 24, 1951 - Libya
November 9, 1953 - Cambodia
January 1, 1956 - Sudan
March 2, 1956 - Morocco
March 20, 1956 - Tunisia
March 6, 1957 - Ghana
August 31, 1957 - Malaysia
October 2, 1958 - Guinea
January 1, 1960 - Cameroon
April 4, 1960 - Senegal
May 27, 1960 - Togo
June 30, 1960 - Congo, Republic of the
July 1, 1960 - Somalia
July 26, 1960 - Madagascar
August 1, 1960 - Benin

Ravindra 4
 August 3, 1960 - Niger
August 5, 1960 - Burkina Faso
August 7, 1960 - Cote d'Ivorie
August 11, 1960 - Chad
August 13, 1960 - Central African Republic
August 15, 1960 - Congo, Dem. Rep. of the
August 16, 1960 - Cyprus
August 17, 1960 - Gabon
Sept. 22, 1960 - Mali
October 1, 1960 - Nigeria
November 28, 1960 - Mauritania
April 27, 1961 - Sierra Leone
June 19, 1961 - Kuwait
January 1, 1962 - Samoa
July 1, 1962 - Burundi
July 1, 1962 - Rwanda
July 5, 1962 - Algeria
August 6, 1962 - Jamaica
August 31, 1962 - Trinidad and Tobago
October 9, 1962 - Uganda
December 12, 1963 - Kenya
April 26, 1964 - Tanzania
July 6, 1964 - Malawi
Sept. 21, 1964 - Malta
October 24, 1964 - Zambia
February 18, 1965 - Gambia, The
July 26, 1965 - Maldives

Ravindra 5
 August 9, 1965 - Singapore
May 26, 1966 - Guyana
September 30, 1966 - Botswana
October 4, 1966 - Lesotho
November 30, 1966 - Barbados
January 31, 1968 - Nauru
March 12, 1968 - Mauritius
Sept. 6, 1968 - Swaziland
October 12, 1968 - Equatorial
June 4, 1970 - Tonga
October 10, 1970 - Fiji
March 26, 1971 - Bangladesh
August 15, 1971 - Bahrain
Sept. 3, 1971 - Qatar
November 2, 1971 - United Arab Emirates
July 10, 1973 - Bahamas
Sept. 24, 1973 - Guinea-Bissau
February 7, 1974 - Grenada
June 25, 1975 - Mozambique
July 5, 1975 - Cape Verde
July 6, 1975 - Comoros
July 12, 1975 - Sao Tome and Principe
Sept. 16, 1975 - Papua New Guinea
November 11, 1975 - Angola
November 25, 1975 - Suriname
June 29, 1976 - Seychelles
June 27, 1977 - Djibouti

Ravindra 6
 July 7, 1978 - Solomon Islands
October 1, 1978 - Tuvalu
November 3, 1978 - Dominica
February 22, 1979 - Saint Lucia
July 12, 1979 - Kiribati
October 27, 1979 - Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
April 18, 1980 - Zimbabwe
July 30, 1980 - Vanuatu
January 11, 1981 - Antigua and Barbuda
Sept. 21, 1981 - Belize
Sept. 19, 1983 - Saint Kitts and Nevis
January 1, 1984 - Brunei
October 21, 1986 - Marshall Islands
November 3, 1986 - Micronesia, Federated States of
March 11, 1990 - Lithuania
March 21, 1990 - Namibia
May 22, 1990 - Yemen
April 9, 1991 - Georgia
June 25, 1991 - Croatia
June 25, 1991 - Slovenia
August 20, 1991 - Estonia
August 21, 1991 - Kyrgyzstan
August 24, 1991 - Russia
August 25, 1991 - Belarus
August 27, 1991 - Moldova
August 30, 1991 - Azerbaijan
Sept. 1, 1991 - Uzbekistan

Ravindra 7
 Sept. 6, 1991 - Latvia
Sept. 8, 1991 - Macedonia
Sept. 9, 1991 - Tajikistan
Sept. 21, 1991 - Armenia
October 27, 1991 - Turkmenistan
November 24, 1991 - Ukraine
December 16, 1991 - Kazakhstan
March 3, 1992 - Bosnia and Herzegovina
January 1, 1993 - Czech Republic
January 1, 1993 - Slovakia
May 24, 1993 - Eritrea
October 1, 1994 - Palau
May 20, 2002 - East Timor
June 3, 2006 - Montenegro
June 5, 2006 - Serbia
February 17, 2008 – Kosovo

Important Days
January 12 : National Youth Day. January 15 :Army Day.
January 26 :India's Republic Day and International Customs day.
January 30 :Martyrs' Day
February 24 :Central Excise Day.
February 28 :National Science Day.
March 8 :International Women's Day.
March 15 :World Disabled Day.

Ravindra 8
March 21 :World Forestry Day.
March 21 :International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination.
March 23 :World Meteorological Day.
April 5 :National Maritime Day.
April 7 :World Health Day.
April 18 :World Heritage Day.
April 22 :Earth Day.
May 1 :Workers Day (International Labor Day).
May 3 :Press Freedom Day.
May (2nd Sunday) : Mother's Day.
May 8 :World Red Cross Day.
May 11 :National Technology Day.
May 15 :International Day of the Family.
May 17 :World Telecommunication Day.
May 24 :Commonwealth Day.
May 31 :Anti-Tobacco Day.
June 4 :International Day of Innocent Children Victims of Aggression.
June 5 : World Environment Day.
June(2nd Sunday) : Fathers Day.
June 26 :International day against Drug abuse & Illicit Trafficking.
June 27 :World Diabetes Day.
July 6 :World Zoonoses Day.
July 11 :World Population Day.
August 3 :International Friendship Day.
August 6 :Hiroshima Day,
August 9 :Quit India Day and Nagasaki Day.
August 15 :Independence Day.
August 29 :National Sports Day.
September 5 :Teachers' Day.
September 8 :World Literacy Day.
September 16 :World Ozone Day.
September 21 :Alzheimer's Day.

Ravindra 9
September 26 : Day of the Deaf.
September 27 : World Tourism Day.
October 1 : International day of the Elderly.
October 3 :World Habitat Day.
October 4 :World Animal Welfare Day.
October 8 :Indian Air Force Day.
October 9 :World Post Office day./October 10 :National Post Day.
October 13 :UN International Day for National disaster reduction.
October 14 :World Standards Day.
October 15 :World White Cane Day( guiding the Blind).//October 16 :World Food Day.
October 24 :UN Day, World development information Day.
October 30 :World Thrift Day.
November 14 : Children's Day ( in India )
November 20 :Africa Industrialization Day.
November 29 :International Day of Solidarity with Palestinian People.
December 1 :World Aids Day.
December 4 :Navy Day. December 10 :Human Right Day.
December 7 :Armed Forces Flag Day. December 23 :Kisan Divas Farmer's Day).

• Books And Authors

Books Authors
A Bend in the river V.S. Naipaul
A Brush with Life Satish Gujral
A Conceptual Encyclopaedia of Guru Granth Sahib S.S. Kohli
A Foreign Policy for India I.K. Gujral
A Fortune Teller Told Me Tiziano Terzani
A Gender Lens on Social Psychology Judith A Howard and Jocelyn A.Hollander
A General and His Army Georgy Vladimov

Ravindra 10
A Himalayan Love Story Namita Gokhale
A Last Leap South Vladimir Zhirinovsky
A Nation Flawed-Lesson from Indian History P.N. Chopra
A Peep into the Past Vasant Navrekar
A Possible India Partha Chatterjee
A Psychoanalysis of the Prophets Abdulla Kamal
A Reveolutionary Life Laxmi Sehgal
A Secular Agenda Arun Shourie
A Simple Path Lucinda Vardey
A Suitable Boy Vikram Seth
A Tale of Two Gardens Octavio Paz
A Tribute to People's Princess: Diana Peter Donelli
A Tryst With Destiny Stanley Wolfer
Abbot Walter Scott
Absalom, Absalom William Faulkner
Absalom and Achitophel John Dryden
Acoession to Extinction D.R. Mankekar
Across Borders, Fifty-years of India's Foreign Policy J.N. Dixit
Adam Bede George Eliot
Adhe Adhure Mohan Rakesh
Adonis P.B. Shelley
Adrain Mole-The Wilderness Years Sue Townsend
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Mark Twain
Adventures of Robinson Crusoe Daniel Defoe
Adventures of Sally P.G. Wodehouse
Adventures of Sherlock Holmes Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
Adventures of Tom Sawyer Mark Twain
Adversary in the House lrving Stone
Advice and Consent Allen Drury
Aeneid Virgil
Affairs C.P.Snow
Affluent Society J.K.Galbraith
Afghanistan: Mullah, Marx and Mujahid R.H. Magnus & Eden Naby

Ravindra 11
Africa's Challenge to America Chester Bowles
After All These Years Susan Issacs
After the Dark Night S.M. Ali
Against the Grain Boris Yeltsin
Age of Reason Jean Paul Sartre
Agni Pariksha Acharya Tulsi
Agni Veena Kazi Nazrul Islam
Agony and the Ecstasy Irving Stone
Ain-i-Akbari Abul Fazal
Airport Arthur Hailey
Ajatshatru Jai Shankar Prasad
Akbarnama Abul Fazal
Alaska Unbound James Michener
Alchemist Ben Johnson
Alexander Quartet Lawrence Durrel
Alexander the Great John Gunther
Alice in Wonderland Lewis Carroll
Alien Nation Peter Brimelow
All for Love John Dryden
All is Well that Ends Well William Shakespeare
All Quiet on the Western Front Erich Maria Remarque
All the King's Men Robert Penn Warren
All the President's Men Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward
All things Bright and Beautiful James Herroit
All Under Heaven Pearl S.Buck
Along the Road Aldous Huxley
Altered States Anita Brookner
Amar Kosh Amar Singh
Ambassador's Journal J.K. Galbraith
Ambassador's Report Chester Bowles
Amelia Henry Fielding
American Capitalism J.K. Galbraith
An American Dilemma Gunnar Myrdal

Ravindra 12
An American Tragedy Theodore Dreiser
An Apology for Idlers Robert Louis Stevenson
An Autobiography Jawaharlal Nehru
An Eye to China David Selbourne
An idealist View of Life Dr.S. Radhakrishnan
Anandmath Bankim Chandra Chatterjee
Anatomy of a Flawed inheritance J.N. Dixit
Ancient Evenings Norman Mailer
Ancient Mariner Samuel Taylor Coleridge
And Quiet Flows the Don Mikhali Sholokhov
And Through the Looking Glass Lewis Carroll
Androcles and the Lion George Bernard Shaw
Angry Letters Willem Doevenduin
Anguish of Deprived Lakshmidhar Mishra
Animal Farm George Orwell
Anna Karenina Count Leo Tolstoy
Another Life Derek Walcott
Answer to History Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
Antic Hay Aldous Huxley
Antony and Cleopatra William Shakespeare
Ape and Essence Aldous Huxley
Apple Cart George Bernad Shaw
Arabian Nights Sir Richard Burton
Area of Darkness V.S. Naipaul
Arion and the Dolphin Vikram Seth
Arms and the Man George Bernard Shaw
Around the World in Eighty Days Jules verne
Arrangement Elia Kazan
Arrival and Departure Arthur Koestler
Arrow in the Blue Arthur Koestler
Arrow of Good Joseph Conrad
Arrowsmith Sinclair Lewis
Arthashastra Kautilya

Ravindra 13
As I Lay Dying William Faulkner
As You Like It William Shakespeare
Ascent of the Everest Sir John Hunt
Ashtadhyayi Panini
Asia and Western Dominance K.M. Panikkar
Asian Drama Gunnar Myrdal
Aspects of the Novel E.M. Forster
Assassination of a Prime Minister S.Anandram
Assignment Colombo J.N. Dixit
Assignment India Christopher Thomas
Athenian Constitution Aristotle
Atoms of Hope Mohan Sundara Rajan
August 1914 Alexander Solzhenitsyn
August Coup Mikhali S. Gorbachev
Author's Farce Henry Fielding
Autobiography of an Unknown Indian Nirad C. Chaudhuri
Autumn Leaves O.Pulla Reddi
Avanti Sundari Dandin
Babbit Sinclair Lewis
Baburnama Babur
Baby and Child Penelope Leach
Back to Methuselah G.B. Shaw
Backward Place Ruth Prawer Jhabwala
Bandicoot Run Manohar Malgonkar
Bang-i-Dara Mohammad lqbal
Bangla Desh-The Unifinished Revolution Lawrence Lifschultz
Banyan Tree Hugh Tinker
Beach Boy Ardesher Vakil
Beast and Man Murry Midgley
Beating the Street Peter Lynch
Beginning of the Beginning Acharya Rajneesh
Beloved Toni Morrison
Ben Hur Lewis Wallace

Ravindra 14
Bend in the Ganges Manohar Malgonkar
Bermuda Triangle Charles Berlitz
Berry Patches Yevgeny Yevtushenko
Best and the Brightest David Halberstan
Betrayal of Pearl Harbour James Rusbridger and Eric Nave
Between Hope and History Bill Clinton
Between Hope and History Bill Clinton
Between the Lines Kuldip Nayar
Bewildered India-Identity, Pluralism, Discord Rasheedud-din Khan
Beyond Boundaries: A Memoire Swaraj Paul
Beyond the Horizon Eugene O'Neill
Beyond Modernisation, Beyond Self Sisir Kumar Ghose
Beyond Peace Richard Nixon
Bhagwat Gita Veda Vyas
Bharal Aur Europe Nirmal Verma
Bharat Bharati Maithili Sharan Gupta
Bharaitya Parampara Ke Mool Swar Govind Chandra Pande
Big Fisherman Lloyd C. Douglas
Big Money P.G. Wodehouse
Bill the Conqueror P.G. Wodehouse
Billy Albert French
Biographia Literaria Samuel Taylor coleridge
Birds and Beasts Mark Twain
Birth and Death of The Sun George Gamow
Birth and Evolution of the soul Annie Besant
Birth of Europe Robert, S. Lopez
Bisarjan R.N. Tagore
Bitter Sweet Noel Coward
Black Arrow Robert Louis Stevenson
Black Diaspora Ronald Segal
Black Holes and Baby Universes Stephen Hawking
Black Sheep Honore de Balzac
Black Tulip Alexander Dumas

Ravindra 15
Bleak House Charles Dickens
Blind Ambitions John Dean
Blind Beauty Boris Pasternak
Blind Men of Hindoostan-indo-Pak Nuclear War Gen. Krishnaswamy Sundarji
Bliss was it in that Dawn Minoo Masani
Bloodline Sidney Sheldon
Blood Sport James Stewart
Blue Bird Maurice Macterlink
Bofors: The Ambassador's Evidence B.M. Oza
Bone People Keri Hulme
Book of the Sword Sir Richard Burton
Borders & Boundaries: Women in India's Partition Ritu Menon & Kamla Bhasin
Born Free Joy Adamson
Bostaan Sheikh Saadi
Bread, Beauty and Revolution Khwaja Ahmed Abbas
Breaking the Silence Anees Jung
Breakthrough Gen.Moshe Dayan
Bride for the Sahib and Other Stories Khushwant Singh
Bridge's Book of Beauty Mulk Raj Anand
Bridges of Madison Country R.J. Waller
Brif History of Time Stephen Hawking
Brishbikkha Bankim Chandra Chatterji
Britain's True History Prem Bhatia
Broken Wings Sarojini Naidu
Brothers Karamazhov Fyodor Dostoevski
Bubble Mulk Raj Anand
Buddha Charitam Ashvaghosha
Bunch of Old Letters Jawaharlal Nehru
Bureaucrazy M.K. Kaw
Butterfield 8 John O'Hara
By God's Decree Kapil Dev
By Love Possessed James Gould Cozzens
Byzantium W.B. Yeats

Ravindra 16
Caesar and Cleopatra G.B. Shaw
Call the Briefing Martin Fitzwater
Cancer Ward Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
Canterbury Tales G.Chaucer
Canvass of Life Sheila Gujral
Caravans James A. Michener
Cardinal Henry M. Robinson
Castle Franz Kafka
Catch-22 Joseph Heller
Catcher in the Rye J.D. Salinger
Centennial James Michener
Chance Joseph Conrad
Chandalika Rabindranath Tagore
Chemmeen Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai
Cherry Orchard Anton Chekhov
Chidambara Sumitranandan Pant
Chikaveera Rajendra Masti Venkatesh lyengar
Child Who Never Grew Pearl S. Buck
Childe Harold's Pilgrimage George Byron
Childhood Maxim Gorky
Children of Gabelawi Naquib Mahfouz
Children of the Sun Maxim Gorky
China Passage J.K. Galbraith
China-Past and Present Pearl S. Buck
China's Watergate Leo Goodstadt
Chinese Betrayal B.N. Mullick
Chitra Rabindranath Tagore
Choma's Drum K. Shivaram Karanath
Christabel Samuel Taylor Coleridge
Christmas Tales Charles Dickens
Chronicle of a Death Foretold Gabriel Garcia Marquez
Chithirappaavai P.V. Akilandam
City of Joy Dominique Lapierre

Ravindra 17
City of Saints Sir Richard Burton
Class Erich Segal
Climate of Treason Andrew Boyle
Clockwork Orange Anthony Burgess
Clown Heinrich Boll
Cocktail Party T.S. Eliot
Colonel Sun Kingsley Amis
Comedy of Errors William Shakespeare
Common Sense Thomas Paine
Communist Manifesto Karl Marx
Confessions J.J.Rousseau
Confessions of a Lover Mulk Raj Anand
Comus John Milton
Confessions of an Inquiring Spirit S.T. Coleridge
Confessions of an English Opium Eater, Thomas De Quincy
Confidential Clerk T.S. Eliot
Confrontation with Pakistan Gen. B.M. Kaul
Conquest of Happiness Bertrand Russell
Conquest of Self Mahatma Gandhi
Conservationist Nadine Gordimer
Continent of Circle Nirad C.Chaudhuri
Coolie Mulk Raj Anand
Count of Monte Cristo Alexander Dumas
Coup John Updike
Court Dancer Rabindranath Tagore
Coverly Papers Joseph Addison
Cranford Mrs. Gaskell
Creation Gore Vidal
Crescent Moon Rabindranath Tagore
Crescent Over Kashmir Anil Maheshwari
Cricket on the Hearth Charles Dickens
Crime and Punishment Fyodor Dostoevsky
Crisis in India Ronald Segal

Ravindra 18
Crisis into Chaos E.M.S. Namboodiripad
Critical Mass William E. Burrows
Critique of Pure Reason Immanuel Kant
Crossing in River Caryl Phillips
Crossing the Sacred Line-Women's
Abhilasha & Sabina Kidwai
Search for Political Power
Crossing the Threshold of Hope Pope John Paul II
Crown and the Loincloth Chaman Nahal
Crown of Wild Olive John Ruskin
Cry, My Beloved Country Alan Patan
Cuckold Kiran Nagar Kar
Culture and Anarchy Matthew Arnold
Culture in the Vanity Bag Nirad C. Chaudhuri
Curtain Raisers K. Natwar Singh
Damsel in Distress P.G. Wodehouse
Dancing with the Devil Rod Barker
Dangerous Plaqce Daniel Patrick Moynihan
Dangerous Summer Emest Hemingway
Dangling Man Saul Bellow
Daniel Deronda Geroge Eliot
Dark Room R.K. Narayan
Dark Debts Karen Hall
Dark Home Coming Eric Lustbader
Dark Side of Camelot Seymour Hersh
Darkness at Noon Arthur Koestler
Das Kapital Karl Marx
Dashkumar Charitam Dandi
Daughter of the East Benazir Bhutto
David Copperfield Charles Dickens
Day in Shadow Nayantara Sehgal
Day of the Jackal Frederick Forsyth
Days of Grace Arthur Ashe & Arnold Rampersad
Days of his Grace Eyvind Johnson
Days of My Yers H.P. Nanda

Ravindra 19
De Profundis Oscar Wilde
Dean's December Saul Bellow
Death and After Annie Besant
Death Be Not Proud John Gunther
Death in the Castle Pearl S. Buck
Death in Venice Thomas Mann
Death of a City Amrita Pritam
Death of a Patriot R.E. Harrington
Death on the Nile Agatha Christie
Death of a President William Manchester
Death of a Salesman Arthur Miller
Death-The Supreme Friend Kakasaheb Kalelkar
Death Under sail C.P. Snow
Debacle Emile Zola
Decameron Giovannie Boccaccio
Decline and Fall of Indira Gandhi D.R. Mankekar and Kamala Mankekar
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Edward Gibbon
Decline of the West O' Spengler
Democracy Means Bread and Freedom Piloo Mody
Democracy Redeemed V.K. Narsimhan
Descent of Man Charles Darwin
Deserted Village Oliver Goldsmith
Desperate Remedies Thomas Hardy
Detective Arthur Hailey
Devadas Sarat Chandra Chatterjee
Dharmashastra Manu
Dialogue with Death Arthur Koestler
Diana-Her Time Story in Her Own Words Andrew Martin
Diana-Princess of Wales : A Tribute Tim Graham
Diana-The Story So Far Julia Donelli
Diana-The True Story Andrew Morton
Diana Versus Charles James Whitaker
Die Blendung Elias Canetti

Ravindra 20
Dilemma of Our Time Harold Joseph Laski
Diplomacy Henry Kissinger
Diplomacy and Disillustion George Urbans
Diplomacy in Peace and War J.N. Kaul
Disappearing Acts Terry McMillan
Discovery of India Jawaharlal Nehru
Distant Drums Manohar Malgonkar
Distant Neighbours Kuldip Nayar
Divine Comedy A.Dante
Divine Life Swami Sivananda
Doctor Faustus Christopher Marlowe
Doctor's Dilemma G.B.Shaw
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Robert Louis Stevensan
Dr. Zhivago Boris Pasternak
Doll's House lbsen
Dolly-The Birth of a Clone Jina Kolata
Don Juan George Byron
Don Quixote Cervantes
Don't Laugh-We are Police Bishan Lal Vohra
Double Betrayal Paula R. Newburg
Double Helix J.D. Watson
Double Tongue William Golding
Double Teeth U.B. Sinclair
Drogon's Seed Pearl S. Buck
Dream in Hawaii Bhabani Bhattacharya
Dram of Fair to Middling Women Samuel Beckett
Dreams, Roses and Fire Eyvind Johnson
Drunkard Emile Zola
Durgesh Nandini Bankim Chandra Chatterjee

Ravindra 21
 |

Book and Authors [ E - H ]

Books Authors
Earth Emile Zola
Earth in the Balance: Forging a New
Al Gore
Common Purpose
Earth Mother Pupul Jayakar
East of Eden B.N. Mullick
East West Salman Rushdie
East Wind Pearl S. Buck
Economic Planning of India Ashok Mehta
Economics of Peace and Laughter John K. Galbraith
Economics of the Third World S.K. Ray
Education of Public Man Hubert Humphrey
Edwina and Nehru Catherine Clement

Ravindra 22
Egmont J.W. Von Goethe
Eight Lives Rajmohan Gandhi
Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard Thomas Gray
Emile J.J. Rousseau
Eminent Churchillians Andrew Roberts
Emma Jane Austen
Empire of the Soul: Some Journeys in India Paul William Roberts
Ends and Means Aldous Huxley
End of a Beautiful Era Joseph Brodsky
End of an Era C.S. Pandit
End of History and the Last Man Francis Fukuyama
End of the Chapter John Forsyte
Enemies Maxim Gorky
English August Upamanyu Chatterjee
Envoy to Nehru Escott Reid
Erewhon Samuel Butler
Escape John Forsyte
Eassay on Life Samuel Butler
Essays for Poor to the Rich John Kenneth Galbraith
Essays in Criticism Matthew Arnold
Essays On Gita Aurobindo Ghosh
Essays of Elia Charles Lamb
Estate Issac Bashevis Singer
Eternal Himalayas Major H.P.S.Ahluwalia
Eternal India Indira Gandhi
Eternity Anwar Shaikh
Ethics Aristotle
Europa Time Parks
Eugenie Grandet Honore de Balzac

Ravindra 23
Everlasting Man G.K. Chesterton
Executioner's Song Norman Mailer
Exile and the Kingdom Albert Camus
Expanding Universe Arthur Stanley Eddington
Eye of the Storm Patrick White
Eyeless in Gaza Aldous Huxley
Faces to Everest Maj. H.P.S. Ahluwalia
Facts are Facts Khan Abdul Wali Khan
Fairie Queene Edmund Spencer
Faith & Fire: A Way Within Madhu Tandon
Fall of a Sparrow Salim Ali
Family Moskat Issac Bashevis Singer
Family Reunion T.S.Eliot
Famished Road Ben Okri
Far From the Madding Crowd Thomas Hardy
Far Pavilions M.M.Kaye
Faraway Music Svetlana Allilueva
Farewell to the Trumpets James Morris
Farewell to a Ghost Manoj Das
Farewell to Arms Ernest Hemingway
Farm House George Orwell
Fasana-i-Azad Ratan Nath Sarkar
Fathers and Sons lvan Turgenev
Faust J.W. Von Goethe
Faustus Chirstopher Marlow
Fidelio L.Beethoven
Fiesta Ernest Hemingway
Fifth Column Ernest Hemingway
Fifth Horseman Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre

Ravindra 24
Final Days Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein
Final Passage Caryl Phillips
Finding a Voice-Asian Women in Britain Amrit Wilson
Fine Balance Rohinton Mistry
Fire Next Time James Baldwin
Fire Under the Snow: Testimony of a Tibetan Prisoner Palden Gyatso
First Circle Alexander Solzhenitsyn
Flags in the Dust William Faulkner
Flames from the Ashes P.D. Tandon
Flounder Gunder Grass
Follywood Flashback Bunny Reuben
Food, Nutrition and Poverty in India V.K.R.V. Rao
For the President's Eyes Only Christopher Andrew
For Whom the Bell Tolls Emest Hemingway
Forbidden Sea Tara Ali Baig
Forsyte Saga John Galsworthy
Fortynine Days Amrita Pritam
Franklin's Tale Geoffrey Chaucer
Fraternity John Forsyte
Free Man's Worship Bertrand Russell
Freedom at Midnight Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre
French Revolution Thomas Carlyle
Freedom Behind Bars Sheikh Mohd. Abdullah
Freedom from Fear Aung San Suu Kyi
French Leave P.G. Wodehouse
Friend Samuel Tayelor Coleridge
Friends and Foes Sheikh Mujibur Rehman
Friends, Not Masters Ayub Khan
From Hero to Eternity James Jones

Ravindra 25
From india to America S.Chandrashekhar
From Raj to Rajiv Mark Tully and Zaheer Masani
From Rajpath to Lokpath Vijaya Raja Scindia
Frozen Assets P.G. Wodehouse
Full Moon P.G.Wodehouse
Future of NPT Savita Pande
Gambler Fyodor Dostoevsky
Ganadevata Tara Shankar Bandopadhyaya
Gandhi and Stalin Louis Fisher
Gardener Rabindra Nath Tagore
Garrick Year Margaret Drabble
Gathering Storm Winston Churchill
Geeta Govind Jaya Dev
Ghasiram Kotwal Vijay Tendulkar
Ghosts in the Machine Arthur Koestler
Girl in Blue P.G. Wodehouse
Girl On the Boat P.G. Wodehouse
Gita Rahasya Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Gitanjali Rabindra Nath Tagore
Gladiators Arthur Koestler
Glimpses of Indian Ocean Z.A. Quasim
Glimpses of World History Jawaharlal Nehru
Go Down Moses William Faulkner
Goa Asif Currimbhoy
God and the Bible Mattew Arnold
Godan Munshi Prem Chand
Godfather Mario Puzo
Godrej: A Hundred Years B.K. Karanjia
Gold Bat P.G. Wodehouse

Ravindra 26
Golden Borough James Frazer
Golden Gate Vikram Seth
Golden Threshold Sarojini Naidu
Gone Away Dom Moraes
Gone with the Wind Margaret Mitchell
Good Earth Pearl S.Buck
Goodbye, Mr Chips James Hilton
Gora Rabindra Nath Tagore
Grace Notes Bernard Mac Lavarto
Grammar of Politics Harold Joseph Laski
Grapes of Wrath John Steinbeck
Grapes and the Wind Pablo Neruda
Great Challenge Louis Fischer
Great Depression of 1990 Ravi Batra
Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald
Great lllusion Norman Angell
Great Tragedy Z.A. Bhutto
Grey Eminence Aldous Huxley
Grub Street Henry Fielding
Guide R.K. Narayan
Guide for the Perplexed E.F. Schumacher
Gul-e-Naghma Raghupati Sahai 'Firaq' Gorakhpuri
Gulag Archipelago Alexander Solzhenitsyn
Gulistan Boston Sheikh Saadi
Gulliver's Travels Jonathan Swift
Gulzari Lal Nanda: A Peep
Promilla Kalhan
in the Service of the People
Gurusagaram O.V. Vijayan
Gypsy(poem) Pushkin

Ravindra 27
Hamlet William Shakespeare
Hard Times Charles Dickens
Harsha Charita Bana Bhatt
Hamsters C.P. Snow
Handful of Dust Evelyn Waugh
Happy Death Albert Camus
Harlot High and Low Honore de Balzac
Harvest Majula Padmanabhan
Heart of Darkness Joseph Conrad
Heavem Has No Favourites Eric Maria Remarque
Heat and Dust Ruth Prawer Jhabwala
Heavy Weather P.G. Wodehouse
Henderson the Rain King Saul Bellow
Heritage Anthony West
Hero of Our Times Richard Hough
Heroes and Hero worship Thomas Carlyle
Henry Esmond Thackeray
Heir Apparent Dr. Karan Singh
Higher than Hope Fatima Meer
Himalayan Blunder Brig J.P. Dalvi
Hindu View of Life Dr. S.Radhakrishnan
History of Hindu Chemistry Sir.P.C. Ray
Hitopadesh R.K.Narayan
Hindi Sahitya Aur Samvedna Ka Vikas R.S. Chaturvedi
Hind Swaraj M.K.Gandhi
Hindu Civilisation J.M. Barrie
Hinduism Nirad C.Choudhury
His Excellency Emile Zola
History of the English Speaking Peoples Sir Winston Churchil

Ravindra 28
Home Comings C.P. Snow
Honest Thief and Other Stories Fyodor Dostoevsky
Hornet's Nest Patricia Cornwell
Hot Water P.G. Wodehouse
Hound of the Baskervillese Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
House for Mr. Biswas V.S. Naipaul
House of the Dead Fyodor Dostoevsky
House of Spirits Isabel Allende
House Divided Pearl S. Buck
How Late It Was, How Late James Kelman
Human Factor Graham Greene
Human Knowledge Bertrand Russell
Humboldt's Gift Saul Bellow
Humour Ben Johnson
Hunchback of Notre Dame Victor Hugo
Hungry Stones Rabindra Nath Tagore

Books and Authors [ I - L ]

Books Authors
I am not an Island K.A Abbas
I Dare Parmesh Dangwal
I follow the Mahatma K.M. Munshi
Idylls of the King Tennyson
I Muse; Therefore I am V.N.Narayanan

Ravindra 29
Idiot Fyodor Dostoevsky
Idols Sunil Gavaskar
If I am Assassinated Z.A. Bhutto
Imperial Woman Pearl S. Buck
Importance of Being Earnest Oscar Wilde
In Afghanistan's Shadow Salig S. Harrison
In Confidence Anatolyu Dobrynin
In Evil Hour Gabriel Garcia Marquez
In Light of India Octavio Paz
In Retrospect-The Tragedy
Robert S. McNamara
and Lessons of Vietnam
In Search of Gandhi Richard Attenborough
In Search of Identity Anwar el-Sadat
In the Afternoon of Time Dr.Rupert Snell
In the Bluest Eye Toni Morrison
In the Light of the Black Sun Rohit Manchanda
In the Shadow of Pines Mandeep Rai
India 2020: A Vision for the New Millennium Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam & Dr. Y.S. Rajan
India-A Wounded Civilisation V.S. Naipaul
India discovered John Keay
India-Facing the Twenty-First Century Barbara Crossette
India-From Curzon to Nehru and After Durga Dass
India-From Midnight to the Millennium Shashi Tharoor
India-Independence Festival (1947-1997) Raghu Rai
India in Transition PRof.Jagdish Bhagwati
India is for Sale Chitra Subramaniam
India of Our Dreams M.V. Kamath
India Remembered Percival & Margaret Spear
India Today Rajni Palme Dutt

Ravindra 30
India We Left Hymphry Trevelyan
Indian Home Rule M.K. Gandhi
Indian Philosophy Dr.S.Radhakrishnan
India's China War Neville Maxwell
India's Culture the State the Arts & Beyond B.P. Singh
India's Economic Crisis Dr. Bimal Jalan
India's Economic Reforms and Development
I.J.Ahluwalia & I.M.D. Little
Essay's for Manmohan Singh
India's Rise to Power in the Twentieth
Sandy Gordon
Century & Beyond
Indian Arms Bazaar Maj-Gen, Pratap Narain
Indian Mansions Sarah Tiloston
India Changes Taya Zinkin
India Divided Rajendra Prasad
India Wins Freedom Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
Indian Muslims Prof. Mohd.Mujeeb
India, the Critial Years Kuldip Nayar
Indo-Pakistan Conflict Russen Brines
Indica Megasthenes
Indira Gandhi's Emergence and Style Nayantara Sehgal
Indira's India S.Nihal Singh
Inferno Alighieri Dante
Inner Circle Jonathan First
Innocence of Father Brown G.K.Chesterton
Inside the CBI Joginder Singh
Inside the Third Reich Albert Spencer
Insider P.V. Narasimha Rao
In Memoriam Tennyson
Inside Asia John Gunther

Ravindra 31
Inside Europe John Gunther
Inside Africa John Gun ther
Insulted and the injured Fyodor Dostoevsky
Intelligence Services Dr. Bhashyam Kasturi
Interpreters Wole Soyinka
Intimacy Jean Paul Sartre
Intruder in the Dust William Faulkner
Invisible Man H.G. Wells
Iron in the Soul Jean Paul Sartre
Ironhand J.W. Von Goethe
Is Paris Burning Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre
Isabella John Keats
Islamic Bomb Stev Weissman & Herbert Krousney
Island inthe Streams Ernest Hemingway
It is Always Possible Kiran Bedi
Ivanov Anton Chekhov
Ivanhoe Sir Walter Scott
Jack and Jackle-Portrait of an American Marriage Chirstopher Anderson
Jai Somnath K.M. Munshi
Jaguar Smile Salman Rushdie
Jajar, Churashir Maa Mahashweta Devi
Jane Eyre Charlotte Bronte
Jankijeevanam Prof. Rajendra Mishra
Jawaharlal Nehru-A Communicator
A.K. Damodran
& Democratic Leader
Jawaharlal Nehru, Rebel and Statesman B.R. Nanda
Jazz Toni Morrison
Jean Christopher Romain Rolland
Jesus Rediscovered Malcolm Muggeridge

Ravindra 32
Jewel Danielle Steel
Jhoota Sach Yashpal
Jobs for Millions V.V. Giri
Joke Milan Kundra
Judge's Miscellany M. Hidayatullah
Julius Caesar William Shakespeare
Jurassic Park Michael Crichton
Jungle Book Rudyard Kipling
Junglee Girl Ginu Kamani
Kadambari Bana Bhatt
Kamadhenu Kubernath Ray
Kamasutra Vatsyayan
Kagaz Te Kanwas Amrita Pritam
Kamayani Jai Shankar Pandit
Kaleidoscope of India Tomoji Muto
Kali Aandhi Kamleshwar
Kanthapura Raja Rao
Kanyadaan Vijay Tendulkar
Kapal Kundala Bankim Chandra Chatterjee
Kashmir-A Tale of Shame Hari Jaisingh
Kashmir-Behind the Vale M.J.Akbar
Kashmir Diary: Psychology of Militancy Gen.Arjun Ray
Kashmir-The Wounded Valley Ajit Bhattacharjee
Kashmir in the Crossfire Victoria Shaffield
Kashmir A Tragedy of Errors Tavleen Singh
Katghare Main Ram Sharan Joshi
Kayakalp Munshi Prem Chand
Kayar Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai
Keepers of the Keys Milan Kundera

Ravindra 33
Kenilworth Sir Walter Scott
Killer Angels Michael Shaara
Kissinger Years T.N. Kaul
Kidnapped R.L. Stevenson
King of Dark Chamber Rabindra Nath Tagore
Kiratarjuniya Bharavi
Kim Rudyard Kipling
King Lear Shakespeare
Kipps H.G.Wells
Kitni Navon Main Kitni Bar S.H.Vatsyayan
Koraner Nari Taslima Nasreen
Kore Kagaz Amrita Pritam
Kubla Khan S.T. Coleridge
Kulliyat Ghalib
Kumar Sambhava Kalidas
La Divine Comedia A. Dante
La Peste Albert Camus
Lady of the Lake Sir Walter Scott
Lady with the Lapdog Anton Chekhov
Lady Chatterly's Lover D.H.Lawrence
Lajja Taslima Nasreen
Lal Bahadur Shastri C.P. Srivastava
Last Analysis Saul Bellow
Last Burden Upamanyu, Chatterjee
Last Maharaja Jean Louis Nou & Jacques Pouchepadass
Last Orders Graham Swift
Last Days of Pompeii Edward George Lytton
Last Phase Pyare Lal
Last Things C.P. Snow

Ravindra 34
Law, Lawyers & Judges H.R. Bhardwaj
Laws Versus Justice V.R. Krishna lyer
Leaders Richard Nixon
Leaves of Grass Walt Whitman
Lead Kindly Light Cardinal Newman
Le Contract Social (The Social Contract) J.J. Rousseau
Les Miserables Victor Hugo
Legacy of a Divided Nation Prof. Mushirul Hasan
Latter from Peking Peral S. Buck
Letters From the Field Margaret Mead
Leviathan Thomas Hobbes
Liberty or Death Patrick French
Life and Death of Mr. Badman John Bunyan
Light That Failed Rudyard Kipling
Like Water for Chocolate Laura Esquivel
Life Divine Aurobindo Ghosh
Life is Elsewhere Milan Kundera
Life of Samuel Johnson James Boswell
Lines of Fate Mark Kharitonov
Lipika Rabindranath Tagore
Living Room Graham Greene
Long Shadow inside Stalin's Family Svetlana Allilyuyeva
Long Walk to Freedom Nelson Mandela
Look Back in Anger John Osborne
Lord Jim Joseph Conrad
Lord of the Files William Golding
Lost Child Mulk Raj Anand
Lost Honour John Dean
Lost lllusion Honore de Balzac

Ravindra 35
Lotus Eaters A.Tennyson
Love and Longing in Bombay Vikram Chandra
Love in A Blue Time Hanif Khureshi
Lolita V.Nabokov
Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner Allan Sillitoe
Long Day's Journey into Night Eugene O'Neill
Love, Truth and A Little Malice Khushwant Singh
Lycidas John Milton

Books and Authors [ M - P ]

Books Authors
Macbeth William Shakespeare
Magic Mountain Thomas Mann
Mahabharata Vyasa
Malati Madhav Bhavabhuti
Magic Fishbone Charles Dickens
Magnificent Maharaja K.Natwar Singh
Mahatma Gandhi Girija Kumar Mathur
Major Barbara George Bernard Shaw
Making of a Midsummer Night's Dream David Selbourne
Malavikagnimitra Kalidas
Main Street Sinclair Lewis
Man, The Unknown Lewis Carroll
Man and Superman G.B. Shaw
Man for Moscow G.Lynne
Man of Property John Galsworthy
Man, Beast and Virtue Luigi Pirandello

Ravindra 36
Man eaters of Kumaon Jim Corbett
Marriage and Morals Bertrand Russell
Managing of the Future Peter, F. Drucker
Mama Terry McMillan
Man for All Seasons Robert Bolt
Man of Destiny George Bernard Shaw
Mandarin Simon de Beauvoir
Mankind and Mother Earth Arnold Toynbee
Mansfield Park Jane Austen
Manviya Sanskriti Ke Rachnatmak Aayam Prof. Raghuvansh
Many Worlds K.P.S. Menon
Masters C.P. Snow
Mati Matal Gopinath Mohanty
Maurice E.M. Forster
Mayor of Casterbridge Thomas Hardy
Meghdoot Kalidas
Mein Kampf Adolf Hitler
Memoris of the Second World War Churchill
Memoris of a Bystander: Life in Diplomacy lqbal Akhund
Momories of Hope Charles de Gaulle
Men Who Kepl the Secrets Thomas Powers
Men Who Killed Gandhi Manohar Malgonkar
Meri Rehen Meri Manzil Krishna Puri
Middle March George Eliot
Middle Ground Margaret Drabble
Midnight's Children Salman Rushdie
Midsummer Night's Dream William Shakespeare
Mill on the Floss George Eliot
Million Mutinies Now V.S. Naipaul

Ravindra 37
Mirror of the Sea Joseph Conrad
Miser Moliere
Missed Oppertunites: Indo-Pak War 1965 Maj-Gen, Lakshman Singh
Mistaken identity Nayantara Sehgal
Moby Dick Herman Melville
Modern Painters John Ruskin
Mother India Katherine Mayo
Mod Classics Joseph Conrad
Modern South Asia: History, Culture,
Sugata Bose & Ayesha Jalal
Political Economy
Modernity Morality And The Mahatma Madhuri Santhanam Sondhi
Mondays on Dark Night of Moon Kirin Narayan
Mookhajjiva Kanasugalu K. Shivram Karanth
Moon and Six Pence W. Somerset Maugham
Moonlight Sonata L.Beethoven
Moonwalk Michael Jackson
Moor's Last Sigh Salman Rushdie
Mother Maxim Gorky
Mountbatten and Independent India Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre
Mountbatten and the Partition of India Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre
Mrinalini Bankim Chandra Charrerjee
Mritunjaya Shivaji Sawant
Mrs. De Winter Susah Hill
Mrs. Gandhi's Second Reign Arun Shourie
Much Ado About Nothing Shakespeare
Mudra rakshasa Vishakhadatta
Murder in the Cathedral T.S. Eliot
Mughal Maharajas And The Mahatma K.R.N. Swami
Murder on the Orient Express Agatha Christie

Ravindra 38
Murky Business Honore de Balzac
Murder of Aziz Khan Zulfikar Ghose
Muslim Law and the Constitution A.M. Bhattacharjea
My Days R.K. Narayan
My Early Life M.K. Gandhi
My Experiment With Truth M.K. Gandhi
My Life and Times V.V.Giri
My Own Boswell M.Hidayatullah
My Father, Deng Xiaoping Xiao Rong
My India S. Nihal Singh
My Music, My Love Ravi Shankar
My Presidential Years Ramaswamy Venkataraman
My Truth Indira Gandhi
Mysterious Universe James Jeans
My Several Worlds Pearl S. Buck
My Son's Father Dom Moraes
My South Block Years J.N. Dixit
My Struggles E.K. Nayanar
Myths of sisyphus Albert Camus
My Prison Diary J.P Narayan
Naari Humayun Azad
Nana Emile Zola
Naganandan Harsha Vardhana
Naku Thanthi D.R. Bendre
Nai Duniya Ko Salam & Pathor Ki Dewar Ali Sardar Jafri
Naivedyam (The Offering) N. Balamani Amma
Naked Came the Stranger Penelope Ashe
Nacked Face Sydney Sheldon
Naked Triangle Balwant Gargi

Ravindra 39
Napoleon of Notting Hill G.K. Chesterton
Nature and the Language Politics of India Robert D.King
Nehru Family and Sikhs Harbans Singh
Nelson Mandela: A Biography Martin Meredith
Netaji-Dead or Alive Samar Guha
Never At Home Dom Moraes
New Dimensions of Peace Chester Bowles
New Dimensions of India's Foreign Policy Atal Behari Vajpayee
Nice Guys Finish Second B.K. Nehru
Nicholas Nickelby Charles Dickens
Night Manager John le Carre
Nile Basin Sir Richard Burton
Nine Days Wonder John Mansfield
Nisheeth Uma Shankar Joshi
Niti-Sataka Bhartrihari
Nineteen Eighty-Four George Orwell
1999-Victory Without War Richard Nixon
Nirbashita Narir Kabita Taslima Nasreen
Non-Violence in Peace and War M.K. Gandhi
North Seamus Heanev
Northanger Abbey Jane Austen
Nothing Like The Sun Anthony Burgess
No Full stops in India Mark Tully
Nuclear India G.G. Mirchandani and P.K.S. Namboodari
Nurturing Development Ismail Serageldin
Nursery Alice Lewis Carroll
O'Jerusalem Larry Collins and Dominique Lepierre
Occasion for Loving Nadine Gordimer
Odessa File Frederick Forsyth

Ravindra 40
Odakkuzal G.Shankara Kurup
Odyssey Homer
Of Human Bondage W.Somerset Maugham
Oh, Le Beaux Jours Samuel Beckett
Old Curiosity Shop Charles Dickens
Old Goriot Honore de Balzac
Old Man and the Sea Ernest Hemingway
Old Path: white Clouds Thich Nht Hanh
Oliver's Story Erich Segal
Oliver Twist Erich Segal
Oliver Twist Charles Dickens
Omeros Derek Walcott
On History Eric Hobswan
One Day in the Life of lvan Denisovich Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
One-eyed Uncle Laxmikant Mahapatra
One World to Share Sridath Ramphal
One the Threshold of Hope Pope john Paul
One Hundred Years of Solitude Gabriel Garcia Marquez
One Upmanship Stephen Potter
One World and India Arnold Toynbee
One World Wendell Wilkie
Only One Year Svetlana
Operation Bluestar-the True Story Lt-Gen.K.S. Brar
Operation Shylock Philip Roth
Origin of Species Charles Darwin
Oru Desathinte Katha S.K. Pottekatt
Other Side of Midnight Sydney Sheldon
Othello Shakespeare
Our Films, Their Films Satyajit Ray

Ravindra 41
Our India Minoo Masani
Out of Dust F.D. Karaka
Paddy Clarke Ha, Ha, Ha Reddy Doyle
Padmavati Malik Mohammed Jayasi
Painted Veil W. Somerset Maugham
Painter of Signs R.K. Narayan
Pair of Blue Eyes Thomas Hardy
Pakistan in the 20th Century
Lawrence Ziring
Political History
Pakistan Crisis David Loshak
Pakistan Papers Mani Shankar Aiyer
Pakistan-The Gathering Storm Benazir Bhutto
Panchagram Tarashankar Bandopadhyaya
Panchtantra Vishnu Sharma
Paradise Lost John Milton
Pakistan Cut to Size D.R. Mankekar
Paradiso Alighieri Dante
Paradise Regained John Milton
Passage to England Nirad C. Chaudhuri
Passage to India E.M. Forster
Past and Present Thomas Carlyle

Past Forward G.R. Narayanan

Pather Panchali Bibhuti Bhushan Bandyopadhyaya
Path to Power Margaret Thatcher
Patriot Pearl S. Buck
Pavilion of Women Pearl S. Buck
Peculiar Music Emily Bronte
Peter Pan J.M. Barrie

Ravindra 42
Personal of Democracy P.C. Alexander
Personal Adventure Theodore H. White
Persuasion Jane Austen
Pickwick Papers Charles Dickens
Pilgrim's Progress John Bunyan
Pillow Problems and the Tangled Tale Lewis Carroll
Pinjar Amrita Pritam
Plague Albert Camus
Plans for Departure Nayantara Sehgal
Pleading Guilty Scott Turow
Poison Belt Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
Politics Aristotle
Portrait of India Ved Mehta
Possessed Albert Camus
Post Office Rabindranath Tagore
Power and Glory Graham Greene
Power of Movement in Plants Charles Darwin
Power That Be David Halberstan
Prathama Pratishruti Ashapurna Devi
Prem Pachisi Prem Chand
Prelude William Wordsworth
Premonitions P.N. Haksar
Preparing for the Twentieth Century Paul Kennedy
Price of Partition Rafiq Zakaria
Price of Power-Kissinger in the Nixon White House Seymour M. Hersh
Princess in Love Ann Pasternak
Prison and Chocolate Cake Nayantara Sehgal
Prison Diary Jayaprakash Narayan
Prisoner of Zenda Anthony Hope

Ravindra 43
Prisoner's Scrapbook L.K. Advani
Primary Colors Anonymous
Prince Machiavelli
Prithviraj Raso Chand Bardai
Pride and Prejudice Jane Austen
Principia Isaac Newton
Professor Charlotte Bronte
Profiles & Letters K. Natwar Singh
Promises to Keep Chester Bowles
Punjab, The Knights of Falsehood K.P.S. Gill
Purgatory Alighieri Dante
Pyramids of Sacrifice Peter L.Berger
Pygmation G.B. Shaw

Books and Authors [ Q - T ]

Books Authors
Quarantene Jim Crass
Quest for Conscience Madhu Dandavate
R Documents Irving Wallace
Rabbit, Run John Updike
Radharani Bankim Chandra Chatterjee
Rage of Angels Sydney Sheldon
Ragtime E.L. Doctorow
Raghuvamsa Kalidas
Rajtarangini Kalhana
Ram Charit Manas Tulsidas
Ramayana Maharishi Valmiki (in Sanskrit)

Ravindra 44
Ramayana Dharshanam K.V. Puttappa
Rangbhoomi Prem Chand
Rains Came Louis Bromefield
Rain King Saul Bellow
Rainbow Pearl S. Buck
Raj : The Making & Unmaking of British India Lawrence James
Rang-e-Shairi Raghupati Sahai 'Firaq' Gorakhpuri
Rape of the Lock Alexander Pope
Rape of Nanking: An undeniable
Shi Young
History of Photographs
Rape of Bangladesh Anthony Mascarenhas
Rare Glimpses of the Raj Pran Nevile
Ratnavali Harsha Vardhan
Ravi Paar (Across the Ravi) Gulzar
Razor's Edge Somerset Maugham
Rebel Albert Camus
Rebirth Leonid Brezhnev
Red and Black Stendhal
Red Star Over China Edgar Snow
Red Wheel Alexander Solzhenitsyn
Rediscovering Gandhi Yogesh Chadha
Reflections on the Frence Revolution Edmund Burke
Red Badge of Courage Stephen Crane
Remembering Babylon David Malouf
Reminiscences Thomas Carlyle
Reminiscences Thomas Carlyle
Reminiscences of the Nehru Age M.O. Mathai
Rendezvous with Rama Arthur C. Clark
Reprieve Jean Paul Sartre

Ravindra 45
Republic Plato
Rescue Joseph Conrad
Resurrection Leo Tolstoy
Return of the Aryans Bhagwan S. Gidwani
Return of the Native Thomas Hardy
Returning to the Source Acharya Rajneesh
Revenue Stamp Amrita Pritam
Rich Like Us Nayantara Sehgal
Riding the Storm Harold MacMillan
Rights the Man Thomas Paina
Rise and Fall of the Great Powers Paul Kennedy
Ritu Ka Pehla Phool Vijendra
Ritu Samhara Kalidas
Rivals R.B. Sheridan
River Sutra Gita Mehta
Road to Folly Leslie Ford
Road to Freedom K.K. Khullar
Robe Lloyd C. Douglas
Robinson Crusoe Daniel Defoe
Romeo and Juliet William Shakespeare
Room at the Top John Braine Roots
Rubaiyat-i-Omar Khayyam Edward Fitzgerald
Rukh Te Rishi Harbhajan Singh
Sader-i-Riyasat Karan Singh
Sardar Patel and Indian Muslims Rafiq Zakaria
Sakharam Binder Vijay Tendulkar
Saket Maithili Sharan Gupta
Satyartha Prakash Swami Dayanand
Smaler's Planet Saul Bellow

Ravindra 46
Sanctuary William Faulkner
Sands of Time Sidney Sheldon
Santa Evita Tomas Eloymartinez
Satanic Verses Salman Rushdie
Savitri Aurobindo Ghosh
Scarlet Letter Nathaniel Hawthorne
Scarlet Pimpernel Baroness Orczy
Scenes from a Writer's Life Ruskin Bond
Sceptred Flute Sarojini Naidu
Schindlr's List Thomas Keneally
Scholar Extraordinary Nirad C. Chaudhuri
School for Scandal R.B. Sheridan
Scope of Happiness Vijayalakshmi Pandit
Search for Home Sasthi Brata
Second World War Winston Churchill
Secret Agent Joseph Conrad
Sense of Time S.H. Vatsyayan
Sesame and Lilies John Ruskin
Seven Lamps of Architecture John Ruskin
Seven Summers Mulk Raj Anand
Tale of a Tub Jonathan Swift
Tale of Two Cities Charles Dickens
Tales from Shakespeare Charles Lamb
Tales of Sherlock Holmes Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
Talisman Sir Walter Scott
Tamas Bhisham Sahni
Tar Baby Toni Morrison
Tarkash Javed Akhtar
Tarzan of the Apes Edgar Rice Burroughs

Ravindra 47
Tehriq-e-Mujahideen Dr. Sadiq Hussain
Temple Tiger Jim Corbett
Tess of D'Urbervilles Thomas Hardy
Thank You, Jeeves P.G. Wodehouse
The Age of Extremes Eric Holsbawm
The Assassination K. Mohandas
The Agenda-Indide the Clinton White House Bob Woodward
The Agony and Ecstasy Irving Stone
The Best and the Brightest David Malberstam
The Beach Tree Pearl S. Buck
The Betrayal of East Pakistan Lt. Gen. A.A.K. Niazi
The Calcutta Chromosome Amitav Ghosh
The Career & Legend of Vasco de Gama Sanjay Subramanyam
The Commitments Roddy Doyle
The Cardinal Henry Morton Robinson
The Changing World of Executive Peter Drucker
The Chinese Betrayal B.N. Mullick
The Congress Splits R.P. Rao
The Dark Side of Camelot Seymore Hersh
The Defeat or Distant Drumbeats Bhaskar Roy
The Diplomatic Bag John Ure

Books and Authors [ U - Z ]

Books Authors
Ugly Duckling H.C. Anderson
Ulysses James Joyce
Uncle Tom's Cabin Mrs.Hariet Stowe

Ravindra 48
Unconsoled Kazuo Ishiguro
Under Western Eye Joseph Conrad
Unhappy India Lala Lajpat Rai
Universe Around Us James Jeans
Until Darkness Parvin Ghaffari
Utouchable Mulk Raj Anand
Upturned Soil Mikhail Sholokov
Urvashi Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar'
Uttar Ramcharita Bhava Bhuti
Utopia Thomas More
Unto This Last John Ruskin
Untold Story Gen.B.M.Kaul
Valley of Dolls Jacqueline Susanne
Vanity Fair Thackeray
Vendor of Sweets R.K.Narayan
Venisamhara Narayana Bhatt
Very Old Bones William Kennedy
Victim Saul Bellow
Victory Joseph Conrad
Video Nights in Kathmandu Pico Lyer
View from Delhi Chester Bowles
View from the UN U Thant
Vikram and the Vampire Sir Richard Burton
Village by the Sea Anita Desai
Village Mulk Raj Anand
Vinay Patrika Tulsidas
Virangana Maithili Sharan Gupta
Virginians William Thackeray
Vish Vriksha Bankim Chandra Chatterjee

Ravindra 49
Voice of Conscience V.V. Giri
Voice of Freedom Nayantara Sehgal
Voice of the Voiceless Rutsh Harring
Waiting for Godot Samuel Becket
Waiting for the Mahatma R.K. Narayan
Waiting to Exhale Terry McMillan
Wake up India Annie Besant
Walls of Glass K.A. Abbas
War and Peace Tolstoy
War and No Peace Over Kashmir Maroof Raza
War Minus the Shooting Mike Marquesee
War of Indian Independence Vir Savarkar
War of the Worlds H.G.Wells
Waste Land T.S. Eliot
Way of the World William Congreve
We, Indians Khushwant Singh
We, the People N.A. Palkhivala
Wealth of Nations Adam Smith
Week with Gandhi Louis Fischer
West Wind Pearl S. Buck
Westward Ho Charles Kingsley
Where the Grass is Greener David M. Smith
While England Sleeps David Leavitt
Whispers of the Desert Fatima Bhutto
White House Years Henry Kissinger
Widening Divide Rafiq Zakaria
Wild Ass's Skin Honore de Balzac
Wings of fire, an Autobiography Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam & A. Tiwari
Winston Churchill Clive Ponting

Ravindra 50
Witness to History Prem Bhatia
Without Fear or Favour Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
Witness to an Era Frank Moraes
Woman's Life Guy de Maupassant
Women and Men in My Life Khushwant Singh
Wonder That Was India A.L. Basham
World According to Garp John Irving
World Within Words Stephen Spender
Worthy it is Odysseus Elytis
Worshipping False Gods Arun Shourie
Wreck Rabindra Nath Tagore
Wuthering Heights Emily Bronte
Yajnaseni Dr. Pratibha Roy
Yama Mahadevi Verma
Yashodhara Maithili Sharan Gupta
Yayati V.S. Khandekar
Year of the Upheaval Henry Kissinger
Year of the Vulture Amita Malik
Years of Pilgrimage Dr.Raja Ramanna
Yesterday and Today K.P.S. Menon
Zool: The Final Odyssey Arthur C. Clarke
Zhivago,Dr. Boris Pasternak
Zlata's Diary-A Child's Zlata Filipovic Life in Sarajero
Zulfi, My Friend Piloo Mody
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto & Pakistan Rafi Raza

Ravindra 51
 • Countries and their capital, currencies, Principal
languages, Religions

Ravindra 52
Reykjavik
Krona
Icelandic
Christianity

India
New Delhi
Rupee
Hindi
Hinduism

Indonesia
Jakarta
Rupiah
Bahasa,
Indonesian
Islam &
Christianity

Iran
Tehran
Rial
Persian (Farsi)
Islam

Iraq
Baghdad
Iraqi Dinar
Arabic (Official)
Arabic
Judaism & Islam

Italy
Rome
Euro
Italian
Christianity

Jamaica
Kingston
Jamaican Dollar
English
Christianity

Japan
Tokyo
Yen
Japanese
Shintoism &

Ravindra 53
Ravindra 54
Vietnam
Hanoi
Dong
Vietnamese
Buddhism &
Taoism

Yemen (N)
Sana'a
Rial & Dinar
Arabic
Islam

yugoslavia
Belgrade
Dinar
Serbocroatian
Christianity

Zaire
Kinshasa
Zaire
French &
Kiswahili
Christianity
& Animism

Zambia
Lusaka
Kwacha
Bantu &
English
Christianity
& Islam

Zimbabwe
Harare
Dollar
English &
Shona
Tribal &
Christianity

Ravindra 55
 • Foreign banks operating In India
Sr. No. Name No of Branches in India
1 ABN AMRO Bank 28
2 Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank Ltd. 2
3 Arab Bangladesh Bank Ltd. 1
4 American Express Banking Corp. 1
5 Antwerp Diamond Bank N.V. 1
6 Bank International Indonesia 1
7 Bank of America 5
8 Bank of Bahrain & Kuwait BSC 2
9 Bank of Nova Scotia 5
10 Bank of Tokyo- Mitsubishi Ltd. 3
11 BNP Paribas 8
12 Bank of Ceylon 1
13 Barclays Bank Plc. 5
14 Calyon Bank 5

Ravindra 56
15 Citi Bank N.A. 39
16 Shinhan Bank 2
17 Chinatrust Commercial Bank 1
18 Deutsche Bank 11
19 DBS Bank Ltd. 2
20 HSBC 47
21 J.P.Morgan Chase Bank N.A. 1
22 Krung Thai Bank Public Co.Ltd. 1
23 Mizuho Corporate bank Ltd. 2
24 Mashreq bank PSC. 2
25 Oman International Bank SAOG 2
26 Standard Chartered Bank (SCB) 90
27 Sonali Bank 2
28 Societe Generale 2
29 State Bank of Mauritius 3

• Rivers, Lakes, Water falls

River Leng Lengt Drainag Averag Outflow Countries
th h e area e in the
(km) (mile (km²) dischar drainage
s) ge basin
(m³/s)
1 Nile 6,650 4,135 3,349,0 5,100 Mediterrane Ethiopia ,
.** 00 an Sea Eritrea ,
Sudan ,
Uganda ,
Tanzania ,
Kenya ,
Rwanda ,
Burundi ,
Egypt ,
Democratic
Republic of
the Congo
2 Amazon 6,400 3,980 6,915,0 219,000 Atlantic Brazil , Peru ,
.** 00 Ocean Bolivia ,
Colombia ,

Ravindra 57
 Ecuador ,
Venezuela ,
Guyana
3. Yangtze 6,300 3,917 1,800,0 31,900 East China P.R. China
(Chang Jiang) 00 Sea
4. Mississippi 6,275 3,902 2,980,0 16,200 Gulf of United
- Missouri 00 Mexico States
(98.5%),
Canada
(1.5%)
5. Yenisei - 5,539 3,445 2,580,0 19,600 Kara Sea Russia ,
Angara - 00 Mongolia
Selenga
6. Yellow 5,464 3,398 745,000 2,110 Bohai Sea P.R. China
(Huang He) (Balhae )
7. Ob - Irtysh 5,410 3,364 2,990,0 12,800 Gulf of Ob Russia,
00 Kazakhstan ,
P.R. China,
Mongolia
8. Congo - 4,700 2,922 3,680,0 41,800 Atlantic Democratic
Chambeshi 00 Ocean Republic of
(Zaire) the Congo,
Central
African
Republic ,
Angola ,
Republic of
the Congo ,
Tanzania ,
Cameroon ,
Zambia ,
Burundi ,
Rwanda
9. Amur - 4,444 2,763 1,855,0 11,400 Sea of Russia, P.R.
Argun 00 Okhotsk China,
(Heilong Mongolia
Jiang)
10. Lena 4,400 2,736 2,490,0 17,100 Laptev Sea Russia
00
11. Mekong 4,350 2,705 810,000 16,000 South China Laos ,
(Lancang Sea Thailand ,
Jiang) P.R. China,
Cambodia ,
Vietnam ,
Myanmar
12. Mackenzie - 4,241 2,637 1,790,0 10,300 Beaufort Canada

Ravindra 58
 Peace - 00 Sea
Finlay
13. Niger 4,200 2,611 2,090,0 9,570 Gulf of Nigeria
00 Guinea (26.6%),
Mali
(25.6%),
Niger
(23.6%),
Algeria
(7.6%),
Guinea
(4.5%),
Cameroon
(4.2%),
Burkina
Faso
(3.9%),
Côte
d'Ivoire ,
Benin , Chad
14. Paraná 3,998 2,486 3,100,0 25,700 Atlantic Brazil
(Río de la 00 Ocean (46.7%),
Plata ) Argentina
(27.7%),
Paraguay
(13.5%),
Bolivia
(8.3%),
Uruguay
(3.8%)
15. Volga 3,645 2,266 1,380,0 8,080 Caspian Sea Russia
00 (99.8%),
Kazakhstan
(minor)
16. Shatt al- 3,596 2,236 884,000 856 Persian Gulf Iraq
Arab - (40.5%),
Euphrates Turkey
(24.8%),
Iran
(19.7%),
Syria
(14.7%)
17. Purus 3,379 2,101 63,166 8,400 Amazon Brazil, Peru
18. Murray - 3,370 2,094 1,061,0 767 Southern Australia
Darling [1]
00 Ocean
19. Madeira - 3,239 2,014 850,000 17,000 Amazon Brazil,

Ravindra 59
 Mamoré Bolivia,
Peru
20. Yukon 3,184 1,980 850,000 6,210 Bering Sea United
States
(59.8%),
Canada
(40.2%)
21. Indus 3,180 1,976 960,000 7,160 Arabian Sea Pakistan
(Sindhu) (93%),
India , P. R.
China,
disputed
territory
(Kashmir ),
Afghanistan
22. São 3,180 1,976 610,000 3,300 Atlantic Brazil
Francisco * * Ocean
(2,90 (1,802
0) )
23. Syr Darya - 3,078 1,913 219,000 703 Aral Sea Kazakhstan,
Naryn Kyrgyzstan ,
Uzbekistan ,
Tajikistan
24. Salween 3,060 1,901 324,000 3,153 [2]
Andaman P.R. China
(Nu Jiang) Sea (52.4%),
Myanmar
(43.9%),
Thailand
(3.7%)
25. Saint 3,058 1,900 1,030,0 10,100 Gulf of Saint Canada
Lawrence - 00 Lawrence (52.1%),
Niagara - United
Detroit - States
Saint Clair - (47.9%)
Saint
Marys -Saint
Louis
26. Rio Grande 3,057 1,900 570,000 82 Gulf of United
(2,89 (1,799 Mexico States
6) ) (52.1%),
Mexico
(47.9%)
27. Lower 2,989 1,857 473,000 3,600 Yenisei Russia
Tunguska
28. Brahmaputr 2,948 1,832 1,730,0 19,200 Bay of India
[3]

Ravindra 60
 a * * 00 Bengal (58.0%),
P.R. China
(19.7%),
Nepal
(9.0%),
Bangladesh
(6.6%),
Disputed
India/P.R.
China
(4.2%),
Bhutan
(2.4%)
29. Danube 2,850 1,771 817,000 7,130 Black Sea Romania
* * (28.9%),
Hungary
(11.7%),
Austria
(10.3%),
Serbia
(10.3%),
Germany
(7.5%),
Slovakia
(5.8%),
Bulgaria
(5.2%),
Bosnia and
Herzegovin
a (4.8%),
Croatia
(4.5%),
Ukraine
(3.8%),
Moldova
(1.7%).
30. Tocantins 2,699 1,677 1,400,0 13,598 Atlantic Brazil
00 Ocean,
Amazon
31. Zambezi 2,693 1,673 1,330,0 4,880 Mozambique Zambia
(Zambesi) * * 00 Channel (41.6%),
Angola
(18.4%),
Zimbabwe
(15.6%),
Mozambiqu

Ravindra 61
 e (11.8%),
Malawi
(8.0%),
Tanzania
(2.0%),
Namibia ,
Botswana
32. Vilyuy 2,650 1,647 454,000 1,480 Lena Russia
33. Araguaia 2,627 1,632 358,125 6,172 Tocantins Brazil
34. Amu Darya 2,620 1,628 534,739 1,400 Aral Sea Uzbekistan ,
Turkmenista
n,
Tajikistan ,
Afghanistan
35. Japurá 2,615 1,625 242,259 6,000 Amazon Brazil,
(Rio Yapurá) * * Colombia
36. Nelson - 2,570 1,597 1,093,0 2,575 Hudson Bay Canada,
Saskatchew 00 United
an States
37. Paraguay 2,549 1,584 900,000 4,300 Paraná Brazil,
(Rio Paraguay,
Paraguay) Bolivia,
Argentina
38. Kolyma 2,513 1,562 644,000 3,800 East Russia
Siberian
Sea
39. Ganges 2,510 1,560 907,000 12,037 Brahmaputr India,
(Ganga) [4]
a , Bay of Bangladesh,
Bengal Nepal
40. Pilcomayo 2,500 1,553 270,000 Paraguay Paraguay ,
Argentina,
Bolivia
41. Upper Ob 2,490 1,547 Ob Russia
42. Ishim 2,450 1,522 177,000 56 Irtysh Kazakhstan,
Russia
43. Juruá 2,410 1,498 200,000 6,000 Amazon Peru, Brazil
44. Ural 2,428 1,509 237,000 475 Caspian Sea Russia,
Kazakhstan
45. Arkansas 2,348 1,459 505,000 1,066 Mississippi United
(435,122) States
46. Ubangi - 2,300 1,429 4,003 Congo Democratic
Uele Republic of
the Congo,
Central
African

Ravindra 62
 Republic
47. Olenyok 2,292 1,424 219,000 1,210 Laptev Sea
Russia
48. Dnieper 2,287 1,421 516,300 1,670 Black Sea
Russia,
Belarus ,
Ukraine
49. Aldan 2,273 1,412 729,000 5,060 Lena Russia
50. Negro 2,250 1,450 720,114 26,700 Amazon Brazil,
Venezuela,
Colombia
51. Columbia 2,250 1,450 415,211 7500 Pacific United
(1,95 (1,214 Ocean States,
3) ) Canada
52. Colorado 2,333 1,450 390,000 1,200 Gulf of United
(western California States,
U.S.) Mexico
53. Pearl - Xi 2,200 1,376 437,000 13,600 South China P.R. China
Jiang Sea (98.5%),
Vietnam
(1.5%)
54. Red 2,188 1,360 78,592 875 Mississippi United
States
55. Ayeyarwad 2,170 1,348 411,000 13,000 Andaman Myanmar
y Sea
(Irrawaddy)
56. Kasai 2,153 1,338 880,200 10,000 Congo Angola ,
Democratic
Republic of
the Congo
57. Ohio - 2,102 1,306 490,603 7,957 Mississippi United
Allegheny States
58. Orinoco 2,101 1,306 880,000 30,000 Atlantic Venezuela,
Ocean Colombia,
Guyana
59. Tarim 2,100 1,305 557,000 Lop Nur P. R. China
60. Xingu 2,100 1,305 Amazon Brazil
61. Orange 2,092 1,300 Atlantic South
Ocean Africa ,
Namibia ,
Botswana ,
Lesotho
62. Northern 2,010 1,249 Paraná Argentina
Salado
63. Vitim 1,978 1,229 Lena Russia
64. Tigris 1,950 1,212 Shatt al- Turkey ,
Arab Iraq , Syria ,

Ravindra 63
 Iran
65. Songhua 1,927 1,197 Amur P. R. China
66. Tapajós 1,900 1,181 Amazon Brazil
67. Don 1,870 1,162 425,600 935 Sea of Azov Russia
68. Stony 1,865 1,159 240,000 Yenisei Russia
Tunguska
69. Pechora 1,809 1,124 322,000 Barents Sea Russia
70. Kama 1,805 1,122 507,000 Volga Russia
71. Limpopo 1,800 1,118 413,000 Indian Mozambiqu
Ocean e,
Zimbabwe ,
South
Africa ,
Botswana
72. Guaporé 1,749 1,087 Mamoré Brazil,
(Itenez) Bolivia
73. Indigirka 1,726 1,072 360,400 1,810 East Russia
Siberian
Sea
74. Snake 1,670 1,038 279,719 1,611 Columbia United
States
75. Senegal 1,641 1,020 419,659 Atlantic Senegal ,
Ocean Mali ,
Mauritania
76. Uruguay 1,610 1,000 370,000 Atlantic Uruguay ,
Ocean Argentina,
Brazil
77. Blue Nile 1,600 994 Nile Ethiopia ,
Sudan
77. Churchill 1,600 994 Hudson Bay Canada
77. Khatanga 1,600 994 Laptev Sea Russia
77. Okavango 1,600 994 Okavango Namibia ,
Delta Angola ,
Botswana
77. Volta 1,600 994 Gulf of Ghana ,
Guinea Burkina
Faso , Togo ,
Côte
d'Ivoire ,
Benin
82. Beni 1,599 994 Madeira Bolivia
83. Platte 1,594 990 Missouri United
States
84. Tobol 1,591 989 Irtysh Kazakhstan,

Ravindra 64
 Russia
85. Jubba - 1,580 982* Indian Ethiopia ,
Shebelle * Ocean Somalia
86. Içá 1,575 979 Amazon Brazil, Peru,
(Putumayo) Colombia,
Ecuador
87. Magdalena 1,550 963 Caribbean Colombia
Sea
88. Han 1,532 952 Yangtze P. R. China
89. Lomami 1,500 932 Congo Democratic
Republic of
the Congo
89. Oka 1,500 932 Volga Russia
90. Pecos 1,490 926 Rio Grande United
States
91. Upper 1,480 920 Yenisei Russia,
Yenisei Mongolia
92. Godavari 1,465 910 Bay of India
Bengal
93. Colorado 1,438 894 Gulf of United
(Texas) Mexico States
94. Río Grande 1,438 894 Ichilo Bolivia
(Guapay)
95. Belaya 1,420 882 Kama Russia
96. Cooper - 1,420 880 Lake Eyre Australia
Barcoo
97. Marañón 1,415 879 Amazon Peru
98. Dniester 1,411 877 Black Sea Ukraine ,
(1,35 (840) Moldova
2)
99. Benue 1,400 870 Niger Cameroon ,
Nigeria
99. Ili 1,400 870 Lake P. R. China,
(Yili) Balkhash Kazakhstan
99. Warburton - 1,400 870 Lake Eyre Australia
Georgina
1 Sutlej 1,372 852 Chenab China,
02. India,
Pakistan
1 Yamuna 1,370 851 Ganges India
03.
1 Vyatka 1,370 851 Kama Russia
03.
1 Fraser 1,368 850 3,475 Pacific Canada

Ravindra 65
05. Ocean
1 Kura 1,364 848 Caspian Sea Azerbaijan ,
06. Georgia ,
Armenia ,
Turkey , Iran
1 Grande 1,360 845 Paraná Brazil
07.
1 Brazos 1,352 840 Gulf of United
08. Mexico States
1 Cauca 1,350 839 Magdalena Colombia
09. River River
1 Liao 1,345 836 Bo Hai P. R. China
10.
1 Yalong 1,323 822 Yangtze P. R. China
11.
1 Iguaçu 1,320 820 Paraná Brazil,
12. Argentina
1 Olyokma 1,320 820 Lena Russia
12.
1 Rhine 1,320 820 198,735 2,330 North Sea Germany ,
12. France ,
Switzerland
,
Netherlands
, Austria ,
Belgium ,
Luxembour
g,
Liechtenstei
n , Italy
1 Northern 1,302 809 357,052 3,332 White Sea Russia
13. Dvina -
Sukhona
1 Krishna 1,300 808 Bay of India
14. Bengal
1 Iriri 1,300 808 Xingu Brazil
14.
1 Narmada 1,289 801 Arabian Sea India
15.
1 Ottawa 1,271 790 Saint Canada
16. Lawrence
1 Zeya 1,242 772 Amur Russia
17.
1 Juruena 1,240 771 Tapajós Brazil
18.

Ravindra 66
1 Upper 1,236 768 Mississippi United
19. Mississippi States
1 Athabasca 1,231 765 Mackenzie Canada
20.
1 Elbe - 1,231 765 148,268 711 North Sea Germany ,
21. Vltava Czech
Republic
1 Canadian 1,223 760 Arkansas United
22. States
1 North 1,220 758 Saskatchew Canada
23. Saskatchew an
an
1 Vaal 1,210 752 Orange South Africa
24.
1 Shire 1,200 746 Zambezi Mozambiqu
25. e , Malawi
1 Nen 1,190 739 Songhua P. R. China
26. (Nonni)
1 Green 1,175 730 Colorado United
27. (western States
U.S.)
1 Milk 1,173 729 Missouri United
28. States,
Canada
1 Chindwin 1,158 720 Ayeyarwady Myanmar
31.
1 Sankuru 1,150 715 Kasai Democratic
32. Republic of
the Congo
1 James 1,143 710 Missouri United
33. (Dakotas) States
1 Kapuas 1,143 710 South China Indonesia
33. Sea
1 Desna 1,130 702 88,900 360 Dnieper Russia ,
35. Ukraine
1 Helmand 1,130 702 Hamun-i- Afghanistan
35. Helmand , Iran
1 Madre de 1,130 702 Madeira Peru,
35. Dios Bolivia
1 Tietê 1,130 702 Paraná Brazil
35.
1 Vychegda 1,130 702 Northern Russia
35. Dvina
1 Sepik 1,126 700 77,700 Pacific Papua New

Ravindra 67
40. Ocean Guinea ,
Indonesia
1 Cimarron 1,123 698 Arkansas United
41. States
1 Anadyr 1,120 696 Gulf of Russia
42. Anadyr
1 Jialing 1,119 695 Yangtze P. R. China
43. River
1 Liard 1,115 693 Mackenzie Canada
44.
1 White 1,102 685 Mississippi United
45. States
1 Huallaga 1,100 684 Marañón Peru
46.
1 Kwango 1,100 684 263,500 2,700 Kasai Angola,
46. Democratic
Republic of
the Congo
1 Gambia 1,094 680 Atlantic The
48. Ocean Gambia ,
Senegal ,
Guinea
1 Chenab 1,086 675 Indus India,
49. Pakistan
1 Yellowstone 1,080 671 Missouri United
50. States
1 Chu River 1067 663 62,500 none Kyrgyzstan ,
51. Kazakhstan
1 Donets 1,078 670 Don Ukraine ,
52. (1,05 (654) Russia
3)
1 Bermejo 1,050 652 Paraguay Argentina,
53. Bolivia
1 Fly 1,050 652 Gulf of Papua New
53. Papua Guinea ,
Indonesia
1 Guaviare 1,050 652 Orinoco Colombia
53.
1 Kuskokwim 1,050 652 Bering Sea United
53. States
1 Tennessee 1,049 652 Ohio United
57. States
1 Daugava 1,020 634 Gulf of Riga Latvia ,
58. Belarus ,

Ravindra 68
 Russia
1 Gila 1,015 631 Colorado United
59. (western States
U.S.)
1 Vistula 1,014 630 Baltic Sea Poland
60.
1 Loire 1,012 629 Atlantic France
61. Ocean
1 Essequibo 1,010 628 Atlantic Guyana
62. Ocean
1 Khoper 1,010 628 Don Russia
62.
1 Tagus 1,006 625 Atlantic Spain ,
64. (Tajo/Tejo) Ocean Portugal
1 Colorado 1,000 620 Atlantic Argentina
65. (Argentina) Ocean

Oceanic 'lakes'
Two bodies of water commonly considered lakes are hydrologically
ocean (Maracaibo) or geologically ocean (the Caspian Sea).
Name Country Regio Water volume
n
1. Caspian Azerbaijan, Russia, Kazakhstan, 78,200 km 3
Sea [2]
Turkmenistan, Iran (18,800 cu mi)
20 Maracaibo Venezuela 280 km 3 (67 cu
. [3]
mi)
Continental lakes
The following are geological as well as geographic
lakes .
Name Country Region Water volume
2. Baikal [4]
Russia Siberia 23,600 km 3 (5,700
cu mi)
3. Tanganyika Tanzania, DRC, 18,900 km 3 (4,500
Burundi, Zambia cu mi)
4. Superior United States, 11,600 km 3 (2,800
Canada cu mi)
5. Michigan- United States, 8,260 km 3 (1,980
Huron Canada cu mi)
6. Malawi Malawi, 7,725 km 3 (1,853
Mozambique, cu mi)
Tanzania

Ravindra 69
7. Vostok Antarctica 5,400±1,600 km³
(~1,300 cu mi)
8. Victoria Kenya, Tanzania, 2,700 km 3 (650 cu
Uganda mi)
9. Great Bear Canada Northwest 2,236 km 3 (536 cu
Lake [ 5 ] Territories mi)
10 Issyk-Kul Kyrgyzstan 1,730 km 3 (420 cu
. mi)
11 Ontario United States, 1,710 km 3 (410 cu
. Canada mi)
12 Great Slave Canada Northwest 1,580 km 3 (380 cu
. Lake [ 5 ] Territories mi)
13 Ladoga Russia 908 km 3 (218 cu
. mi)
14 Titicaca Bolivia, Peru 710 km 3 (170 cu
. mi)
15 Van [ 6 ] Turkey Southeast 607 km 3 (146 cu
. Anatolia mi)
16 Kivu Rwanda, DRC 569 km 3 (137 cu
. mi)
17 Erie United States, 545 km 3 (131 cu
. Canada mi)
18 Khövsgöl Mongolia 480 km 3 (120 cu
. mi)
19 Onega Russia 295 km 3 (71 cu
. mi)
21 Toba [ 7 ] Indonesia 240 km 3 (58 cu
. (Sumatra) mi)
22 Argentino Argentina 219.9 km 3 (52.8 cu
. mi)
23 Turkana Kenya 204 km 3 (49 cu
. mi)
24 Vänern Sweden 180 km 3 (43 cu
. mi)
25 Nipigon Canada Ontario 165 km 3 (40 cu
. mi) [ 8 ]
26 Tahoe United States California, 151 km 3 (36 cu
. Nevada mi)
27 Dead Sea Jordan, Israel, 147 km 3 (35 cu
. Palestine mi)
28 Albert Uganda, DRC 132 km 3 (32 cu
. mi)
29 Winnipeg Canada 127 km 3 (30 cu
. mi)

Ravindra 70
30 Nettilling Canada Nunavut (Baffin 114 km 3 (27 cu
. Island) mi)
31 Balkhash Kazakhstan 112 km 3 (27 cu
. mi)
32 Athabasca Canada Alberta- 110 km 3 (26 cu
. Saskatchewan mi)
33 Nicaragua Nicaragua 108 km 3 (26 cu
. mi)

WORLD'S TALLEST WATERFALLS

Tallest
Name Height ( so rt ) State Country
Drop ( so rt )

3,212 feet / 2,648 ft / Venezuel

1 . Angel, Salto Bolivar
979 meters 807 m a
3,110 feet / 1,350 ft / Kwazulu South
2 . Tugela Falls
948 meters 411 m Natal Africa
Tres Hermanas, 3,000 feet /
3 . Ayacucho Peru
Cataratas las 914 meters
2,953 feet /
4 . Olo'upena Falls Hawaii USA
900 meters
2,938 feet /
5 . Yumbilla, Catarata Amazonas Peru
896 meters
2,822 feet / 1,378 ft / More Og
6 . Vinnufossen Norway
860 meters 420 m Romsdal
2,788 feet / 1,482 ft /
7 . Baläifossen Hordaland Norway
850 meters 452 m
2,756 feet /
8 . Pu'uka'oku Falls Hawaii USA
840 meters
2,755 feet / British
9 . James Bruce Falls Canada
840 meters Columbia
10 2,744 feet / 800 ft / New
Browne Falls South Island
. 836 meters 244 m Zealand
11 Strupenfossen 2,690 feet / Sogn Og Norway

Ravindra 71
. 820 meters Fjordane
12 2,685 feet / 1,968 ft / Sogn Og
Ramnefjellsfossen Norway
. 818 meters 600 m Fjordane
13 2,600 feet / 2,600 ft /
Waihilau Falls Hawaii USA
. 792 meters 792 m
14 Colonial Creek 2,584 feet /
Washington USA
. Falls 788 meters
15 2,535 feet / 2,535 ft / M?re Og
Mongefossen Norway
. 773 meters 773 m Romsdal
16 2,531 feet /
Gocta, Catarata Amazonas Peru
. 771 meters
17 2,499 feet / 1,572 ft / Zimbabw
Mutarazi Falls Manicaland
. 762 meters 479 m e
18 2,477 feet / 490 ft / Sogn Og
Kjelfossen Norway
. 755 meters 149 m Fjordane
19 2,465 feet / 800 ft /
Johannesburg Falls Washington USA
. 751 meters 244 m
20 2,425 feet / 1,430 ft /
Yosemite Falls California USA
. 739 meters 436 m
21 Trou de Fer, 2,380 feet / 1,000 ft / Cirque de
R?union
. Cascades de 725 meters 305 m Salazie
22 2,362 feet / 2,362 ft / Møre Og
Ølmäafossen Norway
. 720 meters 720 m Romsdal
23 2,360 feet / 2,360 ft /
Mana'wai'nui Falls Hawaii USA
. 719 meters 719 m
24 2,345 feet / 2,345 ft /
Kjeragfossen Rogaland Norway
. 715 meters 715 m
25 Avalanche Basin 2,320 feet / 1,000 ft /
Montana USA
. Falls 707 meters 305 m
26 Harrison Basin 2,320 feet / 1,120 ft /
Montana USA
. Falls 707 meters 341 m
27 2,297 feet /
Haloku Falls Hawaii USA
. 700 meters
28 Lake Chamberlain 2,297 feet / New
South Island
. Falls 700 meters Zealand
29 2,296 feet / 2,296 ft / British
Alfred Creek Falls Canada
. 700 meters 700 m Columbia
30 2,296 feet / 656 ft / M?re Og
D?ntefossen Norway
. 700 meters 200 m Romsdal
31 Brufossen 2,289 feet / 787 ft / Hordaland Norway

Ravindra 72
. 698 meters 240 m
32 2,264 feet / Sogn Og
Spirefossen Norway
. 690 meters Fjordane
33 Lake Unknown 2,230 feet / 492 ft / New
South Island
. Falls 680 meters 150 m Zealand
34 2,211 feet / 2,211 ft / Venezuel
Kukenaam, Salto Bolivar
. 674 meters 674 m a
35 2,200 feet / Venezuel
Yutaj?, Salto Amazonas
. 671 meters a

36 Deserted 2,198 feet / 670 British

Canada
. River Falls meters Columbia
37 Sulphide 2,182 feet / 665
Washington USA
. Creek Falls meters
38 2,165 feet / 660 New
Hidden Falls South Island
. meters Zealand
600
39 2,165 feet / 660
Kahiwa Falls ft / Hawaii USA
. meters
183 m
492
40 2,165 feet / 660 Sogn Og
Krunefossen ft / Norway
. meters Fjordane
150 m
1,174
41 Mardalsfoss 2,154 feet / 657 M?re Og
ft / Norway
. en meters Romsdal
358 m
500
42 Snow Creek 2,140 feet / 652
ft / California USA
. Falls meters
152 m
43 2,132 feet / 650 British
Francis Falls Canada
. meters Columbia
44 Silver Lake 2,128 feet / 649
Washington USA
. Falls meters
1,023
45 Tyssestreng 2,120 feet / 646
ft / Hordaland Norway
. ene meters
312 m
46 2,100 feet / 640
Aimoo Falls Hawaii USA
. meters
47 Blanche, 2,100 feet / 640 1,312 Cirque de Reunion

Ravindra 73
 ft /
. Cascade meters Salazie
400 m
48 Pitchfork 2,093 feet / 638
Alaska USA
. Falls meters
Ytste 1,246
49 2,034 feet / 620 Sogn Og
Tinjefjellfos ft / Norway
. meters Fjordane
sen 380 m
2,008
50 2,008 feet / 612
Langfoss ft / Hordaland Norway
. meters
612 m
51 Gold Creek 2,001 feet / 610 British
Canada
. Falls meters Columbia
600
52 Kakaauki 2,000 feet / 610
ft / Hawaii USA
. Falls meters
183 m
1,000
53 Roraima, 2,000 feet / 610 Venezuel
ft / Bolivar
. Salto meters a
305 m
54 1,968 feet / 600 New
Bluff Falls South Island
. meters Zealand
55 Iguapo, 1,968 feet / 600 Venezuel
Bolivar
. Salto del meters a
56 Levo Savice, 1,968 feet / 600
Slovenia
. Slapovi meters
57 Wishbone 1,968 feet / 600 New
South Island
. Falls meters Zealand
1,480
58 Keana'awi 1,960 feet / 597
ft / Hawaii USA
. Falls meters
451 m
1,935
59 1,935 feet / 590 Sogn Og
Kve?fossen ft / Norway
. meters Fjordane
590 m
500
60 1,920 feet / 585
Sentinel Fall ft / California USA
. meters
152 m
885
61 Sutherland 1,904 feet / 580 New
ft / South Island
. Falls meters Zealand
270 m
62 Chinata, 1,903 feet / 580
Amazonas Peru
. Cataratas la meters
63 Wailele Falls 1,903 feet / 580 Hawaii USA

Ravindra 74
. meters
64 1,900 feet / 579
Aa Falls Hawaii USA
. meters
500
65 Madden 1,900 feet / 579 British
ft / Canada
. Falls meters Columbia
152 m
410
66 Lægdafosse 1,886 feet / 575 Sogn Og
ft / Norway
. n meters Fjordane
125 m
67 Gietro, 1,850 feet / 564 Switzerla
Valais
. Cascade du meters nd
1,160
68 Monument 1,840 feet / 561
ft / Montana USA
. Falls meters
354 m
1,837
69 1,837 feet / 560 Sogn Og
Tjotafossen ft / Norway
. meters Fjordane
560 m
Østre
70 1,837 feet / 560 Sogn Og
Tinjefjellfos Norway
. meters Fjordane
sen

1,827
feet /
71 Hordalan
Sundefossen 557 Norway
. d
meter
s
1,807
feet /
72 Sogn Og
Ormelifossen 551 Norway
. Fjordane
meter
s
1,804
394
feet /
73 ft /
Waimanu Falls 550 Hawaii USA
. 120
meter
m
s
1,800 1,04
feet / 0
74
Lahomene Falls 549 ft / Hawaii USA
.
meter 317
s m

Ravindra 75
 1,800
feet /
75
Papala Falls 549 Hawaii USA
.
meter
s
1,771
feet /
76 South New
Douglas Falls 540
. Island Zealand
meter
s
1,760
720
feet /
77 ft /
Pumpelly Basin Falls 536 Montana USA
. 219
meter
m
s
1,749
feet /
78 M?re Og
Tyssefossen 533 Norway
. Romsdal
meter
s
1,719
feet /
79 Santa
Pilao, Cachoeira do 524 Brazil
. Catharina
meter
s
1,706 1,70
feet / 6
80 British
Kingcome Valley Falls 520 ft / Canada
. Columbia
meter 520
s m
1,706
656
feet /
81 ft /
Schwartzenbach Falls 520 Nunavut Canada
. 200
meter
m
s
1,706
feet /
82 British
Swiftcurrent Falls 520 Canada
. Columbia
meter
s
83 Kakeha Falls 1,700 Hawaii USA
. feet /
518
meter

Ravindra 76
 s
1,680 1,68
feet / 0
84
Ahern Glacier Falls 512 ft / Montana USA
.
meter 512
s m
1,680
feet /
85
Lake Frances Falls 512 Montana USA
.
meter
s
1,656
feet /
86 Venezuel
Montoya, Salto 505
. a
meter
s
1,644 1,11
feet / 5
87
Papalaua Falls 501 ft / Hawaii USA
.
meter 340
s m
1,640
984
feet /
88 ft / Switzerla
Engstligenfäll 500 Bern
. 300 nd
meter
m
s
1,640
feet /
89 Sogn Og
Grinddalsfossen 500 Norway
. Fjordane
meter
s
1,640
feet /
90
Hannoki-no-taki 500 Honshu Japan
.
meter
s
1,640
feet /
91 Venezuel
Matahushi, Salto 500 Bolivar
. a
meter
s
92 Walcherfall 1,640 328 Salzburg Austria
. feet / ft /

Ravindra 77
 500
100
meter
m
s
1,627
600
feet /
93 ft / Washingt
Boston Creek Falls 496 USA
. 183 on
meter
m
s
1,625
585
feet /
94 ft /
Lake Frances Falls 495 Montana USA
. 178
meter
m
s
1,624
771
feet /
95 ft / Hordalan
Tjornadalsfossen 495 Norway
. 235 d
meter
m
s
1,620
feet /
96 Washingt
Louis Creek Falls 494 USA
. on
meter
s
1,612 1,61
feet / 2
97
Ribbon Fall 491 ft / California USA
.
meter 491
s m
1,608
492
feet /
98 ft / Hordalan
Voldefossen 490 Norway
. 150 d
meter
m
s
1,601 1,60
feet / 1
99 Sogn Og
Thorfossen 488 ft / Norway
. Fjordane
meter 488
s m
1,600
feet /
10 Washingt
Otter Falls 488 USA
0 . on
meter
s

Ravindra 78
 1,600 1,60
feet / 0
10 Ventisquero Colgante, Cascada
488 ft / Aisen Chile
1 . de
meter 488
s m
1,600 1,60
feet / 0
10
Wall of Tears 488 ft / Hawaii USA
2 .
meter 488
s m
1,591 1,59
feet / 1
10 Hordalan
Krokfossen 485 ft / Norway
3 . d
meter 485
s m
1,583
feet /
10 Washingt
Torment Falls 483 USA
4 . on
meter
s
1,574
feet /
10 British
Kiwi Falls 480 Canada
5 . Columbia
meter
s

• Nick Names of Important Indian

places

Ravindra 79
Ravindra 80
bad
)

41
Pitt
sbu
rg
of
Indi
a
J
ams
hed
pur

Ravindra 81
 • National Emblems

Ravindra 82
Australia
Kangaroo

Bangladesh
Water Lily

Barbados
Head of trident

Belgium
Lion

Canada
White Lily

Chile
Candor and huemul

Denmark
Beach

Dominica
Sisserou Parrot

France
Lily

Germany
Corn Flower

Guyana
Canje Pheasant

India
Lioned Capital

Iran
Rose

Ireland
Shamrock

Israel
Candelabrum

Italy
White Lily

Ravindra 83
 • Towns on Rivers in other Countries

Ravindra 84
Country
River

Akyab
Kaladan

Antwerp
Scheldt

Baghdad
Tigris

Bangkok
Chao Praya

Basra
Shatt-al-arab

Belgrade
Danube

Berlin
Spree

Bonn
Rhine

Bristol
Avon

Brussels
Seine

Budapest
Danube

Buenos Aires
La Plater

Cairo
Nile

Canton
Chu-Kiang

Chittagong
Karnafuli

Ravindra 85
 • State-CM’S

In India, there are a total of thirty Chief Ministers selected by all

twenty-eight states and two out of the seven union territories. They
are:
State Name Assuming Date Party
Y. S.
Indian National
Andhra Pradesh Rajasekhara 5/14/2004
Congress
Reddy
Arunachal Indian National
Dorjee Khandu 4/9/2007
Pradesh Congress
Tarun Kumar Indian National
Assam 5/17/2001
Gogoi Congress
Janata Dal
Bihar Nitish Kumar 11/24/2005
(United)
Bharatiya Janata
Chhattisgarh Raman Singh 12/7/2003
Party
Indian National
Delhi Sheila Dikshit 12/3/1998
Congress
Indian National
Goa Digambar Kamat 6/8/2007
Congress
Bharatiya Janata
Gujarat Narendra Modi 10/7/2001
Party
Bhupinder Singh Indian National
Haryana 3/5/2005
Hooda Congress
Himachal Prem Kumar Bharatiya Janata
30/12/2007
Pradesh Dhumal Party
Jammu and
President rule 2008
Kashmir
Jharkhand Mukti
Jharkhand Shibu Soren 2008-08-27
Morcha
Karnataka B.S. Yedurupaya 2008-05-28 BJP
V.S. Communist Party
Kerala 5/18/2006
Achuthanandan of India (Marxist)
Madhya Pradesh Shivraj Singh 11/29/2005 Bharatiya Janata

Ravindra 86
 Chauhan Party
Vilasrao Indian National
Maharashtra 11/1/2004
Deshmukh Congress
Okram Ibobi Indian National
Manipur 3/2/2002
Singh Congress
Indian National
Meghalaya D.D. Lapang 3/10/2007
Congress
Mizo National
Mizoram Pu Zoramthanga 12/4/1998
Front
Nagaland
Nagaland Neiphiu Rio 3/6/2003
People`s Front
Orissa Naveen Patnaik 5/17/2004 Biju Janata Dal
Indian National
Pondicherry Vaithilingam 2008-09-04
Congress
Parkash Singh Shiromani Akali
Punjab 2/28/2007
Badal Dal
Vasundhara Raje Bharatiya Janata
Rajasthan 12/8/2003
Scindia Party
Sikkim
Pawan Kumar
Sikkim 12/12/1994 Democratic
Chamling
Front
Tamil Nadu M. Karunanidhi 5/12/2006 DMK
Tripura Manik Sarkar 3/11/1998 CPI-M
Bharatiya Janata
Uttarakhand B. C. Khanduri 3/12/2007
Party
Bahujan Samaj
Uttar Pradesh Mayawati 5/13/2007
Party
Buddhadeb
West Bengal 10/6/2000 CPI-M
Bhattacharya

• Country-Minister’s
CABINET MINISTERS

Ravindra 87
1 Dr. Manmohan Singh Prime Minister and also in-charge of the Ministries/
Departments not specifically allocated to the charge of any
Minister viz.:

(i) Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances & Pensions;

(ii) Ministry of Planning;
(iii) Department of Atomic Energy;
(iv) Department of Space;
(v) Ministry of Coal;
(vi) Ministry of Environment and Forests; and

(vii) Ministry of Information and Broadcasting.

2 Shri Pranab Mukherjee Minister of External Affairs and Minister of Finance.
3 Shri Arjun Singh Minister of Human Resource Development.
4 Shri Sharad Pawar Minister of Agriculture and Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food
& Public Distribution.
5 Shri Lalu Prasad Minister of Railways.
6 Shri A.K. Antony Minister of Defence
7 Shri A.R. Antulay Minister of Minority Affairs.
8 Shri Sushilkumar Shinde Minister of Power
9 Shri Ram Vilas Paswan Minister of Chemicals & Fertilizers and Minister of Steel.
10 Shri S. Jaipal Reddy Minister of Urban Development.
11 Shri Sis Ram Ola Minister of Mines.
12 Shri P. Chidambaram Minister of Home Affairs.
13 Shri Mahavir Prasad Minister of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises.
14 Shri P.R. Kyndiah Minister of Tribal Affairs.
15 Shri T.R. Baalu Minister of Shipping, Road Transport & Highways.
16 Shri Shankersinh Vaghela Minister of Textiles.
17 Shri Vayalar Ravi Minister of Overseas Indian Affairs and Minister of
Parliamentary Affairs.
18 Shri Kamal Nath Minister of Commerce & Industry.
19 Shri H.R. Bhardwaj Minister of Law & Justice.
20 Shri Sontosh Mohan Dev Minister of Heavy Industries & Public Enterprises.
21 Prof. Saif-ud-din Soz Minister of Water Resources.
22 Shri Raghuvansh Prasad Minister of Rural Development.
Singh
23 Shri Priyaranjan Dasmunsi Minister without Portfolio.
24 Shri Mani Shankar Aiyar Minister of Panchayati Raj and Minister of Development of
North Eastern Region. .
25 Smt. Meira Kumar Minister of Social Justice & Empowerment.
26 Shri Murli Deora Minister of Petroleum & Natural Gas.
27 Smt. Ambika Soni Minister of Tourism and Minister of Culture.
28 Shri A. Raja Minister of Communications and Information Technology.
29 Shri Kapil Sibal Minister of Science & Technology and Minister of Earth

Ravindra 88
 Sciences.
30 Shri Prem Chand Gupta Minister of Corporate Affairs.

MINISTERS OF STATE (INDEPENDENT CHARGE)

1 Smt. Renuka Chowdhury Minister of State (Independent Charge) of the Ministry of
Women & Child Development.
2 Shri Subodh Kant Sahay Minister of State (Independent Charge) of the Ministry of Food
Processing Industries.
3 Shri Vilas Muttemwar Minister of State (Independent Charge) of the Ministry of New
and Renewable Energy .
4 Kumari Selja Minister of State (Independent Charge) of the Ministry of
Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation.
5 Shri Praful Patel Minister of State (Independent Charge) of the Ministry of Civil
Aviation.
6 Shri G.K.Vasan Minister of State (Independent Charge) of the Ministry of
Statistics & Programme Implementation and Minister of State
(Independent Charge) of the Ministry of Labour & Employment.
7 Dr. M. S. Gill Minister of State (Independent Charge) of the Ministry of Youth
Affairs & Sports.

MINISTERS OF STATE
1 Shri E. Ahammed Minister of State in the Ministry of External Affairs.
2 Shri B.K. Handique Minister of State in the Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers and
Minister of State in the Ministry of Mines..
3 Smt. Panabaka Lakshmi Minister of State in the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare.
4 Dr. Shakeel Ahmad Minister of State in the Ministry of Home Affairs..
5 Shri Rao Inderjit Singh Minister of State in the Ministry of Defence.
6 Shri Naranbhai Rathwa Minister of State in the Ministry of Railways.
7 Shri K.H. Muniappa Minister of State in the Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport &
Highways.
8 Shri Kantilal Bhuria Minister of State in the Ministry of Agriculture and Minister of
State in the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public
Distribution.
9 Shri Shriprakash Jaiswal Minister of State in the Ministry of Home Affairs.
10 Shri Prithviraj Chavan Minister of State in the Prime Minister’s Office and Minister of
State in the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and
Pensions.
11 Shri Taslimuddin Minister of State in the Ministry of Agriculture and Minister of
State in the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public
Distribution.
12 Smt. Suryakanta Patil Minister of State in the Ministry of Rural Development and
Minister of State in the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs.
13 Shri Md. Ali Ashraf Fatmi Minister of State in the Ministry of Human Resource

Ravindra 89
 Development.
14 Shri S.S. Palanimanickam Minister of State in the Ministry of Finance.
15 Shri S. Regupathy Minister of State in the Ministry of Environment and Forests.
16 Shri K. Venkatapathy Minister of State in the Ministry of Law & Justice.
17 Smt. Subbulakshmi Minister of State in the Ministry of Social Justice &
Jagadeesan Empowerment.
18 Shri E.V.K.S. Elangovan Minister of State in the Ministry of Textiles.
19 Smt Kanti Singh Minister of State in the Ministry of Tourism and Minister of
State in the Ministry of Culture..
20 Shri Namo Narain Meena Minister of State in the Ministry of Environment & Forests.
21 Shri Jay Prakash Narayan Minister of State in the Ministry of Water Resources.
Yadav
22 Dr. Akhilesh Prasad Singh Minister of State in the Ministry of Agriculture and Minister of
State in the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public
Distribution.
23 Shri Pawan Kumar Bansal Minister of State in the Ministry of Finance and Minister of
State in the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs..
24 Shri Anand Sharma Minister of State in the Ministry of External Affairs and
Minister of State in the Ministry of Information and
Broadcasting.
25 Shri Ajay Maken Minister of State in the Ministry of Urban Development.
26 Shri Dinsha J. Patel Minister of State in the Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas.
27 Shri M.M. Pallam Raju Minister of State in the Ministry of Defence.
28 Shri Ashwani Kumar Minister of State in the Department of Industrial Policy &
Promotion, Ministry of Commerce & Industry.
29 Shri Chandra Sekhar Sahu Minister of State in the Ministry of Rural Development.
30 Smt. D. Purandeswari Minister of State in the Ministry of Human Resource
Development.
31 Shri M.H. Ambareesh Minister of State in the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting.
32 Smt. V. Radhika Selvi Minister of State in the Ministry of Home Affairs.
33 Shri V. Narayanasamy Minister of State in the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs and
Minister of State in the Ministry of Planning.
34 Shri Santosh Bagrodia Minister of State in the Ministry of Coal.
35 Shri Raghunath Jha Minister of State in the Ministry of Heavy Industries & Public
Enterprises.
36 Dr. Rameshwar Oraon Minister of State in the Ministry of Tribal Affairs.
37 Shri Jyotiraditya Minister of State in the Ministry of Communications and
Madhavrao Scindia Information Technology.
38 Shri Jitin Prasada Minister of State in the Ministry of Steel.

Ravindra 90
 •
•
•

• BUSINESS ECONOMY:-
Recession

A recession is a decline in a country's gross domestic product

(GDP) growth for two or more consecutive quarters of a year. A
recession is also preceded by several quarters of slowing down.

What causes it?

Ravindra 91
An economy which grows over a period of time tends to slow down
the growth as a part of the normal economic cycle. An economy
typically expands for 6-10 years and tends to go into a recession for
about six months to 2 years.

A recession normally takes place when consumers lose confidence in

the growth of the economy and spend less.

This leads to a decreased demand for goods and services, which in

turn leads to a decrease in production, lay-offs and a sharp rise in
unemployment.

Investors spend less as they fear stocks values will fall and thus stock
markets fall on negative sentiment.

'Financial warfare' triggers global economic crisis

As financial markets continue to tumble and as national

economies sink deeper into recession, it is clear that the East
Asian crisis has developed into a global economic crisis. The
international money managers whose speculative activities
have heavily contributed to this development, have been
abetted by the IMF with its push for the deregulation of
international capital flows. After having whittled away the
capacity of national governments to effectively respond to
such 'financial warfare', these powerful forces are working to
secure even greater control of the Bretton Woods institutions
and a more direct role in the shaping of the international
financial and economic environment.
by Michel Chossudovsky
'PRACTICES of the unscrupulous money changers stand indicted
in the court of public opinion, rejected by the hearts and minds
of men.' (Franklin D Roosevelt's First Inaugural Address, 1933)
Humanity is undergoing in the post-Cold War era an economic
crisis of unprecedented scale leading to the rapid
impoverishment of large sectors of the world population. The
plunge of national currencies in virtually all major regions of
the world has contributed to destabilising national economies
while precipitating entire countries into abysmal poverty.
The crisis is not limited to South-East Asia or the former Soviet
Union. The collapse in the standard of living is taking place
abruptly and simultaneously in a large number of countries.

Ravindra 92
This worldwide crisis of the late 20th century is more
devastating than the Great Depression of the 1930s. It has far-
reaching geo-political implications; economic dislocation has
also been accompanied by the outbreak of regional conflicts,
the fracturing of national societies and in some cases the
destruction of entire countries. This is by far the most serious
economic crisis in modern history.
The existence of a 'global financial crisis' is casually denied by
the Western media, its social impacts are downplayed or
distorted; international institutions, including the United
Nations, deny the mounting tide of world poverty: 'The
progress in reducing poverty over the [late] 20th century is
remarkable and unprecedented....' 1 The 'consensus' is that the
Western economy is 'healthy' and that 'market corrections' on
Wall Street are largely attributable to the 'Asian flu' and to
Russia's troubled 'transition to a free- market economy'.

Evolution of the global financial crisis

The plunge of Asia's currency markets (initiated in mid- 1997)

was followed in October 1997 by the dramatic meltdown of
major bourses around the world.
In the uncertain wake of Wall Street's temporary recovery in
early 1998 - largely spurred by panic flight out of Japanese
stocks - financial markets back-slided a few months later to
reach a new dramatic turning point in August with the
spectacular nose-dive of the Russian ruble. The Dow Jones
plunged by 554 points on 31 August (its second largest decline
in the history of the New York Stock Exchange) leading in the
course of September to the dramatic meltdown of stock
markets around the world. In a matter of a few weeks (from the
Dow's 9,337 peak in mid-July), $2,300 billion of 'paper profits'
had evaporated from the US stock market. 2
The ruble's free-fall had spurred Moscow's largest commercial
banks into bankruptcy, leading to the potential takeover of
Russia's financial system by a handful of Western banks and
brokerage houses. In turn, the crisis has created the danger of
massive debt default to Moscow's Western creditors, including
the Deutsche and Dresdner banks. Since the outset of Russia's
macroeconomic reforms, following the first injection of IMF
'shock therapy' in 1992, some $500 billion worth of Russian
assets - including plants of the military industrial complex,
infrastructure and natural resources - have been confiscated
(through the privatisation programmes and forced
bankruptcies) and transferred into the hands of Western

Ravindra 93
capitalists. 3 In the brutal aftermath of the Cold War, an entire
economic and social system is being dismantled.

'Financial warfare'

The worldwide scramble to appropriate wealth through

'financial manipulation' is the driving force behind this crisis.
It is also the source of economic turmoil and social
devastation. In the words of renowned currency speculator and
billionaire George Soros (who made $1.6 billion of speculative
gains in the dramatic crash of the British pound in 1992),
'extending the market mechanism to all domains has the
potential of destroying society'. 4
This manipulation of market forces by powerful actors
constitutes a form of financial and economic warfare. No need
to recolonise lost territory or send in invading armies. In the
late 20th century, the outright 'conquest of nations', meaning
the control over productive assets, labour, natural resources
and institutions, can be carried out in an impersonal fashion
from the corporate boardroom: commands are dispatched from
a computer terminal, or a cellphone. The relevant data are
instantly relayed to major financial markets - often resulting in
immediate disruptions in the functioning of national
economies. 'Financial warfare' also applies to complex
speculative instruments, including the gamut of derivative
trade, forward foreign exchange transactions, currency
options, hedge funds, index funds, etc. Speculative
instruments have been used with the ultimate purpose of
capturing financial wealth and acquiring control over
productive assets. In the words of Malaysia's Prime Minister
Mahathir Mohamad: 'This deliberate devaluation of the
currency of a country by currency traders purely for profit is a
serious denial of the rights of independent nations.' 5
The appropriation of global wealth through this manipulation
of market forces is routinely supported by the IMF's lethal
macro-economic interventions which act almost concurrently in
ruthlessly disrupting national economies all over the world.
'Financial warfare' knows no territorial boundaries; it does not
limit its actions to besieging former enemies of the Cold War
era. In Korea, Indonesia and Thailand, the vaults of the central
banks were pillaged by institutional speculators while the
monetary authorities sought in vain to prop up their ailing
currencies. In 1997, more than $100 billion of Asia's hard
currency reserves had been confiscated and transferred (in a
matter of months) into private financial hands. In the wake of
the currency devaluations, real earnings and employment

Ravindra 94
plummeted virtually overnight, leading to mass poverty in
countries which had in the post-war period registered
significant economic and social progress.
The financial scam in the foreign exchange market had
destabilised national economies, thereby creating the
preconditions for the subsequent plunder of the Asian
countries' productive assets by so-called 'vulture foreign
investors'. 6 In Thailand, 56 domestic banks and financial
institutions were closed down on the orders of the IMF, and
unemployment virtually doubled overnight. 7 Similarly in Korea,
the IMF 'rescue operation' has unleashed a lethal chain of
bankruptcies, leading to the outright liquidation of so-called
'troubled merchant banks'. In the wake of the IMF's 'mediation'
(put in place in December 1997 after high-level consultations
with the World's largest commercial and merchant banks), 'an
average of more than 200 companies [were] shut down per day
(...) 4,000 workers every day were driven out onto [the] streets
as unemployed'. 8 Resulting from the credit freeze and 'the
instantaneous bank shut-down', some 15,000 bankruptcies are
expected in 1998, including 90% of Korea's construction
companies (with combined debts of $20 billion to domestic
financial institutions). 9 South Korea's Parliament has been
transformed into a 'rubber stamp'. Enabling legislation is
enforced through 'financial blackmail': if the legislation is not
speedily enacted according to the IMF's deadlines, the
disbursements under the bailout will be suspended, with the
danger of renewed currency speculation looming.
In turn, the IMF-sponsored 'exit programme' (i.e., forced
bankruptcy) has deliberately contributed to fracturing the
chaebols, which are now invited to establish 'strategic
alliances with foreign firms' (meaning their eventual control by
Western capital). With the devaluation, the cost of Korean
labour had also tumbled: 'It's now cheaper to buy one of these
[high- tech] companies than [to] buy a factory - and you get all
the distribution, brand-name recognition and trained labour
force free in the bargain....' 1 0

The demise of central banking

In many regards, this worldwide crisis marks the demise of

central banking, meaning the derogation of national economic
sovereignty and the inability of the national State to control
money creation on behalf of society. In other words, privately
held money reserves in the hands of 'institutional speculators'
far exceed the limited capabilities of the world's central banks.
The latter acting individually or collectively are no longer able

Ravindra 95
to fight the tide of speculative activity. Monetary policy is in
the hands of private creditors who have the ability to freeze
State budgets, paralyse the payments process, thwart the
regular disbursement of wages to millions of workers (as in the
former Soviet Union) and precipitate the collapse of production
and social programmes. As the crisis deepens, speculative
raids on central banks are extending into China, Latin America
and the Middle East with devastating economic and social
consequences.
This ongoing pillage of central bank reserves, however, is by no
means limited to developing countries. It has also hit several
Western countries including Canada and Australia where the
monetary authorities have been incapable of stemming the
slide of their national currencies. In Canada, billions of dollars
were borrowed from private financiers to prop up central bank
reserves in the wake of speculative assaults. In Japan - where
the yen has tumbled to new lows - 'the Korean scenario' is
viewed (according to economist Michael Hudson) as a 'dress
rehearsal' for the takeover of Japan's financial sector by a
handful of Western investment banks. The big players are
Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley, Deutsche Morgan Grenfell,
among others, who are buying up Japan's bad bank loans at
less than 10% of their face value. In recent months, both US
Secretary of the Treasury Robert Rubin and Secretary of State
Madeleine K Albright have exerted political pressure on Tokyo,
insisting 'on nothing less than an immediate disposal of Japan's
bad bank loans - preferably to US and other foreign "vulture
investors" at distress prices. To achieve their objectives, they
are even pressuring Japan to rewrite its constitution,
restructure its political system and cabinet and redesign its
financial system.... Once foreign investors gain control of
Japanese banks, these banks will move to take over Japanese
industry...' 11

Creditors and speculators

The world's largest banks and brokerage houses are both

creditors and institutional speculators. In the present context,
they contribute (through their speculative assaults) to
destabilising national currencies, thereby boosting the volume
of dollar denominated debts. They then reappear as creditors
with a view to collecting these debts. Finally, they are called in
as 'policy advisers' or consultants in the IMF- World Bank-
sponsored 'bankruptcy programmes' of which they are the
ultimate beneficiaries. In Indonesia, for instance, amidst street
rioting and in the wake of Suharto's resignation, the

Ravindra 96
privatisation of key sectors of the Indonesian economy ordered
by the IMF was entrusted to eight of the world's largest
merchant banks, including Lehman Brothers, Credit Suisse-
First Boston, Goldman Sachs and UBS/SBC Warburg Dillon
Read. 1 2 The world's largest money managers set countries on
fire and are then called in as firemen (under the IMF 'rescue
plan') to extinguish the blaze. They ultimately decide which
enterprises are to be closed down and which are to be
auctioned off to foreign investors at bargain prices.

Who funds the IMF bailouts?

Under repeated speculative assaults, Asian central banks had
entered into multi-billion-dollar contracts (in the forward
foreign exchange market) in a vain attempt to protect their
currency. With the total depletion of their hard currency
reserves, the monetary authorities were forced to borrow large
amounts of money under the IMF bailout agreement. Following
a scheme devised during the Mexican crisis of 1994- 95, the
bailout money, however, is not intended 'to rescue the country
'; in fact the money never entered Korea, Thailand or
Indonesia; it was earmarked to reimburse the 'institutional
speculators', to ensure that they would be able to collect their
multi-billion-dollar loot. In turn, the Asian tigers have been
tamed by their financial masters. Transformed into lame ducks,
they have been 'locked up' into servicing these massive dollar-
denominated debts well into the third millennium.
But 'where did the money come from' to finance these multi-
billion-dollar operations? Only a small portion of the money
comes from IMF resources: starting with the 1995 Mexican
bailout, G7 countries, including the US Treasury, were called
upon to make large lump-sum contributions to these IMF-
sponsored rescue operations, leading to significant hikes in the
levels of public debt. 13 Yet in an ironic twist, the issuing of US
public debt to finance the bailouts is underwritten and
guaranteed by the same group of Wall Street merchant banks
involved in the speculative assaults.
In other words, those who guarantee the issuing of public debt
(to finance the bailout) are those who will ultimately
appropriate the loot (e.g., as creditors of Korea or Thailand) -
i.e., they are the ultimate recipients of the bailout money
(which essentially constitutes a 'safety net' for the
institutional speculator). The vast amounts of money granted
under the rescue packages are intended to enable the Asian
countries to meet their debt obligations with those same
financial institutions which contributed to precipitating the
breakdown of their national currencies in the first place. As a

Ravindra 97
result of this vicious circle, a handful of commercial banks and
brokerage houses have enriched themselves beyond bounds;
they have also increased their stranglehold over governments
and politicians around the world.

Strong economic medicine

Since the 1994-95 Mexican crisis, the IMF has played a crucial
role in shaping the 'financial environment' in which the global
banks and money managers wage their speculative raids. The
global banks are craving for access to inside information.
Successful speculative attacks require the concurrent
implementation on their behalf of 'strong economic medicine'
under the IMF bailout agreements. The 'big six' Wall Street
commercial banks (including Chase, Bank America, Citicorp and
J P Morgan) and the 'big five' merchant banks (including
Goldman Sachs, Lehman Brothers, Morgan Stanley and Salomon
Smith Barney) were consulted on the clauses to be included in
the bailout agreements. In the case of Korea's short-term debt,
Wall Street's largest financial institutions were called in on
Christmas Eve (24 December 1997) for high-level talks at the
Federal Reserve Bank of New York. 1 4
The global banks have a direct stake in the decline of national
currencies.
In April 1997, barely two months before the onslaught of the
Asian currency crisis, the Institute of International Finance
(IIF), a Washington-based think-tank representing the interests
of some 290 global banks and brokerage houses, had 'urged
authorities in emerging markets to counter upward exchange
rate pressures where needed...' 15 This request (communicated
in a formal letter to the IMF) hints in no uncertain terms that
the IMF should advocate an environment in which national
currencies are allowed to slide. 1 6
Indonesia was ordered by the IMF to unpeg its currency barely
three months before the rupiah's dramatic plunge. In the words
of American billionaire and presidential candidate Steve
Forbes: 'Did the IMF help precipitate the crisis? This agency
advocates openness and transparency for national economies,
yet it rivals the CIA in cloaking its own operations. Did it, for
instance, have secret conversations with Thailand, advocating
the devaluation that instantly set off the catastrophic chain of
events? Did IMF prescriptions exacerbate the illness? These
countries' moneys were knocked down to absurdly low levels.' 17

Deregulating capital movements

Ravindra 98
The international rules regulating the movements of money
and capital (across international borders) contribute to
shaping the 'financial battlefields' on which banks and
speculators wage their deadly assaults. In their worldwide
quest to appropriate economic and financial wealth, global
banks and multinational corporations have actively pressured
for the outright deregulation of international capital flows,
including the movement of 'hot' and 'dirty' money. 18 Caving in
to these demands (after hasty consultations with G7 finance
ministers), a formal verdict to deregulate capital movements
was taken by the IMF Interim Committee in Washington in April
1998. The official communique stated that the IMF will proceed
with the amendment of its Articles with a view to 'making the
liberalisation of capital movements one of the purposes of the
Fund and extending, as needed, the Fund's jurisdiction for this
purpose'. 19 The IMF managing director, Mr Michel Camdessus,
nonetheless conceded in a dispassionate tone that 'a number
of developing countries may come under speculative attacks
after opening their capital account' while reiterating (ad
nauseam) that this can be avoided by the adoption of 'sound
macroeconomic policies and strong financial systems in
member countries' (ie. the IMF's standard 'economic cure for
disaster'). 20
The IMF's resolve to deregulate capital movements was taken
behind closed doors (conveniently removed from the public eye
and with very little press coverage) barely two weeks before
citizens' groups from around the world gathered in late April
1998 in mass demonstrations in Paris opposing the
controversial Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI)
under Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
(OECD) auspices. This agreement would have granted
entrenched rights to banks and multinational corporations
overriding national laws on foreign investment as well as
derogating the fundamental rights of citizens. The MAI
constitutes an act of capitulation by democratic government to
banks and multinational corporations.
The timing was right on course: while the approval of the MAI
had been temporarily stalled, the proposed deregulation of
foreign investment through a more expedient avenue had been
officially launched: the amendment of the Articles would for all
practical purposes derogate the powers of national
governments to regulate foreign investment. It would also
nullify the efforts of the worldwide citizens' campaign against
the MAI: the deregulation of foreign investment would be
achieved ('with a stroke of a pen') without the need for a
cumbersome multilateral agreement under OECD or World

Ravindra 99
Trade Organisation (WTO) auspices and without the legal
hassle of a global investment treaty entrenched in
international law.

Creating a global financial watchdog

As the aggressive scramble for global wealth unfolds and the

financial crisis reaches dangerous heights, international banks
and speculators are anxious to play a more direct role in
shaping financial structures to their advantage as well as
'policing' country-level economic reforms. Free-market
conservatives in the United States (associated with the
Republican Party) have blamed the IMF for its reckless
behaviour. Disregarding the IMF's intergovernmental status,
they are demanding greater US control over the IMF. They have
also hinted that the IMF should henceforth perform a more
placid role (similar to that of the bond-rating agencies such as
Moody's or Standard and Poor's) while consigning the financing
of the multi-billion-dollar bailouts to the private banking
sector. 2 1
Discussed behind closed doors in April 1998, a more perceptive
initiative (couched in softer language) was put forth by the
world's largest banks and investment houses through their
Washington mouthpiece (the Institute of International
Finance). The banks' proposal consists in the creation of a
'Financial Watchdog' - a so-called 'Private Sector Advisory
Council'- with a view to routinely supervising the activities of
the IMF. 'The Institute [of International Finance], with its
nearly universal membership of leading private financial firms,
stands ready to work with the official community to advance
this process.' 22 Responding to the global banks' initiative, the
IMF has called for concrete 'steps to strengthen private sector
involvement' in crisis management - what might be interpreted
as a 'power-sharing arrangement' between the IMF and the
global banks. 2 3
The international banking community has also set up its own
high-level 'Steering Committee on Emerging Markets Finance'
integrated by some of the World's most powerful financiers,
including William Rhodes, Vice Chairman of Citibank, and Sir
David Walker, Chairman of Morgan Stanley. The hidden agenda
behind these various initiatives is to gradually transform the
IMF from its present status as an intergovernmental body into
a full-fledged bureaucracy which more effectively serves the
interests of the global banks. More importantly, the banks and
speculators want access to the details of IMF negotiations with
member governments, which will enable them to carefully

Ravindra 100
position their assaults in financial markets both prior to and in
the wake of an IMF bailout agreement.
The global banks (pointing to the need for 'transparency') have
called upon 'the IMF to provide valuable insights [on its
dealings with national governments] without revealing
confidential information...' But what they really want is
privileged inside information. 2 4
The ongoing financial crisis is not only conducive to the demise
of national State institutions all over the world, it also consists
in the step-by-step dismantling (and possible privatisation) of
the post-war institutions established by the founding fathers
at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944. In striking contrast
with the IMF's present-day destructive role, these institutions
were intended by their architects to safeguard the stability of
national economies. In the words of Henry Morgenthau, US
Secretary of the Treasury, in his closing statement to the
Conference (22 July 1944): 'We came here to work out methods
which would do away with economic evils - the competitive
currency devaluation and destructive impediments to trade -
which preceded the present war. We have succeeded in this
effort.' 2 5

Ravindra 101
 DETAILED NOTES ON G-20, G8 SUMMIT

The G-20 (more formally, the Group of Twenty Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors)
is a group of finance ministers and central bank governors from 20 economies: 19 of the world's
largest national economies, plus the European Union (EU). It also met twice at heads-of-
government level, in November 2008 and again in April 2009. Collectively, the G-20 economies
comprise 85%[3] of global gross national product, 80% of world trade (including EU intra-trade)
and two-thirds of the world population.[2]

The G-20 is a forum for cooperation and consultation on matters pertaining to the international
financial system. It studies, reviews, and promotes discussion among key industrial and emerging
market countries of policy issues pertaining to the promotion of international financial stability,
and seeks to address issues that go beyond the responsibilities of any one organization.

Organization

The G-20 operates without a permanent secretariat or staff. The chair rotates annually among
the members and is selected from a different regional grouping of countries. The chair is part of
a revolving three-member management group of past, present and future chairs referred to as
the Troika. The incumbent chair establishes a temporary secretariat for the duration of its term,
which coordinates the group's work and organizes its meetings. The role of the Troika is to
ensure continuity in the G-20's work and management across host years.

Members of G-20

In 2009, there are 20 members of the G-20. These include the finance ministers and central bank
governors of 19 countries:[2]

• Argentina • Japan
• Australia • Mexico
• Brazil • Russia
• Canada • Saudi Arabia
• China • South Africa
• France • South Korea
• Germany • Turkey
• India • United Kingdom
• Indonesia
• United States
• Italy

The 20th member is the European Union, which is represented by the rotating Council
presidency and the European Central Bank.

Ravindra 102
In addition to these 20 members, the following forums and institutions, as represented by their
respective chief executive officers, participate in meetings of the G-20:[2]

• International Monetary Fund

• World Bank
• International Monetary and Financial Committee
• Development Committee of the IMF and World Bank

Membership

The membership of the G-20 comprises:

• the finance ministers and central bank governors of the G7, 12 other key countries, and
the European Union Presidency (if not a G7 member)
• the European Central Bank
• the Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund
• the Chairman of the IMFC
• the President of the World Bank
• the Chairman of the Development Committee

Membership does not reflect exactly the top 19 national economies of the world in any given
year. The organization states:[1]

“ In a forum such as the G-20, it is particularly important for the number of countries
involved to be restricted and fixed to ensure the effectiveness and continuity of its
activity. There are no formal criteria for G-20 membership and the composition of the
group has remained unchanged since it was established. In view of the objectives of the
G-20, it was considered important that countries and regions of systemic significance for
the international financial system be included. Aspects such as geographical balance
and population representation also played a major part. ”

All 19 nations are amongst the top 24 economies by purchasing power parity[4] in the 2007
World Bank ranking. Iran(17) and Thailand(23) are not included while Spain(11),
Netherlands(19), and Poland(20) are included only as part of the EU.

History

The G-20, which superseded the G33, which had itself superseded the G22, was foreshadowed at
the Cologne Summit of the G7 in June 1999, but was formally established at the G7 Finance
Ministers' meeting on September 26, 1999. The inaugural meeting took place on December 15-
16, 1999 in Berlin. In 2008 Spain and The Netherlands were included by French invitation for
the G-20 Leaders Summit on Financial Markets and the World Economy and then were admitted
as members de facto by the UK.[citation needed]

Ravindra 103
G20 Leaders Summit on Financial Markets and the World Economy in Washington, D.C. on 15
November 2008.

In 2006 the theme of the G-20 meeting was “Building and Sustaining Prosperity”. The issues
discussed included domestic reforms to achieve “sustained growth”, global energy and resource
commodity markets, ‘reform’ of the World Bank and IMF, and the impact of demographic
changes due to an aging population.

Trevor A. Manuel, MP, Minister of Finance, Republic of South Africa, was the chairperson of
the G-20 when South Africa hosted the Secretariat in 2007. Guido Mantega, Minister of
Finance, Brazil, was the chairperson of the G-20 in 2008; Brazil proposed dialogue on
competition in financial markets, clean energy and economic development and fiscal elements of
growth and development. In a statement following a meeting of G7 finance ministers on October
11, 2008, U.S. President George W. Bush stated that the next meeting of the G-20 would be
important in finding solutions to the (then called) economic crisis of 2008. An initiative by
French President Nicolas Sarkozy and British Prime Minister Gordon Brown led to a special
meeting of the G-20, a G-20 Leaders Summit on Financial Markets and the World Economy, on
November 15, 2008.[5] G20 leaders met again in London on 2 April 2009.[6] Another G20
summit is scheduled to be held in New York City in September 2009. [7]

Locations of G-20 meetings

• 1999: Berlin, Germany • 2006: Melbourne, Australia
• 2000: Montreal, Canada • 2007: Cape Town, South Africa
• 2001: Ottawa, Canada • 2008: São Paulo, Brazil
• 2002: Delhi, India • 2008: Washington, D.C., United States[9]
• 2003: Morelia, Mexico • 2009: London, United Kingdom
• 2004: Berlin, Germany
• 2009: New York, United States
• 2005: Beijing, China

G8 Summit

The Group of Eight (G8, and formerly the G6 or Group of Six) is a forum, created by France in
1975, for governments of eight nations of the northern hemisphere: Canada, France, Germany,
Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States; in addition, the European
Union is represented within the G8, but cannot host or chair.[1] "G8" can refer to the member
states or to the annual summit meeting of the G8 heads of government. The former term, G6, is
now frequently applied to the six most populous countries within the European Union (see G6
(EU)). G8 ministers also meet throughout the year, such as the G7/8 finance ministers (who meet
four times a year), G8 foreign ministers, or G8 environment ministers.

Each calendar year, the responsibility of hosting the G8 rotates through the member states in the
following order: France, United States, United Kingdom, Russia, Germany, Japan, Italy, and
Canada. The holder of the presidency sets the agenda, hosts the summit for that year, and

Ravindra 104
determines which ministerial meetings will take place. Lately, both France and the United
Kingdom have expressed a desire to expand the group to include five developing countries,
referred to as the Outreach Five (O5) or the Plus Five: Brazil, China, India, Mexico, and South
Africa. These countries have participated as guests in previous meetings, which are sometimes
called G8+5. Recently, France, Germany, and Italy are lobbying to include Egypt to the O5 and
expand the G8 to G14.[2]

History

The first G6 meeting in Rambouillet

The concept of a forum for the world's major industrialized democracies emerged following the
1973 oil crisis and subsequent global recession. In 1974 the United States created the Library
Group, an informal gathering of senior financial officials from the United States, the United
Kingdom, West Germany, Japan and France. In 1975, French President Valéry Giscard
d'Estaing invited the heads of government from West Germany, Italy, Japan, the United
Kingdom and the United States to a summit in Rambouillet. The six leaders agreed to an annual
meeting organized under a rotating presidency, forming the Group of Six (G6). The following
year, Canada joined the group at the behest of Germany's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt and U.S.
President Gerald Ford[3] and the group became the 'Group of Seven' -or G7. The European
Union is represented by the President of the European Commission and the leader of the country
that holds the Presidency of the Council of the European Union. The President of the European
Commission has attended all meetings since it was first invited by the United Kingdom in 1977[4]
and the Council President now also regularly attends.

Following 1994's G7 summit in Naples, Russian officials held separate meetings with leaders of
the G7 after the group's summits. This informal arrangement was dubbed the Political 8 (P8) -
or, colloquially, the G7+1. At the invitation of United Kingdom Prime Minister Tony Blair and
US President Bill Clinton[5], Russia formally joined the group in 1997, resulting in the Group of
Eight, or G8.

Structure and activities

Leaders of the G8 on 7 June 2007, in Heiligendamm, Germany

The G8 is intended to be an informal forum, and it therefore lacks an administrative structure

like those for international organizations, such as the United Nations or the World Bank. The
group does not have a permanent secretariat, or offices for its members. In 2008, the president of
the European Union Commission participated as an equal in all summit events.

The presidency of the group rotates annually among the member countries, with each new term
beginning on 1 January of the year. The country holding the presidency is responsible for
planning and hosting a series of ministerial-level meetings, leading up to a mid-year summit
attended by the heads of government. Japan held the G8 presidency in 2008, Italy is the 2009
president, and Canada will be president in 2010.

Ravindra 105
The ministerial meetings bring together ministers responsible for various portfolios to discuss
issues of mutual or global concern. The range of topics include health, law enforcement, labor,
economic and social development, energy, environment, foreign affairs, justice and interior,
terrorism, and trade. There are also a separate set of meetings known as the G8+5, created
during the 2005 Gleneagles, Scotland summit, that is attended by finance and energy ministers
from all eight member countries in addition to the five "Outreach Countries": Brazil, China,
India, Mexico, and South Africa.

In June 2005, justice ministers and interior ministers from the G8 countries agreed to launch an
international database on pedophiles.[6] The G8 officials also agreed to pool data on terrorism,
subject to restrictions by privacy and security laws in individual countries.[7]

Global warming and energy

Main articles: International Partnership for Energy Efficiency Cooperation and Climate
Investment Funds

At the Heiligendamm Summit in 2007, the G8 acknowledged a proposal from the EU for a
worldwide initiative on energy efficiency. They agreed to explore, along with the International
Energy Agency, the most effective means to promote energy efficiency internationally. A year
later, on 8 June 2008, the G8 along with China, India, South Korea and the European
Community established the International Partnership for Energy Efficiency Cooperation, at the
Energy Ministerial meeting hosted by Japan holding 2008 G8 Presidency, in Aomori. [8]

G8 Finance Ministers, whilst in preparation for the 34th Summit of the G8 Heads of State and
Government in Toyako, Hokkaido, met on the 13 and 14 June 2008, in Osaka, Japan. They
agreed to the “G8 Action Plan for Climate Change to Enhance the Engagement of Private and
Public Financial Institutions.” In closing, Ministers supported the launch of new Climate
Investment Funds (CIFs) by the World Bank, which will help existing efforts until a new
framework under the UNFCCC is implemented after 2012. [9]

The Annual Summit

At the 34th G8 Summit at Toyako, Hokkaido, formal photo during Tanabata matsuri event for
world leaders -- Silvio Berlusconi (Italy), Dmitry Medvedev (Russia), Angela Merkel (Germany),
Gordon Brown (UK), Yasuo Fukuda (Japan), George Bush (US), Stephen Harper (Canada),
Nicolas Sarkozy (France), José Barroso (EU) -- July 7, 2008.

The annual G8 leaders summit is attended by eight of the world's most powerful heads of
government. However, as noted by commentators the G-8 summit is not the place to flesh out the
details of any difficult or controversial policy issue in the context of a three-day event. Rather,
the meeting is to bring a range of complex and sometimes inter-related issues. The G8 summit
brings leaders together not so they can dream up quick fixes, but to talk and think about them
together.[10]

Ravindra 106
The G8 summit is an international event which is observed and reported by news media, but the
G8's relevance is unclear.[11] The member country holding the G8 presidency is responsible for
organising and hosting the year's summit, held for three days in mid-year; and for this reason,
Tony Blair and the United Kingdom accumulated the lion's share of the credit for what went
right (and wrong) at Gleneagles in 2005. Similarly, Yasuo Fukuda and Japan hope to garner the
greater part of the credit for what went well (and what did not) at the Hokkaido Summit in 2008.

Each of the 34 G8 summit meetings could have been called a success if the events had been re-
framed as venues to generate additional momentum for solving problems at the other
multilateral conferences that meet throughout the year. The G8 summit sets the stage for what
needs to be done and establishes an idea of how to do it, even if that idea is, at best, rough and
patchy.[10]

The summits have also been the site of numerous, large-scale anti-globalization protests.

Host
Date Host country Location held Website Notes
leader
November Valéry
1st 15–17, France Giscard Rambouillet G6 Summit
1975 d'Estaing
June 27– United Gerald R. San Juan, Canada joins the group,
2nd
28, 1976 States Ford Puerto Rico forming the G7
President of the European
May 7–8, United James
3rd London Commission is invited to join
1977 Kingdom Callaghan
the annual G-7 summits
Bonn, North
July 16– West Helmut
4th Rhine-
17, 1978 Germany Schmidt
Westphalia
June 28– Masayoshi
5th Japan Tokyo
29, 1979 Ōhira
June 22– Francesco
6th Italy Venice
3, 1980 Cossiga
July 20– Pierre E. Montebello,
7th Canada
21, 1981 Trudeau Quebec
June 4–6, François
8th France Versailles
1982 Mitterrand
May 28– United Ronald Williamsburg,
9th
30, 1983 States Reagan Virginia
June 7–9, United Margaret
10th London
1984 Kingdom Thatcher
Bonn, North
May 2–4, West Helmut
11th Rhine-
1985 Germany Kohl
Westphalia
May 4–6, Yasuhiro
12th Japan Tokyo
1986 Nakasone
13th June 8– Italy Amintore Venice

Ravindra 107
 10, 1987 Fanfani
June 19– Brian Toronto,
14th Canada
21, 1988 Mulroney Ontario
July 14– François
15th France Paris
16, 1989 Mitterrand
July 9–11, United George H.
16th Houston, Texas
1990 States W. Bush
July 15– United John
17th London
17, 1991 Kingdom Major
July 6–8, Helmut Munich,
18th Germany
1992 Kohl Bavaria
July 7–9, Kiichi
19th Japan Tokyo
1993 Miyazawa
July 8–10, Silvio
20th Italy Naples
1994 Berlusconi
June 15– Jean Halifax, Nova
21st Canada
17, 1995 Chrétien Scotia
International organizations'
debut to G8 Summits
periodically. The invited
June 27– Jacques ones here were: United
22nd France Lyon
29, 1996 Chirac Nations, World Bank,
International Monetary
Fund and the World Trade
Organization.[12]
June 20– United Bill Denver, Russia joins the group,
23rd [1]
22, 1997 States ClintonColorado forming G8
May 15– United Birmingham,
24th Tony Blair [2]
17, 1998 Kingdom England
Cologne, North
June 18– Gerhard First Summit of the G-20
25th Germany Rhine- [3]
20, 1999 Schröder major economies at Berlin
Westphalia
26th July 21– Japan Yoshiro Nago, Okinawa [4] Formation of the G8+5
23, 2000 Mori starts, when South Africa
was invited. Since then, it
has been invited to the
Summit annually without
interruption. Also, with
permission from a G8
leader, other nations were
invited to the Summit on a
periodical basis for the first
time. Nigeria, Algeria and
Senegal accepted their
invitations here. The World
Health Organization was

Ravindra 108
 also invited for the first time,
too.[12]
Leaders from Bangladesh,
Mali and El Salvador
July 20– Silvio accepted their invitations
27th Italy Genoa [5]
22, 2001 Berlusconi here.[12] Demonstrator
Carlo Giuliani is shot and
killed by police.
June 26– Jean Kananaskis, Russia gains permission to
28th Canada [6]
27, 2002 Chrétien Alberta officially host a G8 Summit.
The G8+5 was unofficially
made, when China, India,
Brazil, Mexico and South
Africa were invited to this
Summit for the first time.
June 2–3, Jacques
29th France Évian-les-Bains [7] Other first-time nations that
2003 Chirac
were invited by the French
president included: Egypt,
Morocco, Saudi Arabia,
Malaysia and
Switzerland.[12]
A record number of leaders
from 12 different nations
accepted their invitations
here. Amongst a couple of
June 8– United George W. Sea Island,
30th [8] veteran nations, the others
10, 2004 States Bush Georgia
were: Ghana, Afghanistan,
Bahrain, Iraq, Jordan,
Turkey, Yemen and
Uganda.[12]
The G8+5 was officially
formed. On the second day
of the meeting, suicide
bombers killed over 50
people on the London
July 6–8, United Gleneagles, Underground and a bus.
31st Tony Blair [9]
2005 Kingdom Scotland Nations that were invited for
the first time were Ethiopia
and Tanzania. The African
Union and the International
Energy Agency made their
debut here.[12]
32nd July 15– Russia Vladimir Strelna, St. [10] First G8 Summit on Russian
17, 2006 Putin Petersburg soil. Also, the International
Atomic Energy Agency and
UNESCO made their debut

Ravindra 109
 here.[12]
A record seven different
international organizations
accepted their invitations to
this Summit. The
Heiligendamm,
June 6–8, Angela Organisation for Economic
33rd Germany Mecklenburg- [11]
2007 Merkel Co-operation and
Vorpommern
Development and the
Commonwealth of
Independent States made
their debut here.[12]
Nations that accepted their
Toyako (Lake G8 Summit invitations for
July 7–9, Yasuo
34th Japan Toya), [12] the first time are: Australia,
2008 Fukuda
Hokkaido Indonesia and South
Korea.[12]
July 8-10, Silvio Official website is now
35th Italy La Maddalena [13]
2009 Berlusconi online.
Huntsville,
36th 2010 Canada [14]
Ontario
37th 2011 France TBD
United
38th 2012 TBD
States
United
39th 2013
Kingdom
40th 2014 Russia
41st 2015 Germany
42nd 2016 Japan
43rd 2017 Italy
44th 2018 Canada

G8 member facts

Seven of the nine leading export countries are in the G8[13] (Germany, US, Japan, France,
Italy, UK, Canada). The UK, the USA, Canada, France, and Germany have nominal per capita
GDP over US$40,000 dollars.[14] Five of the seven largest stock exchanges by market value are
in G8 countries[15] (US, Japan, UK, France, Canada). The G8 countries represent 7 of the 9
largest economies by nominal GDP[16] (Russia isn't one of the 9 largest economies by nominal
GDP but has the 7th largest real GDP; Canada was 8th in 2006 but in 2007 it lost 8th place to
Spain, as it did in 2003,[16] prompting the previous government headed by José María Aznar to
request Spain's entrance in the G8).

The 2nd and 3rd largest oil producers (USA and Russia) and the country with the 2nd largest
reserves (Canada) are in the G8.[17] Seven of the nine largest nuclear energy producers are in
the G8[18] (USA, France, Japan, Russia, Germany, Canada, UK). The 7 largest donors to the
UN budget are in the G8[19] (US, Japan, Germany, UK, France, Italy, Canada).

Ravindra 110
Cumulative influence of member nations

Together the eight countries making up the G8 represent about 14% of the world population, but
they represent about 65% of the Gross World Product[20] as measured by gross domestic
product, being all 8 nations within the top 12 countries according to the CIA World Factbook.
(see the CIA World Factbook column in List of countries by GDP (nominal)), the majority of
global military power (seven are in the top 8 nations for military expenditure[21]), and almost all
of the world's active nuclear weapons.[22] In 2007, the combined G8 military spending was
US$850 billion. This is 72% of the world's total military expenditures. (see List of countries and
federations by military expenditures) Four of the G8 members United Kingdom, United States of
America, France and Russia together account for 96-99% of the world's nuclear weapons. (see
List of states with nuclear weapons)

Criticism and demonstrations

Protesters try to stop members of the G8 from attending the summit during the 27th G8 summit
in Genoa, Italy by burning vehicles on the main route to the summit

As the annual summits are extremely high profile, they are subject to extensive lobbying by
advocacy groups and street demonstrations by activists.

The best-known criticisms centre on the assertion that members of G8 are responsible for global
issues such as poverty in Africa and developing countries due to debt and trading policy, global
warming due to carbon dioxide emission, the AIDS problem due to strict medicine patent policy
and other issues related to globalization. During the 31st G8 summit in Scotland, 225,000 people
took to the streets of Edinburgh as part of the Make Poverty History campaign calling for Trade
Justice, Debt Relief and Better Aid. Numerous other demonstrations also took place challenging
the legitimacy of the G8.[23]

Of the anti-globalization movement protests, one of the largest and most violent occurred for the
27th G8 summit [15]. Since that G8 Summit and the subsequent September 11, 2001 attacks on
the United States occurred months apart in the same year, the G8 have gathered at some forms of
remote locations every year since then. The 7 July 2005 London bombings were timed to coincide
with the 31st G8 summit in Scotland.

The group has also been criticized for its membership, which critics argue has now become
unrepresentative of the world's most powerful economies since Canada was overtaken by China,
India, Brazil, Spain, Mexico and South Korea by PPP adjusted GDP.[24] Furthermore, Russia
was allowed into the group despite only being in 11th place in terms of nominal GDP.

Ravindra 111
 Repo rate
Whenever the banks have any shortage of funds they can borrow it from RBI. Repo rate is the
rate at which our banks borrow rupees from RBI. A reduction in the repo rate will help banks to
get money at a cheaper rate. When the repo rate increases borrowing from RBI becomes more
expensive.

Reverse Repo rate

Reverse Repo rate is the rate at which Reserve Bank of India (RBI) borrows money from banks.
Banks are always happy to lend money to RBI since their money are in safe hands with a good
interest. An increase in Reverse repo rate can cause the banks to transfer more funds to RBI due
to this attractive interest rates. It can cause the money to be drawn out of the banking system.
Due to this fine tuning of RBI using its tools of CRR, Bank Rate, Repo Rate and Reverse Repo
rate our banks adjust their lending or investment rates for common man

CRR
Cash reserve Ratio (CRR) is the amount of funds that the banks have to keep with RBI. If RBI
decides to increase the percent of this, the available amount with the banks comes down. RBI is
using this method (increase of CRR rate), to drain out the excessive money from the banks.

Ravindra 112
 SLR
SLR (Statutory Liquidity Ratio) is the amount a commercial bank needs to maintain in the form
of cash, or gold or govt. approved securities (Bonds) before providing credit to its customers.
SLR rate is determined and maintained by the RBI (Reserve Bank of India) in order to control
the expansion of bank credit

Inflation
Inflation is as an increase in the price of bunch of Goods and services that projects the Indian
economy. An increase in inflation figures occurs when there is an increase in the average level
of prices in Goods and services. Inflation happens when there are less Goods and more buyers,
this will result in increase in the price of Goods, since there is more demand and less supply of
the goods..

Deflation
Deflation is the continuous decrease in prices of goods and services. Deflation occurs when the
inflation rate becomes negative (below zero) and stays there for a longer period.

India's Top CEO's

Jaspal Bindra - Standard Chartered

Kiran Mazumdar Saw - Biocon

Anuradha Desai - Venkateshwara Hatcheries

NR Narayana Murthy - Infosys Technologies

Mukesh Ambani - Reliance Industries

Ratan Tata - Tata Group

Ravindra 113
 KV Kamath - ICICI Bank

Azim Hasham Premji - Wipro

Nandan Nilekani - Infosys Technologies

Rahul Bajaj - Bajaj Auto

Vijay Mallya - UB Group

Kumar Mangalam Birla - AV Birla Group

Sunil Mittal - Bharti Enterprises

Deepak Parekh - HDFC

Anil Ambani - ADAE

Rajiv Bajaj - Bajaj Auto

Lalitha Gupte - ICICI Bank

S Ramadorai - TCS

Jagdish Khattar - Maruti Udyog

Subir Raha - ONGC

Adi Godrej - Godrej Group

GR Gopinath - Air Deccan

Subhash Chandra - Zee Telefilms

Venu Srinivasan - TVS Motors

Brij Mohal Lall Munjal - Hero Group

K Anji Reddy - Dr. Reddy's Labs

Naresh Goyal - Jet Airways

Shiv Nadar - HCL Technologies

Yogesh C Deveshwar - ITC

Anand Mahindra - Mahindra & Mahindra

Ravindra 114
 Peter Mukerjea - Star TV India

Aditya Puri - HDFC Bank

Uday Kotak - Kotak Mahindra Bank

AM Naik - Larsen & Toubro

SB Mathur - UTI

Harish Manwani - Hindustan Lever

Renuka Ramnath - ICICI Ventures

AK Khandelwal - Bank of Baroda

AK Purwar - State Bank of India

Suresh Krishna - Sundaram Fasteners

Ashok Sinha - Bharat Petroleum

Kishore Biyani - Pantaloon Retail

B Ramalinga Raju - Satyam Computers

YV Reddy - Reserve Bank of India

M Damodaran - SEBI

AK Sinha - BSNL

Naina Lal Kidwai - HSBC India

Jeh & Ness Wadia - Bombay Dyeing

Asim Ghosh - Hutch

VK Mittal - Ispat Industries

RS Lodha - Birla Corp

VC Burman - Dabur

Venugopal Dhoot - Videocon Industries

Ravindra 115
 Gautam Singhania - Raymond

Ravi Venkatesan - Microsoft India

BVR Subbu - Hyundai India

FV Vandrewala - Motorola India

Niall Booker - HSBC India

Shikha Sharma - ICICI Prudential

Ashwin Dani - Asian Paints

Rajeev Bakshi - Pepsi Co.

B Muthuraman - Tata Steel

SP Hinduja - Hinduja Group

Anil Agarwal - Vedanta Resources

YK Hamied - Cipla

AC Muthaiah - SPIC

Bharat Puri - Cadbury India

Sanjay Nayar - Citigroup India

Karsanbhai Patel - Nirma

Brian Tempest - Ranbaxy

NS Sekhsaria - Gujarat Ambuja Cement

Proshanto Banerjee - GAIL

R Seshasayee - Ashok Leyland

MB Lal - Hindustan Petroleum

BN Kalyani - Bharat Forge

Onkar S Kanwar - Apollo Tyres

Shashi Ruia - Essar Group

Ravindra 116
 Vinita Bali - Britannia

Gautam Thapar - Cromptom Greaves

Ajay Piramal - Nicholas Piramal

BS Nagesh - Shoppers' Stop

VS Jain - SAIL

Shobana Bhartia - HT Media

KR Kim - LG India

Rana Kapoor - Yes Bank

Hemendra Kothari - DSP Merrill Lynch

K Ramachandran - Phillips India

Mallika Srinivasan - TAFE

Hans-Michael Huber - Diamler-Chrysler India

Nimesh Kampani - JM Morgan Stanley

Scott Bayman - GE India

Zia Mody - AZB Partners

Noel Tata - Trent

Sarthak Behuria - IOC

Harsh Goenka - RPG Group

Arun Maira - BCG India

Adil Zainulbhai - McKinsey India

MV Subbiah - EID Parry

Ravindra 117
 • Economic functions of the bank

Commercial banks play an important role in the financial system and the economy. As a key
component of the financial system, banks allocate funds from savers to borrowers in an efficient
manner. They provide specialized financial services, which reduce the cost of obtaining
information about both savings and borrowing opportunities. These financial services help to
make the overall economy more efficient.

Imagine a World Without Banks

One way to answer your question is to imagine, for a moment, a world without banking
institutions, and then to ask yourself a few questions. This is not just an academic exercise;
many former eastern-block nations began facing this question when they began to create
financial markets and develop market-oriented banks and other financial institutions.

If there were no banks…

• Where would you go to borrow money?

• What would you do with your savings?
• Would you be able to borrow (save) as much as you need, when you need it, in a form that
would be convenient for you?
• What risks might you face as a saver (borrower)?

How Banks Work

Banks operate by borrowing funds-usually by accepting deposits or by borrowing in the money

markets. Banks borrow from individuals, businesses, financial institutions, and governments
with surplus funds (savings). They then use those deposits and borrowed funds (liabilities of the
bank) to make loans or to purchase securities (assets of the bank). Banks make these loans to
businesses, other financial institutions, individuals, and governments (that need the funds for
investments or other purposes). Interest rates provide the price signals for borrowers, lenders,
and banks.

Through the process of taking deposits, making loans, and responding to interest rate signals,
the banking system helps channel funds from savers to borrowers in an efficient manner. Savers
range from an individual with a $1,000 certificate of deposit to a corporation with millions of
dollars in temporary savings. Banks also service a wide array of borrowers, from an individual
who takes a loan of $100 on a credit card to a major corporation financing a billion-dollar
corporate merger.

Ravindra 118
The table below provides a June 2001 snapshot of the balance sheet for the entire U.S.
commercial banking industry. It shows that the bulk of banks' sources of funds comes from
deposits - checking, savings, money market deposit accounts, and time certificates. The most
common uses of these funds are to make real estate and commercial and industrial loans.
Individual banks' asset and liability composition may vary widely from the industry figures,
because some institutions provide specialized or limited banking services.

Commercial roles of the bank

A commercial bank can be found in all countries on this planet and provides services that range
a lot. The services provided by banks are so many that it is hard to think a life with out them.

A bank was established at the first place for the purpose of keeping people's money and earning
profits on that money by lending them to the needy ones. Since its establishment though, the
bank has kept this service but has added dozen more services.

Commercial Banks today provide its users with services of car financing which is another form
of a loan; however a user is given more luxury on spending. From the time visa cards have been
introduced, the commercial banking has evolved into a totally new industry.

Providing and giving people the power to spend and pay the banks back when they are viable to
do. This not only helps the increase in purchasing power but it increases the economy of the
country on the whole. With ATM machines all over the place, it is not necessary for people of
today to take the risk of carrying money and thus has started the culture of plastic money.

In some countries, commercial banks provide the services of paying utility bills which adds to the
convenience that banking sector provides. As technology increases, banks have also enhanced
their technique of providing more services, with internet banking being the latest. The role and
importance of banks is unquestionable in the world today and it is unthinkable to have a world
without them.

RULES OF RBI

Provisions in the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934:Section 28:

Ravindra 119
Notwithstanding anything contained in any enactment or rule of law
to the contrary, no person shall of right be entitled to recover from
the Central Government or the Bank, the value of any lost, stolen,
mutilated or imperfect currency note, provided that the Bank may,
with the previous sanction of the Central Government, prescribe the
circumstances in and the conditions and limitations subject to which
the value of such currency notes or bank notes may be refunded as of
grace and the rules made under this proviso shall be laid on the table
of Parliament.

Ravindra 120
Section 58:

(1): The Central Board may, with the previous sanction of the Central
Government, by notification in the Official Gazette, make regulations
consistent with this Act to provide for all matters for which provision
is necessary or convenient for the purpose of giving effect to the
provisions of this Act.

(2): In particular and without prejudice to the generality of the

foregoing provisions, such regulations may provide for all or any of
the following matters, viz.-

……….

……….

……….……………..

the circumstances in which, and the conditions and limitations subject

to which the value of any lost, stolen, mutilated or imperfect currency
note of the Government of India or bank note may be refunded.

Provisions in the RBI (Note Refund) Rules:

In exercise of the powers conferred by the proviso to Section 28 of

the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 (2 of 1934), read with clause (q)
of the sub-section (2) and sub-section (1) of Section 58 of the said
Act, the Central Board of Directors of the Reserve Bank of India, with
the previous sanction of the Central Government hereby makes the
following rules prescribing the circumstances in and the conditions
and limitations subject to which, the value of lost, imperfect or
mutilated notes may be refunded as a matter of grace.

Given below are the important provisions of the RBI (Note Refund)
Rules, for the benefit of the members of the public.

Rule 2: Definitions:

In these rules,

‘Bank’ means the Reserve Bank of India constituted by the Reserve

Bank of India Act, 1934.

‘Bank note’ means any note issued by the Bank, but does not include
a Government note.

(ba) ‘Essential features’ means the features which are necessary for
the identification of a note, namely:-

the name of the issuing authority in Hindi or English, that is, Reserve
Bank of India or Government of India, as the case may be;

Ravindra 121
the guarantee clause in Hindi or in English;

the promise clause in Hindi or in English;

the signature in Hindi or in English;

the Ashoka Pillar emblem or the Mahatma Gandhi portrait, as the case
may be;

the water mark of the Ashoka Pillar emblem or the Mahatma Gandhi
portrait, as the case may be.

Explanation: The essential features of a note have been enumerated

with a view to making the application of Rule 9 easier. The definition
should be read with Rules 9(1)(a) and 9(2)(a). If any one of the Hindi
or the English versions of an essential features is slightly damaged,
but the other version is intact, the essential feature in question shall
be deemed to be available on the note. In the case of the water-mark,
minor damage should be ignored and in applying the Rules, if a major
portion of the water-mark is identifiable, the water-mark may be
treated as being available.

(d) ‘Half note’ means either portion of a note, which has been divided
through or near the centre into two pieces, either vertically, that is to
say, along a line parallel or nearly parallel to the width of the note or
horizontally, that is to say, along a line parallel or nearly parallel to
the length of note, provided that such portion is itself in one piece.

Explanation: In case of doubt where the mutilation caused to the note

is irregular, area of a mutilated piece (note) should be measured by
using a transparent plastic sheet on which square centimetres are
etched. The plastic sheet should be placed on the note and number of
squares counted to obtain the area of the piece. For the purpose of
arriving at the total area, half the number of incomplete squares
should be added to the number of complete squares. The dimensions
of the current design notes are the following:

Ravindra 122
Denominati Length Width No. of squares
on (cm) (cm) (cm2)

1 9.7 6.3 61

2 10.7 6.3 67

5 11.7 6.3 74

10 13.7 6.3 86

20 14.7 6.3 93

50 14.7 7.3 107

100 15.7 7.3 115

500 16.7 7.3 122

Ravindra 123
1000 17.7 7.3 129

Ravindra 124
(e) ‘Half the area’ means an area which represents fifty percent of the
total area of a note, including non-printed potions thereof;

(f) ‘Imperfect note’ means any note which is wholly or partially

obliterated, altered or undecipherable but does not include a
mutilated note;

(fa) ‘Major portion of the number’ means the prefix and any three
digits of the number or, where the prefix is not identifiable, any four
digits of the number;

Explanation:

(i) This definition should be read with Rules 9(1) (c), 9(2)(b), 9(2)(c)
and 9(3);

(Complete number: 58V 569747)

Examples of major portion of the number:

58V 569xxx; 58V xxx747; 58V 5x9x4x; 58V xx974x; 58V 5xxx47; 58V
56xxx7; xxV 5697xx; 5xx xx9747; xxx 5x974x; xxx x697x7.

It should be noted that the entire prefix is treated as one unit.

(ii) Sometimes, a portion of a digit or letter of the alphabet may be

missing. In such cases, if the visible portion can be identified with
definiteness as belonging to a particular digit or letter to the
exclusion of other digits/letters, the digit or letter may be treated as
available.

Example: (5), (7), (3)

(g) ‘Mutilated note’ means a note of which a portion is missing or

which is composed of pieces;

Explanation: Note in two pieces having number(s) intact is now

classified as a soiled note.

(i) ‘Number’ means the complete serial number of the note, namely
the letters and numerals of the prefix and digits following the prefix;

(j) ‘Prescribed Officer’ means the officer in charge of the Issue

Department at any Office or branch of the Bank or any other person
designated by the Bank in this behalf.

Explanation:

Ravindra 125
The prescribed officer is the officer who has been authorised to pass
or reject the mutilated notes under the Note Refund Rules.

Rule 3: Presentation and disposal of claims

A claim in respect of any note may be presented to the Issue

Department of any office or of any branch of the Bank.

Note: Reserve Bank of India has also authorised public sector bank
branches and designated branches of other banks having currency
chests (list available on websites of Regional Offices of the Bank) to
accept and exchange mutilated notes under these Rules.

Rule 4: Right to call for information or to hold enquiries

The prescribed officers either at the designated commercial bank

branches or the Reserve Bank of India dealing with a claim may, if it is
considered necessary so to do, call for any information or hold any
inquiry relating to any claim presented under these rules.

Rule 5: General provisions in relation to all claims

A claim in respect of a note, which is alleged to have been stolen,

shall not be entertained.

Note: If a prescribed officer is satisfied that a mutilated note

presented to him is one which appears to have been cancelled at any
office of the RBI or claim on which appears to have already been paid
under these Rules, he may reject the claim on such note after making
enquiries under Rule 4 above.

A claim in respect of a note -

which cannot be identified with certainty by the prescribed officer as

a genuine note for which the Bank is liable under the Reserve Bank of
India Act; or

which in the opinion of the prescribed officer has been made

imperfect or has been mutilated, with a view to making it appear to
be of a higher denomination, or has been deliberately cut, torn,
defaced, altered or dealt with in any other manner, not necessarily by
the claimants, with a view to establishing a false claim under these
rules or otherwise to defraud the Bank or the public, or

Explanation: This rule is used in cases where a deliberate intention

appears, but the note/s cannot be rejected under any other rule of
these Rules. Hand-printed portions joined with parts of genuine notes
are rejected under Rule 5(2)(ii).

Ravindra 126
which carries any extrinsic words or visible representations intended
to convey or capable of conveying any message of a political
character, or

which has been imported into India by the claimant from any place
outside India, Bhutan and Nepal in contravention of the provision of
any law, or

in respect of which the value is payable not by the Bank but by some
other authority, or

in relation to which any information, which is called for by the

prescribed officer or the Bank as the case may be, is not furnished by
a claimant within a period of three months from the date of receipt of
the notice or letter asking for the information, shall be rejected.

Rule 7: Imperfect notes

The value of an imperfect note of a denomination of one thousand
rupees or less may be paid, if

the matter, which is printed on the note, including the number or

numbers, has not become totally undecipherable, and

the prescribed officer is satisfied, having regard to the printed matter

which is decipherable on the note, that it is a genuine note.

Explanation: This rule refers to notes which are entire (i.e. not
mutilated) but are wholly or partially obliterated. The guiding
principle is that the notes should be established as being genuine
Indian currency notes. In some cases, numbers of the notes may not
be traceable. Payablity of such notes is decided on the basis of other
printed matter available on the note including the watermark which is
generally available even on washed notes.

Rules 9: Mutilated bank notes:

(1) The value of a mutilated bank note of a denomination of one

thousand rupees or less, on which the number is printed at one place
only may be paid, if-

a) the note presented is in not more than two pieces and of which no
essential feature is missing and the complete number can also be
identified in an undivided area on one of the pieces; or

b) the piece, or one of the pieces presented, has an undivided area

which is not less than half the area of the note and the complete
number can also be identified in an undivided area on such piece; or

Ravindra 127
c) the note presented is in pieces none of which may even comprise
half the area of the note, but all the pieces presented can be
identified as belonging to the same note and all the pieces taken
together have an area which is not less than half the area of the note
and a major portion of the number can also be identified in an
undivided area on one of the pieces.

Explanation: Rule 9 (1) applies to the single numbered notes i.e. notes
of Re.1, Rs.2 and Rs.5 denominations. The conditions to be satisfied
for payment of notes under this Rule are as under:

Ravindra 128
S. No. 9(1)(a) 9(1)(b) 9(1)(c)

Note is in one piece

Note is in one or
1. or in more than one Note is in pieces.
two pieces.
piece.

Major portion of
All essential
Complete undivided the number is
features are
2. number is available available in an
present (even if
on one piece. undivided area on
partially).
one of the pieces.

Ravindra 129
 The piece on which
Complete
full number is All the pieces
undivided number
3. available is not less belong to the
is available on
than half the area of same note.
one piece.
the note.

Ravindra 130
The sub-rules are applied to a mutilated note one after another to see
whether the claim on it is payable under any of them i.e. if a
particular note is not payable, say, under sub-rule 9(a), the possibility
of its being payable under sub-rule (b) is examined, and if it is not
payable even under sub-rule (b), the possibility of its being payable
under sub-rule (c) is examined.

If only one piece is presented and it is of an area less than half the
area of a note, claim is rejected (cf. Rule 9(1) (b)).

If a note is in pieces and major portion of the number is not

identifiable in an undivided area on one of the pieces, claim is
rejected {cf. Rule 9(1) (c)).

If a note is in pieces none of which is more than half the area of the
note and the pieces presented cannot be identified as belonging to
the same note, claim is rejected {cf. Rule 9(1) (c)).

If a note is in pieces and the pieces can be identified as belonging to

the same note, but the pieces presented together form an area less
than half the area of the note, claim is rejected cf. {Rule 9(1)(c)).

2) The value of a mutilated bank note of a denomination of one

thousand rupees or less, on which the number is printed at two places
may be paid, if

(a) the note presented is in not more than two pieces and of which no
essential feature is missing and both the pieces can be identified as
belonging to the same note and the complete number can be
identified in an undivided area at each of the two pieces at which it is
printed; or

b) the piece, or one of the pieces presented, has an undivided area

which is not less than three-fourths the area of the note and a major
portion of the number can be identified on such piece in an undivided
area at each of the two places at which it is printed; or

c) the note presented is in pieces none of which may even comprise

half the area of the note but all the pieces presented can be identified
as belonging to the same note and all the pieces taken together have
an area which is not less than half the area of the note and a major
portion of the number can also be identified in an undivided area at
each of the two places at which it is printed.

Explanation: Rule 9 (2) applies to the double numbered notes i.e.

notes in the denominations of Rs. 10 and above. The conditions to be
satisfied for payment of notes under this Rule are as under:

Ravindra 131
S. No. 9(2)(a) 9(2)(b) 9(2)(c)

Note is in one piece

Note is in one or
1. or in more than one Note is in pieces.
two pieces.
piece.

Major portion of the

All essential
number is available All the pieces
features are
2. at the both the belong to the
present (even if
places on one same note.
partially).
undivided piece.

Major portion of
Complete
the number is
undivided number This piece is not
available in an
is available at less than three-
3. undivided area at
both places on the fourth the area of
both the places
same piece or on the note.
(even if in two
the two pieces.
separate pieces).

Ravindra 132
 All the pieces
Both the pieces taken together
4. belong to the - form not less than
same note. half the area of
the note.

Ravindra 133
The sub-rules are applied to the note one after another to see
whether the claim on the note is payable for full value under any of
them i.e. if a particular note is not payable, say under sub-rule (a),
the possibility of it being payable under sub-rule (b) is examined, and
if it is not payable even under sub-rule (b), the possibility of it being
payable under sub-rule (c) is examined. If a note is not found payable
for full value under any of these sub-rules, only then it is examined to
see whether it is payable for half value under Rule 9 (3).

(i) If on a note, the number at both places is available on one piece

measuring not less than three-fourth the area of the note, but the
number is not the major portion of the number at both places; the
claim is rejected (cf. Rule 9(2) (b)). If on the other hand, the number is
the major portion at one of the two places, half value is paid under
Rule 9(3).

(ii) If a note is in pieces and together the pieces form an area more
than half the area of the note, but the pieces cannot be identified as
belonging to the same note, claim is rejected (Rule 9(2)(c)).

(iii) If a note is in pieces and the pieces can be identified as belonging

to the same note, but the pieces presented together form an area less
than half the area of a note, claim is rejected (Rule 9(2)(c)).

3) Half the face value of a mutilated bank note of a denomination of

one thousand rupees or less on which the number is printed at two
places may be paid, if, the piece, or one of the pieces presented, has
an undivided area which is not less than half the area of the note and
a major portion of the number can also be identified on such piece
atleast at one of the places at which it is printed.

Explanation: This rule applies to double-numbered notes i.e. notes in

the denominations of Rs. 10 and above. The conditions to be satisfied
for payment of half value on such notes are as under:

The piece or one of the pieces presented has an undivided area, not
less than half the area of the note and

Major portion of the number (i.e. one of the two numbers) is available
on such piece.

If one of the pieces qualifies for payment of half value, the other
piece or pieces even if not belonging to the same note, are ignored.

A note is considered for payment of half value only when full value is
not found payable on it under Rule 9(2).

Ravindra 134
4) A claim for the full value of a mutilated bank note of a
denomination of one thousand rupees or less on which the number is
printed at two places shall, if the note as presented has been formed
by joining a half note of another note, be dealt with under sub-rule (3)
as if there were separate claims in respect of each of the two half
notes.

Explanation: This rule is a corollary to Rule 9 (3) and is also applicable

only to double-numbered notes. Each of the two, either vertically or
horizontally divided half notes is treated as independent notes and
claim dealt with under Rule 9(3).

The number is the sole feature that is used for distinguishing one
note from another. Hence the emphasis is on the number or its major
portion.

If the major portion of the number of a double-numbered note is

available at both places on one undivided area measuring at least ¾th
the area of the note, the claim is paid ignoring the remaining portion
of the note, whether presented or not (Rule 9(2)(b)).

Rule 20: Claimants to be bound by rules

For the removal of doubts, it is hereby declared that any payment

which is provided for under these rules shall be made only as of grace
and that the Bank may from time to time issue for the guidance of the
prescribed officers such supplementary or detailed instructions for
carrying out the provisions of these rules as it may deem fit.

Any person who makes any claim on account of an imperfect or

mutilated note shall be deemed to have made the said claim under
the proviso to Section 28 of the Reserve Bank of India Act and subject
to the provisions of these rules, which shall be deemed to be binding
on all claimants and their heirs or assigns.

Rule 21: Decision of the prescribed officer or the Bank

If any question arises whether a note or any portion presented is an

imperfect or mutilated note or is divided vertically or horizontally
through or near the centre or has clearly more than half the area of a
whole note or is a half note or whether all the pieces of a note or a
portion thereof as presented belong or belongs to the same note, or
whether a note is payable under any of the provisions of these rules,
the prescribed officer or the Bank shall be entitled to determine the
question, having regard to the provisions in the foregoing rules and
the condition of the note, and a note shall not be payable unless the
conditions specified in these rules have been clearly satisfied in the
opinion of the prescribed officer or the Bank.

Ravindra 135
The decision of the prescribed officer or the Bank in regard to any
claim under these rules shall be final and no appeal from the said
decision shall lie to any other officer or authority.

Rule 22: Retention and destruction of notes

(2) Any note presented in connection with a claim under these rules
shall, whatever be the denomination of the note or the prescribed
officer’s decision on the claim, be retained by the Bank and destroyed
or otherwise disposed of -

in the case of a note in respect of which any payment is made, at any

time after the payment, and

in the case of a note in respect of which no payment is made, on the

expiry of a period of three months from the date of the decision
rejecting the claim.

Stock exchange
refers to an organized market where govt. Securities and shares, bonds and debentures of the
benefited trading units are regularly transacted. Its business is carried on with in a particular
building in which a person can easily convert his shares into cash or new securities. Thus it is a
market for the exchange of transfer able securities by providing a continuous market.

The term stock exchange is referred by some people to stat Market. Therefore some writer says,
"It is a place to get rich quick while others regard as place of gambling.The securities of public
companies can be transacted in the exchange only if they have been approved by the committee of
the stock exchange.

A company desiring its shares to be approved must first satisfy very

rigid rules concerning the prospectus. It must also agree to abide by
the regulations of the stock exchange about any aspects of its conduct.

Some Features of Stock Exchange Market

1. Specialized market. Stock exchange is a specialized market for the
purchase and sale of industrial and financial securities.
2. Rigid rules. There are large number of buyers and sellers who
conduct their activities according to rigid rules.
3. Basis of formation. Its activities are controlled by the company
ordinance in our country. It can be formed as company limited by
guarantee or company limited by shares.

Ravindra 136
Ravindra 137
Taxation
India has a well developed tax structure with a three-tier federal
structure, comprising the Union Government, the State Governments
and the Urban/Rural Local Bodies. The power to levy taxes and duties
is distributed among the three tiers of Governments, in accordance
with the provisions of the Indian Constitution. The main taxes/duties
that the Union Government is empowered to levy are Income Tax
(except tax on agricultural income, which the State Governments can
levy), Customs duties, Central Excise and Sales Tax and Service Tax.
The principal taxes levied by the State Governments are Sales Tax
(tax on intra-State sale of goods), Stamp Duty (duty on transfer of
property), State Excise (duty on manufacture of alcohol), Land
Revenue (levy on land used for agricultural/non-agricultural
purposes), Duty on Entertainment and Tax on Professions & Callings.
The Local Bodies are empowered to levy tax on properties (buildings,
etc.), Octroi (tax on entry of goods for use/consumption within areas
of the Local Bodies), Tax on Markets and Tax/User Charges for utilities
like water supply, drainage, etc.

Since 1991 tax system in India has under gone a radical change, in
line with liberal economic policy and WTO commitments of the
country. Some of the changes are:

Reduction in customs and excise duties

Lowering corporate Tax

Widening of the tax base and toning up the tax administration

Direct Taxes

Personal Income Tax

Individual income slabs are 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% for annual incomes
upto Rs 50,000, 50,000 - 60,000, 60,000 - 1,50,000 and above
1,50,000 respectively.

Corporate Income Tax

For domestic companies, this is levied @ 35% plus surcharge of 5%,

where as for a foreign company (including branch/project offices), it is
@ 40% plus surcharge of 5%. An Indian registered company, which is a
subsidiary of a foreign company, is also considered an Indian company
for this purpose.

Withholding Tax for NRIs and Foreign Companies:

Ravindra 138
Withholding Tax Rates for payments made to Non-Residents are
determined by the Finance Act passed by the Parliament for various
years. The current rates are:

1. Interest - 20% of Gross Amount

2. Dividends - 10%

3. Royalties - 20%

4. Technical Services - 20%

5. Any other Services - Individuals - 30% of net income

Companies/Corporates - 40% of net income

The above rates are general and in respect of the countries with
which India does not have a Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement
(DTAA).
General Tax Incentives for Industries:

100% deduction of profits and gains for ten years is available in

respect of the following:

Any enterprise carrying on the business of developing, maintaining

and operating infrastructure facilities viz., roads, highways, bridges,
airports, ports, rail systems, industrial towns, inland waterways,
water supply projects, water treatment systems, irrigation projects,
sanitation and sewage projects, solid waste management systems.

Undertakings engaged in generation or generation and distribution,

transmission or distribution of power, which commence these
activities before 31.3.2006.

Any company engaged in scientific and industrial research and

development activities, approved by the prescribed authority, before
31.3.2003.

Any undertaking which develops, operates, maintains an Industrial

Park or Special Economic Zone before 31.3.2006.

Notified Industrial Undertakings set up in the North Eastern region

including seven north-eastern states and the state of Sikkim.

Undertakings developing and building housing projects approved by

the local authority before 31.3.2001and which are completed before
31.3.2003.

Ravindra 139
100% deduction for seven years for undertakings producing or
refining mineral oil.

100% deduction from income for first five years and 30% (for persons
other than companies: 25%) in subsequent five years is available in
respect of the following:

Company which starts providing telecommunication services whether

basic or cellular including radio paging, domestic satellite service,
network or trunking, broad band network and internet services before
31.3.2003.

Industrial undertakings located in certain specified industrially

backward states and districts.

Undertakings which begin to operate cold chain facilities for

agricultural produce before 31.3.2003.
Undertakings engaged in the business of handling, storage,
transportation of food grains.

50% deduction for a period of five years is available to undertakings

engaged in the business of building, owning and operating multiplex
theatres or convention centres constructed before 31.3.2005.

Tax exemption of 100% on export profits for ten years upto F.Y. 2009-
10, for new industries located in EHTPs and STPs and 100% Export
Oriented Units. For units set up in Special Economic Zones (SEZs),
100% deduction of export income for first five years followed by 50%
for next two years, even beyond 2009-10.

Tax exemption of 100% of Export profits for ten years for new
industries located in Integrated Infrastructure Development Centres
or Industrial Growth Centres of the North Eastern Region.

Deduction of 50% of export profits from the gross total income. The
deduction would be restricted to 30% for financial year 2003-04 and
no deduction is allowable subsequently.

Deduction from the gross total income of 50% of foreign exchange

earnings by hotels and tour operators. The deduction would be
restricted to 30% for financial year 2003-04 and no deduction is
allowable subsequently.

50% deduction of export income due to export of computer software

or film software, television software, music software, from the gross
total income. The deduction would be restricted to 30% for financial
year 2003-04 and no deduction is allowable subsequently.

Ravindra 140
Deduction in respect of certain inter-corporate dividends to the
extent of dividend declared.

Exemption of any income by way of dividend, interest or long term

capital gains of an infrastructure capital fund or an infrastructure
capital company from investment made by way of shares or long term
finance in any enterprises carrying on the business of developing,
maintaining and operating infrastructure facility.
Sales Tax

Central Sales Tax (CST)

CST is 4% on manufactured goods.

Local Sales Tax (LST)

Where a sale takes place within a state, LST would be levied. Such a
tax would be governed by the relevant state tax legislation. This is
normally up to 15%.
Excise Duty

Excise duty on most commodities ranges between 0 to 16%. Only on

seven items duty is imposed at 32%, viz., motor cars, tyres, aerated
soft drinks, air conditioners, polyesters filament yarn, pan masala and
chewing tobacco. Duty is charged at 30% on petrol with additional
excise duty at Rs. 7 per litre. The said rates are subject to exemptions
and deductions thereon as may be notified from time to time. Central
VAT (CENVAT) is applicable to practically all manufactured goods, so
as to avoid cascading effect on duty.

Small Scale Sector is exempted from payment of excise duty from

annual production upto Rs.10 million.
Customs Duty

The rates of basic duties vary from 0 to 30%.

Salient features are:

Peak customs duty reduced from 220% (in 1991) to 30% (in 2002).

The general project import duty (for new projects and substantial
expansion of existing projects) reduced from 85% to 25%.

Import duty under EPCG Scheme is 5%.

R&D imports - 5% customs duty.

Ravindra 141
Export made with imported inputs get concessions in form of duty
drawback, duty entitlement pass book scheme and advance licence.

Many type of industries such as 100% EOU and units in free trade
zone get facility of zero import duty.

An Authority for Advance Ruling for foreign investor

Ravindra 142
SEZ(Special Economic Zone)

Considering the need to enhance foreign investment and promote

exports from the country and realising the need that level playing
field must be made available to the domestic enterprises and
manufacturers to be competitive globally, the government had in April
2000 announced the introduction of Special Economic Zones policy in
the country, deemed to be foreign territory for the purposes of trade
operations, duties and tariffs.

SEZs when operational are expected to offer high quality

infrastructure facilities and support services, besides allowing for the
duty free import of capital goods and raw materials. Additionally,
attractive fiscal incentives and simpler customs, banking and other
procedures are offered in such zones. Setting up of SEZs is also
treated as an infrastructure development activity and offered same
incentives.

Salient features of the Indian SEZ initiative include:

• Unlike most of the international instances where zones are primarily

developed by Governments, the Indian SEZ policy provides for
development of these zones in the government, private or joint
sector. This offers equal opportunity to both Indian and international
private developers.

• For greenfield SEZs, the Government has specified a minimum

preferable area of 1,000 hectares. However, for sector specific SEZs,
there is no restriction of minimum area.

• 100 per cent FDI is permitted for all investments in SEZs, except for
activities under the negative list.

• SEZ units are required to be positive net foreign exchange earners

and are not subject to any minimum value addition norms or export
obligations.

• Goods flow into the SEZ area from Domestic Tariff Area (DTA) will be
treated as exports and goods coming from the SEZ area into DTA are
treated as imports.

Ravindra 143
Currently, a number of SEZ projects are coming up in the country. The
government has given a go-ahead for around 17 SEZs to be set up in
the private sector or the joint sector. Of these, the projects at Positra
(Gujarat), Vishakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh), Indore (Madhya
Pradesh) and Navi Mumbai (Maharashtra) are in advanced stages of
planning and development, while the others are preparing to get off
the ground.

Incentives and Benefits

Besides providing state-of-the-art infrastructure and access to a large

well-trained and skilled work force, the SEZ policy also provides
enterprises and developers with a favourable and attractive
framework of incentives:

• 100% income tax exemption for a block of five years and an

additional 50% tax exemption for two years thereafter
• 100% FDI in the manufacturing sector permitted through automatic
route, barring a few sectors.

• External commercial borrowings by SEZ units upto US$500 million in

a year without any maturity restrictions through recognized banking
channels.

• Facility to retain 100% foreign exchange receipts in Exchange

Earners’ Foreign Currency Account.

• 100% FDI permitted to SEZ franchisee in providing basic telephone

services in SEZs.

• No cap on foreign investment for small scale sector reserved items.

• Exemption from industrial licensing requirements for items reserved

for the SSI sector.

• No import licence requirements

• Exemption from customs duties on import of capital goods, raw

materials, consumables, spares etc

• Exemption from Central Excise duties on procurement of capital

goods, raw materials, consumable spares etc., from the domestic
market.

• No routine examinations by Customs for export and import cargo.

• Facility to realize and repatriate export proceeds within 12 months.

• Profits allowed to be repatriated without any dividend-balancing

requirement.

Ravindra 144
• Job work on behalf of domestic exporters for direct export allowed.

• Subcontracting both domestic and international is permitted; this

facility is available to jewellery units as well.

• Exemption from Central Sales Tax and Service Tax

• Facilities to set up off-shore banking units in SEZs.

Incentives to Developers

• Exemption from duties on import /procurement of goods for the

development, operation and maintenance of SEZ.

• Income tax exemption for a block of 10 years in 15 years.

• Exemption from Service Tax

• FDI to develop townships within SEZs with residential, educational,

health care and recreational facilities permitted on a case-to-case
basis

Interim budget or Vote on account

YOU'VE heard about it and now it's going to happen. This year, there
won't be an annual full length budget but there will be a Vote on
Account or Interim budget, as it is also referred to, instead. So what
does Vote on Account mean? Let’s find out.

Ravindra 145
What is a vote-on-account?
An annual budget is an exercise which the ruling government
undertakes whereby it puts forth a report card of its income and
expenses in the previous year.

It also puts forth provisions to raise money (from taxes) and spend
money (on welfare measures). In doing that, it seeks the parliament’s
approval to spend the requisite amount of money. The Parliament
then votes for or against the proposals and the finance bill gets
passed.

This whole process begins on 28th Feb when the Finance Minister
makes the budget speech and goes on till 31st March, when the bill is
passed in the parliament.

Now there might be times when the parliament cannot or does not
have enough time to vote the entire budget before the new financial
year begins. For instance, if a new government comes into power a
few months before February, it may not have enough time to study
the fiscal state and announce a budget. So the new government may
announce an interim budget in February and a full budget in a few
months' time.

Ravindra 146
Pre-election is also a time when vote on account kicks in. A few
months before the elections, a code of conduct comes into play during
which the central and state governments cannot announce any major
sops to the electorate to prevent any unfair swings in the voting
pattern.

Moreover, even if the code of conduct does not come into play, it is
regarded improper for an outgoing government to impose on its
successor changes that may or may not be acceptable to the incoming
government.

When elections are around the corner, like now (elections are likely to
be held in April-May), the government can only present a report card
of last year’s income and expenses. It can also seek the parliament’s
approval for expenses that it foresees for the next few months until
the elections are over and the new government is in place.

This exercise is called vote on account.

So what is the difference between Vote on Account and Budget?

A vote on account only talks about the expenses that the government
is likely to make during the next few months. A budget in turn also
talks about how it proposes to raise the money to meet these
expenses. These are normally in the form of tax sops.

When will the budget be held after the vote on account?

During election year, the budget is held after the new government is
formed.

Usually the gap between the vote on account and budget does not
exceed six months.

When was the first VOA held in independent India?

1952-53

How many times VOA (also called Interim Budget) has been held in
India?
Eleven. Out of this, six times, a new government presented a VOA
because it didn’t have enough time after coming into power to
present a full scale budget.

In the remaining five instances, the outgoing government presented

the VOA.

In how many of these five instances did the outgoing government

come back to power?

Ravindra 147
In four out of five instances, the outgoing government came back to
power.

Here are the VOAs after which the same government came back to
power:

FM who presented
Year
VOA

1952-
CD Deshmukh
53

1957-
TT Krishnamachari
58

1962-
Morarji Desai
63

1996-
Manmohan Singh
97

2004-
Jaswant Singh
05

Which FMs have presented the most VOAs?

Morarji Desai and Yashwant Sinha have both presented two VOAs
each

• Indian Constitution And Amendments

Ravindra 148
The Constitution of India was enacted on 26th of January, 1950. The
Constituent Assembly of India drafted the nation's Constitution. Being
drafted on 26th of November, 1949, the Indian Constitution laid the
foundations for establishment of the Democratic Republic of India.

Ravindra 149
Drafting of the Constitution
The Constitution of India was drafted over a period of 2 years, 11
months and 17 days. The members of Constituent Assembly of India
met for the first time in the year 1946 on December 9. The next
meeting of the Assembly took place on August 14th, 1947 for the
dominion of India in which the proposal of forming various committees
was presented. Such committees include Committee on Fundamental
Rights, the Union Powers Committee and Union Constitution
Committee. One of the unique factors of this meeting was that the
Assembly gathered as the Sovereign Constituent Assembly of India.

On 29th August, 1947 a Drafting Committee, with Dr. Ambedkar as the

Chairman, was formed on the basis of the various reports submitted
by the previous committees. It was in the year 1948 that a Draft
Constitution including a range of proposals was formed by the
concerned committee. The Constituent Assembly of India held two
meetings in February 1948 and October 1949 to go through the
clauses of the Draft. Finally, from 14th to 26th of November, 1949 the
Constituent Assembly analyzed each and every provision of the Draft.
The then President of the Constituent Assembly of India signed the
Draft on November 26th, 1949.

Today, there are 12 Schedules and 395 Articles in the Constitution of

India. Amendments have been made to the Constitution time and
again as per the need of the hour. Till 2006, there have been 94
Amendments made to the constitution.

Constituent Assembly
The Constituent Assembly of India was formed by the elected
members of the provincial assemblies of the country. Presided over by
Dr. Sachidanand Sinha for the first time, the Indian Constituent
Assembly played the most important role in creating the Constitution
of India. After Dr. Sinha, Dr. Rajendra Prasad became the President of
the Assembly. Comprising over 30 schedule class members, the
Constituent Assembly also included sections of Christians, Anglo-
Indians and Minority Community. Harendra Coomar Mookerjee, being
the Minority Community Chairman, also successfully worked for the
Christians. While H P Modi was the representative of the Parsi
community, Frank Anthony headed the Anglo-Indian section of the
country in the Constituent Assembly.

Some of the prominent female personalities of the Constituent

Assembly were Vijaylakshmi Pandit and Sarojini Naidu. From Shyama
Prasad Mukherjee, B N Rau and Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad to K M
Munshi, Sardar Patel and Alladi Krishnaswami Aiyer, each one had a
major contribution towards the present form of the Constituent
Assembly.
Ravindra 150
Preamble
The Preamble is one of the most significant parts of the Constitution
List of the 94 Amendments to the Indian Constitution till
2006

There have been 94 amendments made to the Constitution of India.

The Amendment Acts, which are also known as Constitution
(Amendment) Acts, and the date, when they cam into force, are
mentioned below:

The Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951: This Act came into
force on 18 June 1951.

The Constitution (Second Amendment) Act, 1952: This Act was

introduced on 1 May 1953.

The Constitution (Third Amendment) Act, 1954: The date of assent of

this Amendment Act is 22 February 1955.

The Constitution (Fourth Amendment) Act, 1955: This Act became

effective since 27 April 1955.

The Constitution (Fifth Amendment) Act, 1955: The date since when
this Act has been made effective is 24 December 1955.

The Constitution (Sixth Amendment) Act, 1956: Since 11 September

1956, this Act has been in effect.

The Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956: As per s.1 (2) of

the Act, this Constitution Act came into force on 1 November 1956.

The Constitution (Eighth Amendment) Act, 1959: This Act was

introduced on 5 January 1960, when it was given assent by the
President.

The Constitution (Ninth Amendment) Act, 1960: The date on which

this Act came into force is 28 December 1960.

The Constitution (Tenth Amendment) Act, 1961: This Act was made
effective on 11 August 1961 as per the s.1 (2) of the Act.

The Constitution (Eleventh Amendment) Act, 1961: The date of assent

of this Constitution Act was 19 December 1961.

The Constitution (Twelfth Amendment) Act, 1962: This Act came into
force on 20 December 1961 as per s.1 (2) of the Act.

The Constitution (Thirteenth Amendment) Act, 1962: Since 1

December 1963, this Constitution Act has been in effect.

Ravindra 151
The Constitution (Fourteenth Amendment) Act, 1962: This Act was
introduced on 28 December 1962.

The Constitution (Fifteenth Amendment) Act, 1963: This Act was given
assent by the President and was introduced on 5 October 1963.

The Constitution (Sixteenth Amendment) Act, 1963: The date on

which this Constitution Act was made effective is 5 October 1963.

The Constitution (Seventeenth Amendment) Act, 1964: The date since

when this Act has been made effective is 20 June 1964.

The Constitution (Eighteenth Amendment) Act, 1966: This Act came

into force on 27 August 1966.

The Constitution (Nineteenth Amendment) Act, 1966: The date of

assent of this Constitution Act is 11 December 1966.

The Constitution (Twentieth Amendment) Act, 1966: This Constitution

Act was introduced on 22 December 1966.

The Constitution (Twenty-first Amendment) Act, 1967: The President

gave his assent to this Act on 10 April 1967, since when it has been in
effect.

The Constitution (Twenty-second Amendment) Act, 1969: The Act was

made effective with the assent of the President on 25 September
1969.

The Constitution (Twenty-third Amendment) Act, 1969: The date on

which this Act came into force is 23 January 1970.

The Constitution (Twenty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1971: Since 5

November 1971, this Act is in effect.

The Constitution (Twenty-fifth Amendment) Act, 1971: With the assent

of the President of India, this Act was introduced on 20 April 1972.

The Constitution (Twenty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1971: This Act was

made effective on 28 December 1971.

The Constitution (Twenty-seventh Amendment) Act, 1971: As per s.1

(2) of the Act, Sections 1 and 3 were introduced on 30 December
1971. The Sections 2, 4 and 5 came into force much later on 15
February 1972.

The Constitution (Twenty-eighth Amendment) Act, 1972: This Act

came into force on 29 August 1972.

The Constitution (Twenty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1972: The date since

when this Constitution Act has been made effective is 9 June 1972.

Ravindra 152
The Constitution (Thirtieth Amendment) Act, 1972: It was on 27
February 1973, when this Act was introduced after assent of the
Indian President.

The Constitution (Thirty-first Amendment) Act, 1973: This Act came

into force on 17 October 1973.

The Constitution (Thirty-second Amendment) Act, 1973: This Act was

introduced on 1 July 1974.

The Constitution (Thirty-third Amendment) Act, 1974: Since 19 May

1974, this Constitution Act has been in effect.

The Constitution (Thirty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1974: The President

of India gave assent to this Act on 7 September 1974.

The Constitution (Thirty-fifth Amendment) Act, 1974: This

Constitution Act was made effective on 1 March 1975.
The Constitution (Thirty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1975: As per s.1 (2),
this Act came into force on 26 April 1975, when the Bill passed by the
House of People was also passed by the Council of States.

The Constitution (Thirty-seventh) Act, 1975: The date of assent of this

Act is 3 May 1975.

The Constitution (Thirty-eighth Amendment) Act, 1975: This Act has

been made effective since 1 August 1975.

The Constitution (Thirty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1975: With the assent

of the Indian President, this Constitution Act was introduced on 10
August 1975.

The Constitution (Fortieth Amendment) Act, 1976: The date on which

this Act came into force is 27 May 1976.

The Constitution (Forty-first Amendment) Act, 1976: This Act was

given assent by the President, and hence introduced on 7 September
1976.

The Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976: This is one of

the most important amendments made to the Indian Constitution. The
Sections 2-5, 7-17, 20, 28, 29, 30, 33, 36, 43-53, 55, 56, 57 and 59 of
this Constitution Act came into force on 3 January 1977. The Sections
6, 23-26, 37-42, 54 and 58 were introduced on 1 February 1977.
Section 27 was made effective 2 months later on 1 April 1977.

The Constitution (Forty-third Amendment) Act, 1977: This Constitution

Act was introduced on 13 April 1978.

Ravindra 153
The Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978: This is another
important amendment made to the Constitution of India. Sections 2,
4-16, 22, 23, 25-29, 31-42, 44 and 45 of this Constitution Act were
introduced on 20 June 1979. Sections 17-21 and 30 came into force on
1 August 1979, while Sections 24 and 43 were made effective on 6
September 1979.

The Constitution (Forty-fifth Amendment) Act, 1980: As per s.1 (2) of

the Act, this Act was given assent by the President of India on 25
January 1980.

The Constitution (Forty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1982: This 46th

Amendment to the Constitution was made on 2 February 1983.

The Constitution (Forty-seventh Amendment) Act, 1984: The date on

which this Constitution Act was made effective is 26 August 1984.

The Constitution (Forty-eighth Amendment) Act, 1984: This Act came

into force on 1 April 1985.

The Constitution (Forty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1984: The President of

India gave his assent to this Act for amending the Constitution on 11
September 1984.

The Constitution (Fiftieth Amendment) Act, 1984: This Constitution

Act came into force on 11 September 1984 with the assent of the
President.

The Constitution (Fifty-first Amendment) Act, 1984: Since 16 June

1986, this Constitution has been effective.

The Constitution (Fifty-second Amendment) Act, 1985: It was on 1

March, when this Act was introduced.

The Constitution (Fifty-third Amendment) Act, 1986: The date of

assent of this Act is 20 February 1987.

The Constitution (Fifty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1986: This Act was

made effective in 1986 on 1 April 1986, as per s.1 (2) of the Act.

The Constitution (Fifty-fifth Amendment) Act, 1986: With the assent

of the Indian President, this Constitution Act has been made effective
since 20 February 1987.

The Constitution (Fifty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1987: This Act was

introduced on 30 May 1987.

The Constitution (Fifty-seventh Amendment) Act, 1987: This

Constitution Act was made effective on 21 September 1987.

Ravindra 154
The Constitution (Fifty-eighth Amendment) Act, 1987: The date of
assent for this Act is 9 December 1987.

The Constitution (Fifty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1988: The President

gave his assent for this Constitution Act on 30 March 1988.

The Constitution (Sixtieth Amendment) Act, 1988: This Act was

introduced with the assent of President on 20 December 1988.

The Constitution (Sixty-first Amendment) Act, 1988: The date since

when this Act has been made effective is 23 March 1989.

The Constitution (Sixty-second Amendment) Act, 1989: As per s.1 (2)

of the Act, it was made effective on 20 December 1989, on the date,
when the Bill for this Constitution Act was introduced to the Council of
States.

The Constitution (Sixty-third Amendment) Act, 1989: This Act was

introduced on 6 January 1990 with the assent of the President of
India.

The Constitution (Sixty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1990: This Act has

been in effect since 16 April 1990, which is the date of assent for it.

The Constitution (Sixty-fifth Amendment) Act, 1990: With the assent

of the President of India, this Act was introduced on 12 March 1992.

The Constitution (Sixty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1990: The date, when

this Act was given assent by the President of India is 7 June 1990.

The Constitution (Sixty-seventh Amendment) Act, 1990: This

Constitution Act was introduced on 4 October 1990.

The Constitution (Sixty-eighth Amendment) Act, 1991: This Act was

made effective on 12 March 1991.

The Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991: This Act came

into effect from 1 February 1992.

The Constitution (Seventieth Amendment) Act, 1992: As per s.1 (2) of

the Act, the Section 3 of this Act was introduced on 12 December
1991. The Section 2 of the Act is yet to receive assent from the Indian
President.

The Constitution (Seventy-first Amendment) Act, 1992: The date when

this Constitution Act was made effective is 31 August 1992.

The Constitution (Seventy-second Amendment) Act, 1992: It was on 5

December 1992, when this Act received assent from the President and
was introduced.

Ravindra 155
The Constitution (Seventy-third Amendment) Act, 1992: With the
assent of the Indian President, this Constitution Act was made
effective on 24 April 1993.

The Constitution (Seventy-fourth Amendment) Act, 1992: This Act was

introduced on 1 June 1993.

The Constitution (Seventy-fifth Amendment) Act, 1993: The date on

which this Act was made effective for amending the constitution is 15
May 1994.

The Constitution (Seventy-sixth Amendment) Act, 1994: This

Constitution Act was introduced with the assent of the Indian
President on 31 August 1994.

The Constitution (Seventy-seventh Amendment) Act, 1995: The date

of assent for this Act is 17 June 1995.
The Constitution (Seventy-eighth Amendment) Act, 1995: The
President gave his assent to this Act on 30 August 1995.

The Constitution (Seventy-ninth Amendment) Act, 2000: This Act came

into force on 25 January 2000.

The Constitution (Eightieth Amendment) Act, 2000: 9 June 2000 is the

date, when this Constitution Act was implemented.

The Constitution (Eighty-first Amendment) Act, 2000: This Act was

introduced on 9 June 2000.

The Constitution (Eighty-second Amendment) Act, 2000: The date on

which this Act was made effective is 8 September 2000.

The Constitution (Eighty-third Amendment) Act, 2000: It was on 8

September 2000, when this Act came into force with the assent of the
President of India.

The Constitution (Eighty-fourth Amendment) Act, 2001: This

Constitution Act was made effective on 21 February 2002.

The Constitution (Eighty-fifth Amendment) Act, 2002: With the assent

of the Indian President, this Act came into force on 4 January 2002.

The Constitution (Eighty-sixth Amendment) Act, 2002: The date of

assent for this Constitution Act is 12 December 2002.

The Constitution (Eighty-seventh Amendment) Act, 2003: Since 22

June 2003, this Act has been in effect.

The Constitution (Eighty-eighth Amendment) Act, 2003: This Act came

into force on 15 October 2004.

Ravindra 156
The Constitution (Eighty-ninth Amendment) Act, 2003: The President
gave his assent for the Bill of this amendment on 28 September 2003.

The Constitution (Ninetieth Amendment) Act, 2003: The date on which

this Constitution Act was introduced is 28 September 2003.

The Constitution (Ninety-first Amendment) Act, 2003: This Act was

introduced with the assent of the President of India on 1 January
2004.

The Constitution (Ninety-second Amendment) Act, 2003: This

Constitution Act was given assent by the President on 7 January 2004.

The Constitution (Ninety-Third Amendment) Act, 2005: Since 20

January 2006, this Act has been made effective.

The Constitution (Ninety-fourth Amendment) Act, 2006: This

Constitution Act came into force on 12 June 2006, with the assent of
the President of India.

Prime Minister and Council of Ministers - India

14th Lok Sabha Council of Ministers

NAME PARTY PORTFOLIO
Manmohan Singh Congress Prime Minister
Ministry ofPersonnel,
Public grievenances and
Pensions
Ministry of Planning
Department of Atomic
Energy
Department of Space
Ministry of External
Affairs
Cabinet Ministers
Pranab Mukherjee Congress Defence
Arjun Singh Congress HRD
Shankersinh Vaghela Congress Textiles
H. R. Bhardwaj Congress Law

Ravindra 157
 Kamal Nath Congress Commerce and Industry
P. Chidamabaram Congress Finance Minister
Mahavir Prasad Congress Small Scale, Agro and Rural
Industries
P. R. Kyndiah Congress Tribal Affairs + North East
Meira Kumar Congress Social Justice and
Empowerment
Shivraj Patil Congress Home
Laloo Prasad Yadav RJD Railways
Raghuvansh Prasad RJD Rural Development
Singh
Ram Vilas Paswan LJP Chemical and Fertilizer; Steel
Dayanidhi Maran DMK IT and Telecom
A. Raja DMK Forest + Environment
T. R. Baalu DMK Road Transport, Highways &
Shipping
A. Ramdoss PMK Health
S.Jaipal Reddy Congress Urban Development
Priyaranjan Dasmunsi Congress Parliamentary Affairs and
Information & Broadcasting
Sushil Kumar Shinde Congress Power
Sis Ram Ola Congress Mines
K. ChandraSekhar Rao TRS Labour & Employment
ManiShankar Aiyar Congress Panchayti Raj and Youth Affairs
& Sports
Murli Deora Congress Petroleum & Natural Gas
Prof. Saif-ud-din Soz Congress Water Resources
Sharad Pawor NCP Agriculture and Consumer
Affairs,Food & Public
Distrileution
Shibu Soren JMM Coal
A.R. Antulay Congress Minority Affairs
Vayalar Ravi Congress Overseas Indian Affairs
Santosh Mohan Dev Congress Heavy Industries and Public

Ravindra 158
 Enterprises
Ambika Soni Congress Tourism & Culture
Kapil Sibal Congress Science & Technology and
Earth Sciences
Prem Chand Gupta RJD Company Affairs
Ministers Of State (Independent charge)
Praful Patel NCP Civil Aviation
Subodh Kant Sahay Congress Food Processing
Vilas Muttemwar Congress Non-Conventional Energy
Souorces
Premchand Gupta RJD Company Affairs
Oskar Fernandes Congress Without Portfolio
Renuka Chowdhury Congress Woman and Child Development
Kumari Selja Congress Housing & Urban Poverty
Alleviation
G.K. Vasan Congress Statistics & Programme
Implementation
Ministers Of State
E Ahmed IUML External Affairs
P Lakshmi Congress Health and Family Welfare
Shakeel Ahmed Congress Communications and IT
Narayanbhai Ratwa Congress Railways
K H Muinayapa Congress Road Transport and Highways
M V Rajashekharan Congress Planning
Manikrao Gavit Congress Home Affairs
Sri Prakash Jaiswal Congress Home Affairs
Prithviraj Chavan Congress Prime Minister's Office
Suryakanta Patil NCP Rural Development
Parliamentary Affairs
Md A A Fatimi RJD Human Resource Development
A Narendra TRS Rural Development
R Velu PMK Railways
S S Padmimanikam DMK Finance

Ravindra 159
 S Raghupati DMK Home Affairs
K Venkatapati DMK Law and Justice
Subhalaxmi Jagdeesan DMK Social Justice and
Empowerment
Namonarayan Meena Congress Environment and Forest
Akhilesh Singh RJD Agriculture, Food and Civil
Supplies
Pawan Kumar bansal Congress Finance
Ajay Maken Congress Urban Development
Dinsha J. Patel Congress Petroleum & Natural Gas
M.M. Pallm Raju Congress Defence
Akhilesh Das Congress Steel
Ashwani Kumar Congress Department of Industrial policy
& Promotion,Ministry of
Commece & Industry
Chandra Sekhar Sahu Congress Labour & Employment
Suresh Pachouri Congress Personnel,Public Grievances &
Pensions and Parliamentary
Affairs
B.K. Handique Congress Chemicals & Fertilizers and
Parliamentary Affairs
Rao Inderjit Singh Congress Defence
Dasari Narayan Rao Congress Coal
T. Subharami Reddy Congress Mines
Anand Sharma Congress External Affairs
Kantilal Bhuria Congress Agriculture and Consumer
Affairs,Food & Public
Distribution
Taslimuddin RJD Agriculture and Consumer
Affairs,Food & Public
Distribution
E.V.K.S.E langovan Congress Textiles
Jairam Ramesh Congress Department of
Commerce,Ministry of
Commerce & Industry

Ravindra 160
 Kanti Singh RJD Department of Heavy
Industry,Ministry of Heavy
Industries & Public Enterprises
D. Purandeswari Congress Human Resource Development
Akhilesh Singh Congress Agriculture,Consumer
Affairs,Food & Public
Distribution

List of Awards in Different Categories and winners

Civilian Awards
Param Vir Chakra
Jnanpith Awards
Dada Saheb Phalke Awards
Bharat Ratna

Ravindra 161
Padma Vibhushan
Padma Bhushan
Padma Shri
Sports Awards
1. Arjuna Award
2. Dronacharya Award
3. Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award
4. Lifetime Achievement award
5. Dhyanchand Award

The complete list of 2009 padma shri awards recipients:

A total of 133 Padma awards were announced — 10 Padma Vibhushan,

30 Padma Bhushan and 93 Padma Shri.
A list of all Padma awardees for 2009:

Padma Vibhushan

1.Dr Chandrika Prasad Srivastava — Civil Service

2.Sunderlal Bahuguna — Environment
3.Prof D P Chattopadhyaya — Literature
4.Prof Jasbir Singh Bajaj — Medicine
5.Dr Purshotam Lal — Medicine
6.Govind Narain — Public Affairs
7Dr Anil Kakodkar — Science
8.G Madhavan Nair — Science
9.Sister Nirmala — Social Work
10.Dr A S Ganguly — Trade & Industry

Padma Bhushan

1:G Sivarama Krishna Murthy — Art

2:Prof Ramanlal C Mehta — Art
3:Shamshad Begum — Art
4:V P Dhananjayan & Shanta Dhananjayan — Art
5:Dr Vaidyanathan Ganapathi Sthapati — Art
6:S.K. Misra — Civil Service
7:Shekhar Gupta — Journalism
8:Prof. Alappat Sreedhara Menon — Literature
9:C.K. Prahlad — Literature
10:D. Jayakanthan — Literature

Ravindra 162
11:Dr. Isher Judge Ahluwalia — Literature
12:Kunwar Narain — Literature
13:Prof. Minoru Hara — Literature
14:Ramachandra Guha — Literature
15:Dr. Brijendra Kumar Rao — Medicine
16:Vaidya Devendra Triguna — Medicine
17:Dr. Khalid Hameed — Medicine
18:Lt.Gen. (Retd.) Satish Nambiar — Security Affairs
19:Dr. Inderjit Kaur Barthakur — Public Affairs
20:Dr. Kirit Shantilal Parikh — Public Affairs
21:Dr. Bhakta B. Rath — Science
22:Shri Conjeevaram Srirangachari Seshadri — Science
23:Dr. Gurdip Singh Randhawa — Science
24:Sam Pitroda — Science
25:Prof. (Dr.) Sarvagya Singh Katiyar — Science
26:Prof. Thomas Kailath — Science
27:Dr. Naganath Nayakawadi — Social Work
28:Dr. Sarojini Varadappan — Social Work
29:Abhinav Bindra — Sports
30:Anil Manibhai Naik — Trade & Industry

Padma Shri

1:Thilakan — Art
2:A. Vivekh — Art
3:Aishwarya Rai Bachchan — Art
4:Akshay Kumar — Art
5:Dr Ameena Ahmed Ahuja — Art
6:Aruna Sairam — Art
7:Devayani Chaymotty — Art
8:Geeta Kapur — Art
9:Govind Ram Nirmalkar — Art
10:Gurumayum Gourakishor Sharma — Art
11:Hashmat Ullah Khan — Art
12:Helan Khan — Art
13:Hemi Bawa — Art
14:Pandit Hridaynath Mangeshkar — Art
15:Iravatham Mahadevan — Art
16:K.P. Udayabhanu — Art
17:Dr Kanneganti Brahmanandam — Art
18:Prof. Kiran Seth — Art
19:Kumar Sanu Bhattacharjee — Art
20:Prof. Dr Leela Omchery — Art
21:Mattannoor Sankarankutty Marar – Art
22:Niranjan Goswami — Art
23:Bhai Nirmal Singh Khalsa — Art

Ravindra 163
24:Penaz Masani — Art
25:Prakash N. Dubey — Art
26:Dr. Pratapaditya Pal — Art
27:Ram Kishore Chhipa — Art
28:Saoli Mitra — Art
29:Shri Skendrowell Syiemlieh (Posthumous) — Art
30:Dr. Subrahmanyam Krishnaswamy — Art
31:Suresh Dutta — Art
32:Shri Tafazzul Ali (Posthumous) — Art
33:Udit Narayan — Art
34:Vadakka Manalath Govindan alias Kalamandalam Gopi — Art
35:S.B. Ghosh Dastidar — Civil Service
36:Ameen Sayani — Broadcasting
37:Abhay Chhajlani — Journalism
38:Dr. A. Sankara Reddy — Literature
39:Alok Mehta — Literature
40:Dr Bannanje Govindacharya — Literature
41:Dr Birendranath Datta — Literature
42:Prof. Geshe Ngawang Samten — Literature
43:Prof. Jalees Ahmed Khan Tareen — Literature
44:Jayanta Mahapatra — Literature
45:John Ralston Marr — Literature
46:Lalthangfala Sailo — Literature
47:Laxman Bapu Mane — Literature
48:Dr. Mathoor Krishnamurty — Literature
49:Norden Tshering — Literature
50:Dr. Panchapakesa Jayaraman — Literature
51:Prof. Ram Shankar Tripathi — Literature
52:Prof. Ranbir Chander Sobti — Literature
53:Dr. Ravindra Nath Srivastava — Literature
54:Shamsur Rahman Faruqi — Literature
55:Shashi Deshpande — Literature
56:Sunny Varkey — Literature
57:Suresh Gundu Amonkar — Literature
58:Dr. Utpal K. Banerjee — Literature
59:Dr. A.K. Gupta — Medicine
60:Dr. Alampur Saibaba Goud — Medicine
61:Dr. Arvind Lal — Medicine
62:Dr. Ashok K. Vaid — Medicine
63:Dr. Ashok Kumar Grover — Medicine
64:Dr. Balswarup Choubey — Medicine
65:Dr. D. S. Rana — Medicine
66:Dr. Govindan Vijayaraghavan — Medicine
67:Dr. Kalyan Banerjee — Medicine
68:P.R. Krishna Kumar — Medicine
69:Dr. R. Sivaraaman — Medicine

Ravindra 164
70:Dr. Shaik Khader Noordeen — Medicine
71:Prof. (Dr.) Thanikachalam Sadagopan — Medicine
72:Dr. Yash Gulati — Medicine
73:K. Asungba Sangtam — Public Affairs
74:Dr. Shyamlha Pappu — Public Affairs
75:Prof. Syed Iqbal Hasnain — Research on Himalayan Glaciers
76:Goriparthi Narasimha Raju Yadav — Science
77:Prof. Pramod Tandon — Science
78:Bansilal Rathi — Social Work
79:Begum Bilkees I. Latif — Social Work
80:Cheril Krishna Menon — Social Work
81:Rev. Joseph H. Pereira — Social Work
82:K. Viswanathan — Social Work
83:Keepu Tshering Lepcha — Social Work
84:Prof. Shyam Sunder Maheshwari — Social Work
85:Sunil Kanti Roy — Social Work
86:Balbir Singh Khullar — Sports
87:Harbhajan Singh — Sports
88:Mahendra Singh Dhoni — Sports
89:Pankaj Advani — Sports
90:Surinder Mehta — Technology Solutions
91:Arunmugam Sakthivel — Trade & Industry
92:Dr. Bavaguthu Raghuram Shetty — Trade & Industry
93:Shri R.K. Krishna Kumar — Trade & Industry

Bharat Ratna:
India's
highest civilian award given for exceptional service towards the
advancement of Art, Literature and Science, and in recognition of
public service of the highest order. It was established by the President
of India, in 2nd January 1954. The regulations were revised 8 January
1955 (to alter the design) and amended 26 January 1957 (to alter the
depiction of the devices on the obverse and reverse). From 13 July
1977 to 26 January 1980, awards of the Bharat Ratna were suspended.
The original specifications for the award called for a circular gold
medal, 35 mm in diameter, with the sun and the Hindi legend "Bharat
Ratna" above and a floral wreath below. The reverse was to carry the
state emblem and motto. It was to be worn around the neck from a 2
inches white ribbon. There is no indication that any specimens of this
design were ever produced and one year later the design was altered.

Recipients of Bharat Ratna :Pandit Bhimsen Joshi(2008)

Ravindra 165
Dada Saheb Phalke Awards
MANOJ KUMAR(2009)
SHYAM BENEGAL(2008)

Jnanpith Award
The country's highest literary award, the Jnanpith Award, is given to any Indian writer for his or
her outstanding contribution in any of the 18 languages mentioned in the Eighth Schedule of the
Constitution. It is given for outstanding contribution to creative writing in a specified period of 15
years but excluding the five years immediately preceding the year.The award was instituted in May
22, 1961. The total prize money for the scheme is Rs. 2.5 lakhs.

Ravindra 166
List of Gallantry Award winners

Param Vir Chakra

Company Havildar Major Abdul Hamid, (4 Grenadiers)

Maha Vir Chakra

Mohammed Ismail: 1947-48 Operation
Brig. Mohammed Usman: Indo-Pakistan War

Ashok Chakra

The Ashok Chakra is awarded for valour, courageous action or

self-sacrifice away from the battlefield. It is the peace time
equivalent of the Param Vir Chakra and is awarded for the
"most conspicuous bravery or some daring or pre-eminent
valour or self-sacrifice" other than in the face of the enemy.

Vir Chakra
Kirti Chakra

Kirti Chakra is awarded for valor, courageous action or self-

sacrifice away from the battlefield. It is the peacetime
equivalent of the Maha Vir Chakra. It is second in order of
precedence of peacetime gallantry awards.
2007: Mohd. Shan Ahmed (posthumous) was posted as Cash
Overseer at post office Jhansi. On 26 December, 2005, resisted
looting of cash and in the attempt succumbed to fatal injuries
inflicted by armed miscreants. He belonged to Jhansi (UP).
Shaurya Chakra
The Shaurya Chakra is the third level award for gallantry away
from the battlefield and by far the nearest equivalent of the
Vir Chakra Award for Peacetime.
2009:
Lance Havildar Aziz Mohd: 20 Jammu and Kashmir Rifles
(Posthumous)
Sapper/Operator Executive Machinery Budhu Khan
(Posthumous)
Naik Mohd Sadiq
2008:
Rifleman Abdul Hamid Chara: 162 Infantry Battalion TA
(H&H)JAK LI/18 Rashtriya Rifles(posthumous)
2007:
Rifleman Raiece Ahmad Ganaie: Jammy & Kashmir Light
Infantry/50 Rashtriya Rifles
2006:

Ravindra 167
Nobel Prize Winners (2008)
PEACE: The Swiss Federal Ethics Committee on Non-Human
Biotechnology and the citizens of Switzerland for adopting the
legal principle that plants have dignity.

ARCHAEOLOGY: Astolfo Gomes de Mello Araujo and Jose Carlos

Marcelino for showing armadillos can scramble the contents of
an archaeological dig.

BIOLOGY: Marie-Christine Cadiergues, Christel Joubert and

Michel Franc for discovering that fleas that live on a dog can
jump higher than fleas that live on a cat.
MEDICINE: Dan Ariely for demonstrating that expensive fake
medicine is more effective than cheap fake medicine.

COGNITIVE SCIENCE: Toshiyuki Nakagaki, Hiroyasu Yamada, Ryo

Kobayashi, Atsushi Tero, Akio Ishiguro and Agota Toth for
discovering that slime molds can solve puzzles.

ECONOMICS: Geoffrey Miller, Joshua Tyber and Brent Jordan for

discovering that exotic dancers earn more when at peak
fertility.

PHYSICS: Dorian Raymer and Douglas Smith for proving that

heaps of string or hair will inevitably tangle.

CHEMISTRY: Sheree Umpierre, Joseph Hill and Deborah

Anderson for discovering that Coca-Cola is an effective
spermicide, and C.Y. Hong, C.C. Shieh, P. Wu and B.N. Chiang
for proving it is not.

LITERATURE: David Sims for his study "You Bastard: A Narrative

Exploration of the Experience of Indignation within
Organizations."

Ravindra 168
 SPORTS

Olympics
List of countries participating in the Beijing Olympics 2008 with their
Country Code.

Afghanistan AFG
Albania ALB
Algeria ALG
American Samoa ASA
Andorra AND
Angola ANG
Antigua and Barbuda ANT
Argentina ARG
Armenia ARM
Aruba ARU
Australia AUS
Austria AUT
Azerbaijan AZE
Bahamas BAH
Bahrain BRN
Bangladesh BAN
Barbados BAR
Belarus BLR
Belgium BEL
Belize BIZ
Benin BEN
Bermuda BER

Ravindra 169
Bhutan BHU
Bohemia BOH
Bolivia BOL
Bosnia and Herzegovina BIH
Botswana BOT
Brazil BRA
British Virgin Islands IVB
Brunei BRU
Bulgaria BUL
Burkina Faso BUR
Burundi BDI
Cambodia CAM
Cameroon CMR
Canada CAN
Cape Verde CPV
Cayman Islands CAY
Guatemala GUA
Guinea GUI
Guinea-Bissau GBS
Guyana GUY
Nation Code
Haiti HAI
Honduras HON
Hong Kong HKG
Hungary HUN
Iceland ISL
India IND
Indonesia INA
Iran IRI
Iraq IRQ
Ireland IRL
Israel ISR
Italy ITA
Jamaica JAM
Japan JPN
Jordan JOR
Kazakhstan KAZ
Kenya KEN
Kiribati KIR
North Korea PRK
South Korea KOR
Kuwait KUW
Kyrgyzstan KGZ
Laos LAO

Ravindra 170
Latvia LAT
Lebanon LIB
Lesotho LES
Liberia LBR
Libya LBA
Liechtenstein LIE
Lithuania LTU
Luxembourg LUX
FYR Macedonia MKD
Madagascar MAD
Malawi MAW
Malaysia MAS
Maldives MDV
Mali MLI
Malta MLT
Mauritania MTN
Mauritius MRI
Mexico MEX
Micronesia FSM
Moldova MDA
Monaco MON
Mongolia MGL
Montenegro MNE
Morocco MAR
Mozambique MOZ
Myanmar MYA
Namibia NAM
Nauru NRU
Nepal NEP
Netherlands NED
Netherlands Antilles AHO
New Zealand NZL
Nicaragua NCA
Niger NIG
Nigeria NGR
Norway NOR
Oman OMA
Pakistan PAK
Palau PLW
Palestine PLE
Panama PAN
Papua New Guinea PNG
Paraguay PAR
Peru PER

Ravindra 171
Philippines PHI
Poland POL
Portugal POR
Puerto Rico PUR
Qatar QAT
Romania ROU
Russia RUS
Rwanda RWA
Saar SAA
Saint Kitts And Nevis SKN
Saint Lucia LCA
Saint Vincent And The Grenadines VIN
Samoa SAM
San Marino SMR
São Tomé And Príncipe STP
Saudi Arabia KSA
Senegal SEN
Serbia SRB
Seychelles SEY
Sierra Leone SLE
Singapore SIN
Slovakia SVK
Slovenia SLO
Solomon Islands SOL
Somalia SOM
South Africa RSA
Soviet Union URS
Spain ESP
Sri Lanka SRI
Sudan SUD
Suriname SUR
Swaziland SWZ
Sweden SWE
Switzerland SUI
Syria SYR
Tajikistan TJK
Tanzania TAN
Thailand THA
Timor-Leste TLS
Togo TOG
Tonga TGA
Trinidad And Tobago TRI
Tunisia TUN
Turkey TUR

Ravindra 172
Turkmenistan TKM
Uganda UGA
Ukraine UKR
United Arab Emirates UAE
United States Of America USA
USA
UK
United Kingdom
Uruguay URU
Uzbekistan UZB
Vanuatu VAN
Venezuela VEN
Vietnam VIE
Virgin Islands ISV
Yemen YEM
Yugoslavia YUG
Zambia ZAM
Zimbabwe ZIM

Total Medals By Nation

NATION TOTAL MEDALS GOLD SILVER BRONZE
United States 110 36 38 36
10
China 51 21 28
0
Russia 72 23 21 28
Great Britain 47 19 13 15
Australia 46 14 15 17
Germany 41 16 10 15
France 40 7 16 17
South Korea 31 13 10 8
Italy 28 8 10 10
Ukraine 27 7 5 15
Japan 25 9 6 10
Cuba 24 2 11 11
Belarus 19 4 5 10
Spain 18 5 10 3
Canada 18 3 9 6
Netherlands 16 7 5 4
Brazil 15 3 4 8
Kenya 14 5 5 4
Kazakhstan 13 2 4 7
Jamaica 11 6 3 2
Poland 10 3 6 1
Hungary 10 3 5 2
Norway 10 3 5 2

Ravindra 173
 New Zealand 9 3 1 5
Romania 8 4 1 3
Turkey 8 1 4 3
Ethiopia 7 4 1 2
Denmark 7 2 2 3
Azerbaijan 7 1 2 4
Czech Republic 6 3 3 0
Slovakia 6 3 2 1
Georgia 6 3 0 3
North Korea 6 2 1 3
Argentina 6 2 0 4
Switzerland 6 2 0 4
Uzbekistan 6 1 2 3
Armenia 6 0 0 6
Slovenia 5 1 2 2
Bulgaria 5 1 1 3
Indonesia 5 1 1 3
Sweden 5 0 4 1
Croatia 5 0 2 3
Lithuania 5 0 2 3
Mongolia 4 2 2 0
Thailand 4 2 2 0
Zimbabwe 4 1 3 0
Finland 4 1 1 2
Greece 4 0 2 2
Nigeria 4 0 1 3
Chinese Taipei 4 0 0 4
Mexico 3 2 0 1
Latvia 3 1 1 1
India 3 1 0 2
Austria 3 0 1 2
Ireland 3 0 1 2
Serbia 3 0 1 2
Belgium 2 1 1 0
Dominican Republic 2 1 1 0
Estonia 2 1 1 0
Portugal 2 1 1 0
Iran 2 1 0 1
Trinidad and Tobago 2 0 2 0
Algeria 2 0 1 1
Bahamas 2 0 1 1
Colombia 2 0 1 1
Kyrgyzstan 2 0 1 1
Morocco 2 0 1 1
Tajikistan 2 0 1 1
Bahrain 1 1 0 0
Cameroon 1 1 0 0

Ravindra 174
 Panama 1 1 0 0
Tunisia 1 1 0 0
Chile 1 0 1 0
Ecuador 1 0 1 0
Iceland 1 0 1 0
Malaysia 1 0 1 0
Singapore 1 0 1 0
South Africa 1 0 1 0
Sudan 1 0 1 0
Viet Nam 1 0 1 0
Afghanistan 1 0 0 1
Egypt 1 0 0 1
Israel 1 0 0 1
Mauritius 1 0 0 1
Moldova 1 0 0 1
Togo 1 0 0 1
Venezuela 1 0 0 1

No of Games ,Events
Archery
Athletics
Badminton
Baseball
Basketball
Beach Volleyball
Boxing
Canoe/Kayak Flatwater
Canoe/Kayak Slalom
Cycling BMX
Cycling Mountain Bike
Cycling Road
Cycling Track

Diving
Equestrian
Fencing
Football
Gymnastics Artistic
Gymnastics Rhythmic
Trampoline
Handball
Hockey
Judo
Modern Pentathlon
Rowing
Sailing

Ravindra 175
Shooting
Softball
Swimming
Synchronized Swimming
Table Tennis
Taekwondo
Tennis
Triathlon
Volleyball
Water Polo
Weightlifting
Wrestling

THE SUMMER OLYMPIC GAMES

1896 - Athens, Greece
1900 - Paris, France
1904 - St. Louis, Missouri USA
1906 - Athens, Greece*
1908 - London, England
1912 - Stockholm, Sweden
1916 - Not held**
1920 - Antwerp, Belgium
1924 - Paris, France
1928 - Amsterdam, Holland
1932 - Los Angeles, California USA
1936 - Berlin, Germany
1940 - Not held***
1944 - Not held***
1948 - London, England
1952 - Helsinki, Finland
1956 - Melbourne, Australia
1960 - Rome, Italy
1964 - Tokyo, Japan
1968 - Mexico City, Mexico
1972 - Munich, Germany
1976 - Montreal, Canada
1980 - Moscow, Russia
1984 - Los Angeles, California USA
1988 - Seoul, South Korea
1992 - Barcelona, Spain
1996 - Atlanta, Georgia USA
2000 - Sydney, Australia
2004 - Athens, Greece
2008 - Beijing, China

Ravindra 176
2012 - London, England
*Games not recognized by the International Olympic Committee.
**Games cancelled due to World War I.
***Games cancelled due to World War II.

THE WINTER OLYMPIC GAMES

1924 - Chamonix, France
1928 - St. Moritz, Switzerland
1932 - Lake Placid, New York USA
1936 - Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
1940 - Not held*
1944 - Not held*
1948 - St. Moritz, Switzerland
1952 - Oslo, Norway
1956 - Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy
1960 - Squaw Valley, California USA
1964 - Innsbruck, Austria
1968 - Grenoble, France
1972 - Sapporo, Japan
1976 - Innsbruck, Austria
1980 - Lake Placid, N.Y.
1984 - Sarajevo, Yugoslavia
1988 - Calgary, Alberta, Canada
1992 - Albertville, France
1994 - Lillehammer, Norway
1998 - Nagano, Japan
2002 - Salt Lake City, Utah USA
2006 - Turin, Italy
2010 - Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
*Games cancelled due to World War II.

Common Wealth Games

All Sports summary medal table ordered by gold ranking

Rank by Rank by
Country
Gold Gold Silver Bronze Total Total

Ravindra 177
 1 Australia 84 69 68 221 1
2 England 36 40 34 110 2
3 Canada 26 29 31 86 3
4 India 22 17 11 50 4
5 South Africa 12 13 13 38 5
6 Scotland 11 7 11 29 =7
7 Jamaica 10 4 8 22 9
8 Malaysia 7 12 10 29 =7
=9 New Zealand 6 12 13 31 6
=9 Kenya 6 5 7 18 =11
11 Singapore 5 6 7 18 =11
12 Nigeria 4 6 7 17 13
=13 Wales 3 5 11 19 10
=13 Cyprus 3 1 2 6 14
=15 Ghana 2 0 1 3 =16
=15 Uganda 2 0 1 3 =16
=17 Pakistan 1 3 1 5 15
=17 Papua New Guinea 1 1 0 2 =21
=17 Isle of Man 1 0 1 2 =21
=17 Namibia 1 0 1 2 =21
=17 Tanzania 1 0 1 2 =21
=17 Sri Lanka 1 0 0 1 =31
=23 Mauritius 0 3 0 3 =16
=23 Bahamas 0 2 0 2 =21
=23 Northern Ireland 0 2 0 2 =21
=23 Cameroon 0 1 2 3 =16
=23 Botswana 0 1 1 2 =21
=23 Malta 0 1 1 2 =21
=23 Nauru 0 1 1 2 =21
=23 Bangladesh 0 1 0 1 =31
=23 Grenada 0 1 0 1 =31
=23 Lesotho 0 1 0 1 =31
=23 Trinidad and Tobago 0 0 3 3 =16
=23 Seychelles 0 0 2 2 =21
=23 Barbados 0 0 1 1 =31
=23 Fiji 0 0 1 1 =31
=23 Mozambique 0 0 1 1 =31
=23 Samoa 0 0 1 1 =31
=23 Swaziland 0 0 1 1 =31

Ravindra 178
Host City List
Year Numb City Country Date
er
1911 London England
1930 I Hamilton Canada 16-23 Aug
1934 II London England 4-11 Aug
1938 III Sydney Australia 5-12 Feb
1950 IV Auckland New
Zealand 4-11 Feb
1954 V Vancouver Canada 30 July-7 Aug
1958 VI Cardiff Wales 18-26 July
1962 VII Perth Australia 21 Nov-1 Dec
1966 VIII Kingston Jamaica 4-13 Aug
1970 IX Edinburgh Scotland 16-25 July
1974 X Christchurch New
Zealand 24 Jan-2 Feb
1978 XI Edmonton Canada 3-12 Aug
1982 XII Brisbane Australia 30 Sept-9 Oct
1986 XIII Edinburgh Scotland 24 July-2 Aug
1990 XIV Auckland New
Zealand 24 Jan-3 Feb
1994 XV Victoria Canada 18-28 Aug
1998 XVI Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 10-20 Sept
2002 XVII Manchester England 25 July-4 Aug
2006 XVIII Melbourne Australia 15-26 March
2010 XIX Delhi India 3-14 Oct

Ravindra 179
National Games of India
The National Games is a sporting event held in India. It comprises
various disciplines in which sportsmen from the different states of
India participate against each other. It was in 1924, in erstwhile
Punjab, Lahore to be precise, that the Indian chapter of the Olympic
movement was born. The founder was G.D. Sondhi, the first Secretary
of the Punjab Olympic Association. Lt.Col H.L.O. Garrett, vice principal
of Government College, Lahore, was the President of the founder
body. The same year, the country's first Olympic Games, now
christened as National Games, were organised in Lahore, the then
capital of undivided Punjab.[1].[2]

Background

The Olympic movement in the country actually started in 1919 at the

initiative of Dorabjee Jamshedji Tata, the well-known philanthropist.
In 1919, Pune's Deccan Gymkhana invited Sir George Lloyd, the then
Governor of Bombay, where Dorabjee Tata made a suggestion for
according a separate representation to British India in the 1920
Olympic Games. In 1920, India got direct affiliation to the
International Olympic Committee and it sent six sportsmen — P.F.
Chugle and A. Dattar ( marathon and 10,000 m), K.Kaikadi (cross-
country), P.C.Banerjee (440 yards), G. Navale and N. Shinde
(wrestling) to the Antwerp Olympic Games. This brought India on the
horizon of international sports. Four years later Punjab joined the
Olympic movement, started dominating it and organized the first
Indian Olympics Games (now National Games)in Lahore, Punjab.[2]

Indian Olympic Games(Early National Games)

The Games were held every two years from 1924 as Indian Olympic
Games and were renamed as National Games when they were first
held in Lucknow in 1948 post Indian Independence.[2]

Modern National Games

Ravindra 180
The Indian Olympic Association, the premier sports organizing body of
the nation, mooted the concept of the National Games. For several
years it was conducted on a low key note. However, the Modern
National Games on the lines of the Olympics were held in 1985 in New
Delhi. Thereafter Kerala(1987), Pune(1994),
Bangalore(1997),Manipur(1999), Ludhiana(2001), Hyderabad(2002)
and Guwahati(2007) have hosted the Games. The 34th National
Games have been scheduled from 01-14 June, 2009 in Jharkhand. Also
the 35th National Games will be held across seven centres in Kerala
from May 1 to 14, 2010.[3][4][5][6]

Periodicity of National Games

The National Games are required to be held once in two years leaving
those years in which the Olympic Games and Asian Games are
scheduled to be held. Only in exceptional cases or natural calamity,
the Indian Olympic Association (IOA) can allow relaxation from the
general rule. The duration and the regulation of the National Games is
entirely within the jurisdiction of IOA.[2]

Datelines

INDIAN OLYMPIC GAMES

YEAR VENUE

1924 LAHORE

1926 LAHORE

1928 LAHORE

1930 ALLAHABAD

1932 MADRAS

1934 NEW DELHI

1936 LAHORE

1938 CALCUTTA

1940 BOMBAY

1942 PATIALA

1944 LAHORE

Ravindra 181
1946 LAHORE

NATIONAL GAMES

1948 LUCKNOW

1952 MADRAS

1953 JABALPUR

1954 DELHI

1956 PATIALA

1958 CUTTACK

1960 NEW DELHI

1962 JABALPUR

1964 CALCUTTA

1966 BANGALORE

1968 MADRAS

1970 CUTTACK

1979 HYDERABAD

NEW FORMAT NATIONAL GAMES

1985 NEW DELHI

1987 KERALA

1994 PUNE/BOMBAY

1998 BANGALORE

1999 IMPHAL

2001 PUNJAB

2002 HYDERABAD

2007 GUWAHATI

2009 RANCHI (to be held in June,09)

2010 kerala(to be held in May,10)

Ravindra 182
2011 GOA (to be held) [2]

Tennis
Men's Grand Slam Title Winners

YEAR TOURNAMENT WINNER RUNNER-UP

2009 Australian Open Rafael Nadal Roger Federer
2008 U.S. Open Roger Federer Andy Murray
2008 Wimbledon Rafael Nadal Roger Federer
2008 French Open Rafael Nadal Roger Federer
2008 Australian Open Novak Djokovic Jo-Wilfried Tsonga
2007 U.S. Open Roger Federer Novak Djokovic
2007 Wimbledon Roger Federer Rafael Nadal
2007 French Open Rafael Nadal Roger Federer
2007 Australian Open Roger Federer Fernando Gonzalez
2006 U.S. Open Roger Federer Andy Roddick
2006 Wimbledon Roger Federer Rafael Nadal
2006 French Open Rafael Nadal Roger Federer
2006 Australian Open Roger Federer Marcos Baghdatis
2005 U.S. Open Roger Federer Andre Agassi
2005 Wimbledon Roger Federer Andy Roddick
2005 French Open Rafael Nadal Mariano Puerta
2005 Australian Open Marat Safin Lleyton Hewitt
2004 U.S. Open Roger Federer Lleyton Hewitt
2004 Wimbledon Roger Federer Andy Roddick
2004 French Open Gaston Gaudio Guillermo Coria
2004 Australian Open Roger Federer Marat Safin
2003 U.S. Open Andy Roddick Juan Carlos Ferrero
2003 Wimbledon Roger Federer Mark Philippoussis
2003 French Open Juan Carlos Ferrero Martin Verkerk
2003 Australian Open Andre Agassi Rainer Schuettler

Ravindra 183
2002 U.S. Open Pete Sampras Andre Agassi
2002 Wimbledon Lleyton Hewitt David Nalbandian
2002 French Open Albert Costa Juan Carlos Ferrero
2002 Australian Open Thomas Johannson Marat Safin
2001 U.S. Open Lleyton Hewitt Pete Sampras
2001 Wimbledon Goran Ivanisevic Patrick Rafter
2001 French Open Gustavo Kuerten Alex Corretja
2001 Australian Open Andre Agassi Arnaud Clement
2000 U.S. Open Marat Safin Pete Sampras
2000 Wimbledon Pete Sampras Patrick Rafter
2000 French Open Gustavo Kuerten Magnus Norman
2000 Australian Open Andre Agassi Yevgeny Kafelnikov
1999 U.S. Open Andre Agassi Todd Martin
1999 Wimbledon Pete Sampras Andre Agassi
1999 French Open Andre Agassi Andre Medvedev
1999 Australian Open Yevgeny Kafelnikov Thomas Enqvist
1998 U.S. Open Patrick Rafter Mark Philippoussis
1998 Wimbledon Pete Sampras Goran Ivanisevic
1998 French Open Carlos Moya Alex Corretja
1998 Australian Open Petr Korda Marcelo Rios
1997 U.S. Open Patrick Rafter Greg Rusedski
1997 Wimbledon Pete Sampras Cedric Pioline
1997 French Open Gustavo Kuerten Sergi Bruguera
1997 Australian Open Pete Sampras Carlos Moya
1996 U.S. Open Pete Sampras Michael Chang
1996 Wimbledon Richard Krajicek MaliVai Washington
1996 French Open Yevgeny Kafelnikov Michael Stich
1996 Australian Open Boris Becker Michael Chang
1995 U.S. Open Pete Sampras Andre Agassi
1995 Wimbledon Pete Sampras Boris Becker
1995 French Open Thomas Muster Michael Chang
1995 Australian Open Andre Agassi Pete Sampras
1994 U.S. Open Andre Agassi Michael Stich
1994 Wimbledon Pete Sampras Goran Ivanisevic
1994 French Open Sergi Bruguera Alberto Berasategui

Ravindra 184
1994 Australian Open Pete Sampras Todd Martin
1993 U.S. Open Pete Sampras Cedric Pioline
1993 Wimbledon Pete Sampras Jim Courier
1993 French Open Sergi Bruguera Jim Courier
1993 Australian Open Jim Courier Stefan Edberg
1992 U.S. Open Stefan Edberg Pete Sampras
1992 Wimbledon Andre Agassi Goran Ivanisevic
1992 French Open Jim Courier Petr Korda
1992 Australian Open Jim Courier Stefan Edberg
1991 U.S. Open Stefan Edberg Jim Courier
1991 Wimbledon Michael Stich Boris Becker
1991 French Open Jim Courier Andre Agassi
1991 Australian Open Boris Becker Ivan Lendl
1990 U.S. Open Pete Sampras Andre Agassi
1990 Wimbledon Stefan Edberg Boris Becker
1990 French Open Andres Gomez Andre Agassi
1990 Australian Open Ivan Lendl Stefan Edberg
1989 U.S. Open Boris Becker Ivan Lendl
1989 Wimbledon Boris Becker Stefan Edberg
1989 French Open Michael Chang Stefan Edberg
1989 Australian Open Ivan Lendl Miloslav Mecir
1988 U.S. Open Mats Wilander Ivan Lendl
1988 Wimbledon Stefan Edberg Boris Becker
1988 French Open Mats Wilander Henri Leconte
1988 Australian Open Mats Wilander Pat Cash
1987 U.S. Open Ivan Lendl Mats Wilander
1987 Wimbledon Pat Cash Ivan Lendl
1987 French Open Ivan Lendl Mats Wilander
1987 Australian Open Stefan Edberg Pat Cash
1986 U.S. Open Ivan Lendl Miloslav Mecir
1986 Wimbledon Boris Becker Ivan Lendl
1986 French Open Ivan Lendl Mikael Pernfors
1985 Australian Open Stefan Edberg Mats Wilander
1985 U.S. Open Ivan Lendl John McEnroe
1985 Wimbledon Boris Becker Kevin Curren

Ravindra 185
1985 French Open Mats Wilander Ivan Lendl
1984 Australian Open Mats Wilander Kevin Curren
1984 U.S. Open John McEnroe Ivan Lendl
1984 Wimbledon John McEnroe Jimmy Connors
1984 French Open Ivan Lendl John McEnroe
1983 Australian Open Mats Wilander Ivan Lendl
1983 U.S. Open Jimmy Connors Ivan Lendl
1983 Wimbledon John McEnroe Chris Lewis
1983 French Open Yannick Noah Mats Wilander
1982 Australian Open Johan Kriek Steve Denton
1982 U.S. Open Jimmy Connors Ivan Lendl
1982 Wimbledon Jimmy Connors John McEnroe
1982 French Open Mats Wilander Guillermo Vilas
1981 Australian Open Johan Kriek Steve Denton
1981 U.S. Open John McEnroe Bjorn Borg
1981 Wimbledon John McEnroe Bjorn Borg
1981 French Open Bjorn Borg Ivan Lendl
1980 Australian Open Brian Teacher Kim Warwick
1980 U.S. Open John McEnroe Bjorn Borg
1980 Wimbledon Bjorn Borg John McEnroe
1980 French Open Bjorn Borg Vitas Gerulaitis
1979 Australian Open Guillermo Vilas John Sadri
1979 U.S. Open John McEnroe Vitas Gerulaitis
1979 Wimbledon Bjorn Borg Roscoe Tanner
1979 French Open Bjorn Borg Victor Pecci
1978 Australian Open Guillermo Vilas John Marks
1978 U.S. Open Jimmy Connors Bjorn Borg
1978 Wimbledon Bjorn Borg Jimmy Connors
1978 French Open Bjorn Borg Guillermo Vilas
1977 Australian Open (Dec) Vitas Gerulaitis John Lloyd
1977 U.S. Open Guillermo Vilas Jimmy Connors
1977 Wimbledon Bjorn Borg Jimmy Connors
1977 French Open Guillermo Vilas Brian Gottfried
1977 Australian Open (Jan) Roscoe Tanner Guillermo Vilas
1976 U.S. Open Jimmy Connors Bjorn Borg

Ravindra 186
1976 Wimbledon Bjorn Borg Ilie Nastase
1976 French Open Adriano Panatta Harold Soloman
1976 Australian Open Mark Edmondson John Newcombe
1975 U.S. Open Manuel Orantes Jimmy Connors
1975 Wimbledon Arthur Ashe Jimmy Connors
1975 French Open Bjorn Borg Guillermo Vilas
1975 Australian Open John Newcombe Jimmy Connors
1974 U.S. Open Jimmy Connors Ken Rosewall
1974 Wimbledon Jimmy Connors Ken Rosewall
1974 French Open Bjorn Borg Manuel Orantes
1974 Australian Open Jimmy Connors Phil Dent
1973 U.S. Open John Newcombe Jan Kodes
1973 Wimbledon Jan Kodes Alex Metreveli
1973 French Open Ilie Nastase Nikola Pilic
1973 Australian Open John Newcombe Onny Parun
1972 U.S. Open Ilie Nastase Arthur Ashe
1972 Wimbledon Stan Smith Ilie Nastase
1972 French Open Andres Gimeno Patrick Proisy
1972 Australian Open Ken Rosewall Mal Anderson
1971 U.S. Open Stan Smith Jan Kodes
1971 Wimbledon John Newcombe Stan Smith
1971 French Open Jan Kodes Ilie Nastase
1971 Australian Open Ken Rosewall Arthur Ashe
1970 U.S. Open Ken Rosewall Tony Roche
1970 Wimbledon John Newcombe Ken Rosewall
1970 French Open Jan Kodes Zeljiko Franulovic
1970 Australian Open Arthur Ashe Dick Crealy
1969 U.S. Open Rod Laver Tony Roche
1969 Wimbledon Rod Laver John Newcombe
1969 French Open Rod Laver Ken Rosewall
1969 Australian Open Rod Laver Andres Gimeno
1968 U.S. Open Arthur Ashe Tom Okker
1968 Wimbledon Rod Laver Tony Roche
1968 French Open Ken Rosewall Rod Laver
1968 Australian Open Bill Bowrey Juan Gisbert

Ravindra 187
1967 U.S. Open John Newcombe Clark Graebner
1967 Wimbledon John Newcombe Wilhelm Bungert
1967 French Open Roy Emerson Tony Roche
1967 Australian Open Roy Emerson Arthur Ashe
1966 U.S. Open Fred Stolle John Newcombe
1966 Wimbledon Manuel Santana Dennis Ralston
1966 French Open Tony Roche Istvan Gulyas
1966 Australian Open Roy Emerson Arthur Ashe
1965 U.S. Open Manuel Santana Cliff Drysdale
1965 Wimbledon Roy Emerson Fred Stolle
1965 French Open Fred Stolle Tony Roche
1965 Australian Open Roy Emerson Fred Stolle
1964 U.S. Open Roy Emerson Fred Stolle
1964 Wimbledon Roy Emerson Fred Stolle
1964 French Open Manuel Santana Nicola Pietrangeli
1964 Australian Open Roy Emerson Fred Stolle
1963 U.S. Open Rafael Osuna Frank Froehling, III
1963 Wimbledon C.R. McKinley Fred Stolle
1963 French Open Roy Emerson Pierre Darmon
1963 Australian Open Roy Emerson Ken Fletcher
1962 U.S. Open Rod Laver Roy Emerson
1962 Wimbledon Rod Laver Martin Mulligan
1962 French Open Rod Laver Roy Emerson
1962 Australian Open Rod Laver Roy Emerson
1961 U.S. Open Roy Emerson Rod Laver
1961 Wimbledon Rod Laver Chuck McKinley
1961 French Open Manuel Santana Nicola Pietrangeli
1961 Australian Open Roy Emerson Rod Laver
1960 U.S. Open Neale Fraser Rod Laver
1960 Wimbledon Neale Fraser Rod Laver
1960 French Open Nicola Pietrangeli Luis Ayala
1960 Australian Open Rod Laver Neale Fraser
1959 U.S. Open Neale Fraser Alejandro Olmedo
1959 Wimbledon Alejandro Olmedo Rod Laver
1959 French Open Nicola Pietrangeli Ian Vermaak

Ravindra 188
1959 Australian Open Alex Olmedo Neale Fraser
1958 U.S. Open Ashley J. Cooper Malcolm J. Anderson
1958 Wimbledon Ashley J. Cooper Neale Fraser
1958 French Open Mervyn Rose Luis Ayala
1958 Australian Open Ashley J. Cooper Mal Anderson
1957 U.S. Open Malcolm J. Anderson Ashley J. Cooper
1957 Wimbledon Lewis Hoad Ashley Cooper
1957 French Open Sven Davidson Herbert Flam
1957 Australian Open Ashley J. Cooper Neale Fraser
1956 U.S. Open Ken Rosewall Lewis Hoad
1956 Wimbledon Lewis Hoad Ken Rosewall
1956 French Open Lewis Hoad Sven Davidson
1956 Australian Open Lewis Hoad Ken Rosewall
1955 U.S. Open Tony Trabert Ken Rosewall
1955 Wimbledon Tony Trabert Kurt Nielsen
1955 French Open Tony Trabert Sven Davidson
1955 Australian Open Ken Rosewall Lew Hoad
1954 U.S. Open E. Victor Seixas Jr. Rex Hartwig
1954 Wimbledon Jaroslav Drobny Ken Rosewall
1954 French Open Tony Trabert Sven Davidson
1954 Australian Open Mervyn Rose Rex Hartwig
1953 U.S. Open Tony Trabert E. Victor Seixas, Jr.
1953 Wimbledon E. Victor Seixas Jr. Kurt Nielsen
1953 French Open Ken Rosewall E. Victor Seixas, Jr.
1953 Australian Open Ken Rosewall Mervyn Rose
1952 U.S. Open Frank Sedgman Gardnar Mulloy
1952 Wimbledon Frank Sedgman Jaroslav Drobny
1952 French Open Jaroslav Drobny Frank Sedgman
1952 Australian Open Ken McGregor Frank Sedgman
1951 U.S. Open Frank Sedgman E. Victor Seixas, Jr.
1951 Wimbledon R. Savitt Ken McGregor
1951 French Open Jaroslav Drobny Eric Sturgess
1951 Australian Open Dick Savitt Ken McGregor
1950 U.S. Open Arthur Larsen Herbert Flam
1950 Wimbledon J.E. Patty Frank Sedgman

Ravindra 189
1950 French Open Budge Patty Jaroslav Drobny
1950 Australian Open Frank Sedgman Ken McGregor
1949 U.S. Open Richard A. Gonzales Frederick Schroeder
1949 Wimbledon F.R. Schroeder Jaroslav Drobny
1949 French Open Frank Parker Budge Patty
1949 Australian Open Frank Sedgman John Bromwich
1948 U.S. Open Richard A. Gonzales Eric W. Sturgess
1948 Wimbledon R. Falkenburg John Bromwich
1948 French Open Frank Parker Jaroslav Drobny
1948 Australian Open Adrian Quist John Bromwich
1947 U.S. Open Jack Kramer Frank Parker
1947 Wimbledon Jack Kramer Tom P. Brown
1947 French Open Jozsef Asboth Eric Sturgess
1947 Australian Open Dinny Pails John Bromwich
1946 U.S. Open Jack Kramer Tom Brown, Jr.
1946 Wimbledon Yvon Petra Geoff E. Brown
1946 French Open Marcel Bernard Jaroslav Drobny
1946 Australian Open John Bromwich Dinny Pails
1945 U.S. Open Frank Parker William F. Talbert
1944 U.S. Open Frank Parker William F. Talbert
1943 U.S. Open Lt. Joseph R. Hunt Seaman Jack Kramer
1942 U.S. Open Frederick R. Schroeder, Jr. Frank Parker
1941 U.S. Open Robert Riggs Francis Kovacs, 2d
1940 U.S. Open Donald McNeill Robert Riggs
1940 Australian Open Adrian Quist Jack Crawford
1939 U.S. Open Robert Riggs S. Welby van Horn
1939 Wimbledon Robert Riggs Elwood Cooke
1939 French Open William McNeill Robert Riggs
1939 Australian Open John Bromwich Adrian Quist
1938 U.S. Open Donald Budge C. Gene Mako
1938 Wimbledon Donald Budge Henry Austin
1938 French Open Donald Budge Roderik Menzel
1938 Australian Open Donald Budge John Bromwich
1937 U.S. Open Donald Budge Gottfried Von Cramm
1937 Wimbledon Donald Budge Gottfried Von Cramm

Ravindra 190
1937 French Open Henner Henkel Henry Austin
1937 Australian Open Vivian McGrath John Bromwich
1936 U.S. Open Fred Perry J. Donald Budge
1936 Wimbledon Fred Perry Gottfried Von Cramm
1936 French Open Gottfried Von Cramm Fred Perry
1936 Australian Open Adrian Quist Jack Crawford
1935 U.S. Open Wilmer L. Allison Sidney B. Wood
1935 Wimbledon Fred Perry Gottfried Von Cramm
1935 French Open Fred Perry Gottfried von Cramm
1935 Australian Open Jack Crawford Fred Perry
1934 U.S. Open Fred Perry Wilmer L. Allison
1934 Wimbledon Fred Perry Jack Crawford
1934 French Open Gottfried Von Cramm Jack Crawford
1934 Australian Open Fred Perry Jack Crawford
1933 U.S. Open Fred Perry John H. Crawford
1933 Wimbledon Jack Crawford Ellsworth Vines
1933 French Open John Crawford Henri Cochet
1933 Australian Open Jack Crawford Keith Gledhill
1932 U.S. Open H. Ellsworth Vines Henri Cochet
1932 Wimbledon H. Ellsworth Vines Henry Austin
1932 French Open Henri Cochet Giorgo de Stefani
1932 Australian Open Jack Crawford Harry Hopman
1931 U.S. Open H. Ellsworth Vines George M. Lott, Jr.
1931 Wimbledon S.B. Wood Francis X. Shields
1931 French Open Jean Borotra Christian Boussus
1931 Australian Open Jack Crawford Harry Hopman
1930 U.S. Open John H. Doeg Francis X. Shields
1930 Wimbledon William T. Tilden Wilmer Allison
1930 French Open Henri Cochet William Tilden
1930 Australian Open Gar Moon Harry Hopman
1929 U.S. Open William T. Tilden Francis T. Hunter
1929 Wimbledon Henri Cochet Jean Borotra
1929 French Open Rene Lacoste Jean Borotra
1929 Australian Open John Gregory Richard Schlesinger
1928 U.S. Open Henri Cochet Francis T. Hunter

Ravindra 191
1928 Wimbledon Rene Lacoste Henri Cochet
1928 French Open Henri Cochet René Lacoste
1928 Australian Open Jean Borotra R.Cummings
1927 U.S. Open Rene Lacoste William T. Tilden
1927 Wimbledon Henri Cochet Jean Borotra
1927 French Open Rene Lacoste William Tilden
1927 Australian Open Gerald Patterson John Hawkes
1926 U.S. Open Rene Lacoste Jean Borotra
1926 Wimbledon Jean Borotra Howard Kinsey
1926 French Open Henri Cochet René Lacoste
1926 Australian Open John Hawkes Jim Willard
1925 U.S. Open William T. Tilden William M. Johnston
1925 Wimbledon Rene Lacoste Jean Borotra
1925 French Open Rene Lacoste Jean Borotra
1925 Australian Open James Anderson Gerald Patterson
1924 U.S. Open William T. Tilden William M. Johnston
1924 Wimbledon Jean Borotra Rene Lacoste
1924 French Open Jean Borotra René Lacoste
1924 Australian Open James Anderson Richard Schlesinger
1923 U.S. Open William T. Tilden William M. Johnston
1923 Wimbledon William M. Johnston Francis T. Hunter
1923 French Open Francois Blanchy Max Decugis
1923 Australian Open Pat O'Hara Wood C.St.John
1922 U.S. Open William T. Tilden William M. Johnston
1922 Wimbledon Gerald Patterson Randolph Lycett
1922 French Open Henri Cochet Jean Samazeuilh
1922 Australian Open Pat O'Hara Wood Gerald Patterson
1921 U.S. Open William T. Tilden William M. Johnston
1921 Wimbledon William T. Tilden Brian Norton
1921 French Open Jean Samazeuilh André Gobert
1921 Australian Open Rhys Gemmell A. Hedeman
1920 U.S. Open William T. Tilden William M. Johnston
1920 Wimbledon William T. Tilden Gerald Patterson
1920 French Open Andre Gobert Max Decugis
1920 Australian Open Pat O'Hara Wood Ron Thomas

Ravindra 192
1919 U.S. Open William M. Johnston William T. Tilden
1919 Wimbledon Gerald Patterson Norman Brookes
1919 Australian Open A.R.F. Kingscote E. Pockley
1918 U.S. Open R. Lindley Murray William T. Tilden
1917 U.S. Open R. Lindley Murray Nathaniel W. Niles
1916 U.S. Open Richard N. Williams William M. Johnston
1915 U.S. Open William M. Johnston Maurice E. McLoughlin
1915 Australian Open Francis Lowe Horace Rice
1914 U.S. Open Richard N. Williams Maurice E. McLoughlin
1914 Wimbledon Norman Brookes Anthony Wilding
1914 French Open Max Decugis Jean Samazeuilh
1914 Australian Open Pat O'Hara Wood Gerald Patterson
1913 U.S. Open Maurice E. McLoughlin Richard N. Williams
1913 Wimbledon Anthony Wilding Maurice McLoughlin
1913 French Open Max Decugis Georges Gault
1913 Australian Open E.F. Parker Harry Parker
1912 U.S. Open Maurice E. McLoughlin Wallace F. Johnson
1912 Wimbledon Anthony Wilding Arthur Gore
1912 French Open Max Decugis André Gobert
1912 Australian Open Cecil Parke A. Beamish
1911 U.S. Open William A. Larned Maurice E. McLoughlin
1911 Wimbledon Anthony Wilding H. Roper Barrett
1911 French Open Andre Gobert Maurice Germot
1911 Australian Open Norman Brookes Horace Rice
1910 U.S. Open William A. Larned Thomas C. Bundy
1910 Wimbledon Anthony Wilding Arthur Gore
1910 French Open Maurice Germot François Blanchy
1910 Australian Open Rodney Heath Horace Rice
1909 U.S. Open William A. Larned William J. Clothier
1909 Wimbledon Arthur Gore M.J.G. Ritchie
1909 French Open Max Decugis Maurice Germot
1909 Australian Open Tony Wilding Ernie Parker
1908 U.S. Open William A. Larned Beals C. Wright
1908 Wimbledon Arthur Gore Roper Barrett
1908 French Open Max Decugis Maurice Germot

Ravindra 193
1908 Australian Open Fred Alexander Alfred Dunlop
1907 U.S. Open William A. Larned Robert LeRoy
1907 Wimbledon Norman Brookes Arthur Gore
1907 French Open Max Decugis Robert Wallet
1907 Australian Open Horace Rice Harry Parker
1906 U.S. Open William A. Larned Beals C. Wright
1906 Wimbledon Laurie Doherty Frank Riseley
1906 French Open Maurice Germot Max Decugis
1906 Australian Open Tony Wilding Harry Parker
1905 U.S. Open Beals C. Wright Holcombe Ward
1905 Wimbledon Laurie Doherty Norman Brookes
1905 French Open Maurice Germot André Vacherot
1905 Australian Open Rodney Heath A. Curtis
1904 U.S. Open Holcombe Ward William J. Clothier
1904 Wimbledon Laurie Doherty Frank Riseley
1904 French Open Max Decugis André Vacherot
1903 U.S. Open Hugh L. Doherty William A. Larned
1903 Wimbledon Laurie Doherty Frank Riseley
1903 French Open Max Decugis André Vacherot
1902 U.S. Open William A. Larned Reginald F. Doherty
1902 Wimbledon Laurie Doherty Arthur Gore
1902 French Open M. Vacherot Max Decugis
1901 U.S. Open William A. Larned Beals C. Wright
1901 Wimbledon Arthur Gore Reggie Doherty
1901 French Open Andre Vacherot P. Lebreton
1900 U.S. Open Malcolm D. Whitman William A. Larned
1900 Wimbledon Reggie Doherty Sidney Smith
1900 French Open Paul Ayme A. Prévost
1899 U.S. Open Malcolm D. Whitman J. Parmly Paret
1899 Wimbledon Reggie Doherty Arthur Gore
1899 French Open Paul Ayme P. Lebreton
1898 U.S. Open Malcolm D. Whitman Dwight F. Davis
1898 Wimbledon Reggie Doherty Laurie Doherty
1898 French Open Paul Ayme P. Lebreton
1897 U.S. Open Robert D. Wrenn Wilberforce Eaves

Ravindra 194
1897 Wimbledon Reggie Doherty Harold Mahoney
1897 French Open Paul Ayme F. Wardan
1896 U.S. Open Robert D. Wrenn Fred H. Hovey
1896 Wimbledon Harold Mahoney Wilfred Baddeley
1896 French Open Andre Vacherot G. Brosselin
1895 U.S. Open Fred H. Hovey Robert D. Wrenn
1895 Wimbledon Wilfred Baddeley Wilberforce Eaves
1895 French Open Andre Vacherot L. Riboulet
1894 U.S. Open Robert D. Wrenn Manliff Goodbody
1894 Wimbledon Joshua Pim Wilfred Baddeley
1894 French Open Andre Vacherot G. Brosselin
1893 U.S. Open Robert D. Wrenn Fred H. Hovey
1893 Wimbledon Joshua Pim Wilfred Baddeley
1893 French Open L. Riboulet J. Schopfer
1892 U.S. Open Oliver S. Campbell Fred H. Hovey
1892 Wimbledon Wilfred Baddeley Joshua Pim
1892 French Open J. Schopfer Fassitt
1891 U.S. Open Oliver S. Campbell Clarence Hobart
1891 Wimbledon Wilfred Baddeley Joshua Pim
1891 French Open H. Briggs P. Baigneres
1890 U.S. Open Oliver S. Campbell Henry W. Slocum, Jr.
1890 Wimbledon William Hamilton William Renshaw
1889 U.S. Open Henry W. Slocum Jr. Quincy Shaw
1889 Wimbledon William Renshaw Ernest Renshaw
1888 U.S. Open Henry W. Slocum Jr. Howard A. Taylor
1888 Wimbledon Ernest Renshaw Herbert Lawford
1887 U.S. Open Richard D. Sears Henry W. Slocum, Jr.
1887 Wimbledon Herbert Lawford Ernest Renshaw
1886 U.S. Open Richard D. Sears R. Livingston Beeckman
1886 Wimbledon William Renshaw Herbert Lawford
1885 U.S. Open Richard D. Sears Godfrey M. Brinley
1885 Wimbledon William Renshaw Herbert Lawford
1884 U.S. Open Richard D. Sears Howard A. Taylor
1884 Wimbledon William Renshaw Herbert Lawford
1883 U.S. Open Richard D. Sears James Dwight

Ravindra 195
1883 Wimbledon William Renshaw Ernest Renshaw
1882 U.S. Open Richard D. Sears Clarence M. Clark
1882 Wimbledon William Renshaw Ernest Renshaw
1881 U.S. Open Richard D. Sears William E. Glyn
1881 Wimbledon William Renshaw John Hartley
1880 Wimbledon John Hartley Herbert Lawford
1879 Wimbledon John Hartley V. St. Leger Gould
1878 Wimbledon Frank Hadow Spencer Gore
1877 Wimbledon Spencer Gore William Marshall

Women's Grand Slam Title Winners

YEAR TOURNAMENT WINNER RUNNER-UP

2009 Australian Open Serena Williams Dinara Safina
2008 U.S. Open Serena Williams Jelena Jankovic
2008 Wimbledon Venus Williams Serena Williams
2008 French Open Ana Ivanovic Dinara Safina
2008 Australian Open Maria Sharapova Ana Ivanovic
2007 U.S. Open Justine Henin Svetlana Kuznetsova
2007 Wimbledon Venus Williams Marion Bartoli
2007 French Open Justine Henin Ana Ivanovic
2007 Australian Open Serena Williams Maria Sharapova
2006 U.S. Open Maria Sharapova Justine Henin-Hardenne
2006 Wimbledon Amelie Mauresmo Justine Henin-Hardenne
2006 French Open Justine Henin-Hardenne Svetlana Kuznetsova
2006 Australian Open Amelie Mauresmo Justine Henin-Hardenne
2005 U.S. Open Kim Clijsters Mary Pierce
2005 Wimbledon Venus Williams Lindsay Davenport
2005 French Open Justine Henin-Hardenne Mary Pierce
2005 Australian Open Serena Williams Lindsay Davenport
2004 U.S. Open Svetlana Kuznetsova Elena Dementieva
2004 Wimbledon Maria Sharapova Serena Williams

Ravindra 196
2004 French Open Anastasia Myskina Elena Dementieva
2004 Australian Open Justine Henin-Hardenne Kim Clijsters
2003 U.S. Open Justine Henin-Hardenne Kim Clijsters
2003 Wimbledon Serena Williams Venus Williams
2003 French Open Justine Henin-Hardenne Kim Clijsters
2003 Australian Open Serena Williams Venus Williams
2002 U.S. Open Serena Williams Venus Williams
2002 Wimbledon Serena Williams Venus Williams
2002 French Open Serena Williams Venus Williams
2002 Australian Open Jennifer Capriati Martina Hingis
2001 U.S. Open Venus Williams Serena Williams
2001 Wimbledon Venus Williams Justine Henin
2001 French Open Jennifer Capriati Kim Clijsters
2001 Australian Open Jennifer Capriati Martina Hingis
2000 U.S. Open Venus Williams Lindsay Davenport
2000 Wimbledon Venus Williams Lindsay Davenport
2000 French Open Mary Pierce Conchita Martinez
2000 Australian Open Lindsay Davenport Martina Hingis
1999 U.S. Open Serena Williams Martina Hingis
1999 Wimbledon Lindsay Davenport Steffi Graf
1999 French Open Steffi Graf Martina Hingis
1999 Australian Open Martina Hingis Amelie Mauresmo
1998 U.S. Open Lindsay Davenport Martina Hingis
1998 Wimbledon Jana Novotna Nathalie Tauziat
1998 French Open Aranxta Sanchez-Vicario Monica Seles
1998 Australian Open Martina Hingis Conchita Martinez
1997 U.S. Open Martina Hingis Venus Williams
1997 Wimbledon Martina Hingis Jana Novotna
1997 French Open Iva Majoli Martina Hingis
1997 Australian Open Martina Hingis Mary Pierce
1996 U.S. Open Steffi Graf Monica Seles
1996 Wimbledon Steffi Graf Arantxa Sanchez-Vicario
1996 French Open Steffi Graf Arantxa Sanchez-Vicario
1996 Australian Open Monica Seles Anke Huber
1995 U.S. Open Steffi Graf Monica Seles

Ravindra 197
1995 Wimbledon Steffi Graf Arantxa Sanchez-Vicario
1995 French Open Steffi Graf Arantxa Sanchez-Vicario
1995 Australian Open Mary Pierce Arantxa Sanchez-Vicario
1994 U.S. Open Aranxta Sanchez-Vicario Steffi Graf
1994 Wimbledon Conchita Martinez Martina Navratilova
1994 French Open Aranxta Sanchez-Vicario Mary Pierce
1994 Australian Open Steffi Graf Arantxa Sanchez-Vicario
1993 U.S. Open Steffi Graf Helena Sukova
1993 Wimbledon Steffi Graf Jana Novotna
1993 French Open Steffi Graf Mary Jo Fernandez
1993 Australian Open Monica Seles Steffi Graf
1992 U.S. Open Monica Seles Arantxa Sanchez-Vicario
1992 Wimbledon Steffi Graf Monica Seles
1992 French Open Monica Seles Steffi Graf
1992 Australian Open Monica Seles Mary Joe Fernandez
1991 U.S. Open Monica Seles Martina Navratilova
1991 Wimbledon Steffi Graf Gabriela Sabatini
1991 French Open Monica Seles Arantxa Sanchez-Vicario
1991 Australian Open Monica Seles Jana Novotna
1990 U.S. Open Gabriela Sabatini Steffi Graf
1990 Wimbledon Martina Navratilova Zena Garrison
1990 French Open Monica Seles Steffi Graf
1990 Australian Open Steffi Graf Mary Joe Fernandez
1989 U.S. Open Steffi Graf Martina Navratilova
1989 Wimbledon Steffi Graf Martina Navratilova
1989 French Open Aranxta Sanchez-Vicario Steffi Graf
1989 Australian Open Steffi Graf Helena Sukova
1988 U.S. Open Steffi Graf Gabriela Sabatini
1988 Wimbledon Steffi Graf Martina Navratilova
1988 French Open Steffi Graf Natasha Zvereva
1988 Australian Open Steffi Graf Chris Evert
1987 U.S. Open Martina Navratilova Steffi Graf
1987 Wimbledon Martina Navratilova Steffi Graf
1987 French Open Steffi Graf Martina Navratilova
1987 Australian Open Hana Mandlikova Martina Navratilova

Ravindra 198
1986 U.S. Open Martina Navratilova Helena Sukova
1986 Wimbledon Martina Navratilova Hana Mandlikova
1986 French Open Chris Evert-Lloyd Martina Navratilova
1985 Australian Open Martina Navratilova Chris Evert
1985 U.S. Open Hana Mandlikova Martina Navratilova
1985 Wimbledon Martina Navratilova Chris Evert-Lloyd
1985 French Open Chris Evert-Lloyd Martina Navratilova
1984 Australian Open Chris Evert-Lloyd Helena Sukova
1984 U.S. Open Martina Navratilova Chris Evert-Lloyd
1984 Wimbledon Martina Navratilova Chris Evert-Lloyd
1984 French Open Martina Navratilova Chris Evert-Lloyd
1983 Australian Open Martina Navratilova Kathy Jordan
1983 U.S. Open Martina Navratilova Chris Evert-Lloyd
1983 Wimbledon Martina Navratilova Andrea Jaeger
1983 French Open Chris Evert-Lloyd Mima Jausovec
1982 Australian Open Chris Evert-Lloyd Martina Navratilova
1982 U.S. Open Chris Evert-Lloyd Hana Mandlikova
1982 Wimbledon Martina Navratilova Chris Evert-Lloyd
1982 French Open Martina Navratilova Andrea Jaeger
1981 Australian Open Martina Navratilova Chris Evert
1981 U.S. Open Tracy Austin Martina Navratilova
1981 Wimbledon Chris Evert-Lloyd Hana Mandlikova
1981 French Open Hana Mandlikova Sylvia Hanika
1980 Australian Open Hana Mandlikova Wendy Turnbull
1980 U.S. Open Chris Evert-Lloyd Hana Mandlikova
1980 Wimbledon R.A. Cawley Chris Evert-Lloyd
1980 French Open Chris Evert-Lloyd Sylvia Hanika
1979 Australian Open Barbara Jordan Sharon Walsh
1979 U.S. Open Tracy Austin Chris Evert-Lloyd
1979 Wimbledon Martina Navratilova Chris Evert-Lloyd
1979 French Open Chris Evert-Lloyd Wendy Turnbull
1978 Australian Open Chris O'Neil Betsy Nagelsen
1978 U.S. Open Chris Evert Pam Shriver
1978 Wimbledon Martina Navratilova Chris Evert
1978 French Open Virginia Ruzici Mima Jausovec

Ravindra 199
1977 Australian Open (Dec) Evonne Goolagong-Cawley Helen Gourlay
1977 U.S. Open Chris Evert Wendy Turnbull
1977 Wimbledon Virginia Wade Betty Stove
1977 French Open Mima Jausovec Florenta Mihai
1977 Australian Open (Jan) Kerry Reid Dianne Fromholtz
1976 U.S. Open Chris Evert Evonne Goolagong-Cawley
1976 Wimbledon Chris Evert Evonne Goolagong-Cawley
1976 French Open Sue Barker Renata Tomanova
1976 Australian Open Evonne Goolagong-Cawley Renata Tomanova
1975 U.S. Open Chris Evert Evonne Goolagong-Cawley
1975 Wimbledon Billie Jean King Evonne Goolagong-Cawley
1975 French Open Chris Evert Martina Navratilova
1975 Australian Open Evonne Goolagong Martina Navratilova
1974 U.S. Open Billie Jean King Evonne Goolagong
1974 Wimbledon Chris Evert Olga Morozova
1974 French Open Chris Evert Olga Morozova
1974 Australian Open Evonne Goolagong Chris Evert
1973 U.S. Open Margaret Smith-Court Evonne Goolagong
1973 Wimbledon Billie Jean King Chris Evert
1973 French Open Margaret Smith-Court Chris Evert
1973 Australian Open Margaret Smith-Court Evonne Goolagong
1972 U.S. Open Billie Jean King Kerry Melville
1972 Wimbledon Billie Jean King Evonne Goolagong
1972 French Open Billie Jean King Evonne Goolagong
1972 Australian Open Virginia Wade Evonne Goolagong
1971 U.S. Open Billie Jean King Rosemary Casals
1971 Wimbledon Evonne Goolagong Margaret Court
1971 French Open Margaret Smith-Court Helen Gourlay
1971 Australian Open Margaret Smith-Court Evonne Goolagong
1970 U.S. Open Margaret Smith-Court Rosemary Casals
1970 Wimbledon Margaret Smith-Court Billie Jean King
1970 French Open Margaret Smith-Court Helga Niessen
1970 Australian Open Margaret Smith-Court Kerry Melville
1969 U.S. Open Margaret Smith-Court Nancy Richey
1969 Wimbledon Ann Haydon Jones Billie Jean King

Ravindra 200
1969 French Open Margaret Smith-Court Ann Jones
1969 Australian Open Margaret Smith-Court Billie Jean King
1968 U.S. Open Virginia Wade Billie Jean King
1968 Wimbledon Billie Jean King Judy Tegart
1968 French Open Nancy Richey Ann Jones
1968 Australian Open Billie Jean King Margaret Smith-Court
1967 U.S. Open Billie Jean King Ann Haydon Jones
1967 Wimbledon Billie Jean King Ann Jones
1967 French Open Francoise Durr Lesley Turner
1967 Australian Open Nancy Richey Lesley Turner
1966 U.S. Open Maria Bueno Nancy Richey
1966 Wimbledon Billie Jean King Maria Bueno
1966 French Open Ann Haydon Jones Nancy Richey
1966 Australian Open Margaret Smith Nancy Richey
1965 U.S. Open Margaret Smith Billie Jean Moffitt
1965 Wimbledon Margaret Smith Maria Bueno
1965 French Open Lesley Turner Margaret Smith
1965 Australian Open Margaret Smith Maria Bueno
1964 U.S. Open Maria Bueno Carole Caldwell Graebner
1964 Wimbledon Maria Bueno Margaret Smith
1964 French Open Margaret Smith Maria Bueno
1964 Australian Open Margaret Smith Lesley Turner
1963 U.S. Open Maria Bueno Margaret Smith
1963 Wimbledon Margaret Smith Billie Jean Moffitt
1963 French Open Lesley Turner Ann Jones
1963 Australian Open Margaret Smith Jan Lehane
1962 U.S. Open Margaret Smith Darlene R. Hard
1962 Wimbledon Karen Susman Vera Sukova
1962 French Open Margaret Smith Lesley Turner
1962 Australian Open Margaret Smith Jan Lehane
1961 U.S. Open Darlene R. Hard Ann Haydon
1961 Wimbledon Angela Mortimer Christine Truman
1961 French Open Ann Haydon Yola Ramirez
1961 Australian Open Margaret Smith Jan Lehane
1960 U.S. Open Darlene R. Hard Maria Bueno

Ravindra 201
1960 Wimbledon Maria Bueno Sandra Reynolds
1960 French Open Darlene R. Hard Yola Ramirez
1960 Australian Open Margaret Smith Jan Lehane
1959 U.S. Open Maria Bueno Christine Truman
1959 Wimbledon Maria Bueno Darlene Hard
1959 French Open Christine Truman Zsuzsi Kormoczy
1959 Australian Open Mary Carter Reitano Renee Schuurman
1958 U.S. Open Althea Gibson Darlene R. Hard
1958 Wimbledon Althea Gibson Angela Mortimer
1958 French Open Zsuzsi Kormoczy Shirley Bloomer
1958 Australian Open Angela Mortimer Lorraine Coghlan
1957 U.S. Open Althea Gibson A. Louise Brough
1957 Wimbledon Althea Gibson Darlene Hard
1957 French Open Shirley Bloomer Dorothy Head Knode
1957 Australian Open Shirley Fry Althea Gibson
1956 U.S. Open Shirley Fry Althea Gibson
1956 Wimbledon Shirley Fry Angela Buxton
1956 French Open Althea Gibson Angela Mortimer
1956 Australian Open Mary Carter Thelma Long
1955 U.S. Open Doris Hart Patricia Ward
1955 Wimbledon Louise Brough Beverly Fleitz
1955 French Open Angela Mortimer Dorothy Head Knode
1955 Australian Open Beryl Penrose Thelma Long
1954 U.S. Open Doris Hart A. Louise Brough
1954 Wimbledon Maureen Connolly Louise Brough
1954 French Open Maureen Connolly Ginette Bucaille
1954 Australian Open Thelma Long Jennifer Staley
1953 U.S. Open Maureen Connolly Doris Hart
1953 Wimbledon Maureen Connolly Doris Hart
1953 French Open Maureen Connolly Doris Hart
1953 Australian Open Maureen Connolly Julia Sampson
1952 U.S. Open Maureen Connolly Doris Hart
1952 Wimbledon Maureen Connolly Louise Brough
1952 French Open Doris Hart Shirley Fry
1952 Australian Open Thelma Long H. Angwin

Ravindra 202
1951 U.S. Open Maureen Connolly Shirley Fry
1951 Wimbledon Doris Hart Shirley Fry
1951 French Open Shirley Fry Doris Hart
1951 Australian Open Nancye Wynne Bolton Thelma Long-Coyne
1950 U.S. Open Margaret Osborne duPont Doris Hart
1950 Wimbledon Louise Brough Margaret Osborne duPont
1950 French Open Doris Hart Patricia Todd
1950 Australian Open A. Louise Brough Doris Hart
1949 U.S. Open Margaret Osborne duPont Doris Hart
1949 Wimbledon Louise Brough Margaret Osborne duPont
1949 French Open Margaret Osborne duPont Nelly Adamson
1949 Australian Open Doris Hart Nancye Bolton
1948 U.S. Open Margaret Osborne duPont A. Louise Brough
1948 Wimbledon Louise Brough Doris Hart
1948 French Open Nelly Landry Shirley Fry
1948 Australian Open Nancye Wynne Bolton Marie Toomey
1947 U.S. Open A. Louise Brough Margaret Osborne
1947 Wimbledon Margaret Osborne duPont Doris Hart
1947 French Open Patricia Todd Doris Hart
1947 Australian Open Nancye Wynne Bolton Nell Hopman
1946 U.S. Open Pauline Betz Patricia Canning
1946 Wimbledon Pauline Betz Louise Brough
1946 French Open Margaret Osborne duPont Pauline Betz
1946 Australian Open Nancye Wynne Bolton Joyce Fitch
1945 U.S. Open Sarah Palfrey Cooke Pauline Betz
1944 U.S. Open Pauline Betz Margaret Osborne
1943 U.S. Open Pauline Betz A. Louise Brough
1942 U.S. Open Pauline Betz A. Louise Brough
1941 U.S. Open Sarah Palfrey Cooke Pauline Betz
1940 U.S. Open Alice Marble Helen Jacobs
1940 Australian Open Nancye Wynne Bolton Thelma Coyne
1939 U.S. Open Alice Marble Helen Jacobs
1939 Wimbledon Alice Marble Kay Stammers
1939 French Open Simone Mathieu Jadwiga Jedrzejowska
1939 Australian Open Emily Westacott Nell Hopman

Ravindra 203
1938 U.S. Open Alice Marble Nancye Wynne
1938 Wimbledon Helen Wills Moody Helen Jacobs
1938 French Open Simone Mathieu Nelly Adamson
1938 Australian Open Dorothy Bundy Dorothy Stevenson
1937 U.S. Open Anita Lizana Jadwiga Jedrzejowska
1937 Wimbledon Dorothy Round Jadwiga Jedrzejowska
1937 French Open Hilde Sperling Simone Mathieu
1937 Australian Open Nancye Wynne Emily Westacott
1936 U.S. Open Alice Marble Helen Jacobs
1936 Wimbledon Helen Jacobs Hilde Kranwinkel Sperling
1936 French Open Hilde Sperling Simone Mathieu
1936 Australian Open Joan Hartigan Nancye Wynne
1935 U.S. Open Helen Jacobs Sarah H. Palfrey
1935 Wimbledon Helen Wills Moody Helen Jacobs
1935 French Open Hilde Sperling Simone Mathieu
1935 Australian Open Dorothy Round Nancy Lyle
1934 U.S. Open Helen Jacobs Sarah H. Palfrey
1934 Wimbledon Dorothy Round Helen Jacobs
1934 French Open Margaret Scriven Helen Jacobs
1934 Australian Open Joan Hartigan Margaret Molesworth
1933 U.S. Open Helen Jacobs Helen Wills Moody
1933 Wimbledon Helen Wills Moody Dorothy Round
1933 French Open Margaret Scriven Simone Mathieu
1933 Australian Open Joan Hartigan Coral Buttsworth
1932 U.S. Open Helen Jacobs Carolin A. Babcock
1932 Wimbledon Helen Wills Moody Helen Jacobs
1932 French Open Helen Wills Moody Simone Mathieu
1932 Australian Open Coral Buttsworth Katherine Le Messurier
1931 U.S. Open Helen Wills Moody Eileen Bennett Whitingstall
1931 Wimbledon Cilly Aussem Hilde Kranwinkel
1931 French Open Cilly Aussem Betty Nuthall
1931 Australian Open Coral Buttsworth Margorie Crawford
1930 U.S. Open Betty Nuthall Anna McCune Harper
1930 Wimbledon Helen Wills Moody Elizabeth Ryan
1930 French Open Helen Wills Moody Helen Jacobs

Ravindra 204
1930 Australian Open Daphne Akhurst Sylvia Harper
1929 U.S. Open Helen Wills Phoebe Holcroft Watson
1929 Wimbledon Helen Wills Helen Jacobs
1929 French Open Helen Wills Simone Mathieu
1929 Australian Open Daphne Akhurst Louise Bickerton
1928 U.S. Open Helen Wills Helen J. Jacobs
1928 Wimbledon Helen Wills Lili de Alvarez
1928 French Open Helen Wills E. Bennett
1928 Australian Open Daphne Akhurst Esna Boyd
1927 U.S. Open Helen Wills Betty Nuthall
1927 Wimbledon Helen Wills Lili de Alvarez
1927 French Open Kornelia Bouman Irene Peacock
1927 Australian Open Esna Boyd Sylvia Harper
1926 U.S. Open Molla B. Mallory Elizabeth Ryan
1926 Wimbledon Kathleen Godfree Lili de Alvarez
1926 French Open Suzanne Lenglen Mary Browne
1926 Australian Open Daphne Akhurst Esna Boyd
1925 U.S. Open Helen Wills Kathleen McKane
1925 Wimbledon Suzanne Lenglen Joan Fry
1925 French Open Suzanne Lenglen Kathleen McKane
1925 Australian Open Daphne Akhurst Esna Boyd
1924 U.S. Open Helen Wills Molla B. Mallory
1924 Wimbledon Kathleen McKane Helen Wills
1924 French Open Diddie Vlasto Jeanne Vaussard
1924 Australian Open Sylvia Lance Esna Boyd
1923 U.S. Open Helen Wills Molla B. Mallory
1923 Wimbledon Suzanne Lenglen Kathleen McKane
1923 French Open Suzanne Lenglen Germaine Golding
1923 Australian Open Margaret Molesworth Esna Boyd
1922 U.S. Open Molla B. Mallory Helen Wills
1922 Wimbledon Suzanne Lenglen Molla Mallory
1922 French Open Suzanne Lenglen Germaine Golding
1922 Australian Open Margaret Molesworth Esna Boyd
1921 U.S. Open Molla B. Mallory Mary K. Browne
1921 Wimbledon Suzanne Lenglen Elizabeth Ryan

Ravindra 205
1921 French Open Suzanne Lenglen Germaine Golding
1920 U.S. Open Molla B. Mallory Marion Zinderstein
1920 Wimbledon Suzanne Lenglen Dorothea Douglass Chambers
1920 French Open Suzanne Lenglen Marguerite Broquedis
1919 U.S. Open Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman Marion Zinderstein
1919 Wimbledon Suzanne Lenglen Dorothea Douglass Chambers
1918 U.S. Open Molla Bjurstedt Eleanor E. Goss
1917 U.S. Open Molla Bjurstedt Marion Vanderhoef
1916 U.S. Open Molla Bjurstedt Louise Hammond Raymond
1915 U.S. Open Molla Bjurstedt Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman
1914 U.S. Open Mary Browne Marie Wagner
1914 Wimbledon Lambert Chambers Ethel Larcombe
1914 French Open Marguerite Broquedis Suzanne Lenglen
1913 U.S. Open Mary Browne Dorothy Green
1913 Wimbledon Lambert Chambers R. McNair
1913 French Open Marguerite Broquedis Jeanne Matthey
1912 U.S. Open Mary Browne Eleonora Sears
1912 Wimbledon Ethel Larcombe Charlotte Cooper Sterry
1912 French Open Jeanne Matthey Marie Daney
1911 U.S. Open Hazel Hotchkiss Florence Sutton
1911 Wimbledon Lambert Chambers Dora Boothby
1911 French Open Jeanne Matthey Marguerite Broquedis
1910 U.S. Open Hazel Hotchkiss Louise Hammond
1910 Wimbledon Lambert Chambers Dora Boothby
1910 French Open Jeanne Matthey Marguerite Broquedis
1909 U.S. Open Hazel Hotchkiss Maud Barger-Wallach
1909 Wimbledon Dora Boothby A. Morton
1909 French Open Jeanne Matthey Gallay
1908 U.S. Open Maud Barger Wallach Evelyn Sears
1908 Wimbledon Charlotte Cooper Sterry A. Morton
1908 French Open Kate Gillou Fenwick A. Pean
1907 U.S. Open Evelyn Sears Carrie Neely
1907 Wimbledon May Sutton Dorothea Douglass Chambers
1907 French Open Comtesse de Kermel D. Elva
1906 U.S. Open Helen Homans Maud Barger-Wallach

Ravindra 206
1906 Wimbledon Dorothea Douglass May Sutton
1906 French Open Kate Gillou Fenwick MacVeagh
1905 U.S. Open Elisabeth Moore Helen Homans
1905 Wimbledon May Sutton Dorothea Douglass
1905 French Open Kate Gillou Y. De Pfoeffel
1904 U.S. Open May Sutton Elisabeth Moore
1904 Wimbledon Dorothea Douglass Charlotte Cooper Sterry
1904 French Open Kate Gillou Adine Masson
1903 U.S. Open Elisabeth Moore Marion Jones
1903 Wimbledon Dorothea Douglass E. Thomson
1903 French Open F. Masson Katie Gillou
1902 U.S. Open Marion Jones Elisabeth Moore
1902 Wimbledon Muriel Robb Charlotte Cooper Sterry
1902 French Open F. Masson P. Girod
1901 U.S. Open Elisabeth Moore Myrtle McAteer
1901 Wimbledon Charlotte Cooper Sterry Blanche Bingley Hillyard
1901 French Open P. Girod Leroux
1900 U.S. Open Myrtle McAteer Edith Parker
1900 Wimbledon Blanche Bingley Hillyard Charlotte Cooper
1900 French Open Y. Prevost xxx
1899 U.S. Open Marion Jones Maud Banks
1899 Wimbledon Blanche Bingley Hillyard Charlotte Cooper
1899 French Open Francoise Masson xxx
1898 U.S. Open Juliette Atkinson Marion Jones
1898 Wimbledon Charlotte Cooper L. Martin
1898 French Open Francoise Masson xxx
1897 U.S. Open Juliette Atkinson Elisabeth Moore
1897 Wimbledon Blanche Bingley Hillyard Charlotte Cooper
1897 French Open Francoise Masson P. Girod
1896 U.S. Open Elisabeth Moore Juliette Atkinson
1896 Wimbledon Charlotte Cooper W. H. Pickering
1895 U.S. Open Juliette Atkinson Helen Hellwig
1895 Wimbledon Charlotte Cooper H. Jackson
1894 U.S. Open Helen Hellwig Aline Terry
1894 Wimbledon Blanche Bingley Hillyard E. Austin

Ravindra 207
1893 U.S. Open Aline Terry Augusta Schultz
1893 Wimbledon Lottie Dod Blanche Bingley Hillyard
1892 U.S. Open Mabel Cahill Elisabeth Moore
1892 Wimbledon Lottie Dod Blanche Bingley Hillyard
1891 U.S. Open Mabel Cahill Ellen C Roosevelt
1891 Wimbledon Lottie Dod Blanche Bingley Hillyard
1890 U.S. Open Ellen C. Roosevelt Bertha L. Townsend
1890 Wimbledon Lena Rice M. Jacks
1889 U.S. Open Bertha L. Townsend Lida D. Voorhes
1889 Wimbledon Blanche Bingley Hillyard Lena Rice
1888 U.S. Open Bertha L. Townsend Ellen Hansell
1888 Wimbledon Lottie Dod Blanche Bingley Hillyard
1887 U.S. Open Ellen Hansell Laura Knight
1887 Wimbledon Lottie Dod Blanche Bingley
1886 Wimbledon Blanche Bingley Maud Watson
1885 Wimbledon Maud Watson Blanche Bingley
1884 Wimbledon Maud Watson Lillian Watson

Ravindra 208
 Grand Slam
The four Grand Slam tournaments are the most important tennis
events of the year in terms of world ranking points, tradition, prize-
money awarded, and public attention. They are:

Australian Open

French Open

Wimbledon

US Open

A singles player or doubles team that wins all four Grand Slam
tournaments in the same year is said to have achieved the Grand
Slam or a Calendar Year Grand Slam. If the player or team wins all
four consecutively, but not in the same calendar year, it is called a
Non-Calendar Year Grand Slam. If a player wins all four at some point
in his or her career, even if not consecutively, it is called a Career
Grand Slam. Winning three of the four tournaments is called a Small
Slam. If a player wins all the four majors and a gold medal in tennis at
the Summer Olympics in the same calendar year, then its known as
the Golden Slam.

History

The term Grand Slam, as applied to tennis, was first used by New York Times
columnist John Kieran according to Total Tennis, The Ultimate Tennis
Encyclopedia by Bud Collins. In the chapter about 1933, Collins writes that
after the Australian player Jack Crawford had won the Australian, French, and
Wimbledon Championships, speculation arose about his chances in the U.S.
Championships. Kieran, who was a bridge player, wrote: "If Crawford wins, it
would be something like scoring a grand slam on the courts, doubled and
vulnerable." Crawford, an asthmatic, won two of the first three sets of his
finals match against Fred Perry, then tired in the heat and lost the last two
sets and the match.

The expression Grand Slam, initially used to describe the winning of the
tennis major events in one calendar year, was later incorporated by other
sports, notably golf, to describe a similar accomplishment.

Winning "The Grand Slam" in singles: all four majors in the same calendar year

1. Don Budge 1938

2. Maureen Connolly 1953
3. Rod Laver 1962 and 1969
4. Margaret Smith Court 1970

Ravindra 209
 5. Steffi Graf 1988

Winning "The Grand Slam" in doubles with the same partner

1. Frank Sedgman and Ken McGregor 1951

2. Martina Navratilova and Pam Shriver 1984

Winning "The Grand Slam" in mixed doubles with the same partner

1. Margaret Smith (Court) and Ken Fletcher 1963

Top Five Lists:

Most Grand Slam singles titles: men

1. Pete Sampras 14
2. Roger Federer 13
3. Roy Emerson 12
4. Rod Laver 11
5. Bjorn Borg 11

Most Grand Slam singles titles: women

1. Margaret Smith Court 24

2. Steffi Graf 22
3. Helen Wills Moody 19
4. Martina Navratilova 18
5. Chris Evert 18

Most career singles titles: men

1. Jimmy Connors 109

2. Ivan Lendl 94
3. John McEnroe 77
4. Pete Sampras 64
5. Bjorn Borg and Guillermo Vilas each 62

Most career singles titles: women

1. Martina Navratilova 167

2. Chris Evert 154
3. Steffi Graf 107
4. Margaret Smith Court 92
5. Billie-Jean King 67

Most career singles and doubles* titles: men

Ravindra 210
 1. John McEnroe 152
2. Jimmy Connors 128
3. Ilie Nastase 108
4. Tom Okker 108
5. Stan Smith 100

Most career singles and doubles* titles: women

1. Martina Navratilova 344

2. Chris Evert 189
3. Billie-Jean King 168
4. Margaret Smith Court 127
5. Rosie Casals 123

CRICKET

Ravindra 211
History of Cricket

Ravindra 212
The origins of cricket are obscure, and there are several theories on how it
started. One is that shepherds used to play it - one would stand in front of
the wicket gate to the sheep fold, and another would bowl a stone or
something at him, and he would have to hit it with his crook, which was
known as a cricket. Other theories are that it derives from a game called
club-ball, or a game played in churchyards...

The first reference to cricket being played is thought to be in 1300,

between Prince Edward and his friend Piers Gaveston and the first recorded
match took place at Coxheath in Kent in 1646. The first match between
counties on 29th June 1709, when Surrey played Kent at Dartford Brent.

The earliest known cricket photographs were taken in 1857, by Roger

Fenton at the Artillery Ground, when the Royal Artillery played
Hunsdonbury.

As well as shepherds' crooks, early bats were clubs and sticks. These gave
way to long, thin battes, which looked a bit like straightened-out hockey
sticks, because the ball was bowled under-arm, and the batters swung their
bats like clubs!!

By the 18th century, the bat had developed into a longer, heavier, curved
version of the one we know now, carved out of a single piece of wood.

Today's bat was invented around 1853, with the blade made of willow, and
a cane handle, which is layered with strips of rubber, tied with twine, and
covered with rubber to make a grip. The 'V' shaped extension of the handle
into the blade is the splice. The early balls were stones and other missiles.
Rather dangerous really, and not surprising that someone came up with an
alternative! They're now made of cork, and covered with hand-stitched
leather quarters dyed red.

The wicket - the stumps are the three posts. Originally there were two, and
at one point, four. The size has varied too - in the 17th century, were up to
two metres wide!! The bails are the two bits of wood on the top, and if they
fall off, it's all over!!

Ravindra 213
Test Records :- Highest Team Totals

In
# Runs Overs Team Opposition Venue Date
n
2 Aug
1 956-6 dec 270.0 2 Sri Lanka India Colombo (RPS)
1997
20 Aug
2 903-7 dec 335.2 1 England Australia The Oval
1938
3 849 258.2 1 England West Indies Kingston 3 Apr 1930
26 Feb
4 790-3 dec 208.1 2 West Indies Pakistan Kingston
1958
21 Feb
5 765-6 dec 248.5 2 Pakistan Sri Lanka Karachi
2009
11 Jun
6 758-8 dec 245.4 2 Australia West Indies Kingston
1955
South 27 Jul
7 756-5 dec 185.1 2 Sri Lanka Colombo (SSC)
Africa 2006
10 Apr
8 751-5 dec 202.0 1 West Indies England St John's
2004
26 Feb
9 749-9 dec 194.4 2 West Indies England Bridgetown
2009
South 29 Apr
10 747 235.2 2 West Indies St John's
Africa 2005
11 735-6 dec 146.3 1 Australia Zimbabwe Perth 9 Oct 2003
27 Jun
12 729-6 dec 232.0 2 Australia England Lord's
1930
14 May
13 713-3 dec 165.3 2 Sri Lanka Zimbabwe Bulawayo
2004
6 Aug
14 708 220.3 1 Pakistan England The Oval
1987
15 705-7 dec 187.3 1 India Australia Sydney 2 Jan 2004
18 Aug
16 701 171.2 1 Australia England The Oval
1934
1 Dec
17 699-5 203.4 2 Pakistan India Lahore
1989
16 Aug
18 695 256.1 2 Australia England The Oval
1930
19 692-8 dec 163.0 2 West Indies England The Oval 24 Aug

Ravindra 214
 1995
12 Aug
20 687-8 dec 182.5 1 West Indies England The Oval
1976
31 Jul
21 682-6 dec 177.0 2 South Africa England Lord's
2003
17 Mar
22 681-8 dec 198.4 1 West Indies England Port of Spain
1954
13 Jan
23 679-7 dec 167.1 1 Pakistan India Lahore
2006
17 Dec
24 676-7 167.1 2 India Sri Lanka Kanpur
1986
28 Mar
25 675-5 dec 161.5 1 India Pakistan Multan
2004
24 Oct
26 674-6 224.5 2 Pakistan India Faisalabad
1984
23 Jan
27 674 151.3 1 Australia India Adelaide
1948
31 Jan
28 671-4 220.3 3 New Zealand Sri Lanka Wellington
1991
14 May
29 668 235.5 1 Australia West Indies Bridgetown
1955
9 Aug
30 664 170.0 1 India England The Oval
2007
New 10 Feb
31 660-5 dec 169.2 1 West Indies Wellington
Zealand 1995
13 Dec
32 659-8 dec 173.0 2 Australia England Sydney
1946
26 Dec
33 658-9 dec 166.2 2 South Africa West Indies Durban
2003
10 Jun
34 658-8 dec 188.0 1 England Australia Nottingham
1938
17 Jan
35 657-8 dec 319.0 3 Pakistan West Indies Bridgetown
1958
11 Mar
36 657-7 dec 178.0 3 India Australia Kolkata
2001
23 Jul
37 656-8 dec 255.5 1 Australia England Manchester
1964
South 3 Mar
38 654-5 218.2 4 England Durban
Africa 1939

Ravindra 215
 22 Jul
39 653-4 dec 193.0 1 Australia England Leeds
1993
26 Jul
40 653-4 dec 162.0 1 England India Lord's
1990
23 Aug
41 652-8 dec 168.4 1 West Indies England Lord's
1973
13 Jan
42 652-7 dec 175.0 2 England India Chennai
1985
South 22 Feb
43 652-7 dec 146.0 1 Australia Johannesburg
Africa 2002
44 652 142.4 2 Pakistan India Faisalabad 3 Jan 1983
5 May
45 650-6 dec 189.0 1 Australia West Indies Bridgetown
1965

Test Records:- Most Wickets in a career

# Player Name Team Mat Overs Runs Wickets Ave Best 5w 10w Period
Muttiah
1 SL 127 42020 17081 770 22.1831 9-51 66 22 1992
Muralitharan
1992-
2 Shane Warne Aus 145 40705 17995 708 25.4167 8-71 37 10
2007
1990-
3 Anil Kumble Ind 132 40850 18355 619 29.6527 10-74 35 8
2008
1993-
4 Glenn McGrath Aus 124 29248 12186 563 21.6448 8-24 29 3
2007
1984-
5 Courtney Walsh WI 132 30019 12688 519 24.4470 7-37 22 3
2001
1978-
6 Kapil Dev Ind 131 27740 12867 434 29.6475 9-83 23 2
1994
1973-
7 Richard Hadlee NZ 86 21918 9611 431 22.2993 9-52 36 9
1990
1995-
8 Shaun Pollock SA 108 24353 9733 421 23.1188 7-87 16 1
2008
1985-
9 Wasim Akram Pak 104 22627 9779 414 23.6208 7-119 25 5
2002
1988-
10 Curtly Ambrose WI 98 22103 8501 405 20.9901 8-45 22 3
2000

Ravindra 216
11 Makhaya Ntini SA 99 20414 11009 388 28.3737 7-37 18 4 1998
1977-
12 Ian Botham Eng 102 21815 10878 383 28.4021 8-34 27 4
1992
1978-
13 Malcolm Marshall WI 81 17584 7876 376 20.9468 7-22 22 4
1991
1989-
14 Waqar Younis Pak 87 16224 8788 373 23.5603 7-76 22 5
2000
1971-
15 Imran Khan Pak 88 19458 8258 362 22.8122 8-58 23 6
1992
1971-
16 Dennis Lillee Aus 70 18467 8493 355 23.9239 7-83 23 7
1984
17 Chaminda Vaas SL 109 22988 10345 354 29.2232 7-71 12 2 1994
1992-
18 Allan Donald SA 72 15519 7344 330 22.2545 8-71 20 3
2002
19 Harbhajan Singh Ind 77 21471 10040 330 30.4242 8-84 23 5 1998
1971-
20 Bob Willis Eng 90 17357 8190 325 25.2000 8-43 16 0
1984
21 Brett Lee Aus 76 16531 9554 310 30.8194 5-30 10 0 1999
1958-
22 Lance Gibbs WI 79 27115 8989 309 29.0906 8-38 18 2
1976
1952-
23 Fred Trueman Eng 67 15178 6625 307 21.5798 8-31 17 3
1965
1966-
24 Derek Underwood Eng 86 21862 7674 297 25.8384 8-51 17 6
1982
25 Daniel Vettori NZ 92 22398 9831 293 33.5529 7-87 18 3 1997
1984-
26 Craig McDermott Aus 71 16586 8332 291 28.6323 8-97 14 2
1996
1966-
27 Bishan Bedi Ind 67 21364 7637 266 28.7105 7-98 14 1
1979
1977-
28 Joel Garner WI 58 13169 5433 259 20.9768 6-56 7 0
1987
1996-
29 Jason Gillespie Aus 71 14234 6770 259 26.1390 7-37 8 0
2006
30 Jacques Kallis SA 131 17040 8021 258 31.0891 6-54 5 0 1995
1951-
31 Brian Statham Eng 70 16056 6261 252 24.8452 7-39 9 1
1965
1975-
32 Michael Holding WI 60 1280 5898 249 23.6867 8-92 13 2
1987
1952-
33 Richie Benaud Aus 63 19108 6704 248 27.0323 7-72 16 1
1964

Ravindra 217
34 Matthew Hoggard Eng 67 13909 7564 248 30.5000 7-61 7 1 2000
1961-
35 Garth McKenzie Aus 60 17681 7328 246 29.7886 8-71 16 3
1971
Bhagwat 1964-
36 Ind 58 15963 7199 242 29.7479 8-79 16 2
Chandrasekhar 1979
1977-
37 Abdul Qadir Pak 67 17126 7742 236 32.8051 9-56 15 5
1990
1991-
38 Javagal Srinath Ind 67 15104 7196 236 30.4915 8-86 10 1
2002
1964-
39 Alec Bedser Eng 51 15918 5876 236 24.8983 7-44 15 3
1955
1946-
40 Alec Bedser Eng 51 15918 5879 236 24.9110 7-44 15 5
1955
1954-
41 Garry Sobers WI 93 21599 7999 235 34.0383 7-46 13 1
1974
1993-
42 Andy Caddick Eng 62 13558 6999 234 29.9103 7-46 13 1
2003
1994-
43 Darren Gough Eng 58 11821 6503 229 28.3974 6-42 5 0
2000
1946-
44 Ray Lindwall Aus 61 13650 5251 228 23.0307 7-38 12 0
1960
45 Danish Kaneria Pak 53 15608 7846 225 34.8711 7-77 12 2 2000
46 Steve Harmison Eng 61 13117 7025 221 31.7873 7-12 8 1 2002
1989-
47 Chris Cairns NZ 62 11698 6410 218 29.4037 7-27 13 1
2004
48 Andrew Flintoff Eng 75 14178 6993 218 32.0780 5-58 2 0 1998
1925-
49 Clarrie Grimmett Aus 37 14513 5231 216 24.2176 7-40 21 7
1936
1993-
50 Heath Streak Zim 65 13559 6079 216 28.1435 6-73 7 0
2005
1985-
51 Merv Hughes Aus 53 12285 6017 212 28.3821 8-87 7 1
1994
52 Zaheer Khan Ind 65 12962 7107 210 33.8429 5-29 7 0 2000
1998-
53 Stuart MacGill Aus 44 11237 6038 208 29.0288 8-108 12 2
2008
1995-
54 Saqlain Mushtaq Pak 49 14070 6206 208 29.8365 8-164 13 3
2004
1965-
55 John Snow Eng 49 12021 5387 202 26.6683 7-40 8 1
1976
56 Andy Roberts WI 47 11135 5174 202 25.6139 7-54 11 2 1974-

Ravindra 218
 1983
57 Jeff Thomson Aus 51 10535 5601 200 28.0050 6-46 8 0 1972-85

Test Records :- Most Runs in a career

Ravindra 219
9
62
15
4
5.0
36
2
19
9
22
21
5
19
84
-
20
00

47
He
rsc
hel
le
Gi
bb
s
S
A
90
15
4
7
61
67
4
1.9
52
4
22
8
14
26
11
19
96

48
Ne
il

Ravindra 220
Test Records :- Lowest Team Totals

In
# Runs Overs Team Opposition Venue Date
n
25 Mar
1 26 27.0 3 New Zealand England Auckland
1955
13 Feb
2 30 18.4 4 South Africa England Port Elizabeth
1896
14 Jun
3 30 12.3 2 South Africa England Birmingham
1924
4 35 22.4 4 South Africa England Cape Town 1 Apr 1899
12 Feb
5 35 23.2 1 South Africa Australia Melbourne
1932
29 May
6 36 23.0 2 Australia England Birmingham
1902
20 Jun
7 42 17.0 3 India England Lord's
1974
10 Feb
8 42 37.3 2 Australia England Sydney
1888
29 Mar
9 42 39.0 1 New Zealand Australia Wellington
1946
25 Mar
10 43 28.2 3 South Africa England Cape Town
1889
10 Aug
11 44 26.0 4 Australia England The Oval
1896
12 Feb
12 45 31.3 3 South Africa Australia Melbourne
1932
28 Jan
13 45 35.3 1 England Australia Sydney
1887
25 Mar
14 46 19.1 4 England West Indies Port of Spain
1994
19 Jun
15 47 32.3 2 New Zealand England Lord's
1958
25 Mar
16 47 47.1 2 South Africa England Cape Town
1889
17 47 25.3 3 West Indies England Kingston 11 Mar

Ravindra 221
 2004
5 Mar
18 51 19.1 4 West Indies Australia Port of Spain
1999
19 51 33.2 4 England West Indies Jamaica 4 Feb 2009
14 Aug
20 52 42.1 1 England Australia The Oval
1948
24 Oct
21 53 25.3 4 West Indies Pakistan Faisalabad
1986
11 Oct
22 53 24.5 3 Pakistan Australia Sharjah
2002
22 Jun
23 53 22.3 1 Australia England Lord's
1896
16 Jul
24 53 50.0 2 England Australia Lord's
1888
29 Mar
25 54 32.2 3 New Zealand Australia Wellington
1946
South 4 Mar
26 54 31.2 1 Zimbabwe Cape Town
Africa 2005
29 Jun
27 54 26.4 3 West Indies England Lord's
2000
24 Dec
28 57 33.4 4 South Africa England Johannesburg
1956
4 Dec
29 58 12.3 4 Australia England Brisbane
1936
17 Jul
30 58 21.4 2 India England Manchester
1952
10 Jun
31 58 26.1 1 South Africa England Lord's
1912
28 Nov
32 58 21.3 2 India Australia Brisbane
1947
11 Oct
33 59 31.5 1 Pakistan Australia Sharjah
2002
16 Jul
34 60 29.2 3 Australia England Lord's
1888
35 61 15.4 2 England Australia Melbourne 1 Jan 1902
17 Aug
36 61 26.2 3 West Indies England Leeds
2000
37 61 31.2 2 England Australia Melbourne 5 Mar

Ravindra 222
 1904
16 Jul
38 62 47.0 4 England Australia Lord's
1888
39 62 25.2 1 Bangladesh Sri Lanka Colombo (PSS) 3 Jul 2007
13 Nov
40 62 21.2 2 Pakistan Australia Perth
1981
28 Aug
41 63 80.0 1 Australia England The Oval
1882
16 Mar
42 63 47.0 4 Zimbabwe West Indies Port of Spain
2000
New 10 Feb
43 64 27.3 4 England Wellington
Zealand 1978
25 Feb
44 65 37.6 1 New Zealand England Christchurch
1971
45 65 38.5 2 England Australia Sydney 1 Feb 1895
19 Aug
46 65 22.4 4 Australia England The Oval
1912
South 26 Dec
47 66 34.1 4 India Durban
Africa 1996
30 Nov
48 66 25.3 4 Australia England Brisbane
1928
49 67 24.2 3 India Australia Melbourne 6 Feb 1948
24 Aug
50 67 37.1 3 New Zealand England Lord's
1978
51 67 59.1 1 New Zealand England Leeds 3 Jul 1958
12 Aug
52 68 60.2 2 Australia England The Oval
1886
7 Nov
53 70 39.2 1 New Zealand Pakistan Dhaka
1955
30 Aug
54 70 31.1 1 Australia England Manchester
1888
55 71 32.5 2 England West Indies Manchester 8 Jul 1976
26 Aug
56 71 28.2 1 Sri Lanka Pakistan Kandy
1994
57 72 50.1 4 South Africa England Cape Town 1 Jan 1957
16 Dec
58 72 31.3 4 Pakistan Australia Perth
2004
59 72 29.1 3 England Australia Sydney 1 Feb 1895

Ravindra 223
60 72 29.1 3 England Australia Sydney 1 Feb 1895
61 73 24.5 3 Sri Lanka Pakistan Kandy 3 Apr 2006
1 May
62 73 30.2 2 New Zealand Pakistan Lahore
2002
63 74 62.2 1 New Zealand West Indies Dunedin 3 Feb 1956
27 May
64 74 46.0 1 Australia England Birmingham
1909
19 Jun
65 74 50.3 3 New Zealand England Lord's
1958
29 Jul
66 75 44.4 4 South Africa England Leeds
1907
29 Dec
67 75 40.1 1 England Australia Melbourne
1894
South 20 Jan
68 75 28.4 2 Australia Durban
Africa 1950
25 Nov
69 75 30.5 1 India West Indies Delhi
1987

ODI Records :- Most Runs in Career

# Player Name Team Mat Inns No Runs Ave HS 100s 50s 0s Period
1668 44.372 1
1 Sachin Tendulkar Ind 425 415 39 43 91 20 1989
4 3 86*
1315 32.713
2 Sanath Jayasuriya SL 432 420 18 189 28 67 33 1989
1 9
39.525 1 1991-
3 Inzamam-ul-Haq Pak 378 350 53 11739 10 83 20
3 37* 2007
42.520
4 Ricky Ponting Aus 315 306 35 11523 164 26 67 17 1995
3
41.021 1992-
5 Sourav Ganguly Ind 311 300 23 11363 183 22 72 16
7 2007
1058 39.496 1996-
6 Rahul Dravid Ind 333 308 40 153 12 81 13
5 3 2007
1040 40.486 1990-
7 Brian Lara WI 299 289 32 169 19 63 16
5 4 2007
1023 45.305
8 Jacques Kallis SA 291 277 51 139 16 73 15 1996
9 3

Ravindra 224
 35.891 1996-
9 Adam Gilchrist Aus 287 279 11 9619 172 16 55 19
8 2008
Mohammad 36.921 1 1985-
10 Ind 334 308 54 9378 7 58 9
Azharuddin 3 53* 2000
34.902 1984-
11 Aravinda de Silva SL 308 296 30 9284 145 11 64 17
3 2003
43.182 1 1998-
12 Mohammad Yousuf Pak 269 254 40 9241 15 62 15
2 41* 2008
39.213 1989-
13 Saeed Anwar Pak 247 244 19 8823 194 20 43 15
3 2003
41.378 1 1978-
14 Desmond Haynes WI 238 237 28 8648 17 57 13
0 53* 1994
37.572 1 1990-
15 Marvan Atapattu SL 268 259 32 8529 11 59 13
7 32* 2007
39.351 1988-
16 Mark Waugh Aus 244 236 20 8500 173 18 50 16
9 2002
Shivnarine 41.541
17 WI 246 231 37 8059 150 10 53 5 1994
Chanderpaul 2
32.039
18 Mahela Jayawardene SL 299 280 29 8042 128 10 49 23 1998
8
36.371
19 Herschelle Gibbs SA 244 237 16 8038 175 21 37 22 1996
0
32.407 1 1994-
20 Stephen Fleming NZ 280 269 21 8037 8 49 17
3 34* 2007
32.908 1 1986-
21 Steve Waugh Aus 325 288 58 7569 3 45 15
7 20* 2002
35.846 1 1982-
22 Arjuna Ranatunga SL 269 255 47 7456 4 49 18
2 31* 1999
36.313 1
23 Kumar Sangakkara SL 246 229 25 7408 10 48 9 2000
7 38*
41.700 1975-
24 Javed Miandad Pak 233 218 41 7381 119* 8 50 8
6 1996
40.327 1
25 Chris Gayle WI 199 194 14 7259 19 38 18 1999
8 53*
32.889 1982-
26 Saleem Malik Pak 283 256 38 7170 102 5 47 19
9 1999
34.926 1 1995-
27 Nathan Astle NZ 223 217 14 7090 16 41 19
1 45* 2007
28 Michael Bevan Aus 232 196 67 6912 53.581 1 6 46 5 1994-

Ravindra 225
 4 08* 2004
37.431
29 Yuvraj Singh Ind 232 213 30 6850 139 11 40 12 2000
7
40.945 1 1993-
30 Gary Kirsten SA 185 185 19 6797 13 45 11
8 88* 2003
35.343 1992-
31 Andy Flower Zim 213 208 16 6786 145 4 55 13
8 2003
47.000 1 1975-
32 Viv Richards WI 187 167 24 6721 11 45 7
0 89* 1991
34.333
33 Virender Sehwag Ind 205 200 8 6592 130 11 35 11 1999
3
32.335 1 1986-
34 Ijaz Ahmed Pak 250 232 29 6564 10 37 14
0 42* 2000
33.690 1 1992-
35 Grant Flower Zim 219 212 18 6536 6 40 18
7 42* 2004
30.629 1 1979-
36 Allan Border Aus 273 252 39 6524 3 39 11
1 27* 1994
1983-
37 Richie Richardson WI 224 217 30 6248 33.4118 122 5 44 8
1996
43.807 1
38 Matthew Hayden Aus 161 155 15 6133 10 36 9 1993
1 81*
44.617 1984-
39 Dean Jones Aus 164 161 25 6068 145 7 46 6
6 1994
37.043 1984-
40 David Boon Aus 181 177 16 5964 122 5 37 6
5 1995
1992-
41 Jonty Rhodes SA 245 220 51 5935 35.1183 121 2 33 12
2003
32.093 1985-
42 Ramiz Raja Pak 198 197 15 5841 119* 9 31 15
4 1997
35.343 1987-
43 Carl Hooper WI 227 206 43 5761 113* 7 29 7
6 2003
38.645 1992-
44 Hansie Cronje SA 188 175 31 5565 112 2 39 8
8 2000
23.239
45 Shahid Afridi Pak 272 254 16 5531 109 4 29 23 1996
5
37.475 1992-
46 Ajay Jadeja Ind 196 179 36 5359 119 6 30 10
5 2000
40.809 1 1992-
47 Damien Martyn Aus 208 182 51 5346 5 37 10
2 44* 2006

Ravindra 226
 34.083
48 Younis Khan Pak 182 176 20 5317 144 6 35 15 2000
3
40.392 1
49 Graeme Smith SA 141 139 9 5251 7 38 8 2002
3 34*
30.500 1 1992-
50 Alistair Campbell Zim 188 184 14 5185 7 30 11
0 31* 2003
29.497 1986-
51 Roshan Mahanama SL 213 198 23 5162 119* 4 35 15
1 1999
45.035 1 1975-
52 Gordon Greenidge WI 128 127 13 5134 11 31 3
1 33* 1991
40.064
53 Andrew Symonds Aus 194 158 33 5008 156 6 29 15 1998
0

ODI Records :- Highest Individual Scores

Ravindra 227
ODI Records :- Most Wickets in a Career

# Player Name Team Mat Overs Runs Wkts Ave Best 4w 5w Period
Muttiah
1 SL 329 17713 11485 505 22.7426 7-30 14 10 1993
Muralitharan
2 Wasim Akram Pak 356 18186 11812 502 23.5299 5-15 17 6 1984-2003

Ravindra 228
3 Waqar Younis Pak 262 12698 9913 416 23.8293 7-36 14 13 1989-2003
4 Chaminda Vaas SL 322 15775 11014 400 27.5350 8-19 9 4 1994
5 Shaun Pollock SA 303 15712 9631 393 24.5064 6-35 12 5 1996-2008
6 Glenn McGrath Aus 250 12970 8391 381 22.0236 7-15 9 7 1993-2007
7 Anil Kumble Ind 271 14496 10412 337 30.8961 6-12 8 2 1990-2007
8 Javagal Srinath Ind 229 11935 8847 315 28.0857 5-23 7 3 1991-2003
9 Sanath Jayasuriya SL 432 14484 11504 313 36.7540 6-29 8 4 1989
10 Brett Lee Aus 173 8853 6955 303 22.9538 5-22 11 8 2000
11 Shane Warne Aus 194 10642 7541 293 25.7372 5-33 12 1 1993-2005
12 Saqlain Mushtaq Pak 169 8770 6275 288 21.7882 5-20 11 6 1995-2003
13 Ajit Agarkar Ind 191 9484 8021 288 27.8507 6-42 10 2 1998
14 Allan Donald SA 164 8561 5926 272 21.7868 6-23 11 2 1991-2003
15 Makhaya Ntini SA 173 8687 6559 266 24.6579 6-22 8 4 1998
16 Kapil Dev Ind 225 11202 6945 253 27.4506 5-43 3 1 1978-1994
17 Shahid Afridi Pak 272 11224 8667 249 34.8072 6-38 2 3 1996
18 Jacques Kallis SA 291 9790 7881 247 31.9069 5-30 2 2 1996
19 Abdul Razzaq Pak 231 9797 7658 246 31.1301 6-35 8 3 1996-2007
20 Daniel Vettori NZ 239 11234 7819 241 32.4440 5-7 7 2 1997
21 Heath Streak Zim 189 9468 7129 239 29.8285 5-32 7 1 1993-2005
22 Darren Gough Eng 159 8470 6209 235 26.4213 5-44 10 2 1994-2006
23 Courtney Walsh WI 205 10822 6918 227 30.4758 5-1 6 1 1985-2000
24 Curtly Ambrose WI 176 9353 5429 225 24.1289 5-17 6 4 1988-2000
25 Zaheer Khan Ind 162 8097 6566 225 29.1822 5-42 7 1 2000
26 Shoaib Akhtar Pak 141 6672 5204 220 23.6545 6-16 6 4 1998
27 Harbhajan Singh Ind 185 9672 6808 207 32.8889 5-31 2 2 1998
28 Craig McDermott Aus 138 7461 5018 203 24.7192 5-44 4 1 1985-1996
29 Chris Harris NZ 250 10667 7613 203 37.5025 5-42 2 1 1990-2004
30 Chris Cairns NZ 215 8168 6594 201 32.8060 5-42 3 1 1991-2006
31 Venkatesh Prasad Ind 161 8129 6321 196 32.2500 5-27 3 1 1994-2001
32 Steve Waugh Aus 325 8883 6761 195 34.6718 4-33 3 0 1986-2002
33 Carl Hooper WI 227 9573 6958 193 36.0518 4-34 3 0 1987-2003
34 Lance Klusener SA 171 7336 5751 192 29.9531 6-49 1 6 1996-2004
35 Imran Khan Pak 175 7461 4844 182 26.6154 6-14 3 1 1974-1992

Ravindra 229
36 Aaqib Javed Pak 163 8012 5721 182 31.4341 7-37 2 4 1988-1998
37 Andrew Flintoff Eng 141 5624 4121 169 24.3846 5-19 6 2 1999
38 Dilhara Fernando SL 132 5730 4952 166 29.8313 6-27 3 1 2001
39 Nathan Bracken Aus 107 5216 3887 164 23.7012 5-47 5 2 2001
40 Mushtaq Ahmed Pak 144 7543 5361 161 33.2981 5-36 3 1 1989-2003
41 Richard Hadlee NZ 115 6182 3407 158 21.5633 5-25 1 5 1973-1990
42 Manoj Prabhakar Ind 130 6360 4534 157 28.8790 5-33 4 2 1984-1996
Malcolm
43 WI 136 7175 4233 157 26.9618 4-18 6 0 1980-1992
Marshall
44 Brad Hogg Aus 123 5564 4168 156 26.7179 5-32 4 2 1996-2008
45 Sachin Tendulkar Ind 425 8015 6806 154 44.1948 5-32 4 2 1989
46 Irfan Pathan Ind 107 5194 4547 152 29.9145 5-27 4 1 2004
47 Upul Chandana SL 147 6142 4818 151 31.9073 5-61 4 1 1994-2007
48 Chris Gayle WI 199 6419 5056 151 33.4834 5-46 3 1 1999
49 Kyle Mills NZ 102 5042 3936 149 26.4161 5-25 6 1 2001
50 Joel Garner WI 98 5330 2752 146 18.8493 5-31 2 3 1977-1987
51 Ian Botham Eng 117 6271 4139 145 28.5448 5-56 3 0 1976-1992
52 Jason Gillespie Aus 97 5144 3611 142 25.4296 5-22 3 3 1996-2005
53 Michael Holding WI 102 5473 3034 142 21.3662 5-26 5 1 1976-1992
54 Ewen Chatfield NZ 114 6065 3618 140 25.8429 5-34 3 1 1979-1989
Kumar
55 SL 141 7009 4998 138 36.2174 4-37 1 0 1994-2004
Dharmasena
56 James Anderson Eng 106 5103 4207 136 30.9338 4-23 7 0 2002
57 Mashrafe Mortaza Ban 103 5280 4025 135 29.8148 6-26 5 1 2001
58 Damien Fleming Aus 88 4619 3402 134 25.3881 5-36 4 1 1994-2001
59 Abdul Qadir Pak 104 5100 3454 132 26.1667 5-44 4 2 1983-1993
60 Jacob Oram NZ 130 5506 4050 131 30.9160 5-26 2 2 2001
61 Mervyn Dillon WI 108 5480 4218 130 32.4462 5-29 3 3 1997-2005

ODI Records :- Highest Team Totals

Ravindra 230
# Runs Overs Inn Team Opposition Venue Date
1 443-9 50 1 Sri Lanka Netherlands Amstelveen 4 Jul 2006
2 438-9 49.5 2 South Africa Australia Johannesburg 12 Mar 2006
3 434-4 50 1 Australia South Africa Johannesburg 12 Mar 2006
4 418-5 50 1 South Africa Zimbabwe Potchefstroom 20 Sep 2006
5 413-5 50 1 India Bermuda Port of Spain 19 Mar 2007
6 402-2 50 1 New Zealand Zimbabwe Bulawayo 24 Aug 2005
7 398-5 50 1 Sri Lanka Kenya Kandy 6 Mar 1996
8 397-5 44 1 New Zealand Zimbabwe Bulawayo 24 Aug 2005
9 392-6 50 1 South Africa Pakistan Centurion 4 Feb 2007
10 392-4 50 1 India New Zealand Christchurch 8 Mar 2009
11 391-4 50 1 England Bangladesh Nottingham 21 Jun 2005
12 387-5 50 1 India England Rajkot 14 Nov 2008
13 377-6 50 1 Australia South Africa Basseterre 24 Mar 2007
14 376-2 50 1 India New Zealand Hyderabad (Ind) 8 Nov 1999
15 374-4 50 1 India Hong Kong Karachi 25 Jun 2008
16 373-6 50 1 India Sri Lanka Taunton 26 May 1999
17 371-9 50 1 Pakistan Sri Lanka Nairobi (Gym) 4 Oct 1996
18 368-5 50 1 Australia Sri Lanka Sydney 12 Feb 2006
19 363-7 55 1 England Pakistan Nottingham 20 Aug 1992
20 363-5 50 1 India Sri Lanka Colombo (RPS) 3 Feb 2009
21 363-5 50 1 New Zealand Canada Gros Islet 22 Mar 2007
22 363-3 50 1 South Africa Zimbabwe Bulawayo 23 Sep 2001
23 360-4 50 1 West Indies Sri Lanka Karachi 13 Oct 1987
24 359-5 50 1 Australia India Sydney 8 Feb 2004
25 359-2 50 1 Australia India Johannesburg 23 Mar 2003
26 358-5 50 1 Australia Netherlands Basseterre 18 Mar 2007
27 358-4 50 1 South Africa Bangladesh Benoni 9 Nov 2008
28 357-9 50 1 Sri Lanka Bangladesh Lahore 25 Jun 2008
29 356-9 50 1 India Pakistan Visakhapatnam 5 Apr 2005
30 356-4 50 1 South Africa West Indies St George's 10 Apr 2007
31 354-3 50 1 South Africa Kenya Cape Town 22 Oct 2001
32 353-6 50 1 Pakistan England Karachi 15 Dec 2005

Ravindra 231
33 353-5 50 1 India New Zealand Hyderabad (Ind) 15 Nov 2003
34 353-3 40 1 South Africa Netherlands Basseterre 16 Mar 2007
35 351-7 50 1 Zimbabwe Kenya Mombasa 29 Jan 2009
36 351-4 50 1 Pakistan South Africa Durban 7 Feb 2007
37 351-3 50 1 India Kenya Paarl 24 Oct 2001
38 350-9 49.3 2 New Zealand Australia Hamilton 20 Feb 2007
39 350-6 50 1 India Sri Lanka Nagpur 25 Oct 2005
40 349-9 50 1 New Zealand India Rajkot 5 Nov 1999
41 349-9 50 1 Sri Lanka Pakistan Singapore 2 Apr 1996
42 349-7 50 1 India Pakistan Karachi 13 Mar 2004
43 349-6 50 1 Australia New Zealand Christchurch 26 Feb 2000
44 349 49.5 1 Pakistan Zimbabwe Kingston 21 Mar 2007
45 348-8 50 1 New Zealand India Nagpur 26 Nov 1995
46 348-6 50 1 Australia New Zealand St George's 20 Apr 2007
47 348-5 50 1 India Bangladesh Dhaka 27 Dec 2004
48 347-6 50 1 West Indies Zimbabwe Bulawayo 22 Nov 2003
49 347-5 50 1 Australia New Zealand Napier 5 Mar 2005
50 347-5 50 1 Pakistan Zimbabwe Karachi 21 Jan 2008
51 347-4 50 1 New Zealand USA The Oval 10 Sep 2004
52 347-3 50 1 Kenya Bangladesh Nairobi (Gym) 10 Oct 1997
53 347-2 50 1 Australia India Bangalore 12 Nov 2003
54 346-5 50 1 Australia New Zealand Hamilton 20 Feb 2007
55 344-8 50 2 Pakistan India Karachi 13 Mar 2004
56 344-8 50 1 ICC World XI Asia XI Melbourne 10 Jan 2005
57 344-7 50 1 Australia Zimbabwe Hobart 16 Jan 2004
58 344-6 50 1 Australia South Africa Sydney 5 Feb 2006
59 344-5 50 1 Pakistan Zimbabwe Bulawayo 24 Nov 2002
60 343-5 50 1 Sri Lanka Australia Sydney 9 Jan 2003
61 343-5 50 1 Australia New Zealand Perth 28 Jan 2007
62 343-5 50 1 Pakistan Hong Kong Colombo (SSC) 18 Jul 2004
63 341-8 50 1 Australia West Indies Basseterre 6 Jul 2008
64 341-3 50 1 India West Indies Vadodara 31 Jan 2007
65 340-7 50 2 New Zealand England Napier 20 Feb 2008

Ravindra 232
66 340-6 50 1 England New Zealand Napier 20 Feb 2008
67 340-5 48.4 2 New Zealand Australia Auckland 18 Feb 2007
68 340-2 50 1 Zimbabwe Namibia Harare 10 Feb 2003
69 339-4 50 1 West Indies Pakistan Adelaide 28 Jan 2005
70 339-4 50 1 Sri Lanka Pakistan Mohali 24 May 1997
71 338-7 50 1 Zimbabwe Bermuda Port of Spain 18 May 2006
72 338-6 50 1 Australia West Indies Melbourne 9 Feb 2001
73 338-5 60 1 Pakistan Sri Lanka Swansea 9 Jun 1983
74 338-4 50 1 New Zealand Bangladesh Sharjah 28 Apr 1990
75 338-4 50 1 Australia India Visakhapatnam 3 Apr 2001
76 338-3 50 1 India West Indies Nagpur 21 Jan 2007
77 337-7 50 1 Asia XI Africa XI Chennai 9 Jun 2007
78 337-7 50 1 Australia Pakistan Sydney 4 Feb 2000
79 336-7 50 1 South Africa Kenya Bloemfontein 31 Oct 2008
80 336-4 50 1 Australia New Zealand Auckland 18 Feb 2007
81 335-6 50 1 Pakistan South Africa Port Elizabeth 11 Dec 2002
82 335-5 50 2 New Zealand Australia Perth 28 Jan 2007
83 335-5 50 1 New Zealand Bangladesh Napier 28 Dec 2007
84 334-6 50 1 Australia Scotland Basseterre 14 Mar 2007
85 334-4 60 1 England India Lord's 7 Jun 1975
86 334 45.1 2 New Zealand India Christchurch 8 Mar 2009
87 333-9 60 1 England Sri Lanka Taunton 11 Jun 1983
88 333-8 45 1 West Indies India Jamshedpur 7 Dec 1983
89 333-7 50 1 West Indies Sri Lanka Sharjah 16 Oct 1995
90 333-6 50 1 West Indies Zimbabwe Georgetown 7 May 2006
91 333-6 50 1 India Zimbabwe Guwahati 19 Mar 2002
92 332-8 50 1 Sri Lanka Bangladesh Karachi 30 Jun 2008
93 332-8 49 2 New Zealand Australia Christchurch 10 Dec 2005
94 332-5 50 1 India Sri Lanka Colombo (RPS) 5 Feb, 2009
95 332-5 50 1 Australia Pakistan Nairobi (Gym) 30 Aug 2002
96 332-3 50 1 Australia Sri Lanka Sharjah 2 May 1990
97 331-8 50 1 Asia XI Africa XI Chennai 10 Jun 2007
98 331-7 50 1 Australia New Zealand Christchurch 10 Dec 2005

Ravindra 233
99 330-8 50 1 India Pakistan Dhaka (SBNS) 10 Jun 2008
100 330-7 49.1 2 Australia South Africa Port Elizabeth 6 Apr 2002
101 330-6 60 1 Pakistan Sri Lanka Nottingham 14 Jun 1975
102 329-7 50 1 India England Bristol 24 Aug 2007
103 329-6 50 1 South Africa Zimbabwe Durban 27 Feb 2005
104 329-6 50 1 Pakistan India Rawalpindi 16 Mar 2004
105 329-5 50 1 Australia India Adelaide 26 Jan 2000
106 329-5 50 1 Australia India Adelaide 26 Jan 2000
107 329 49.3 2 Sri Lanka West Indies Sharjah 16 Oct 1995
108 328-5 60 1 Australia Sri Lanka The Oval 11 Jun 1975
109 328-5 50 1 Kenya Scotland Mombasa 17 Jan 2007
110 328-4 50 1 Australia ICC World XI Melbourne 7 Oct 2005
111 328-3 50 1 South Africa Netherlands Rawalpindi 5 Mar 1996
112 328-2 50 1 Pakistan New Zealand Sharjah 20 Apr 1994
113 328 49.4 1 India Pakistan Peshawar 6 Feb 2006
114 327-5 50 1 Pakistan India Chennai 21 May 1997
115 327-4 50 1 England Pakistan Lahore 10 Dec 2005
116 326-8 49.3 2 India England Lord's 13 Jul 2002
117 326-3 50 1 South Africa Australia Port Elizabeth 6 Apr 2002
118 325-6 50 1 Zimbabwe Kenya Dhaka 27 Mar 1999
119 325-5 50 1 England India Lord's 13 Jul 2002
120 325-5 47.4 2 India West Indies Ahmedabad 15 Nov 2002

ODI Records :- Lowest Team Totals

Ravindra 234
Ravindra 235
ODI Records :- Fastest 50s

Ravindra 236
09
/11
/2
00
8

32
Ab
du
l
Ra
zz
aq
Pa
kis
tan
Ne
w
Ze
ala
nd
W
ell
in
gt
on
89
23
9
5
17
/0
1/
20
04

33
Sa
lee
m
M
ali
k
Pa
kis
tan
In
dia
Ca

Ravindra 237
ODI Records :- Fastest 100s

Ravindra 238
a
Au
str
ali
a
Jo
ha
nn
es
bu
rg
17
5
79
21
7
12
/0
3/
20
06

56
Za
he
er
Ab
ba
s
Pa
kis
tan
In
dia
La
ho
re
10
5
79
8
1
31
/1
2/
19
82

Ravindra 239
T20I Records :- Most Wickets in a Career

Ravindra 240
66
7
3-
23
0
0
20
08

62
T
ho
m
as
O
do
yo
K
en
8
15
0
12
2
6
20
.3
33
3
2-
13
0
0
20
07

63
Jo
hn
Bl
ai
n
Sc
ot
6
12
0
10
8

Ravindra 241
T20I Records :- Most Runs in Career

# Player Name Team Mat Inns No Runs Ave HS 100s 50s 0s Period
Brendon
1 NZ 21 21 4 582 34.2353 69* 0 4 0 2005
McCullum
2 Misbah-ul-Haq Pak 14 13 6 398 56.8571 87* 0 3 0 2007
3 Shoaib Malik Pak 16 15 3 383 31.9167 57 0 2 0 2006
4 Ricky Ponting Aus 15 14 2 376 31.3333 98* 0 2 1 2005
5 Kevin Pietersen Eng 15 15 1 375 26.7857 79 0 1 1 2005
6 Graeme Smith SA 12 12 2 364 36.4000 89* 0 3 0 2005
7 Paul Collingwood Eng 15 14 0 344 24.5714 79 0 2 1 2005
8 Sanath Jayasuriya SL 11 11 1 341 34.1000 88 0 3 2 2006
9 Andrew Symonds Aus 13 10 4 337 56.1667 85* 0 2 1 2005
10 Gautam Gambhir Ind 12 11 0 328 29.8182 75 0 4 1 2007
11 Ross Taylor NZ 17 16 1 323 21.5333 63 0 2 2 2006
12 Matthew Hayden Aus 9 9 3 308 51.3333 73* 0 4 0 2005-2007
13 Jacob Oram NZ 13 12 4 293 36.6250 66* 0 2 1 2005
14 Albie Morkel SA 16 13 1 284 23.6667 43 0 0 0 2005
15 Jean-Paul Duminy SA 10 10 1 279 31.0000 78 0 2 2 2007
16 Adam Gilchrist Aus 13 13 1 272 22.6667 48 0 0 0 2005-2008
17 Scott Styris NZ 15 14 0 272 19.4286 66 0 1 0 2005
18 Salman Butt Pak 12 11 1 266 26.6000 74 0 1 0 2007
19 Yuvraj Singh Ind 10 9 1 262 32.7500 70 0 3 0 2007
20 Chris Gayle WI 7 7 0 261 37.2857 117 1 2 1 2006
21 Younis Khan Pak 15 14 0 260 18.5714 51 0 1 2 2006
Hamilton
22 Zim 7 7 0 258 36.8571 79 0 2 0 2006
Masakadza
23 Herschelle Gibbs SA 14 14 1 245 18.8462 90* 0 2 4 2005
24 Owais Shah Eng 11 10 1 241 26.7778 55* 0 1 0 2007
25 Virender Sehwag Ind 12 11 0 223 20.2727 68 0 1 1 2006
26 Aftab Ahmed Ban 9 9 1 215 26.8750 62* 0 1 0 2006

Ravindra 242
 Mahendra Singh
27 Ind 13 12 3 215 23.8889 45 0 0 1 2006
Dhoni
Mahela
28 SL 11 11 2 210 23.3333 65 0 1 2 2006
Jayawardene
29 Mark Boucher SA 13 11 2 203 22.5556 36* 0 0 0 2005
30 Justin Kemp SA 8 7 3 203 50.7500 89* 0 1 0 2005
31 Imran Nazir Pak 10 9 1 201 25.1250 59 0 1 0 2007
Tillakaratne
32 SL 12 11 2 197 21.8889 61 0 1 1 2006
Dilshan
33 Shahid Afridi Pak 15 14 0 195 13.9286 39 0 0 1 2006
34 Craig McMillan NZ 8 7 1 187 31.1667 57 0 1 0 2005
35 Jehan Mubarak SL 9 8 2 182 30.3333 46* 0 0 1 2007
Mohammad
36 Pak 9 9 0 182 20.2222 46 0 0 0 2006
Hafeez
Mohammed
37 Ban 7 7 0 178 25.4286 81 0 1 2 2007
Nazimuddin
38 David Hussey Aus 7 6 1 177 35.4000 88* 0 1 1 2008
39 David Warner Aus 5 5 0 177 35.4000 89 0 1 0 2009
40 Michael Clarke Aus 16 12 3 176 19.5556 37* 0 0 0 2005
41 AB de Villiers SA 15 14 3 176 16.0000 52* 0 1 3 2006
42 Lou Vincent NZ 9 9 0 174 19.3333 42 0 0 1 2006
43 Devon Smith WI 5 5 0 166 33.2000 61 0 2 0 2007
Marcus
44 Eng 3 3 0 166 55.3333 72 0 2 0 2005-2006
Trescothick
Mohammad
45 Ban 9 9 0 164 18.2222 61 0 1 0 2007
Ashraful
46 Cameron White Aus 7 7 3 152 38.0000 40* 0 0 0 2007

ICC Rankings

Ravindra 243
2
M
Huss
ey
Aus
814

3
C.H.
Gayle
WI
782

4
S.
Chan
derpa
ul
WI
778

5
Yuvra
j
Singh
Ind
769

6
G
Smith
SA
749

7
V.
Sehw
ag
Ind
747

8
Moha
mma
d
Yous
uf
Pak
716

Ravindra 244
 Football

FIFA
Fédération Internationale de Football
Association

Motto For the Good of The Game

Formation May 21, 1904
Type SPORTS FEDERATION
Headquarters ZÜRICH, SWITZERLAND
Membership 208 NATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS

The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (French for

International Federation of Association Football), commonly known by
its acronym, FIFA (usually pronounced /fi ːf ə / or /fi ː fæ /), is the
international governing body of association football . Its headquarters
are in Zürich , Switzerland, and its current president is Sepp Blatter .
FIFA is responsible for the organization and governance of football's

Ravindra 245
major international tournaments, most notably the FIFA World Cup ,
held since 1930.
FIFA has 208 member associations, which is 16 more than the United
Nations and 3 more than the International Olympic Committee , though
5 fewer than the International Association of Athletics Federations .
History
The need for a single body to oversee the worldwide game
became apparent at the beginning of the 20th century with the
increasing popularity of international fixtures. FIFA was
founded in Paris on May 21, 1904 — the French name and
acronym persist to this day, even outside French-speaking
countries. Its first president was Robert Guérin .
FIFA presided over its first international competition in 1906,
but this met with little approval or success. This, in
combination with economic factors, led to the swift
replacement of Guérin with Daniel Burley Woolfall from England,
by now a member association. The next tournament staged, the
football competition for the 1908 Olympics in London was more
successful, despite the presence of professional footballers,
contrary to the founding principles of FIFA.
Membership of FIFA expanded beyond Europe with the
application of South Africa in 1909, Argentina and Chile in 1912,
and Canada and the United States in 1913.
FIFA, however, floundered during World War I , with many players
sent off to war and the possibility of travel for international
fixtures severely limited. Post-war, following the death of
Woolfall, the organisation was run by Dutchman Carl
Hirschmann . It was saved from extinction, but at the cost of the
withdrawal of the Home Nations (of the United Kingdom), who
cited an unwillingness to participate in international
competitions with their recent World War enemies. The Home
Nations later resumed their membership.
The FIFA collection is held by the National Football Museum in
England.
Structure

Map of the World with the six confederations.

Ravindra 246
FIFA is an association established under the Laws of
Switzerland. Its headquarters are in Zurich.
FIFA's supreme body is the FIFA Congress, an assembly made
up of representatives from each affiliated member association.
The Congress assembles in ordinary session once every year
and, additionally, extraordinary sessions have been held once a
year since 1998. Only the Congress can pass changes to FIFA's
statutes.
Congress elects the President of FIFA, its General Secretary
and the other members of FIFA's Executive Committee. The
President and General Secretary are the main officeholders of
FIFA, and are in charge of its daily administration, carried out
by the General Secretariat, with its staff of approximately 280
members.
FIFA's Executive Committee, chaired by the President, is the
main decision-making body of the organization in the intervals
of Congress. FIFA's worldwide organisational structure also
consists of several other bodies, under authority of the
Executive Committee or created by Congress as standing
committees. Among those bodies are the Finance Committee,
the Disciplinary Committee, the Referees Committee, etc.
Aside from its worldwide institutions (presidency, Executive
Committee, Congress, etc.) there are confederations
recognised by FIFA which oversee the game in the different
continents and regions of the world. National associations, and
not the continental confederations, are members of FIFA. The
continental confederations are provided for in FIFA's statutes.
National associations must claim membership to both FIFA and
the confederation in which their nation is geographically
resident for their teams to qualify for entry to FIFA's
competitions (with a few geographic exceptions listed below):
AFC - Asian Football Confederation in Asia and Australia
CAF - Confédération Africaine de Football in Africa
CONCACAF - Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean
Association Football in North America and Central America
CONMEBOL - Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol in South
America
OFC - Oceania Football Confederation in Oceania
UEFA - Union of European Football Associations in Europe.
Nations straddling the traditional boundary between Europe
and Asia have generally had their choice of confederation. As a
result, a number of transcontinental nations including Russia ,
Turkey , Cyprus , Armenia , Azerbaijan and Georgia have chosen to
become part of UEFA despite the bulk of their land area being
in Asia. Israel , although lying entirely within Asia, joined UEFA
in 1994, after decades of its football teams being boycotted by

Ravindra 247
many Arab and predominantly Muslim AFC countries. Kazakhstan
moved from the AFC to UEFA in 2002. Australia was the latest to
move from the OFC to AFC in January 2006.
Guyana and Suriname have always been CONCACAF members
despite being South American countries.
No team from the OFC is offered automatic qualification to the
World Cup. In recent World Cup qualifying cycles, the winner of
their section had to play a play-off against a CONMEBOL side, a
hurdle at which Australia have traditionally fallen. In an effort
to improve their national and domestic teams Australia moved
to the AFC in 2006. This allows Australia to play in Asian
tournaments of a much higher standard (as well as being more
numerous) such as the AFC Asian Cup and the Asian Champions
League .
Australia successfully qualified for the 2006 FIFA World Cup by
winning just such a playoff in a penalty shootout against Uruguay ,
just a few months after the clearance to move was granted.
Initially, the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification cycle was planned
to provide the winner of OFC qualifying with a place in the final
AFC qualification group, but this was scrapped in favour of a
playoff between the OFC winner and an AFC team for a World
Cup place.
In total, FIFA recognises 208 national associations and their
associated men's national teams as well as 129 women's
national teams; see the list of national football teams and their
respective country codes . Curiously, FIFA has more member
states than the United Nations , as FIFA recognises several non-
sovereign entities as distinct nations, most notably the four
Home Nations within the United Kingdom. The FIFA World Rankings
are updated monthly and rank each team based on their
performance in international competitions, qualifiers, and
friendly matches. There is also a world ranking for women's
football , updated four times a year.
Recognitions and awards
FIFA awards, each year, the title of FIFA World Player of the Year
to the most prestigious player of the year, as part of its annual
awards ceremony which also recognises team and international
football achievements.
In 1994 FIFA published the FIFA World Cup All-Time Team .
In 2002 FIFA announced the FIFA Dream Team , an all-time all-star
team chosen by fans in a poll.
As part of its centennial celebrations in 2004, FIFA organised a
"Match of the Century" between France and Brazil
Governance and game development
Laws of the Game
Main article: Laws of the Game

Ravindra 248
The laws that govern football, known officially as the Laws of
the Game, are not solely the responsibility of FIFA; they are
maintained by a body called the International Football Association
Board (IFAB). FIFA has members on its board (four
representatives); the other four are provided by the football
associations of the United Kingdom : England , Scotland , Wales , and
Northern Ireland , in recognition of their contribution to the
creation and history of the game. Changes to the Laws of the
Game must be agreed by at least six of the eight delegates.
Discipline of national associations
FIFA frequently takes active roles in the running of the sport
and developing the game around the world. One of its unique
policies is to suspend teams and associated members from
international competition when a government interferes in the
running of FIFA's associate member organisations or if the
associate is not functioning properly.
A recent high-profile suspension was of the Greek Football
Federation for political interference. [2 ] Another recent
suspension was on the Kenya Football Federation because it
was not running the game in Kenya properly [3 ] and also of Iraq.
The Asia wing of FIFA, the AFC is soon to force 22 leading
associations in Asia to increase transparency, competition,
quality training and a proper league structure with relegation,
promotion and a 2nd division. Suspension will be imposed on
any associate which doesn't co-operate with the reform
outlines. Notably, one of the associations being targeted is that
of Australia , a country whose professional sport leagues are all
organised on the model of franchised teams and closed league
membership, a system most commonly identified with North
America . [4 ]
A 2007 FIFA ruling that a player can be registered with a
maximum of three clubs, and appear in official matches for a
maximum of three, in a year measured from July 1 to June 30
has led to controversy, especially in those countries whose
seasons cross that date barrier, as in the case of two former
Ireland internationals .
The Iraq national team was suspended in May 2008, due to
government interference with independent national sports
authorities. [5 ] However the decision was overturned by FIFA on
May 29, 2008, since the Iraqi government reversed its earlier
decision in dissolving the Iraq Football Association. [6 ]
FIFA altitude ban

La Paz , Bolivia . 3,600 m (12,000 ft) above sea level

Ravindra 249
FIFA attempted to address the issue of extreme altitude in May
2007, ruling that no future international matches could be
played at an altitude over 2500 m (8200 ft). [7 ]
The FIFA altitude ban would most notably have affected the
national teams of Andean countries. Under this proposal, Bolivia
would no longer be able to play international matches in La Paz
(3,600 m), Ecuador would be unable to play in Quito (2,800 m),
and Colombia could no longer play in Bogotá (2,640 m).
However, FIFA soon backed away from the proposal after
international condemnation, [8 ] and under political pressure
from the CONMEBOL countries, first extending the maximum
altitude to 2,800 m (9,190 ft) in June 2007, which made Bogotá
and Quito viable international venues once again, and then
waiving the restriction for La Paz in July 2007. [9 ]
The ban was reintroduced in December 2007 by FIFA for
matches 2,750 metres above sea level, unless players were
allowed to acclimatize . [1 0 ] However, the ban was again
suspended by FIFA in May 2008. [1 1 ]
Allegations of financial irregularities
In May 2006 British investigative reporter Andrew Jennings ' book
Foul (Harper Collins ) caused controversy within the football
world by detailing an alleged international cash-for-contracts
scandal following the collapse of FIFA's marketing partner ISL,
and revealed how some football officials have been urged to
secretly repay the sweeteners they received. The book also
exposed the vote-rigging that went on behind closed doors in
the fight for Sepp Blatter's continued control of FIFA.
Nearly simultaneous with the release of Foul was a BBC
television expose by Jennings and BBC producer Roger Corke
for the BBC news programme Panorama . In this hour-long
programme screened on June 11, 2006, Jennings and the
Panorama team submit that Sepp Blatter is being investigated
by Swiss police over his role in a secret deal to repay more than
£1m worth of bribes pocketed by football officials.
All testimonies offered in the Panorama expose were provided
through a disguised voice, appearance, or both, save one; Mel
Brennan , formerly a lecturer at Towson University in the United
States (and from 2001-2003 Head of Special Projects for
CONCACAF , a liaison to the e-FIFA project and a FIFA World Cup
delegate), became the first high-level football insider to go
public with substantial allegations of greed, corruption,
nonfeasance and malfeasance by CONCACAF and FIFA
leadership. During the Panorama expose, Brennan - the
highest-level African-American in the history of world football
governance - Jennings and many others exposed allegedly
inappropriate allocations of money at CONCACAF, and drew

Ravindra 250
connections between ostensible CONCACAF criminality and
similar behaviours at FIFA. Brennan's book, The Apprentice:
Tragicomic Times Among the Men Running - and Ruining - World
Football is due out in 2009.
FIFA Anthem
Since the 1994 FIFA World Cup like the UEFA Champions League
FIFA has adopted an anthem composed by the German
composer Franz Lambert . The FIFA Anthem or Hymn is played at
the beginning of FIFA structured matches and tournaments
such as international friendlies, the FIFA World Cup , FIFA Women's
World Cup , FIFA U-20 World Cup and FIFA Club World Cup . [1 2 ]

FIFA World Rankings April 2009

The top three teams in the world in April 2009 are unchanged with Euro 2008 winners Spain at the
top with Germany in second place and the Netherlands in third. England are in 7th after impressive
results in World Cup qualifying.

Japan are in 35th position. South Korea are down one to 45th position.

The USA are up at 15th. Scotland are in 24th position. The Republic of Ireland are down eight to
34th position.

Ranking Team
1 Spain
2 Germany
3 Netherlands
4 Brazil
5 Italy
6 Argentina
7 England
8 Croatia
9 Russia
10 France
11 Portugal
12 Czech Republic
13 Greece

Ravindra 251
 Ranking Team
14 Turkey
15 USA
16 Uruguay
17 Paraguay
18 Switzerland
19 Cameroon
20 Bulgaria
21 Israel
22 Ukraine
23 Serbia
24 Scotland
25 Mexico
26 Chile
27 Northern Ireland
28 Romania
29 Denmark
30 Nigeria
31 Ghana
32 Australia
33 Sweden
34 Republic of Ireland
35 Japan
36 Côte d'Ivoire
37 Egypt
38 Bosnia-Herzegovina
39 Honduras
40 Costa Rica
41 Poland
42 Ecuador
43 Colombia
44 Hungary
45 Korea Republic

Ravindra 252
 Ranking Team
46 Norway
47 Slovakia
48 Gabon
49 Mali
50 Morocco
51 Finland
52 Tunisia
53 Iran
53 Guinea
55 Saudi Arabia
56 Burkina Faso
57 Lithuania
58 Venezuela
59 Bolivia
60 Panama
61 Latvia
62 Belgium
63 Slovenia
64 FYR Macedonia
65 Togo
66 Senegal
67 Congo
68 Uganda
69 Gambia
70 Jamaica
71 Bahrain
72 Algeria
73 Wales
74 Cyprus
75 Trinidad and Tobago
76 Uzbekistan
77 South Africa

Ravindra 253
 Ranking Team
78 Austria
79 New Zealand
80 Belarus
81 Oman
82 Libya
83 Rwanda
84 Sudan
85 Iraq
86 Mozambique
87 Angola
88 Peru
89 Canada
90 Zambia
91 Albania
92 Moldova
93 Iceland
94 Benin
95 Congo DR
96 Qatar
97 Syria
98 Cuba
99 Ethiopia
100 China PR
101 Tanzania
102 El Salvador
103 Cape Verde Islands
104 Korea DPR
105 Fiji
106 Zimbabwe
107 Kenya
108 Grenada
109 Georgia

Ravindra 254
 Ranking Team
110 Sierra Leone
111 Guatemala
112 Malawi
113 Thailand
114 Bermuda
115 Estonia
116 Antigua and Barbuda
117 Montenegro
118 Equatorial Guinea
118 Haiti
120 Kuwait
121 Namibia
122 United Arab Emirates
123 Barbados
124 Botswana
125 Armenia
126 Luxembourg
127 Jordan
127 Guyana
129 Suriname
130 Chad
131 New Caledonia
132 Burundi
133 Singapore
134 Vietnam
135 Madagascar
136 Swaziland
137 Kazakhstan
138 Indonesia
139 Nicaragua
140 Azerbaijan
140 Liberia

Ravindra 255
 Ranking Team
142 Hong Kong
143 Vanuatu
144 Tajikistan
145 Niger
146 Yemen
147 India
147 Kyrgyzstan
149 Netherlands Antilles
150 Lebanon
151 Malta
152 St. Vincent and the Grenadines
153 St. Kitts and Nevis
153 Puerto Rico
155 Liechtenstein
156 Mauritania
157 Turkmenistan
158 Maldives
159 Myanmar
160 Eritrea
161 Malaysia
162 Philippines
163 Lesotho
164 Solomon Islands
165 Sri Lanka
166 Faroe Islands
167 Somalia
168 Cayman Islands
169 Nepal
170 Laos
171 Palestine
172 Mauritius
173 Seychelles

Ravindra 256
 Ranking Team
174 Samoa
175 Cambodia
175 Belize
177 Pakistan
178 Bangladesh
179 Bahamas
180 Chinese Taipei
181 Turks and Caicos Islands
182 Brunei Darussalam
183 Mongolia
184 Afghanistan
185 Djibouti
185 Dominican Republic
187 Guinea-Bissau
188 Guam
189 Bhutan
189 St. Lucia
189 Tahiti
189 Tonga
193 British Virgin Islands
194 Aruba
195 Andorra
196 Macau
197 Dominica
198 Timor-Leste
199 Comoros
199 US Virgin Islands
201 Central African Republic
202 San Marino
202 Anguilla
202 Montserrat
202 American Samoa

Ravindra 257
 Ranking Team
202 Cook Islands
202 Papua New Guinea

Events
2009
02 May FIFA Interactive World Cup Grand Final 2009 Barcelona
20-21 May Blue Stars/FIFA Youth Cup 2009 Zurich
31 May - 03 June 59th FIFA Congress Bahamas
06-10 June Fixed date for official competition matches
14-28 June FIFA Confederations Cup South Africa 2009 South Africa
03-26 July CONCACAF Gold Cup
12 August Fixed date for friendly matches
05-09 September Fixed date for official competition matches
24 September - 16
FIFA U-20 World Cup Egypt
October
10-14 October Fixed date for official competition matches
24 October - 15
FIFA U-17 World Cup Nigeria
November
14-18 November Fixed date for official competition matches
16-22 November FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup UAE -Dubai
Final Draw for the 2010 FIFA World Cup South
04-05 December South Africa
Africa™
United Arab
09-19 December FIFA Club World Cup
Emirates
2010
10-31 January CAF Africa Cup of Nations Angola
03 March Fixed date for friendly matches
11 June - 11 July 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa™ South Africa
11 August Fixed date for friendly matches
04-08 September Fixed date for official competition matches
09-13 October Fixed date for official competition matches
17 November Fixed date for friendly matches
2011
09 February Fixed date for friendly matches
26-30 March Fixed date for official competition matches
04-08 June Fixed date for official competition matches
10 August Fixed date for friendly matches
03-07 September Fixed date for official competition matches
08-12 October Fixed date for official competition matches

Ravindra 258
2011
12-16 November Fixed date for official competition matches
2012
29 February Fixed date for friendly matches
15 August Fixed date for friendly matches
08-12 September Fixed date for official competition matches
13-17 October Fixed date for official competition matches
14 November Fixed date for friendly matches
2013
06 February Fixed date for friendly matches
23-27 March Fixed date for official competition matches
08-12 June Fixed date for official competition matches
14 August Fixed date for friendly matches
07-11 September Fixed date for official competition matches
12-16 October Fixed date for official competition matches
16-20 November Fixed date for official competition matches
2014
05 March Fixed date for friendly matches
13 August Fixed date for friendly matches
06-10 September Fixed date for official competition matches
11-15 October Fixed date for official competition matches
19 November Fixed date for friendly matches

• Laws of the Game.

The Field of Play

Dimensions
The field of play must be rectangular. The
length of the touch line must be greater
than the length of the goal line.
Length: minimum 90 m (100 yds)
maximum 120 m (130 yds)
Width: minimum 45 m (50 yds)
maximum 90 m (100 yds)
International Matches
Length: minimum 100 m (110 yds)
maximum 110 m (120 yds)
Width: minimum 64 m (70 yds)
maximum 75 m (80 yds)
Field Markings
The field of play is marked with lines. These

Ravindra 259
lines belong to the areas of which they are
boundaries.
The two longer boundary lines are called
touch lines. The two shorter lines are called
goal lines.
All lines are not more than 12 cm (5 ins)
wide.
The field of play is divided into two halves by
a halfway line.
The centre mark is indicated at the midpoint
of the halfway line. A circle with a radius of
9.15 m (10 yds) is marked around it.
The Goal Area
A goal area is defined at each end of the field
as follows:
Two lines are drawn at right angles to the
goal line, 5.5 m (6 yds) from the inside of
each goalpost. These lines extend into the
field of play for a distance of 5.5 m (6 yds)
and are joined by a line drawn parallel with
the goal line. The area bounded by these lines
and the goal line is the goal area.
The Penalty Area
A penalty area is defined at each end of the
field as follows:
Two lines are drawn at right angles to the
goal line, 16.5 m (18 yds) from the inside of
each goalpost. These lines extend into the
field of play for a distance of 16.5 m (18 yds)
and are joined by a line drawn parallel with
the goal line. The area bounded by these lines
and the goal line is the penalty area.
Within each penalty area a penalty mark
is made 11 m (12 yds) from the midpoint
between the goalposts and equidistant to
them. An arc of a circle with a radius of
9.15 m (10 yds) from each penalty mark is
drawn outside the penalty area.
Flagposts
A flagpost, not less than 1.5 m (5 ft) high,
with a non-pointed top and a flag is placed at
each corner.
Flagposts may also be placed at each end of
the halfway line, not less than 1 m (1 yd)
outside the touch line.
The Corner Arc
A quarter circle with a radius of 1 m (1 yd)

Ravindra 260
from each corner flagpost is drawn inside the
field of play.

Decisions of the International F.A. Board

_ Decision 1
If the crossbar becomes displaced or
broken, play is stopped until it has been
repaired or replaced in position. If a repair
is not possible, the match is abandoned. The
use of a rope to replace the crossbar is not
permitted. If the crossbar can be repaired,
the match is restarted with a dropped ball
at the place where the ball was located when
play was stopped. * (see page 3)
_ Decision 2
Goalposts and crossbars must be made of
wood, metal or other approved material.
Their shape may be square, rectangular,
round or elliptical and they must not be
dangerous to players.
_ Decision 3
No kind of commercial advertising, whether
real or virtual, is permitted on the field of
play and field equipment (including the
goal nets and the areas they enclose) from
the time the teams enter the field of play
until they have left it at half-time and from
the time the teams re-enter the field of play
until the end of the match. In particular, no
advertising material of any kind may be
displayed on goals, nets, flagposts or their
flags. No extraneous equipment (cameras,
microphones, etc.) may be attached to these
items.
_ Decision 4
There shall be no advertising of any kind
within the technical area or within one
metre from the touch line and outside the
field of play on the ground. Further, no
advertising shall be allowed in the area
between the goal line and the goal nets.
_ Decision 5
The reproduction, whether real or virtual,
of representative logos or emblems of FIFA,
confederations, national associations,
leagues, clubs or other bodies, is forbidden
on the field of play and field equipment

Ravindra 261
(including the goal nets and the areas they
enclose) during playing time, as described
in Decision 3.
_ Decision 6
A mark may be made off the field of play,
9.15 metres (10 yds) from the corner arc
and at right angles to the goal lines to
ensure that this distance is observed when a
corner kick is being taken.

The Ball
Qualities and Measurements
The ball is:
_ spherical
_ made of leather or other suitable material
_ of a circumference of not more than 70 cm
(28 ins) and not less than 68 cm (27 ins)
_ not more than 450 g (16 oz) in weight and
not less than 410 g (14 oz) at the start of the
match
_ of a pressure equal to 0.6 – 1.1 atmosphere
(600 – 1100 g/cm2) at sea level (8.5 lbs/sq in
15.6 lbs/sq in)
Replacement of a Defective Ball
If the ball bursts or becomes defective
during the course of a match:
_ the match is stopped
_ the match is restarted by dropping the
replacement ball at the place where the first
ball became defective * (see page 3)
If the ball bursts or becomes defective
whilst not in play at a kick-off, goal kick,
corner kick, free kick, penalty kick or
throw-in:
_ the match is restarted accordingly
The ball may not be changed during the
match without the authority of the referee.

Offside Position
It is not an offence in itself to be in an
offside position.
A player is in an offside position if:
_ he is nearer to his opponents’ goal line than
both the ball and the second last opponent
A player is not in an offside position if:

Ravindra 262
_ he is in his own half of the field of play
or
_ he is level with the second last opponent
or
_ he is level with the last two opponents
Offence
A player in an offside position is only
penalised if, at the moment the ball touches
or is played by one of his team, he is, in the
opinion of the referee, involved in active play
by:
_ interfering with play
or
_ interfering with an opponent
or
_ gaining an advantage by being in that
position
No Offence
There is no offside offence if a player receives
the ball directly from:
_ a goal kick
or
_ a throw-in
or
_ a corner kick

Disciplinary Sanctions
Only a player or substitute or substituted
player may be shown the red or yellow card.
Cautionable Offences
A player is cautioned and shown the yellow
card if he commits any of the following
seven offences:
1. is guilty of unsporting behaviour
2. shows dissent by word or action
3. persistently infringes the Laws of the
Game
4. delays the restart of play
5. fails to respect the required distance
when play is restarted with a corner kick
or free kick
6. enters or re-enters the field of play
without the referee’s permission
7. deliberately leaves the field of play
without the referee’s permission
Law 12
Sending-Off Offences

Ravindra 263
A player is sent off and shown the red card
if he commits any of the following seven
offences:
1. is guilty of serious foul play
2. is guilty of violent conduct
3. spits at an opponent or any other person
4. denies the opposing team a goal or an
obvious goal-scoring opportunity by
deliberately handling the ball (this does
not apply to a goalkeeper within his own
penalty area)
5. denies an obvious goal-scoring opportunity
to an opponent moving towards the
player’s goal by an offence punishable by
a free kick or a penalty kick
6. uses offensive or insulting or abusive
language and/or gestures
7. receives a second caution in the same
match
A player who has been sent off must leave
the vicinity of the field of play and the
technical area.

A penalty kick is awarded against a team

which commits one of the ten offences for
which a direct free kick is awarded, inside its
own penalty area and while the ball is in play.
A goal may be scored directly from a penalty
kick.
Additional time is allowed for a penalty kick
to be taken at the end of each half or at the
end of periods of extra time.
Position of the Ball and the Players
The ball:
_ is placed on the penalty mark
The player taking the penalty kick:
_ is properly identified
The defending goalkeeper:
_ remains on his goal line, facing the kicker,
between the goalposts until the ball has been
kicked
The players other than the kicker are located:
_ inside the field of play
_ outside the penalty area
_ behind the penalty mark
_ at least 9.15 m (10 yds) from the penalty
mark

Ravindra 264
The Referee
_ does not signal for a penalty kick to be taken
until the players have taken up position in
accordance with the Law
_ decides when a penalty kick has been
completed
Procedure
_ the player taking the penalty kicks the ball
forward
_ he does not play the ball a second time until
it has touched another player
_ the ball is in play when it is kicked and
moves forward
When a penalty kick is taken during the
normal course of play, or time has been
extended at half-time or full time to allow a
penalty kick to be taken or retaken, a goal is
awarded if, before passing between the
goalposts and under the crossbar:
_ the ball touches either or both of the
goalposts and/or the crossbar, and/or the
goalkeeper
31
Law 14
Infringements/Sanctions
If the referee gives the signal for a penalty
kick to be taken and, before the ball is in
play, one of the following situations occurs:
The player taking the penalty kick infringes
the Laws of the Game:
_ the referee allows the kick to proceed
_ if the ball enters the goal, the kick is retaken
_ if the ball does not enter the goal, the kick is
not retaken
The goalkeeper infringes the Laws of the
Game:
_ the referee allows the kick to proceed
_ if the ball enters the goal, a goal is awarded
_ if the ball does not enter the goal, the kick is
retaken
A team-mate of the player taking the kick
enters the penalty area or moves in front of
or within 9.15 m (10 yds) of the penalty
mark:
_ the referee allows the kick to proceed
_ if the ball enters the goal, the kick is retaken
_ if the ball does not enter the goal, the kick is

Ravindra 265
not retaken
_ if the ball rebounds from the goalkeeper, the
crossbar or the goal post and is touched by this
player, the referee stops play and restarts the
match with an indirect free kick to the
defending team
A team-mate of the goalkeeper enters the
penalty area or moves in front of or within
9.15 m (10 yds) of the penalty mark:
_ the referee allows the kick to proceed
_ if the ball enters the goal, a goal is awarded
_ if the ball does not enter the goal, the kick is
retaken
A player of both the defending team and the
attacking team infringe the Laws of the
Game:
_ the kick is retaken
If, after the penalty kick has been taken:
The kicker touches the ball a second time
(except with his hands) before it has
touched another player:
_ an indirect free kick is awarded to the
opposing team, the kick to be taken from the
place where the infringement occurred *
(see page 3)
The kicker deliberately handles the ball
before it has touched another player:
_ a direct free kick is awarded to the opposing
team, the kick to be taken from the place where
the infringement occurred * (see page 3)
The ball is touched by an outside agent as it
moves forward:
_ the kick is retaken
The ball rebounds into the field of play
from the goalkeeper, the crossbar or the
goalposts, and is then touched by an outside
agent:
_ the referee stops play
_ play is restarted with a dropped ball at theplace where it touched the outside agent *

Ravindra 266
World Cup summaries
Year Host Nation(s) Final Third Place Match
1930 Winner Score Runner-up 3rd Place Score 4th Place
Uruguay
Details [note 1]
4–2
1934 Uruguay Argentina United States Yugoslavia
Italy
Details
1938 2–1 aet 3–2
France Italy Czechoslovakia Germany Austria
Details
1950 4–2 Hungary 4–2
Brazil Italy Brazil Sweden
Details
[note 2] [note 2]
1954 Uruguay Brazil Sweden Spain
Switzerland
Details
1958 3–1
Sweden West 3–2 Austria Uruguay
Details Hungary
Germany
1962
Chile 6–3 West
Details 5–2 France
Brazil Sweden Germany
1966
England
Details 3–1 1–0 Yugoslavia
Brazil Czechoslovakia Chile
1970
Mexico
Details 4–2 aet 2–1
England West Germany Portugal USSR
1974 West
Details Germany 4–1
Brazil Italy West 1–0
1978 Uruguay
Argentina Germany
Details
1982 West 2–1
Netherlands 1–0
Spain Germany Poland Brazil
Details
1986 3–1 aet 2–1
Mexico Argentina Netherlands Brazil Italy
Details
1990 3–1 3–2
Italy Italy West Germany Poland France
Details
1994 United 3–2 4–2 aet
Details States Argentina West Germany France Belgium
1998
France West 1–0 2–1
Details Argentina Italy England
South Germany
2002 0–0 aet 4–0
Korea Sweden Bulgaria
Details (3–2)
& Japan Brazil Italy
pen Croatia 2–1
Netherlands
3–0
France Brazil 3–2 Korea
2006 Turkey
Germany 2–0 Republic
Details Brazil Germany
1–1 aet
(5–3) 3–1
Germany Portugal
Italy France
pen

Ravindra 267
Team Titles Runners-up Brazil 5 (1958, 1962, 1970, 1994, 2002) 2 (1950*, 1998)

Italy 4 (1934*, 1938, 1982, 2006) 2 (1970, 1994)

Germany^ 3 (1954, 1974*, 1990) 4 (1966, 1982, 1986, 2002)

Argentina 2 (1978*, 1986) 2 (1930, 1990)

Uruguay 2 (1930*, 1950) –

France 1 (1998*) 1 (2006)

England 1 (1966*) –

Netherlands – 2 (1974, 1978)

Czechoslovakia# – 2 (1934, 1962) Hungary – 2 (1938, 1954) Sweden – 1 (1958*)

RUGBY

International Rugby League

International Rugby League: Rugby Football is a popular full-contact team sport, played
worldwide. Believed to have originated in 1823, at the Rugby School, in Warwickshire, England,
this sport has evolved over the years.

With the disbanding from the Rugby Football Union (RFU) in 1895, Northern Union is better
known Rugby League since 1922.

Ravindra 268
Sanctioned and overseen by the International Rugby Board (IRB) and the Rugby League
International Federation (RLIF), there are numerous International Rugby League competitions that
are held every year, with various countries participating in them. The countries are distinguished as
Test and Non-Test playing nations and are named below:

• Test Nations – Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, France, Great Britain/England, New Zealand,
Papua New Guinea, Russia, Samoa, South Africa and Tonga.
• Non-Test Nations - American Samoa, Argentina, Austria, Canada, Czech Republic,
England, Estonia, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Lebanon,
Malta, Moldova, Morocco, Namibia, New Caledonia, Netherlands, Niue, Norfolk Island,
Portugal, Scotland, Serbia, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tuvalu, United States, Wales and
West Indies.

The major International Rugby League competitions that are held are listed below as:

• The Rugby League World Cup – this international tournament was first held in France in
1954, and is played to determine the best rugby league playing nation in the world. Its
current champions are Australia which will also be host to the next Cup event in 2008.
• The Ashes – a rugby league Test tournament between Great Britain and Australia, this
event was first played in 1908 in London. While Australia won the 2003 series, they also
expect to be hosts for the 2010 Ashes event.
• The ANZAC Test – its current name being the Bundaberg Rum Test, this Test event
between Australia and New Zealand is held around Anzac Day. The first event was held in
1997 in Australia. Australia have won six of the seven matches played till now, and will
also host the 2007 event in April.
• The Tri-Nations – also known as the Gillette Tri-Nations tournament, it is played amongst
Australia, New Zealand and Great Britain. First played in 1999, the next event would be
hosted by United Kingdom in 2009. Its current champions are Australia.
• The Pacific Cup –Started in 1974, this Cup event is for teams from the Pacific region. Held
of and on over the years, the event was recently revived by New Zealand in 2004. Tonga
are the current champions.
• The Pacific Rim Championship – a competition held in conjunction with the Pacific Cup,
and held biennially.
• The Mediterranean Cup – An annual tournament which began in 2000, with an unsteady
run, is held in Lebanon. The countries participating are Lebanon, France, Morocco and
Serbia.
• The European Nations Cup – Earlier known as European Championship, it began in 1935,
and is a Cup event for European nations, which is sanctioned by the Rugby League
European Federation. France are the standing 2005 winners.
• The Emerging Nations Tournament – started in 1995, this international event is for those
nations that have failed to qualify for the World Cup. The standing winners are the British
Amateur Rugby League Association since 2000.
• The World Club Challenge – this annual tournament is held between the winners of the
Australian NRL and the Super League (Europe). The 2007 champions are St Helens RFC.

Ravindra 269
 • The NRL Telstra Premiership

• The Liberty Bell Cup

List of international Rugby League teams

Current RLIF full-member test nations

Nation 1st Playing Year RLIF Rank

Australia 1908 1st

Cook Islands 1988 14th

England * 1904 3rd

Fiji 1992 4th

France 1934 5th

Great Britain * 1908 n/a

New Zealand 1908 2nd

Papua New Guinea 1975 6th

Russia 1991 13th

Samoa 1988 10th

Lebanon 1998 11th

Tonga 1988 8th

Ravindra 270
 • * At the beginning of the 2008 international season Great Britain were split up into
England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales on a permanent basis and it was believed all of these
nations were granted full-membership into the top tier.

Current RLIF second-tier member nations

• These are nations that appear in major international competitions such as the European,
Mediterranean and Pacific Cups or in the world cup qualifiers:

Nation 1st Year Played RLIF Rank

American Samoa 1988 n/a

Georgia 2005 15th

South Africa 1995 23rd

Ireland 1989 7th

Italy 1960 18th

Japan 1998 17th

Lebanon 1998 11th

Morocco 1995 24th

Netherlands 2004 n/a

New Caledonia 2004 n/a

Niue 1992 29th

Ravindra 271
 Scotland 1996 9th

Serbia 2003 16th

Tokelau 1988 30th

United States 1954 15th

Wales 1908 12th

West Indies 2004 n/a

Current RLIF affiliates

• These are nations that are currently officially recognized as affiliates of the RLIF but do not
yet currently compete in major international competitions or world cup qualifiers:

Nation Year joined RLIF Rank

Argentina 2005 n/a

Austria 2006 n/a

Canada 1987 n/a

Catalonia 2006 n/a

Côte d'Ivoire 2006 n/a

Czech Republic 2006 20th

Estonia 2005 22nd

Ravindra 272
 Germany 2004 19th

Greece 2003 26st

Hungary 2007 n/a

Jamaica 2006 24th

Kazakhstan 2006 n/a

Malta 2004 27th

Moldova 1993 n/a

Norfolk Island 2004 n/a

Norway 2006 n/a

Portugal 2005 n/a

Singapore 2004 n/a

Solomon Islands 2004 n/a

Thailand 2007 n/a

Tuvalu 2004 n/a

Uruguay 2007 n/a

RLIF World Rankings

Rank Change Team

Ravindra 273
 1 -- Australia
2 -- New Zealand
3 -- England
4 ▲2 Fiji
5 -- France
Papua New
6 ▲1
Guinea
7 ▲2 Ireland
8 ▼4 Tonga
9 ▲2 Scotland
10 ▲2 Samoa
11 ▼3 Lebanon
12 ▼2 Wales
13 -- Russia
14 ▲3 Cook Islands
15 ▼1 United States
16 ▲4 Serbia
17 ▲11 Japan
18 ▼2 Italy
19 ▲3 Germany
20 ▲11 Czech Republic
21 ? Latvia
22 ▲7 Estonia
23 ▲7 South Africa
24 ▲12 Jamaica
24 ▲3 Morocco
26 ▼5 Greece
27 ▼8 Malta
28 ? Ukraine
29 ▼3 Niue

Ravindra 274
 History of the Nobel Prizes
A pacifist at heart and an inventor by nature, Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel invented dynamite.
However, the invention that he thought would end all wars was seen by many others as an
extremely deadly product. In 1888, when Alfred's brother Ludvig died, a French newspaper
mistakenly ran an obituary for Alfred which called him the "merchant of death."

Not wanting to go down in history with such a horrible epitaph, Nobel created a will that soon
shocked his relatives and established the now famous Nobel Prizes.

Who was Alfred Nobel? Why did Nobel's will make establishing the prizes so difficult?

Alfred Nobel
Alfred Nobel was born on October 21, 1833 in Stockholm, Sweden. In 1842, when Alfred was
nine years old, his mother (Andrietta Ahlsell) and brothers (Robert and Ludvig) moved to St.
Petersburg, Russia to join Alfred's father (Immanuel), who had moved there five years earlier.
The following year, Alfred's younger brother, Emil, was born.

Immanuel Nobel, an architect, builder, and inventor, opened a machineshop in St. Petersburg
and was soon very successful with contracts from the Russian government to build defense
weapons.

Because of his father's success, Alfred was tutored at home until the age of 16. Yet, many
consider Alfred Nobel a mostly self-educated man. Besides being a trained chemist, Alfred was
an avid reader of literature and was fluent in English, German, French, Swedish, and Russian.

Alfred also spent two years traveling. He spent much of this time working in a laboratory in
Paris, but also traveled to the United States. Upon his return, Alfred worked in his father's
factory. He worked there until his father went bankrupt in 1859.

Ravindra 275
Alfred soon began experimenting with nitroglycerine, creating his first explosions in early
summer 1862. In only a year (October 1863), Alfred received a Swedish patent for his percussion
detonator - the "Nobel lighter."

Having moved back to Sweden to help his father with an invention, Alfred established a small
factory at Helenborg near Stockholm to manufacture nitroglycerine. Unfortunately,
nitroglycerine is a very difficult and dangerous material to handle. In 1864, Alfred's factory blew
up - killing several people, including Alfred's younger brother, Emil.

The explosion did not slow down Alfred, and within only a month, he organized other factories to
manufacture nitroglycerine.

In 1867, Alfred invented a new and safer-to-handle explosive - dynamite.

Though Alfred became famous for his invention of dynamite, many people did not intimately
know Alfred Nobel. He was a quiet man who did not like a lot of pretense or show. He had very
few friends and never married.

And though he recognized the destructive power of dynamite, Alfred believed it was a harbinger
of peace. Alfred told Bertha von Suttner, an advocate for world peace,

My factories may make an end of war sooner than your congresses. The day when two army
corps can annihilate each other in one second, all civilized nations, it is to be hoped, will recoil
from war and discharge their troops.*

Unfortunately, Alfred did not see peace in his time. Alfred Nobel, chemist and inventor, died
alone on December 10, 1896 after suffering a cerebral hemorrhage.

After several funeral services were held and Alfred Nobel's body was cremated, the will was
opened. Everyone was shocked.

The Will

Alfred Nobel had written several wills during his lifetime, but the last one was dated November
27, 1895 - a little over a year before he died.

Nobel's last will left approximately 94 percent of his worth to the establishment of five prizes
(physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace) to "those who, during the
preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind."

Though Nobel had proposed a very grandiose plan for the prizes in his will, there were a great
many problems with the will.

• Relatives of Alfred Nobel were so shocked that many wanted the will contested.
• The format of the will had formal defects which could have caused the will to be
contested in France.

Ravindra 276
 • It was unclear which country Alfred had his legal residence. He was a Swedish citizen
until age nine, but after that he had lived in Russia, France, and Italy without becoming
a citizen. Nobel had been making plans for a final home for himself in Sweden when he
died. The location of residency would determine what country's laws would govern the
will and the estate. If determined to be France, the will could have been contested and
French taxes would have been taken.
• Because Nobel had wanted the Norwegian Storting (parliament) to choose the peace prize
winner, many charged Nobel with a lack of patriotism.
• The "fund" that was to implement the prizes did not yet exist and would have to be
created.
• The organizations that Nobel named in his will to award the prizes had not been asked to
take on these duties prior to Nobel's death. Also, there was no plan to compensate these
organizations for their work on the prizes.
• The will did not state what should be done if no prize winners for a year were found.

Because of the incompleteness and other obstacles presented by Alfred's will, it took five years of
hurdles before the Nobel Foundation could be established and the first prizes awarded.

The First Nobel Prizes

On the fifth anniversary of Alfred Nobel's death, December 10, 1901, the first set of Nobel Prizes
were awarded.

Chemistry: Jacobus H. van't Hoff

Physics: Wilhelm C. Röntgen
Physiology or Medicine: Emil A. von Behring
Literature: Rene F. A. Sully Prudhomme
Peace: Jean H. Dunant and Frédéric Passy

Background and Establishment of the

Nobel Foundation
Alfred Nobel died on December 10, 1896. The provisions of his will and their unusual purpose,
as well as their partly incomplete form, attracted great attention and soon led to skepticism and
criticism, also aimed at the testator due to his international spirit. Only after several years of
negotiations and often rather bitter conflicts, and after various obstacles had been circumvented
or overcome, could the fundamental concepts presented in the will assume solid form with the
establishment of the Nobel Foundation. On April 26, 1897, the Storting (Norwegian Parliament)
approved the will and soon afterwards elected members to the prize-awarding Norwegian Nobel
Committee of the Storting. In 1898 the other prize-awarding bodies followed suit, approving the
will after mediation: Karolinska Institutet on June 7, the Swedish Academy on June 9 and the
Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on June 11.

Ravindra 277
The testator and his will. The superimposed
photo of Alfred Nobel was taken in 1896, the
year he died.

The will was now settled. The task of achieving unity among all the affected parties on how to
put its provisions into practice remained. The final version of the Statutes of the Nobel
Foundation contained clarifications of the wording of the will and a provision that prizes not
considered possible to award could be allocated to funds that would otherwise promote the
intentions of the testator. The Statutes provided for the establishment of Nobel Committees to
perform prize adjudication work and Nobel Institutes to support this work, as well as the
appointment of a Board of Directors in charge of the Foundation's financial and administrative
management.

On June 29, 1900, the Statutes of the newly created legatee, the Nobel Foundation, and special
regulations for the Swedish Prize-Awarding Institutions were promulgated by the King in
Council (Oscar II). The same year as the political union between Sweden and Norway was
dissolved in 1905, special regulations were adopted on April 10, 1905, by the Nobel Committee of
the Storting (known since January 1, 1977 as the Norwegian Nobel Committee), the awarder of
the Nobel Peace Prize.

Ravindra 278
A century old. The cover of the
Statutes of the Nobel Foundation
when it was promulgated on June 29,
1900.

Premises
To create a worthy framework around the prizes, the Board decided at an early stage that it
would erect its own building in Stockholm, which would include a hall for the Prize Award
Ceremony and Banquet as well as its own administrative offices. Ferdinand Boberg was selected
as the architect. He presented an ambitious proposal for a Nobel Palace, which generated
extensive publicity but also led to doubts and questions. World War I broke out before any
decision could be made. The proposal was "put on ice" and by the time the matter was revived
after the war, Ivar Tengbom was busily designing what later became the Stockholm Concert Hall.
Meanwhile the Stockholm City Hall was being built under the supervision of Ragnar Östberg.
Boberg, Tengbom, and Östberg were probably the most respected architects in Sweden at that
time. Because it would have access to both these buildings for its events, the Nobel Foundation
now only needed space for its administrative offices. On December 19, 1918, a building at
Sturegatan 14 was bought for this purpose. After years of renovation there, the Foundation
finally left its cramped premises at Norrlandsgatan 6 in 1926 and moved to Sturegatan 14, where
the Foundation has been housed ever since.

Ravindra 279
Objectives of the Foundation
The Nobel Foundation is a private institution. It is entrusted with protecting the common
interests of the Prize Awarding Institutions named in the will, as well as representing the Nobel
institutions externally. This includes informational activities as well as arrangements related to
the presentation of the Nobel Prizes. The Foundation is not, however, involved in the selection
process and the final choice of the Laureates (as Nobel Prize winners are also called). In this
work, the Prize-Awarding Institutions are not only entirely independent of all government
agencies and organizations, but also of the Nobel Foundation. Their autonomy is of crucial
importance to the objectivity and quality of their prize decisions. One vital task of the Foundation
is to manage its assets in such a way as to safeguard the financial base of the prizes themselves
and of the prize selection process.

Statutes and Significant Amendments during 100 Years

The Statutes, as most recently revised in 2000, assign roles to the following bodies or individuals
in the Nobel Foundation's activities:

• The Board and the Executive Director (especially paragraphs 13 and 14)
• The Prize-Awarding Institutions (especially paragraphs 1 and 2)
• The Trustees of the Prize-Awarding Institutions (especially paragraph 18)
• The Nobel Committees and experts (especially paragraph 6)
• Bodies and individuals entitled to submit prize nominations (especially paragraph 7)
• Auditors (especially paragraph 19)

Over the past 100 years, there have been a number of changes in the relationship between the
Foundation's Board of Directors and the Swedish State. Their links have gradually been severed.

According to paragraph 14 of the first Statutes from 1901, the Foundation was to be represented
by a Board with its seat in Stockholm, consisting of five Swedish men. One of these, the
Chairman of the Board, was to be designated by the King in Council. The Trustees of the Prize

Ravindra 280
Awarding Institutions would appoint the others. The Board would choose an Executive Director
from among its own members. An alternate (deputy) to the Chairman would be appointed by the
King in Council (effective in 1974, by the Government), and two deputies for the other members
would be elected by the Trustees. Since 1995 the Trustees have appointed all members and
deputies of the Board. The Board chooses a Chairman, Deputy Chairman and Executive
Director from among its own members.

The first Board of Directors of the Nobel Foundation was elected by the Trustees on September
27, 1900 (Hans Forsell, Ragnar Törnebladh, Henrik Santesson, and Ragnar Sohlman, with
Mauritz Salin and Oscar Montelius as Deputies). On the following day, former Prime Minister
Erik Gustaf Boström was appointed Chairman of the Board by the King in Council with the
Justice of the Supreme Court C. G. Hernmarck as Deputy. On October 3, 1900 the Board elected
Assistant Circuit Judge Henrik Santesson as the first Executive Director of the Foundation.
Effective on January 1, 1901 the Board assumed management of the Foundation's assets.

Until 1960 the Chairman was chosen from the small group of "Gentlemen of the Realm" - prime
ministers, ministers for foreign affairs and other high officials. In 1960 for the first time, a
renowned scientist was chosen: Arne Tiselius, Professor of Biochemistry at Uppsala University
and 1948 Nobel Laureate in Chemistry. Since then the Chairman has been chosen from among
members of the Prize-Awarding Institutions. It has also become a rule that the Deputy Chairman
as well as one of the members of the Board elected by the Trustees should be persons with
financial expertise. This custom began in 1951, when senior banker and industrialist Jacob
Wallenberg was elected to the Board by the Trustees. He was also a member of the Royal
Swedish Academy of Sciences. When his brother Marcus Wallenberg succeeded him in 1968, it
was the first time that a member of the Board did not belong to a Prize-Awarding Institution. As
to the Deputy Chairman of the Board, appointed by the King in Council, this practice started in
1960, when the prominent banker Gustaf Söderlund was elected to the Board. In most cases, the
Executive Director has had a legal and administrative background. As the Foundation's
investment policy became more active from the early 1950s onward, financial experience coupled
with a knowledge of international relations have been valuable assets for those holding this
position.

Ravindra 281
Arne Tiselius was
Chairman of the
Board of the Nobel
Foundation 1960-
1964.

An important landmark in the history of the Foundation occurred when it added Norwegian
representation to the Board. In 1901, the Norwegians refrained from representation on the
Board - being appointed by King Oscar at a time when Norway was moving toward a breakup of
its union with Sweden was not considered an attractive idea - and they limited their involvement
to work as Trustees and auditors. In light of this, it is interesting to note that Henrik Santesson,
the first Executive Director of the Foundation, also happened to be the legal counsel of the
Storting in Sweden. But in 1986, paragraph 14 of the Statutes was changed and the Board no
longer had to consist of five Swedish citizens (the original Statutes had said Swedish men), but of
six Swedish or Norwegian citizens. The Statutes were also changed in such a way that
remuneration to the Board members and auditors of the Foundation, as well as the salary of the
Executive Director, would be determined by the Foundation's Board instead of the Swedish
Government.

King Oscar II of Sweden

Ravindra 282
According to paragraph 17 of the original Statutes, the administration of the Board and the
accounts of the Foundation for each calendar year were to be examined by five auditors. Each
prize-awarding body would elect one of these before the end of the year and the King would
designate one, who would be the chairman of the auditors. In 1955 the number of auditors was
enlarged from five to six; the new auditor would be appointed by the Trustees and had to be an
authorized public accountant. This was a very important change, in line with the Foundation's
more active financial investment policy.

Today the Government's only role in the Nobel Foundation is to appoint one auditor, who is also
to be the chairman of the Foundation's auditors.

Among other changes that have occurred in the Statutes are the following:

Until 1968, in principle more than three persons could share a Nobel Prize, but this never
occurred in practice. The previous wording of paragraph 4 was: "A prize may be equally divided
between two works, each of which may be considered to merit a prize. If a work which is to be
rewarded has been produced by two or more persons together, the prize shall be awarded to them
jointly." In 1968 this section was changed to read that "In no case may a prize be divided
between more than three persons."

In 1974, the Statutes were changed in two respects. The confidential archive material that
formed the basis for the evaluation and selection of candidates for the prizes, which was
previously closed to all outsiders, could now be made available for purposes of historical
research if at least 50 years had elapsed since the decision in question. The other change
concerned deceased persons. Previously, a person could be awarded a prize posthumously if
he/she had already been nominated (before February 1 of the same year), which was true of Erik
Axel Karlfeldt (Literature Prize, 1931) and Dag Hammarskjöld (Peace Prize, 1961). Effective
from 1974, the prize may only go to a deceased person to whom it was already awarded (usually
in October) but who had died before he/she could receive the prize on December 10 (William
Vickrey, 1996 Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel).

Erik Axel Dag

William Vickrey
Karlfeldt Hammarskjöld
Copyright © The
Copyright © The Copyright © The
Nobel
Nobel Nobel
Foundation
Foundation Foundation

Ravindra 283
Financial Management
The main task of the Nobel Foundation is to safeguard the financial base of the Nobel Prizes
and of the work connected to the selection of the Nobel Laureates.

In its role as a financial manager, the Nobel Foundation resembles an investment company. The
investment policy of the Foundation is naturally of the greatest importance in preserving and
increasing its funds, thereby ensuring the size of the Nobel Prizes. The provisions of Alfred
Nobel's will instructed his executors to invest his remaining realizable estate, which would
constitute the capital of what eventually became the Nobel Foundation, in "safe securities." In
the original by-laws of the Board, approved by the King in Council on February 15, 1901, the
expression "safe securities" was interpreted in the spirit of that time as referring mainly to bonds
or loans - Swedish as well as foreign - paying fixed interest and backed by solid underlying
security (central or local government, property mortgages or the like). In those days, many bonds
were sold with a so-called gold clause, stipulating that the holder was entitled to demand
payment in gold. The stock market and real estate holdings were beyond the pale. Stocks in
particular were regarded as an excessively risky and speculative form of financial investment.

The first 50 years of management came to be characterized by rigidity in terms of financial

investments and by an increasingly onerous tax burden. Remarkably, the tax issue had not been
addressed when the Nobel Foundation was established. The tax-exempt status that the executors
of the will and others had assumed as self-evident was not granted. Until 1914, the tax was not
excessively heavy, only 10 percent, but when a "temporary defense tax" supplement was
introduced in 1915, the Foundation's tax burden doubled. In 1922, a maximum tax assessment
was imposed which exceeded the sum available for the prizes in 1923, the year when the Nobel
Prize amount reached its absolute low point. For a long time, the Nobel Foundation was the
largest single taxpayer in Stockholm. The question of granting tax-exempt status to the
Foundation was debated back and forth in the Riksdag (Swedish Parliament) for years.

In 1946, when the Foundation was finally exempted from national income and wealth tax and
local income tax, this allowed a gradual long-term increase in the size of the Foundation's main
fund, the Nobel Prizes and the sums paid to the Prize-Awarding Institutions for their
adjudication work. Without Swedish tax-exempt status, it would have been impossible for the
Foundation to receive equivalent tax relief for its financial investments in the United States. In
the event, a U.S. Treasury ruling granted the Foundation tax-exempt status in that country
effective from 1953. Tax-exempt status created greater freedom of action, enabling the
Foundation to pursue an investment policy not dominated by tax considerations that characterize
the actions of many investors.

However, the restrictions on the Foundation's freedom of investments continued with minor
changes until 1953, although the gold clause and resulting protection against declining value
had disappeared as early as World War I. Because of two world wars and the depression of the
early 1930s, the prizes shrank in real terms from SEK 150,000 in 1901 (equivalent to 20 times the
annual salary of a university professor) to a mere one third of this value.

Ravindra 284
Then, in 1953, the Government approved a radical liberalization of the investment rules. The
Foundation was granted a more extensive freedom to manage its capital independently, as well
as the opportunity to invest in stocks and real estate. Freedom of investment, coupled with tax-
exemption and the financial expertise of the Board, led to a transformation from passive to active
management. This can be regarded as a landmark change in the role of the Foundation's Board.
During the 1960s and 1970s, the value of the Nobel Prizes multiplied in Swedish krona terms but
rapid inflation meanwhile undermined their real value, leaving each prize largely unchanged.
The same was true of the Foundation's capital.

Photo of the check received by Prof. J. C. Kendrew,

1962 Nobel Chemistry Laureate. Nowadays, no
checks are given. The prize money is transferred by
bank according to the Laureate's wishes.

During the 1980s, the Foundation experienced a change for the better. The stock market
performed outstandingly and the Foundation's real estate also climbed in value. A sour note
came in 1985, when Swedish real estate taxes rose sharply and profits consequently vanished. In
1987, the Board decided to transfer most of the Foundation's real estate to a separate company
called Beväringen, which was then floated on the stock exchange. In the same year that
Beväringen was established, the Nobel Foundation surpassed its original value in real terms
(SEK 31 million in 1901 money) for the first time. The Foundation was fortunate enough to sell
its entire holding in Beväringen before the real estate crash of the early 1990s.

Ravindra 285
The first Nobel Prize in 1901 amounted to SEK
150,000, equivalent to SEK 7.4 million in 2006
money.

By 1991, the Foundation had restored the Nobel Prizes to their 1901 real value. Today the
nominal fund capital of the Nobel Foundation is about SEK 3.6 billion. In 2006 each of the five
Nobel Prizes as well as the Economics Prize was worth SEK 10 million (about USD 1.45
million). This is well above the nominal value of the entire original fund, and higher than the
real value of the original prizes. Since January 1, 2000, the Nobel Foundation has also been
permitted to apply the capital gains from the sale of assets toward the prize amounts. According
to Alfred Nobel's will, only direct return - interest and dividends - could be used for the prize
amounts. Capital gains from share management could not previously be used. According to the
new rules, return that arises from the sale of Foundation assets may also be used for prize award
events and overhead, to the extent that they are not needed to maintain a good long-term prize-
awarding capacity. This change is necessary to avoid undermining the value of the Nobel Prizes.
The Nobel Foundation may also decide how much of its assets may be invested in shares. In the
long term, this may mean that the Foundation can now have a higher percentage of its assets
invested in shares, leading to higher overall return and thus larger Nobel Prizes.

Ravindra 286
The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in
Economic Sciences in Memory of
Alfred Nobel
On the occasion of its 300th anniversary in 1968, the Sveriges Riksbank (Sweden's central bank)
made a large donation to the Nobel Foundation. A Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of
Alfred Nobel has been awarded since 1969. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences is entrusted
with the role of Prize Awarding-Institution, in accordance with Nobel Prize rules. The Board of
the Nobel Foundation has subsequently decided that it will allow no further new prizes.

The Economics Prize medal's

... and back.
front
Copyright © The Nobel
Foundation

Nobel Symposia
An important addition to the activities of the Nobel Foundation is its Symposium program, which
was initiated in 1965 and has achieved a high international standing. Approximately 135 Nobel
Symposia, dealing with topics at the frontiers of science and culture and related to the Prize
categories, have taken place. In addition to these Nobel Symposia, six Nobel Jubilee Symposia
were held in 1991 and six Nobel Centennial Symposia in 2001. Since 1982 the Nobel Symposia
have been financed by the Foundation's Symposium Fund, created in 1982 through an initial
donation from the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation and the Knut and Alice Wallenberg
Foundation, as well as through grants and royalties received by the Nobel Foundation as part of
its informational activities.

Ravindra 287
Donations And Prizes
Around the world, new international scientific and cultural prizes have been established, directly
inspired by the Nobel Prize. For example, the Japan Prize and Kyoto Prize - both financially in a
class with the Nobel Prize - were established in 1985 and their statutes directly refer to the Nobel
Prizes as a model and source of inspiration. Donations from these and many other sources have
reached the Foundation over the years. Some of these donations are presented below.

In 1962 the Balzan Foundation, based in Switzerland and Italy, gave its first prize of one million
Swiss francs to the Nobel Foundation for having awarded its Nobel Prizes for 60 years in an
exemplary way, thereby celebrating "l'oeuvre admirable accomplie dans 60 années de travail."

In 1972, Georg von Békésy, 1961 Nobel Laureate in physiology or medicine, donated his
exquisite collection of art objects to the Nobel Foundation - some 150 objects from four
continents (not Australia). The collection is now deposited with various museums in Stockholm,
mainly the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities but also the Museum of Medieval Stockholm, the
Ethnographic Museum and the National Museum.

Cover of The Georg von Békésy Collection published

by the Nobel Foundation in 1974.
Copyright © The Nobel Foundation

Also in 1972 the Foundation received a donation from the Italian marquis Luigi de Beaumont
Bonelli, who bequeathed his two wine-growing estates outside Taranto, southern Italy, to the
Nobel Foundation. The properties were worth SEK 4.5 million. Their sale made possible the
establishment of an annual Beaumont-Bonelli fellowship to a promising young Italian medical
researcher.

Ravindra 288
The two Japanese prizes were mentioned above. On April 20, 1985, the Science and Technology
Foundation of Japan established the Japan Prize. At the first award ceremony, a special prize of
JPY 50 million was awarded to the Nobel Foundation "in recognition of the role the Nobel
Foundation has played since 1901 in promoting science and international understanding." On
November 10, 1985, the Inamori Foundation in Kyoto awarded its first Kyoto Prize of JPY 45
million to the Nobel Foundation "with the aim of promoting science, technology and the arts in
the spirit of the Nobel Prize."

Nobel Festivities
The Nobel Foundation is an "investment company" with rather unusual facets. Every year this
investment company moves into show business by organizing the Nobel Festivities and numerous
related arrangements that take place in December. The Nobel Foundation is responsible for
organizing the Nobel Festivities in Stockholm, while in Norway the Norwegian Nobel Committee
is in charge of the corresponding arrangements. On December 10, 1901, the Nobel Prizes were
awarded for the first time in Stockholm and in Christiania (now Oslo) respectively.

Stockholm
The Prize Award Ceremony in Stockholm took place at the Old Royal Academy of Music during
the years 1901-1925. Parenthetically, it is worth mentioning that during the first years the names
of the Nobel Laureates were not made public until the Award Ceremony itself.

The first Nobel Prize Award Ceremony at the

Old Royal Academy of Music in Stockholm
(1901).
Copyright © The Nobel Foundation

Since 1926, the Prize Award Ceremony has taken place at the Stockholm Concert Hall with few
exceptions. In 1971 the venue was the Philadelphia Church and in 1972 the St. Erik
International Fair (known today as Stockholm International Fairs) in Älvsjö, both times due to
repairs at the Concert Hall. In 1975 the Ceremony again took place at the St. Erik International

Ravindra 289
Fair and in 1991 at the Stockholm Globe Arena, now due to special commemorations of Nobel
history that required large seating capacity. In 1975, it was the 75th anniversary of the Nobel
Foundation that was being commemorated, while in 1991 the 90th anniversary of the first Nobel
Prizes was the focus of the celebrations. In 1975 about 70 pre-1975 Nobel Laureates attended,
and in 1991 approximately 130 pre-1991 Laureates. When the Foundation celebrated the 100th
anniversary of the Nobel Prizes in 2001, the number of pre-2001 Laureates in attendance was
approximately 160.

Crown Prince Carl Gustaf of Sweden (now King),

hands over the 1972 Nobel Prize for Literature to
Heinrich Böll during the Prize Award Ceremony at
the St. Erik International Fair (known today as
Stockholm International Fairs) in Älvsjö.
Copyright © Reportagebild

When the Prize Award Ceremony returned to the Concert Hall in 1973 after an absence of two
years, the whole stage setting had changed. The most significant change was that the King and
Queen of Sweden and other members of the Royal Family, who had previously always sat in the
front row of the auditorium, were moved up and seated on one side of the stage. The Laureates
sat on the other side and members of the Prize-Awarding Institutions behind them. In 1973, Carl
XVI Gustaf presented the Nobel Prizes for the first time as His Majesty the King of Sweden.
Once before, in 1972, owing to the illness of his grandfather King Gustaf VI Adolf, he had
presented the Prizes, but in the capacity of Crown Prince. The next change in the stage at the
Concert Hall was in 1992. The stage design was now changed to resemble that of the first Prize
Award Ceremony held at the Stockholm Concert Hall in 1926. As in 1926, the chairs on the stage
were placed in an amphitheatrical grouping. An effort was made by various means to highlight
the simplicity of the room and to emphasize the academic nature of the festivities.

Ravindra 290
Prize Award Ceremony at the Concert
Hall in 1926.
Copyright © The Nobel Foundation

Nobel Prize Award Ceremony at the

Stockholm Concert Hall in 1973.
Copyright © Pressens Bild

Ravindra 291
The Nobel Prize Award Ceremony at the Stockholm
Globe Arena in 1991.
Copyright © Pressens Bild

The new stage at the Stockholm Concert Hall in 1992.

Copyright © Reportagebild

Until the early 1930s, the Nobel Banquet took place at the Hall of Mirrors in the Grand Hôtel,
Stockholm. In its very first years, 1901 and 1902, the banquet was an exclusive party for men
only. Once the Stockholm City Hall had been built, in 1930 a decision was made to hold the
Banquet in its fantastic Golden Hall this year and in the future. For some reason the Nobel
Banquets of 1931 and 1932 took place at the Grand Hôtel again, but between 1933 and 1973 it
was held in the Golden Hall. Over time, the character of the Banquets changed and interest in
participating became greater and greater. Starting in 1974, due to the need for more space the
Nobel Banquet was moved from the Golden Hall to the larger Blue Hall of the City Hall, which
today accommodates some 1,300 guests. The Blue Hall had only been used for the Banquet once
before, in 1950, when the Nobel Foundation celebrated its 50th anniversary with approximately
32 pre-1950 Laureates participating.

Ravindra 292
The Nobel Banquet at the Golden Hall of the Stockholm City Hall in
1973.

The Nobel Banquet at the Blue Hall of the Stockholm

City Hall in 1998.
Photo: Hans Pettersson

There are always exceptions to the rules. In 1907, there were no festivities in Stockholm because
the Royal Court was in mourning. King Oscar II had just died. The Laureates were awarded
their prizes at a ceremony at the auditorium of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. During
1914-1918 the Nobel Festivities were called off in Sweden and in Norway, except for a ceremony
in 1917 at the Norwegian Nobel Institute in the presence of King Haakon to announce that the
International Red Cross had been awarded the Peace Prize.

The first Nobel Prizes after the World War I - the 1919 prizes - were awarded in June the next
year in order to give the Festivities an atmosphere of early Swedish summer with sunshine, light
and greenery instead of dark December with cold and wet snow. The Ceremony took place on
June 2, 1920 at the Royal Academy of Music, with the subsequent Banquet at the Hasselbacken
restaurant near the Skansen outdoor museum. This was not a success. No members of the Royal

Ravindra 293
Family were present because of the death of Crown Princess Margaretha. The weather was gray,
rainy and cold. As a result of disappointment at the absence of the King, the bad weather and the
questionable suitability of Hasselbacken for banquets of this kind, the Nobel Festivities of 1920
reverted to earlier tradition and were held on December 10; the Prize Award Ceremony - again
attended by His Majesty the King - at the Royal Academy of Music and the Nobel Banquet at the
Hall of Mirrors in the Grand Hôtel.

In 1924 the Nobel Festivities were cancelled in Stockholm. Neither of the two Laureates could be
present: the Laureate in Physiology or Medicine was traveling and the Literature Laureate was
unwell. The Prizes in Physics and Chemistry were reserved that year.

During the period 1939-1943, the Nobel Festivities were called off. In 1939 only the Laureate in
Literature, Frans Eemil Sillanpää from Finland, received his Prize in Stockholm at a small
ceremony, with a subsequent dinner at the restaurant "Den Gyldene Freden" together with the
Permanent Secretary of the Swedish Academy, Anders Österling. During 1940-1942 no Physics,
Chemistry or Medicine Prizes were awarded, during 1940-1943 no Literature Prizes, and during
1939-1943 no Peace Prizes.

In 1944 there were no Festivities in Stockholm, but a luncheon was held at the Waldorf-Astoria
Hotel in New York organized by the American Scandinavian Foundation. Some 1943 and 1944
Laureates received their Prizes from the Swedish Minister (chief diplomat) in Washington, W. F.
Boström; two Physics Laureates - Otto Stern (1943) and Isidor Isaac Rabi (1944) - and four
Laureates in Physiology or Medicine - Henrik Dam and Edward Doisy (1943), and Joseph
Erlanger and Herbert S. Gasser (1944). Speeches by Sweden's Crown Prince Gustaf Adolf and
by Professor The Svedberg were broadcast on American radio the same day. The 1943 Laureate
in Chemistry, George de Hevesy, received his Prize in Sweden without any ceremonies and the
1944 Literature Laureate, Johannes V. Jensen from Denmark, received his Prize in Stockholm in
1945.

Just before and during the war, Adolf Hitler forbade Laureates from Germany - Richard Kuhn
(Chemistry, 1938), Adolf Friedrich Johan Butenandt (Chemistry, 1939) and Gerhard Domagk
(Physiology or Medicine, 1939) - from accepting their Prizes at that time. However, they received
their insignia on later occasions.

Ravindra 294
Guests at the Nobel Dinner at the Swedish Academy
in 1956.
Copyright © The Nobel Foundation

In 1956, due to the crisis in Hungary, a smaller, more private dinner at the Swedish Academy
replaced the glittering banquet in the City Hall, although the Prize Award Ceremony took place
as usual at the Concert Hall.

Christiania/Oslo
In Norway, during the years 1901-1904 the decision on the Peace Prize was announced at a
meeting of the Storting on December 10, after which the recipients were informed in writing. On
December 10, 1905, the Nobel Institute's new building at Drammensveien 19 was inaugurated in
the presence of the Norwegian Royal Couple, and it was announced that Bertha von Suttner had
received the 1905 Peace Prize. The Laureate herself was not present. During 1905-1946 the Prize
Award Ceremonies were held at the Nobel Institute building, during 1947-1989 in the auditorium
of the University of Oslo and since 1990 at the Oslo City Hall. The King of Norway is present,
but it is the Chairman of the Nobel Committee who hands over the Prize to the Laureate or
Laureates. The Nobel Banquet in Norway is a dignified formal occasion, but much less
pretentious than the Banquet in Stockholm. It takes place at the Grand Hôtel in Oslo, with
approximately 250 guests.

The Peace Prize Award Ceremony at the Oslo City

Hall.

Ravindra 295
The Norwegian Nobel Committee and
the Nobel Foundation during World
War II
In 1940, three members of the Storting's Nobel Committee were in exile due to the occupation of
Norway by Nazi Germany, which lasted until 1945. The remaining members and deputies kept
the work of the Committee going. Because the Storting could not elect new Committee members,
the Nobel Foundation asked existing members to continue in their posts.

In January 1944, pro-Nazi Prime Minister Vidkun Quisling and his administration wanted to
take over the functions of the Nobel Committee in Norway and seize control of the Nobel
Institute's building on Drammensveien. After consultations with the Swedish Foreign Ministry
and the Director of the Nobel Institute, the Nobel Foundation declared that the Nobel Institute
was Swedish property. Those Committee members who had remained in Norway stated in writing
that under the prevailing circumstances, they could not continue their work. Sweden's consul
general in Oslo, who had already moved into an office on the Nobel Institute's premises, took
over the management of the building and the functions of the Nobel Institute. In 1944-1945 the
Nobel Foundation (Hammarskjöld and Ekeberg) together with the members of the Nobel
Committee in exile ensured that nominations were submitted for the 1945 Peace Prize.

Nobel Prize in Physics Winners

2008-1901
2008
The prize is being awarded with one half to:

YOICHIRO NAMBU for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in
subatomic physics

and the other half jointly to:

MAKOTO KOBAYASHI and TOSHIHIDE MASKAWA for the discovery of the origin of the broken

Ravindra 296
symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature.

2007
The prize is being awarded jointly to:

ALBERT FERT and PETER GRÜNBERG for the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance.

2006
The prize is being awarded jointly to:

JOHN C. MATHER and GEORGE C. SMOOT for their discovery of the blackbody form and
anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation

2005
The prize is being awarded with one half to:

ROY J. GLAUBER for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence

and one half jointly to

JOHN L. HALL and THEODOR W. HÄNSCH for their contributions to the development of laser-
based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique

2004
The prize is being awarded jointly to:

DAVID J. GROSS, H. DAVID POLITZER and FRANK WILCZEK for the discovery of asymptotic
freedom in the theory of the strong interaction

2003

Ravindra 297
The prize is being awarded jointly to:

ALEXEI A. ABRIKOSOV, VITALY L. GINZBURG and ANTHONY J. LEGGETT for pioneering

contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids

2002
The prize is being awarded with one half jointly to:

RAYMOND DAVIS JR., and MASATOSHI KOSHIBA for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in
particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos

and the other half to:

RICCARDO GIACCONI for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery
of cosmic X-ray sources

2001
The prize is being awarded jointly to:

ERIC A. CORNELL, WOLFGANG KETTERLE and CARL E. WIEMAN for the achievement of Bose-
Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the
properties of the condensates.

2000
The prize is being awarded with one half jointly to:

ZHORES I. ALFEROV, and HERBERT KROEMER for developing semiconductor heterostructures

used in high-speed- and opto-electronics

and

and one half to:

JACK ST. CLAIR KILBY for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit.

Ravindra 298
1999
The prize was awarded jointly to:

GERARDUS 'T HOOFT, and MARTINUS J.G. VELTMAN for elucidating the quantum structure of
electroweak interactions in physics.

1998
The prize was awarded jointly to:

ROBERT B. LAUGHLIN, HORST L. STORMER and DANIEL C. TSUI for their discovery of a new
form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations.

1997
The prize was awarded jointly to:

STEVEN CHU, CLAUDE COHEN-TANNOUDJI and WILLIAM D. PHILLIPS for development of

methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light.

1996
The prize was awarded jointly to:

DAVID M. LEE, DOUGLAS D. OSHEROFF and ROBERT C. RICHARDSON for their discovery of
superfluidity in helium-3.

1995
The prize was awarded for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics, with one half to:

MARTIN L. PERL for the discovery of the tau lepton.

Ravindra 299
and the other half to:

FREDERICK REINES for the detection of the neutrino.

1994
The prize was awarded for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering
techniques for studies of condensed matter to:

BERTRAM N. BROCKHOUSE for the development of neutron spectroscopy

CLIFFORD G. SHULL for the development of the neutron diffraction technique.

1993
The prize was awarded jointly to:

RUSSELL A. HULSE and JOSEPH H. TAYLOR JR. for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a
discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation.

1992
GEORGES CHARPAK for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the
multiwire proportional chamber.

1991
PIERRE-GILLES DE GENNES for discovering that methods developed for studying order
phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to
liquid crystals and polymers.

Ravindra 300
1990
The prize was awarded jointly to:

JEROME I. FRIEDMAN, HENRY W. KENDALL and RICHARD E. TAYLOR for their pioneering
investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons,
which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics.

1989
One half of the award was given to:

NORMAN F. RAMSEY for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the
hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks.

and the other half jointly to:

HANS G. DEHMELT and WOLFGANG PAUL for the development of the ion trap technique.

1988
The prize was awarded jointly to:

LEON M. LEDERMAN, MELVIN SCHWARTZ and JACK STEINBERGER for the neutrino beam
method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the
muon neutrino.

1987
The prize was awarded jointly to:

J. GEORG BEDNORZ and K. ALEXANDER MÜLLER for their important breakthrough in the
discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials.

Ravindra 301
1986
The prize was awarded by one half to:

ERNST RUSKA for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron
microscope.

GERD BINNIG and HEINRICH ROHRER for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope.

1985
KLAUS VON KLITZING for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect.

1984
The prize was awarded jointly to:

CARLO RUBBIA and SIMON VAN DER MEER for their decisive contributions to the large project,
which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction.

1983
The prize was divided equally between:

SUBRAMANYAN CHANDRASEKHAR for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of

importance to the structure and evolution of the stars.

WILLIAM A. FOWLER for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of
importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe.

1982

Ravindra 302
KENNETH G. WILSON for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions.

1981
The prize was awarded by one half jointly to:

NICOLAAS BLOEMBERGEN and ARTHUR L. SCHAWLOW for their contribution to the development
of laser spectroscopy

and the other half to:

KAI M. SIEGBAHN for his contribution to the development of high- resolution electron
spectroscopy.

1980
The prize was divided equally between:

JAMES W. CRONIN and VAL L. FITCH for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry
principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons.

1979
The prize was divided equally between:

SHELDON L. GLASHOW, ABDUS SALAM and STEVEN WEINBERG for their contributions to the
theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including
inter alia the prediction of the weak neutral current.

1978
The prize was divided, one half being awarded to:

PYOTR LEONIDOVICH KAPITSA for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-

Ravindra 303
temperature physics

and the other half divided equally between:

ARNO A. PENZIAS and ROBERT W. WILSON for their discovery of cosmic microwave background
radiation.

1977
The prize was divided equally between:

PHILIP W. ANDERSON, SIR NEVILL F. MOTT and JOHN H. VAN VLECK for their fundamental
theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems.

1976
The prize was divided equally between:

BURTON RICHTER and SAMUEL C. C. TING for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy
elementary particle of a new kind.

1975
The prize was awarded jointly to:

AAGE BOHR, BEN MOTTELSON and JAMES RAINWATER for the discovery of the connection
between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of
the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection.

1974
The prize was awarded jointly to:

SIR MARTIN RYLE and ANTONY HEWISH for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics Ryle
for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for

Ravindra 304
his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars.

1973
The prize was divided, one half being equally shared between:

LEO ESAKI and IVAR GIAEVER , for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena
in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively,

and the other half to

BRIAN D. JOSEPHSON for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a
tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effects.

1972
The prize was awarded jointly to:

JOHN BARDEEN, LEON N. COOPER and J. ROBERT SCHRIEFFER for their jointly developed
theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory.

1971
DENNIS GABOR for his invention and development of the holographic method.

1970
The prize was divided equally between:

HANNES ALFVÉN for fundamental work and discoveries in magneto-hydrodynamics with fruitful

Ravindra 305
applications in different parts of plasma physics

LOUIS NÉEL for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and
ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics.

1969
MURRAY GELL-MANN for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of
elementary particles and their interactions.

1968
LUIS W. ALVAREZ for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the
discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the
technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis.

1967
HANS ALBRECHT BETHE for his contributions to the theory ofnuclear reactions, especially his
discoveries concerning the energy production in stars.

1966
ALFRED KASTLER for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying hertzian
resonances in atoms.

1965
The prize was awarded jointly to:

SIN-ITIRO TOMONAGA, JULIAN SCHWINGER and RICHARD P. FEYNMAN for their fundamental
work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary

Ravindra 306
particles.

1964
The prize was divided, one half being awarded to:

CHARLES H. TOWNES

the other half jointly to:

NICOLAY GENNADIYEVICH BASOV and ALEKSANDR MIKHAILOVICH PROKHOROV for

fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of
oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle.

1963
The prize was divided, one half being awarded to:

EUGENE P. WIGNER for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary
particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles

and the other half jointly to:

MARIA GOEPPERT-MAYER and J. HANS D. JENSEN for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell
structure.

1962
LEV DAVIDOVICH LANDAU for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid
helium.

1961
The prize was divided equally between:

ROBERT HOFSTADTER for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his

Ravindra 307
thereby achieved discoveries concerning the stucture of the nucleons

RUDOLF LUDWIG MÖSSBAUER for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma
radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name.

1960
DONALD A. GLASER for the invention of the bubble chamber.

1959
The prize was awarded jointly to:

EMILIO GINO SEGRÈ and OWEN CHAMBERLAIN for their discovery of the antiproton.

1958
The prize was awarded jointly to:

PAVEL ALEKSEYEVICH CHERENKOV , IL'JA MIKHAILOVICH FRANK and IGOR

YEVGENYEVICH TAMM for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect.

1957
The prize was awarded jointly to:

CHEN NING YANG and TSUNG-DAO LEE for their penetratinginvestigation of the so-called parity
laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary partic les.

1956

Ravindra 308
The prize was awarded jointly, one third each, to:

WILLIAM SHOCKLEY, JOHN BARDEEN and WALTER HOUSER BRATTAIN for their researches on
semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect.

1955
The prize was divided equally between:

WILLIS EUGENE LAMB for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum

POLYKARP KUSCH for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron.

1954
The prize was divided equally between:

MAX BORN for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical
interpretation of the wavefunction

WALTHER BOTHE for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith.

1953
FRITS (FREDERIK) ZERNIKE for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his
invention of the phase contrast microscope.

1952
The prize was awarded jointly to:

FELIX BLOCH and EDWARD MILLS PURCELL for their development of new methods for nuclear
magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith.

Ravindra 309
1951
The prize was awarded jointly to:

SIR JOHN DOUGLAS COCKCROFT and ERNEST THOMAS SINTON WALTON for their pioneer
work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially acce lerated atomic particles.

1950
CECIL FRANK POWELL for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear
processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method.

1949
HIDEKI YUKAWA for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on
nuclear forces.

1948
LORD PATRICK MAYNARD STUART BLACKETT for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber
method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation.

1947
SIR EDWARD VICTOR APPLETON for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere
especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer.

1946
PERCY WILLIAMS BRIDGMAN for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high
pressures, and for the discoveries he made therewith in the field of high pressure physics.

Ravindra 310
1945
WOLFGANG PAULI for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle.

1944
ISIDOR ISAAC RABI for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic
nuclei.

1943
OTTO STERN for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery
of the magnetic moment of the proton.

1942-1940
The prize money was allocated to the Main Fund (1/3) and to the Special Fund (2/3) of this prize
section.

1939
ERNEST ORLANDO LAWRENCE for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results
obtained with it, especially with regard to artifi cial radioactive elements.

1938
ENRICO FERMI for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by
neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow
neutrons.

Ravindra 311
1937
The prize was awarded jointly to:

CLINTON JOSEPH DAVISSON and SIR GEORGE PAGET THOMSON for their experimental
discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals.

1936
The prize was divided equally between:

VICTOR FRANZ HESS for his discovery of cosmic radiation

CARL DAVID ANDERSON for his discovery of the positron.

1935
SIR JAMES CHADWICK for the discovery of the neutron.

1934
The prize money was allocated to the Main Fund (1/3) and to the Special Fund (2/3) of this prize
section.

1933
The prize was awarded jointly to

ERWIN SCHRÖDINGER and PAUL ADRIEN MAURICE DIRAC for the discovery of new productive
forms of atomic theory.

Ravindra 312
1932
WERNER HEISENBERG for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter
alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen.

1931
The prize money was allocated to the Main Fund (1/3) and to the Special Fund (2/3) of this prize
section.

1930
SIR CHANDRASEKHARA VENKATA RAMAN for his work on the scattering of light and for the
discovery of the effect named after him.

1929
PRINCE LOUIS-VICTOR DE BROGLIE for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons.

1928
SIR OWEN WILLANS RICHARDSON for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for
the discovery of the law named after him.

1927
The prize was divided equally between:

ARTHUR HOLLY COMPTON for his discovery of the effect named after him

CHARLES THOMSON REES WILSON for his method of making the paths of electrically charged
particles visible by condensation of vapour.

Ravindra 313
1926
JEAN BAPTISTE PERRIN for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for
his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium.

1925
The prize was awarded jointly to:

JAMES FRANCK and GUSTAV HERTZ for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an
electron upon an atom.

1924
KARL MANNE GEORG SIEGBAHN for his discoveries and researchin the field of X-ray
spectroscopy.

1923
ROBERT ANDREWS MILLIKAN for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the
photoelectric effect.

1922
NIELS BOHR for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation
emanating from them.

1921
ALBERT EINSTEIN for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the
law of the photoelectric effect.

Ravindra 314
1920
CHARLES EDOUARD GUILLAUME in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision
measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys.

1919
JOHANNES STARK for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral
lines in electric fields.

1918
MAX KARL ERNST LUDWIG PLANCK in recognition of the services he rendered to the
advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta.

1917
CHARLES GLOVER BARKLA for his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the
elements.

1916
The prize money for 1916 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1915
The prize was awarded jointly to:

SIR WILLIAM HENRY BRAGG and SIR WILLIAM LAWRENCE BRAGG for their services in the
analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays.

1914

Ravindra 315
MAX VON LAUE for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals.

1913
HEIKE KAMERLINGH-ONNES for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures
which led, inter alia to the production of liquid helium.

1912
NILS GUSTAF DALÉN for his invention of automatic regulators for use in conjunction with gas
accumulators for illuminating lighthouses and buoys.

1911
WILHELM WIEN for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat.

1910
JOHANNES DIDERIK VAN DER WAALS for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids.

1909
The prize was awarded jointly to:

GUGLIELMO MARCONI and CARL FERDINAND BRAUN in recognition of their contributions to the
development of wireless telegraphy.

1908
GABRIEL LIPPMANN for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the
phenomenon of interference.

Ravindra 316
1907
ALBERT ABRAHAM MICHELSON for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and
metrological investigations carried out with their aid.

1906
SIR JOSEPH JOHN THOMSON in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental
investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases.

1905
PHILIPP EDUARD ANTON LENARD for his work on cathode rays.

1904
LORD JOHN WILLIAM STRUTT RAYLEIGH for his investigations of the densities of the most
important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies.

1903
The prize was divided, one half being awarded to:

ANTOINE HENRI BECQUEREL in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his
discovery of spontaneous radioactivity

the other half jointly to:

PIERRE CURIE and MARIE CURIE, née SKLODOWSKA in recognition of the extraordinary services
they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor
Henri Becquerel.

1902

Ravindra 317
The prize was awarded jointly to:

HENDRIK ANTOON LORENTZ and PIETER ZEEMAN in recognition of the extraordinary service
they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena.

1901
WILHELM CONRAD RÖNTGEN in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the
discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him.

Nobel Prize in Chemistry Winners 2008-1901

2008
The prize goes to:

OSAMU SHIMOMURA, MARTIN CHALFIE, and ROGER Y TSIEN for the discovery and
development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP.

2007
The prize goes to:

GERHARD ERTL for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces.

2006

Ravindra 318
The prize goes to:

ROGER D. KORNBERG for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription.

2005
The prize is being awarded jointly to:

YVES CHAUVIN, ROBERT H. GRUBBS , and RICHARD R. SCHROCK for the development of the
metathesis method in organic synthesis.

2004
The prize is being awarded jointly to:

AARON CIECHANOVER, AVRAM HERSHKO , and IRWIN ROSE for the discovery of ubiquitin-
mediated protein degradation

2003
The prize is being awarded

for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes

with one half of the prize to:

PETER AGRE, for the discovery of water channels

and the other half of the prize to:

RODERICK MACKINNON for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels.

2002
The prize is being awarded

for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological

Ravindra 319
macromolecules

with one half jointly to:

JOHN B. FENN, and KOICHI TANAKA, for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods
for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules

and the other half to:

KURT WÜTHRICH for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for
determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution.

2001
The prize is being awarded with one half jointly to:

WILLIAM S. KNOWLES, and RYOJI NOYORI, for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation
reactions

and the other half to:

K. BARRY SHARPLESS for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions.

2000
The prize is being awarded with one half jointly to:

ALAN J. HEEGER, ALAN G. MACDIARMID, and HIDEKI SHIRAKAWA for the discovery and
development of conductive polymers.

1999
AHMED ZEWAIL for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond
spectroscopy.

1998

Ravindra 320
The prize was awarded for pioneering contributions in developing methods that can be used for
theoretical studies of the properties of molecules and the chemical processes in which they are
involved. The prize was divided equally between:

WALTER KOHN for his development of the density-functional theory

and

JOHN A. POPLE for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry.

1997
The prize was divided, one half being awarded jointly to:

PAUL D. BOYER and JOHN E. WALKER for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism
underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

and with one half to:

JENS C. SKOU for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+-ATPase.

1996
The prize was awarded jointly to:

ROBERT F. CURL, Jr. , SIR HAROLD W. KROTO , and RICHARD E. SMALLEY for their discovery
of fullerenes.

1995
The prize was awarded jointly to:

PAUL CRUTZEN , MARIO MOLINA , and F. SHERWOOD ROWLAND for their work in atmospheric
chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone.

1994

Ravindra 321
GEORGE A. OLAH for his contribution to carbocation chemistry.

1993
The prize was awarded for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based
chemistry equally between:

KARY B. MULLIS for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method.

and

MICHAEL SMITH for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleiotide-based,

site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies.

1992
RUDOLPH A. MARCUS for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical
systems.

1991
RICHARD R. ERNST for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution
nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.

1990
ELIAS JAMES COREY for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis.

1989

Ravindra 322
The prize was awarded jointly to:

SIDNEY ALTMAN and THOMAS R. CECH for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA.

1988
The prize was awarded jointly to:

JOHANN DEISENHOFER , ROBERT HUBER and HARTMUT MICHEL for the determination of the
three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre.

1987
The prize was awarded jointly to:

DONALD J. CRAM , JEAN-MARIE LEHN and CHARLES J. PEDERSEN

for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity.

1986
The prize was awarded jointly to:

DUDLEY R. HERSCHBACH , YUAN T. LEE and JOHN C. POLANYI for their contributions
concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes.

1985
The prize was awarded jointly to:

HERBERT A. HAUPTMAN and JEROME KARLE for their outstanding achievements in the
development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures.

1984

Ravindra 323
ROBERT BRUCE MERRIFIELD for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a
solid matrix.

1983
HENRY TAUBE for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal
complexes.

1982
SIR AARON KLUG for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural
elucidation of biologically important nuclei acid-protein complexes.

1981
The prize was awarded jointly to:

KENICHI FUKUI and ROALD HOFFMANN for their theories, developed independently, concerning
the course of chemical reactions.

1980
The prize was divided, one half being awarded to:

PAUL BERG for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard
to recombinant-DNA

and the other half jointly to:

WALTER GILBERT and FREDERICK SANGER for their contributions concerning the determination
of base sequences in nucleic acids.

1979

Ravindra 324
The prize was divided equally between:

HERBERT C. BROWN and GEORG WITTIG for their development of the use of boron- and
phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis.

1978
PETER D. MITCHELL for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer
through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory.

1977
ILYA PRIGOGINE for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory
of dissipative structures.

1976
WILLIAM N.. LIPSCOMB for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of
chemical bonding.

1975
The prize was divided equally between:

SIR JOHN WARCUP CORNFORTH for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed
reactions

and

VLADIMIR PRELOG for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions.

1974

Ravindra 325
PAUL J. FLORY for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the
physical chemistry of the macromolecules.

1973
The prize was divided equally between:

ERNST OTTO FISCHER and SIR GEOFFREY WILKINSON for their pioneering work, performed
independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds.

1972
The prize was divided, one half being awarded to:

CHRISTIAN B. ANFINSEN for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection
between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active confirmation

and the other half jointly to:

STANFORD MOORE and WILLIAM H. STEIN for their contribution to the understanding of the
connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease
molecule.

1971
GERHARD HERZBERG for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic stucture and geometry
of molecules, particularly free radicals.

1970
LUIS F. LELOIR for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of
carbohydrates.

Ravindra 326
1969
The prize was divided equally between:

SIR DEREK H. R. BARTON and ODD HASSEL for their contributions to the development of the
concept of conformation and its application in chemistry.

1968
LARS ONSAGER for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are
fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes.

1967
The prize was divided, one half being awarded to:

MANFRED EIGEN

and the other half jointly to:

RONALD GEORGE WREYFORD NORRISH and LORD GEORGE PORTER for their studies of
extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equlibrium by means of very short
pulses of energy.

1966
ROBERT S. MULLIKEN for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic
structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method.

1965
ROBERT BURNS WOODWARD for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis.

1964

Ravindra 327
DOROTHY CROWFOOT HODGKIN for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of
important biochemical substances.

1963
The prize was divided equally between:

KARL ZIEGLER and GIULIO NATTA for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and
technology of high polymers.

1962
The prize was divided equally between:

MAX FERDINAND PERUTZ and SIR JOHN COWDERY KENDREW for their studies of the structures
of globular proteins.

1961
MELVIN CALVIN for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants.

1960
WILLARD FRANK LIBBY for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology,
geology, geophysics, and other branches of science.

1959
JAROSLAV HEYROVSKY for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of
analysis.

1958

Ravindra 328
FREDERICK SANGER for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin.

1957
LORD ALEXANDER R. TODD for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes.

1956
The prize was awarded jointly to:

SIR CYRIL NORMAN HINSHELWOOD and NIKOLAY NIKOLAEVICH SEMENOV for their
researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions.

1955
VINCENT DU VIGNEAUD for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially
for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone.

1954
LINUS CARL PAULING for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to
the elucidation of the structure of complex substances.

1953
HERMANN STAUDINGER for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry.

1952
The prize was awarded jointly to:

ARCHER JOHN PORTER MARTIN and RICHARD LAURENCE MILLINGTON SYNGE for their

Ravindra 329
invention of partition chromatography.

1951
The prize was awarded jointly to:

EDWIN MATTISON MC MILLAN and GLENN THEODORE SEABORG for their discoveries in the
chemistry of the transuranium elements.

1950
The prize was awarded jointly to:

OTTO PAUL HERMANN DIELS and KURT ALDER for their discovery and development of the diene
synthesis.

1949
WILLIAM FRANCIS GIAUQUE for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics,
particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures.

1948
ARNE WILHELM KAURIN TISELIUS for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis,
especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins.

1947
SIR ROBERT ROBINSON for his investigations on plant products of biological importance,
especially the alkaloids.

1946

Ravindra 330
The prize was divided, one half being awarded to:

JAMES BATCHELLER SUMNER for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized.

the other half jointly to

JOHN HOWARD NORTHROP and WENDELL MEREDITH STANLEY for their preparation of
enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form.

1945
ARTTURI ILMARI VIRTANEN for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry,
especially for his fodder preservation method.

1944
OTTO HAHN for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei.

1943
GEORGE DE HEVESY for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical
processes.

1942-1940
The prize money was allocated to the Main Fund (1/3) and to the Special Fund (2/3) of this prize
section.

1939
ADOLF FRIEDRICH JOHANN BUTENANDT for his work on sex hormones. (Caused by the
authorities of his country to decline the award but later received the diploma and the medal).

and

Ravindra 331
LEOPOLD RUZICKA for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes.

1938
RICHARD KUHN for his work on carotenoids and vitamins. (Caused by the authorities of his
country to decline the award but later received the diploma and the medal.)

1937
The prize was divided equally between:

SIR WALTER NORMAN HAWORTH for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C.

and

PAUL KARRER for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2.

1936
PETRUS (PETER) JOSEPHUS WILHELMUS DEBYE for his contributions to our knowledge of
molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and on the diffraction of X-rays
and electrons in gases.

1935
The prize was awarded jointly to:

FRÉDÉRIC JOLIOT and IRÈNE JOLIOT-CURIE in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive
elements.

1934
HAROLD CLAYTON UREY for his discovery of heavy hydrogen.

Ravindra 332
1933
The prize money was allocated to the Main Fund (1/3) and to the Special Fund (2/3) of this prize
section.

1932
IRVING LANGMUIR for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry.

1931
The prize was awarded jointly to:

CARL BOSCH and FRIEDRICH BERGIUS in recognition of their contributions to the invention and
development of chemical high pressure methods.

1930
HANS FISCHER for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for
his synthesis of haemin.

1929
The prize was divided equally between:

SIR ARTHUR HARDEN and HANS KARL AUGUST SIMON VON EULER-CHELPIN for their
investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes.

1928
ADOLF OTTO REINHOLD WINDAUS for the services rendered through his research into the
constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins.

Ravindra 333
1927
HEINRICH OTTO WIELAND for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related
substances.

1926
THE (THEODOR) SVEDBERG for his work on disperse systems.

1925
RICHARD ADOLF ZSIGMONDY for his demonstration of the heterogenous nature of colloid
solutions and for the methods he used, which have since become fundamental in modern colloid
chemistry.

1924
The prize money for 1924 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1923
FRITZ PREGL for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances.

1922
FRANCIS WILLIAM ASTON for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a
large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule.

1921
FREDERICK SODDY , for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive

Ravindra 334
substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes.

1920
WALTHER HERMANN NERNST in recognition of his work in thermochemistry.

1919
The prize money for 1919 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1918
FRITZ HABER for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements.

1917-1916
The prize money for 1917-1916 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1915
RICHARD MARTIN WILLSTÄTTER for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll.

1914
THEODORE WILLIAM RICHARDS , in recognition of his accurate determinations of the atomic
weight of a large number of chemical elements.

1913
ALFRED WERNER in recognition of his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules by which he has
thrown new light on earlier investigations and opened up new fields of research especially in

Ravindra 335
inorganic chemistry.

1912
The prize was divided equally between:

VICTOR GRIGNARD for the discovery of the so-called Grignard reagent, which in recent years has
greatly advanced the progress of organic chemistry

and

PAUL SABATIER for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely
disintegrated metals whereby the progress of organic chemistry has been greatly advanced in recent
years.

1911
MARIE CURIE, née Marie Sklodowska, in recognition of her services to the advancement of
chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the
study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element.

1910
OTTO WALLACH in recognition of his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by
his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds.

1909
WILHELM OSTWALD in recognition of his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the
fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction.

1908
LORD ERNEST RUTHERFORD for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the

Ravindra 336
chemistry of radioactive substances.

1907
EDUARD BUCHNER for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cellfree fermentation.

1906
HENRI MOISSAN in recognition of the great services rendered by him in his investigation and
isolation of the element fluorine, and for the adoption in the service of science of the electric furnace
called after him.

1905
JOHANN FRIEDRICH WILHELM ADOLF VON BAEYER in recognition of his services in the
advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and
hydroaromatic compounds.

1904
SIR WILLIAM RAMSAY in recognition of his services in the discovery of the inert gaseous elements
in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system.

1903
SVANTE AUGUST ARRHENIUS in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered to the
advancement of chemistry by his electrolytic theory of dissociation.

1902
HERMANN EMIL FISCHER in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his work
on sugar and purine syntheses.

Ravindra 337
1901
JACOBUS HENRICUS VAN'T HOFF in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by
the discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions.

Nobel Prize in Literature Winners 2008-

1901
2008
JEAN-MARIE GUSTAVE LE CLÉZIO author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual
ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization.

2007
DORIS LESSINGthat epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary
power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny.

2006
ORHAN PAMUKwho in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new
symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures.

2005
HAROLD PINTER who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces
entry into oppression's closed rooms.

Ravindra 338
2004
ELFRIEDE JELINEKfor her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that
with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clich s and their subjugating
power

2003
JOHN MAXWELL COETZEE who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of
the outsider

2002
IMRE KERTÉSZ for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the
barbaric arbitrariness of history

2001
V. S. NAIPAUL for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that
compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories.

2000
GAO XINGJIANfor an oeuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which
has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama.

1999
GUNTER GRASS whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history.

Ravindra 339
1998
JOSE SARAMAGOwho with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually
enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality.

1997
DARIO FO who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the
dignity of the downtrodden.

1996
WISLAWA SZYMBORSKA for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological
context to come to light in fragments of human reality.

1995
SEAMUS HEANEY for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and
the living past.

1994
KENZABURO OE who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense
to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today.

1993
TONI MORRISON who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an
essential aspect of American reality.

Ravindra 340
1992
DEREK WALCOTT for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the
outcome of a multicultural commitment.

1991
NADINE GORDIMER who through her magnificent epic writing has - in the words of Alfred Nobel -
been of very great benefit to humanity.

1990
OCTAVIO PAZ for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence
and humanistic integrity.

1989
CAMILO JOSÉ CELA for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a
challenging vision of man's vulnerability.

1988
NAGUIB MAHFOUZ who, through works rich in nuance-now clearsightedly realistic, now
evocatively ambigous-has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind.

1987
JOSEPH BRODSKY for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic
intensity.

Ravindra 341
1986
WOLE SOYINKA who in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the drama
of existence.

1985
CLAUDE SIMON who in his novel combines the poet's and the painter's creativeness with a
deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition.

1984
JAROSLAV SEIFERT for his poetry which endowed with freshness, sensuality and rich
inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man.

1983
SIR WILLIAM GOLDING for his novels which, with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the
diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world of today.

1982
GABRIEL GARCÍA MÁRQUEZ for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the
realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and
conflicts.

1981
ELIAS CANETTI for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power.

Ravindra 342
1980
CZESLAW MILOSZ who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man's exposed condition in
a world of severe conflicts.

1979
ODYSSEUS ELYTIS (pen-name of ODYSSEUS ALEPOUDHELIS), for his poetry, which, against the
background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness
modern man's struggle for freedom and creativeness.

1978
ISAAC BASHEVIS SINGER for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish
cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life.

1977
VICENTE ALEIXANDRE for a creative poetic writing which illuminates man's condition in the
cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions
of Spanish poetry beween the wars.

1976
SAUL BELLOW for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are
combined in his work.

1975

Ravindra 343
EUGENIO MONTALE for his distinctive poetry which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted
human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions.

1974
The prize was divided equally between:

EYVIND JOHNSON for a narrative art, farseeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom.

HARRY MARTINSON for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos.

1973
PATRICK WHITE for an epic and psychological narrative art which has introduced a new continent
into literature.

1972
HEINRICH BÖLL for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time
and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature.

1971
PABLO NERUDA for a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent's
destiny and dreams.

1970

Ravindra 344
ALEKSANDR ISAEVICH SOLZHENITSYN for the ethical force with which he has pursued the
indispensable traditions of Russian literature.

1969
SAMUEL BECKETT for his writing, which - in new forms for the novel and drama - in the
destitution of modern man acquires its elevation.

1968
YASUNARI KAWABATA for his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence
of the Japanese mind.

1967
MIGUEL ANGEL ASTURIAS for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits
and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America.

1966
The prize was divided equally between:

SHMUEL YOSEF AGNON for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of
the Jewish people.

NELLY SACHS for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny
with touching strength.

1965

Ravindra 345
MICHAIL ALEKSANDROVICH SHOLOKHOV for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his
epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people.

1964
JEAN-PAUL SARTRE for his work which, rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the
quest for truth, has exerted a farreaching influence on our age. (Declined the prize.)

1963
GIORGOS SEFERIS (pen-name of GIORGOS SEFERIADIS ), for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired
by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture.

1962
JOHN STEINBECK for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic
humour and keen social perception.

1961
IVO ANDRI´C for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies
drawn from the history of his country.

1960
SAINT-JOHN PERSE (pen-name of ALEXIS LÉGER), for the soaring flight and the evocative
imagery of his poetry which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time.

1959

Ravindra 346
SALVATORE QUASIMODO for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic
experience of life in our own times.

1958
BORIS LEONIDOVICH PASTERNAK for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical
poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition. (Accepted first, later caused by the
authorities of his country to decline the prize.)

1957
ALBERT CAMUS for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness
illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times.

1956
JUAN RAMÓN JIMÉNEZ for his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of
high spirit and artistical purity.

1955
HALLDÓR KILJAN LAXNESS for his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of
Iceland.

1954
ERNEST MILLER HEMINGWAY for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated
in The Old Man and the Sea ,and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style.

Ravindra 347
1953
SIR WINSTON LEONARD SPENCER CHURCHILL for his mastery of historical and biographical
description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values.

1952
FRANÇOIS MAURIAC for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in
his novels penetrated the drama of human life.

1951
PÄR FABIAN LAGERKVIST for the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he
endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind.

1950
EARL BERTRAND ARTHUR WILLIAM RUSSELL in recognition of his varied and significant
writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought.

1949
WILLIAM FAULKNER for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American
novel.

1948
THOMAS STEARNS ELIOT for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry.

Ravindra 348
1947
ANDRÉ PAUL GUILLAUME GIDE for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in
which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen
psychological insight.

1946
HERMANN HESSE for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration,
exemplify the classical humaitarian ideals and high qualities of style.

1945
GABRIELA MISTRAL (pen-name of LUCILA GODOY Y ALCA-YAGA), for her lyric poetry which,
inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the
entire Latin American world.

1944
JOHANNES VILHELM JENSEN for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with
which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style.

1943-1940
The prize money was allocated to the Main Fund (1/3) and to the Special Fund (2/3) of this prize
section.

1939

Ravindra 349
FRANS EEMIL SILLANPÄÄ for his deep understanding of his country's peasantry and the exquisite
art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Nature.

1938
PEARL BUCK (pen-name of PEARL WALSH née SYDENSTRICKER ), for her rich and truly epic
descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces.

1937
ROGER MARTIN DU GARD for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human
conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novelcycle Les Thibault.

1936
EUGENE GLADSTONE O'NEILL for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic
works, which embody an original concept of tragedy.

1935
The prize money was allocated to the Main Fund (1/3) and to the Special Fund (2/3) of this prize
section.

1934
LUIGI PIRANDELLO for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art.

1933

Ravindra 350
IVAN ALEKSEYEVICH BUNIN for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical
Russian traditions in prose writing.

1932
JOHN GALSWORTHY for his distinguished art of narration which takes its highest form in The
Forsythe Saga.

1931
ERIK AXEL KARLFELDT The poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt.

1930
SINCLAIR LEWIS for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit
and humour, new types of characters.

1929
THOMAS MANN principially for his great novel, Buddenbrooks, which has won steadily increased
recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature.

1928
SIGRID UNDSET principially for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages.

1927
HENRI BERGSON in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brillant skill with which
they have been presented.

Ravindra 351
1926
GRAZIA DELEDDA (pen-name of GRAZIA MADESANI née DELEDDA), for her idealistically
inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and
sympathy deal with human problems in general.

1925
GEORGE BERNARD SHAW for his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its
stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty.

1924
WLADYSLAW STANISLAW REYMONT (pen-name of REYMENT ), for his great national epic, The
Peasants.

1923
WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives
expression to the spirit of a whole nation.

1922
JACINTO BENAVENTE for the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions of
the Spanish drama.

1921

Ravindra 352
ANATOLE FRANCE (pen-name of JACQUES ANATOLE THIBAULT), in recognition of his brilliant
literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy,
grace, and a true Gallic temperament.

1920
KNUT PEDERSEN HAMSUN for his monumental work, Growth of the Soil.

1919
CARL FRIEDRICH GEORG SPITTELER in special appreciation of his epic, Olympian Spring.

1918
The prize money for 1918 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1917
The prize was divided equally between:

KARL ADOLPH GJELLERUP for his varied and rich poetry, which is inspired by lofty ideals.

HENRIK PONTOPPIDAN for his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark.

1916
CARL GUSTAF VERNER VON HEIDENSTAM in recognition of his significance as the leading
representative of a new era in our literature.

Ravindra 353
1915
ROMAIN ROLLAND as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy
and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings.

1914
The prize money for 1914 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1913
RABINDRANATH TAGORE because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which,
with comsummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part
of the literature of the West.

1912
GERHART JOHANN ROBERT HAUPTMANN primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and
outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art.

1911
COUNT MAURICE (MOORIS) POLIDORE MARIE BERNHARD MAETERLINCK, in appreciation of
his manysided literary activities, and especially of his dramatic works, which are distinguished by a
wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale, a
deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers' own feelings and stimulate
their imaginations.

1910

Ravindra 354
PAUL JOHANN LUDWIG HEYSE as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism,
which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and
writer of world-renowned short stories.

1909
SELMA OTTILIA LOVISA LAGERLÖF in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and
spiritual perception that characterize her writings.

1908
RUDOLF CHRISTOPH EUCKEN in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power
of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his
numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life.

1907
RUDYARD KIPLING in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination,
virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world-
famous author.

1906
GIOSUÈ CARDUCCI not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above
all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his
poetic masterpieces.

1905
HENRYK SIENKIEWICZ because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer.

Ravindra 355
1904
The prize was divided equally between:

FRÉDÉRIC MISTRAL in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic
production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in
addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist.

JOSÉ ECHEGARAY Y EIZAGUIRRE in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions

which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama.

1903
BJØRNSTJERNE MARTINUS BJØRNSON as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry,
which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of
its spirit.

1902
CHRISTIAN MATTHIAS THEODOR MOMMSEN the greatest living master of the art of historical
writing, with special reference to his monumental work, A history of Rome.

1901
SULLY PRUDHOMME (pen-name of RENÉ FRANÇOIS ARMAND ), in special recognition of his
poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare
combination of the qualitites of both heart and intellect.

Nobel Peace Prize Winners 2008-1901

Ravindra 356
2008
The prize goes to:

MARTTI AHTISAARI for his important efforts, on several continents and over more than three
decades, to resolve international conflicts.

2007
The prize goes to:

INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) and ALBERT ARNOLD ( AL)

GORE JR. for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate
change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change.

2006
The prize goes to:

MUHAMMAD YUNUS and GRAMEEN BANK for their efforts to create economic and social
development from below.

2005
The prize was awarded jointly to:

INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY and MOHAMED ELBARADEI for their efforts to
prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for
peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way.

2004
The prize was awarded to:

WANGARI MAATHAI

Ravindra 357
for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace

2003
The prize was awarded to:

SHIRIN EBADI

for her efforts for democracy and human rights

2002
The prize was awarded to:

JIMMY CARTER JR., former President of the United States of America,

for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance
democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development

2001
The prize was awarded to:

UNITED NATIONS, New York, NY, USA

KOFI ANNAN, United Nations Secretary General

2000
The prize was awarded to:

KIM DAE JUNG for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in
general, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular.

Ravindra 358
1999
The prize was awarded to:

DOCTORS WITHOUT BORDERS (MÉDECINS SANS FRONTIÈRES), Brussels, Belgium.

1998
The prize was awarded jointly to:

JOHN HUME and DAVID TRIMBLE for their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in
Northern Ireland.

1997
The prize was awarded jointly to:

INTERNATIONAL CAMPAIGN TO BAN LANDMINES (ICBL) and JODY WILLIAMS for their work
for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines.

1996
The prize was awarded jointly to:

CARLOS FELIPE XIMENES BELO and JOSE RAMOS-HORTA for their work towards a just and
peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor.

1995
The prize was awarded jointly to:

JOSEPH ROTBLAT and to the PUGWASH CONFERENCES ON SCIENCE AND WORLD AFFAIRS for
their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and in the longer
run to eliminate such arms.

Ravindra 359
1994

The prize was awarded joinly to:

YASSER ARAFAT , Chairman of the Executive Committee of the PLO, President of the Palestinian
National Authority.

SHIMON PERES , Foreign Minister of Israel.

YITZHAK RABIN , Prime Minister of Israel.

for their efforts to create peace in the Middle East.

1993

The prize was awarded jointly to:

NELSON MANDELA Leader of the ANC.

FREDRIK WILLEM DE KLERK President of the Republic of South Africa.

1992

RIGOBERTA MENCHU TUM, Guatemala. Campaigner for human rights, especially for indigenous
peoples.

1991

AUNG SAN SUU KYI, Burma. Oppositional leader, human rights advocate.

1990

MIKHAIL SERGEYEVICH GORBACHEV , President of the USSR, helped to bring the Cold War to
an end.

1989

Ravindra 360
THE 14TH DALAI LAMA (TENZIN GYATSO) , Tibet. Religious and political leader of the Tibetan
people.

1988

THE UNITED NATIONS PEACE-KEEPING FORCES New York, NY, U.S.A.

1987

OSCAR ARIAS SANCHEZ , Costa Rica, President of Costa Rica, initiator of peace negotiations in
Central America.

1986

ELIE WIESEL , U.S.A., Chairman of 'The President's Commission on the Holocaust'. Author,
humanitarian.

1985

INTERNATIONAL PHYSICIANS FOR THE PREVENTION OF NUCLEAR WAR Boston, MA, U.S.A.

1984

DESMOND MPILO TUTU , South Africa, Bishop of Johannesburg, former Secretary General South
African Council of Churches (S.A.C.C.). for his work against apartheid.

1983

LECH WALESA , Poland. Founder of Solidarity, campaigner for human rights.

1982

The prize was awarded jointly to:

Ravindra 361
ALVA MYRDAL , former Cabinet Minister, diplomat, delegate to United Nations General Assembly
on Disarmament, writer.

ALFONSO GARCÍA ROBLES , diplomat, delegate to the United Nations General Assembly on
Disarmament, former Secretary for Foreign Affairs .

1981

OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES Geneva,

Switzerland.

1980

ADOLFO PEREZ ESQUIVEL , Argentina, architect, sculptor and human rights leader.

1979

MOTHER TERESA , India, Leader of the Order of the Missionaries of Charity.

1978

The prize was divided equally between:

MOHAMED ANWAR AL-SADAT , President of the Arab Republic of Egypt.

MENACHEM BEGIN , Prime Minister of Israel.

for jointly negotiating peace between Egypt and Israel.

1977

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL London, Great Britain. A worldwide organization for the protection of
the rights of prisoners of conscience.

1976

Ravindra 362
BETTY WILLIAMS and MAIREAD CORRIGAN Founders of the Northern Ireland Peace Movement
(later renamed Community of Peace People).

1975

ANDREI DMITRIEVICH SAKHAROV , Soviet nuclear physicist. Campaigner for human rights.

1974

The prize was divided equally between:

SEÁN MAC BRIDE , President of the International Peace Bureau, Geneva, and the Commission of
Namibia, United Nations, New York.

EISAKU SATO , Prime Minister of Japan.

1973

The prize was awarded jointly to:

HENRY A. KISSINGER , Secretary of State, State Department, Washington.

LE DUC THO , Democratic Republic of Viet Nam. (Declined the prize.)

for jointly negotiating the Vietnam peace accord in 1973.

1972

The prize money for 1972 was allocated to the Main Fund.

1971

WILLY BRANDT , Federal Republic of Germany, Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany,
initiator of West Germany's Ostpolitik, embodying a new attitude towards Eastern Europe and East
Germany.

1970

Ravindra 363
NORMAN BORLAUG , Led research at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center,
Mexico City.

1969

INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION (I.L.O.) Geneva.

1968

RENÉ CASSIN , President of the European Court for Human Rights .

1967-1966
The prize money was allocated to the Main Fund (1/3) and to the Special Fund (2/3) of this prize
section.

1965

UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN'S FUND (UNICEF) New York, founded by U.N. in 1946. An
international aid organization.

1964

MARTIN LUTHER KING JR. , leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, campaigner
for civil rights.

1963

The prize was divided equally between

COMITÉ INTERNATIONAL DE LA CROIX-ROUGE (INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE

REDCROSS) Geneva, founded 1863.

LIGUE DES SOCIÉTÉS DE LA CROIX-ROUGE (LEAGUE OF RED CROSS SOCIETIES) Geneva.

1962

Ravindra 364
LINUS CARL PAULING , California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA. Campaigner especially
for an end to nuclear weapons tests.

1961

DAG HJALMAR AGNE CARL HAMMARSKJÖLD , Secretary General of the United Nations
(awarded the Prize posthumously).

1960

ALBERT JOHN LUTULI , President of the South Africal liberation movement, the African National
Congress.

1959

PHILIP J. NOEL-BAKER , Great Britain, Member of Parliament, life long ardent worker for
international peace and co-operation .

1958

GEORGES HENRI PIRE , Belgium, Father of the Dominican Order, Leader of the relief
organization for refugees, l'Europe du Coeur au Service du Monde.

1957

LESTER BOWLES PEARSON , former Secretary of State for External Affairs of Canada, President
7th Session of the United Nations General Assembly .

1956-1955
The prize money was allocated to the Main Fund (1/3) and to the Special Fund (2/3) of this prize
section.

1954

OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES Geneva, an

international relief organization, founded by U.N. in 1951.

Ravindra 365
1953

GEORGE CATLETT MARSHALL , General, President American Red Cross, ex-Secretary of State
and of Defense, Delegate to the U.N., Originator of the Marshall Plan.

1952

ALBERT SCHWEITZER , Missionary surgeon, Founder Lambaréné Hospital in République du

Gabon.

1951

LÉON JOUHAUX , France, President of the trade union C.G.T. Force Ouvrière. President of the
International Committee of the European Council, Vice President of the International Confederation
of Free Trade Unions, Vice President of the World Federation of Trade Unions, member of the ILO
Council, delegate to the UN.

1950

RALPH BUNCHE , Professor Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, Director of the UN Division of
Trusteeship, Acting Mediator in Palestine 1948.

1949

LORD JOHN BOYD ORR OF BRECHIN, Physician, Alimentary Politician, prominent organizer and
Director General Food and Agricultural Organization, President National Peace Council and World
Union of Peace Organizations.

1948

The prize money was allocated to the Main Fund (1/3) and to the Special Fund (2/3) of this prize
section.

1947

The prize was awarded jointly to:

Ravindra 366
THE FRIENDS SERVICE COUNCIL (The Quakers), London. Founded in 1647.

THE AMERICAN FRIENDS SERVICE COMMITTEE (The Quakers), Washington. The society's first
official meeting was held in 1672.

1946

The prize was divided equally between:

EMILY GREENE BALCH, former Professor of History and Sociology, Honorary International
President Women's International League for Peace and Freedom.

JOHN RALEIGH MOTT Chairman of the first International Missionary Council, President of the
World Alliance of Young Men's Christian Associations .

1945

CORDELL HULL Former Secretary of State. One of the initiators of the United Nations.

1944

COMITÉ INTERNATIONAL DE LA CROIX-ROUGE (INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED

CROSS)

1943-1939
The prize money was allocated to the Main Fund (1/3) and to the Special Fund (2/3) of this prize
section.

1938

OFFICE INTERNATIONAL NANSEN POUR LES RÉFUGIÉS (NANSEN INTERNATIONAL OFFICE

FOR REFUGEES) an international relief organization in Geneva started by Fridtjof Nansen in 1921.

1937

CECIL OF CHELWOOD, VISCOUNT, (LORD EDGAR ALGERNON ROBERT GASCOYNE CECIL) ,

Writer, Former Lord Privy Seal. Founder and President of the International Peace Campaign.

Ravindra 367
1936

CARLOS SAAVEDRA LAMAS Foreign Minister. President of the Société des Nations (League of
Nations), Meditator in a conflict between Paraguay and Bolivia in 1935.

1935

CARL VON OSSIETZKY Journalist (with Die Weltbühne, among others), pacifist.

1934

ARTHUR HENDERSON Former Foreign Secretary. Chairman of the League of Nations

Disarmament Conference 1932-1934.

1933

SIR NORMAN ANGELL (RALPH LANE) Writer. Member of the Commission Exécutive de la
Société des Nations (Executive Committee of the League of Nations) and the National Peace
Council. Author of the book The Great Illusion, among others.

1932

The prize money for 1932 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1931

The prize was divided equally between:

JANE ADDAMS Sociologist. International President of the Women's International League for Peace
and Freedom.

NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER President of Columbia University. Promoter of the Briand-Kellogg

Pact.

1930

Ravindra 368
LARS OLOF NATHAN (JONATHAN) SÖDERBLOM Archbishop. Leader of the ecumenical
movement.

1929

FRANK BILLINGS KELLOGG Former Secretary of State, Negotiated the Briand-Kellogg Pact.

1928

The prize money for 1928 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1927

The prize was divided equally between:

FERDINAND BUISSON Former Professor at the Sorbonne University, Paris. Founder and President
of the Ligue des Droits de l'Homme (League for Human Rights).

LUDWIG QUIDDEHistorian. Professor at Berlin University. Member of Germany's constituent

assembly 1919. Delegate to numerous peace conferences.

1926

The prize was awarded jointly to:

ARISTIDE BRIAND Foreign Minister. Negotiator of the Locarno Treaty and the Briand-Kellogg
Pact.

GUSTAV STRESEMANN Former Lord High Chancellor (Reichs-kanzler). Foreign Minister.

Negotiator of the Locarno Treaty.

1925

The prize was awarded jointly to:

SIR AUSTEN CHAMBERLAIN Foreign Minister. Negotiator of the Locarno Treaty.

CHARLES GATES DAWES Vice-President of the United States of America. Chairman of the Allied
Reparation Commission. Originator of the Dawes Plan .

Ravindra 369
1924-1923
The prize money for 1924-1923 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1922

FRIDTJOF NANSEN , Norway. Scientist. Explorer. Norwegian Delegate to Société des Nations
(League of Nations). Originator of the Nansen passports (for refugees).

1921

The prize was divided equally between:

KARL HJALMAR BRANTING Prime Minister. Swedish Delegate to the Conseil de la Société des
Nations (Council of the League of Nations).

CHRISTIAN LOUS LANGE Secretary General of the Inter-Parliamentary Union, Brussels.

1920

LÉON VICTOR AUGUSTE BOURGEOIS, France. Former Secretary of State. President of the
Parliament (Sénat). President of the Conseil de la Société des Nations (Council of the League of
Nations) .

1919

THOMAS WOODROW WILSON, President of the United States of America. Founder of the Société
des Nations (League of Nations)

1918

The prize money for 1918 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1917

COMITÉ INTERNATIONAL DE LA CROIX ROUGE (INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE

REDCROSS) , Geneva.

Ravindra 370
1916-1914
The prize money for 1916-1914 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1913

HENRI LA FONTAINE, Belgium. Member of the Belgian Parliament (Sénateur). President of the
Permanent International Peace Bureau, Berne.

1912

ELIHU ROOT Former Secretary of State. Initiator of several arbitration agreements.

1911

The prize was divided equally between:

TOBIAS MICHAEL CAREL ASSER, the Netherlands. Cabinet Minister. Member of the Privy
Council. Initiator of the International Conferences of Private Law at the Hague.

ALFRED HERMANN FRIED, Austria. Journalist. Founder of the peace journal Die Waffen Nieder
(later renamed Die Friedenswarte).

1910

BUREAU INTERNATIONAL PERMANENT DE LA PAIX (PERMANENT INTERNATIONAL PEACE

BUREAU) , Bern.

1909

The prize was divided equally between:

AUGUSTE MARIE FRANÇOIS BEERNAERT, Belgium. Former Prime Minister. Member of the
Belgian Parliament. Member of the Cour Internationale d'Arbitrage (International Court of
Arbitration) at the Hague.

PAUL HENRIBENJAMIN BALLUET D'ESTOURNELLES DE CONSTANT, BARON DE CONSTANT

DE REBECQUE, France. Member of the French Parliament (Sénateur). Founder and President of the
French parliamentary group for international arbitration (Groupe parlementaire de l'arbitrage

Ravindra 371
international). Founder of the Comité de défense des intérêtsnationaux et de conciliation
internationale (Committee for the Defense of National Interests and International Conciliation).

1908

The prize was divided equally between:

KLAS PONTUS ARNOLDSON, Sweden. Writer. Former Member fo the Swedish Parliament.
Founder of the Swedish Peace and Arbitration League.

FREDRIK BAJER, Denmark. Member of the Danish Parliament. Honorary President of the
Permanent International Peace Bureau, Berne.

1907

The prize was divided equally between:

ERNESTO TEODORO MONETA, Italy. President of the Lombard League of Peace.

LOUIS RENAULT, France. Professor International Law, Sorbonne University, Paris.

1906

THEODORE ROOSEVELT, USA. President of the United States of America. Drew up the 1905
peace treaty between Russia and Japan.

1905

BARONESS BERTHA SOPHIE FELICITA VON SUTTNER née COUNTESS KINSKY von CHINIC und
TETTAU, Austria. Writer. Hon. President of the Permanent International Peace Bureau, Berne.
Author of Die Waffen Nieder (Lay Down Your Arms).

1904

INSTITUT DE DROIT INTERNATIONAL (INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW) , Gent, Belgium.

A scientific society.

1903

Ravindra 372
SIR WILLIAM RANDAL CREMER, Great Britain. Member of the British Parliament. Secretary of
the International Arbitration League .

1902

The prize was divided equally between:

ÉLIE DUCOMMUN, Switzerland. Honorary Secretary of the Permanent International Peace Bureau,
Berne.

CHARLES ALBERT GOBAT, Switzerland. Secretary General of the Inter-Parliamentary Union,

Berne. Honorary Secretary of the Permanent International Peace Bureau, Berne.

1901

The prize was divided equally between:

JEAN HENRI DUNANT, Switzerland. Founder of the International Committee of the Red Cross,
Geneva; Initiator of the Geneva Convention (Convention de Genève).

FRÉDÉRIC PASSY, France. Founder and President of the first French peace society (since 1889 it
has been called the Société Francaise pour l'arbitrage entre nations).

Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic

Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2008-
1969

2008
The prize goes to:

PAUL KRUGMAN for his analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity.

Ravindra 373
2007
The prize was awarded jointly to:

LEONID HURWICZ , ERIC S. MASKIN , and ROGER B. MYERSON for having laid the foundations
of mechanism design theory.

2006
The prize goes to:

EDMUND S. PHELPS for his analysis of intertemporal tradeoffs in macroeconomic policy.

2005
The prize was awarded jointly to:

ROBERT J. AUMANN and THOMAS C. SCHELLING for having enhanced our understanding of
conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis.

2004
The prize was awarded jointly to:

FINN E. KYDLAND and EDWARD C. PRESCOTT for their contributions to dynamic

macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business
cycles

2003
The prize was shared between:

ROBERT F. ENGLE for methods of analyzing economic time series with time-varying volatility

Ravindra 374
(ARCH)

and

CLIVE W. J. GRANGER , for methods of analyzing economic time series with common trends
(cointegration)

2002
The prize was shared between:

DANIEL KAHNEMAN for having integrated insights from psychological research into economic
science, especially concerning human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty

and

VERNON L. SMITH, for having established laboratory experiments as a tool in empirical economic
analysis, especially in the study of alternative market mechanisms

2001
The prize was awarded jointly to:

GEORGE A. AKERLOF, A. MICHAEL SPENCE, and JOSEPH E. STIGLITZ, for their analyses of
markets with asymmetric information.

2000
The prize will be shared between:

JAMES J. HECKMAN for his development of theory and methods for analyzing selective samples

and

DANIEL L. MCFADDEN for his development of theory and methods for analyzing discrete choice.

Ravindra 375
1999
ROBERT A. MUNDELLfor his analysis of monetary and fiscal policy under different exchange rate
regimes and his analysis of optimum currency areas.

1998
AMARTYA SEN for his contributions to welfare economics.

1997
ROBERT C. MERTON and MYRON S. SCHOLES for a new method to determine the value of
derivatives.

1996
JAMES A. MIRRLEES and WILLIAM VICKREY for their fundamental contributions to the economic
theory of incentives under asymmetric information.

1995
ROBERT LUCAS for having developed and applied the hypothesis of rational expectations, and
thereby having transformed macroeconomic analysis and deepened our understanding of economic
policy.

1994
The prize was awarded jointly to:

JOHN C. HARSANYI , JOHN F. NASH and REINHARD SELTEN for their pioneering analysis of
equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games.

1993

Ravindra 376
The prize was awarded jointly to:

ROBERT W. FOGEL and DOUGLASS C. NORTH for having renewed research in economic history
by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and
institutional change.

1992
GARY S. BECKER for having extended the domain of microeconomic analysis to a wide range of
human behaviour and interaction, including nonmarket behaviour.

1991
RONALD H. COASE for his discovery and clarification of the significance of transaction costs and
property rights for the institutional structure and functioning of the economy.

1990
The prize was awarded with one third each to:

HARRY M. MARKOWITZ , MERTON M. MILLER and WILLIAM F. SHARPE for their pioneering
work in the theory of financial economics.

1989
TRYGVE HAAVELMO for his clarification of the probability theory foundations of econometrics and
his analyses of simultaneous economic structures.

1988
MAURICE ALLAIS for his pioneering contributions to the theory of markets and efficient utilization
of resources.

1987

Ravindra 377
ROBERT M. SOLOW for his contributions to the theory of economic growth.

1986
JAMES M. BUCHANAN, JR. for his development of the contractual and constitutional bases for the
theory of economic and political decision-making.

1985
FRANCO MODIGLIANI for his pioneering analyses of saving and of financial markets.

1984
SIR RICHARD STONE for having made fundamental contributions to the development of systems of
national accounts and hence greatly improved the basis for empirical economic analysis.

1983
GERARD DEBREU for having incorporated new analytical methods into economic theory and for his
rigorous reformulation of the theory of general equilibrium.

1982
GEORGE J. STIGLER for his seminal studies of industrial structures, functioning of markets and
causes and effects of public regulation.

1981
JAMES TOBIN for his analysis of financial markets and their relations to expenditure decisions,
employment, production and prices.

1980

Ravindra 378
LAWRENCE R. KLEIN for the creation of econometric models and the application to the analysis of
economic fluctuations and economic policies.

1979
The prize was divided equally between:

THEODORE W. SCHULTZ and SIR ARTHUR LEWIS for their pioneering research into economic
development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries.

1978
HERBERT A. SIMON for his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic
organizations.

1977
The prize was divided equally between:

BERTIL OHLIN and JAMES E MEADE for their pathbreaking contribution to the theory of
international trade and international capital movements.

1976
MILTON FRIEDMAN for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history
and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy.

1975
The prize was awarded jointly to:

LEONID VITALIYEVICH KANTOROVICH and TJALLING C. KOOPMANS for their contributions to

the theory of optimum allocation of resources.

Ravindra 379
1974
The prize was divided equally between:

GUNNAR MYRDAL and FRIEDRICH AUGUST VON HAYEK for their pioneering work in the theory
of money and economic fluctuations and for their penetrating analysis of the interdependence of
economic, social and institutional phenomena.

1973
WASSILY LEONTIEF for the development of the input-output method and for its application to
important economic problems.

1972
The prize was awarded jointly to:

SIR JOHN R. HICKS and KENNETH J. ARROW for their pioneering contributions to general
economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory.

1971
SIMON KUZNETS for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to
new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development.

1970
PAUL A SAMUELSON for the scientific work through which he has developed static and dynamic
economic theory and actively contributed to raising the level of analysis in economic science.

1969
The prize was awarded jointly to:

RAGNAR FRISCH and JAN TINBERGEN for having developed and applied dynamic models for the
analysis of economic processes.

Ravindra 380
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Winners 2008-
1901

2008
The prize was divided equally, one half to:

HARALD ZUR HAUSEN for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer

and the other half jointly to:

FRANCOISE BARRE SINOUSSI, and LUC MONTAGNIER for their discovery of human
immunodeficiency virus

2007
The prize was awarded jointly to:

MARIO R. CAPECCHI, SIR MARTIN J. EVANS, and OLIVER SMITHIES for their discoveries of
principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells

2006
The prize was awarded jointly to:

ANDREW Z. FIRE, and CRAIG C. MELLO for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing
by double-stranded RNA

Ravindra 381
2005
The prize was awarded jointly to:

BARRY J. MARSHALL, and J. ROBIN WARREN for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter
pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.

2004
The prize was awarded jointly to:

RICHARD AXEL, and LINDA B BUCK for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the
organization of the olfactory system

2003
The prize was awarded jointly to:

PAUL C. LAUTERBUR, and SIR PETER MANSFIELD for their discoveries concerning magnetic
resonance imaging.

2002
The prize was awarded jointly to:

SYDNEY BRENNER, H. ROBERT HORVITZ and JOHN E. SULSTON for their discoveries
concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death.

2001
The prize was awarded jointly to:

LELAND H. HARTWELL, R. TIMOTHY HUNT and PAUL M. NURSE for their discoveries of "key
regulators of the cell cycle."

Ravindra 382
2000
The prize was awarded jointly to:

ARVID CARLSSON, PAUL GREENGARD and ERIC KANDEL for their discoveries concerning signal
transduction in the nervous system.

1999
The prize was awarded to:

GÜNTER BLOBEL, for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport
and localization in the cell.

1998
The prize was awarded jointly to:

ROBERT F. FURCHGOTT, LOUIS J. IGNARRO and FERID MURAD for their discoveries concerning
nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system.

1997
STANLEY B. PRUSINER for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection

1996
The prize was awarded jointly to:

PETER C. DOHERTY and ROLF M. ZINKERNAGEL for their discoveries concerning the specificity
of the cell mediated immune defence.

1995

Ravindra 383
The prize was awarded jointly to:

EDWARD B. LEWIS, CHRISTIANE NÜSSLEIN-VOLHARD and ERIC F. WIESCHAUS for their

discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development.

1994
The prize was awarded jointly to:

ALFRED G. GILMAN and MARTIN RODBELL for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of
these proteins in signal transduction in cells.

1993
The prize was awarded jointly to:

RICHARD J. ROBERTS and PHILLIP A. SHARP for their independent discoveries of split genes.

1992
The prize was awarded jointly to:

EDMOND H. FISCHER and EDWIN G. KREBS for their discoveries concerning reversible protein
phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism.

1991
The prize was awarded jointly to:

ERWIN NEHER and BERT SAKMANN for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion
channels in cells.

1990
The prize was awarded jointly to:

Ravindra 384
JOSEPH E. MURRAY and E. DONNALL THOMAS for their discoveries concerning organ and cell
transplantation in the treatment of human disease.

1989
The prize was awarded jointly to:

J. MICHAEL BISHOP and HAROLD E. VARMUS for their discovery of the cellular origin of
retroviral oncogenes.

1988
The prize was awarded jointly to:

SIR JAMES W. BLACK , GERTRUDE B. ELION and GEORGE H. HITCHINGS for their discoveries
of important principles for drug treatment.

1987
SUSUMU TONEGAWA for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity.

1986
The prize was awarded jointly to:

STANLEY COHEN and RITA LEVI-MONTALCINI for their discoveries of growth factors.

1985
The prize was awarded jointly to:

MICHAEL S. BROWN and JOSEPH L. GOLDSTEIN for their discoveries concerning the regulation
of cholesterol metabolism.

1984

Ravindra 385
The prize was awarded jointly to:

NIELS K. JERNE , GEORGES J.F. KÖHLER and CÉSAR MILSTEIN for theories concerning the
specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for
production of monoclonal antibodies.

1983
BARBARA MC CLINTOCK for her discovery of mobile genetic elements.

1982
The prize was awarded jointly to:

SUNE K. BERGSTRÖM , BENGT I. SAMUELSSON and SIR JOHN R. VANE for their discoveries
concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances.

1981
The prize was divided equally, one half awarded to:

ROGER W. SPERRY for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral
hemispheres.

and the other half awarded jointly to:

DAVID H. HUBEL and TORSTEN N. WIESEL for their discoveries concerning information
processing in the visual system.

1980
The prize was awarded jointly to:

BARUJ BENACERRAF , JEAN DAUSSET and GEORGE D. SNELL for their discoveries concerning
genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions.

1979

Ravindra 386
The prize was awarded jointly to:

ALAN M. CORMACK and SIR GODFREY N. HOUNSFIELD for the development of computer
assisted tomography.

1978
The prize was awarded jointly to:

WERNER ARBER , DANIEL NATHANS and HAMILTON O. SMITH for the discovery of restriction
enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics.

1977
The prize was divided equally, one half awarded jointly to:

ROGER GUILLEMIN and ANDREW V. SCHALLY for their discoveries concerning the peptide
hormone production of the brain

and the other half awarded to:

ROSALYN YALOW for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones.

1976
The prize was awarded jointly to:

BARUCH S. BLUMBERG and D. CARLETON GAJDUSEK for their discoveries concerning new
mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases.

1975
The prize was awarded jointly to:

DAVID BALTIMORE , RENATO DULBECCO and HOWARD MARTIN TEMIN for their discoveries
concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell.

Ravindra 387
1974
The prize was awarded jointly to:

ALBERT CLAUDE , CHRISTIAN DE DUVE and GEORGE E. PALADE for their discoveries
concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell.

1973
The prize was awarded jointly to:

KARL VON FRISCH , KONRAD LORENZ and NIKOLAAS TINBERGEN for their discoveries
concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns.

1972
The prize was awarded jointly to:

GERALD M. EDELMAN and RODNEY R. PORTER for their discoveries concerning the chemical
structure of antibodies.

1971
EARL W. JR. SUTHERLAND for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of
hormones.

1970
The prize was awarded jointly to:

SIR BERNARD KATZ , ULF VON EULER and JULIUS AXELROD for their discoveries concerning
the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and
inactivation.

1969

Ravindra 388
The prize was awarded jointly to:

MAX DELBRÜCK , ALFRED D. HERSHEY and SALVADOR E. LURIA for their discoveries
concerning the replication mechanism and the gentic structure of viruses.

1968
The prize was awarded jointly to:

ROBERT W. HOLLEY , HAR GOBIND KHORANA and MARSHALL W. NIRENBERG for their
interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis.

1967
The prize was awarded jointly to:

RAGNAR GRANIT , HALDAN KEFFER HARTLINE and GEORGE WALD for their discoveries
concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye.

1966
The prize was divided equally, one half awarded to:

PEYTON ROUS for his discovery of tumorinducing viruses

and the other half to:

CHARLES BRENTON HUGGINS for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic
cancer.

1965
The prize was awarded jointly to:

FRANÇOIS JACOB , ANDRÉ LWOFF and JACOUES MONOD for their discoveries concerning
genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis.

Ravindra 389
1964
The prize was awarded jointly to:

KONRAD BLOCH and FEODOR LYNEN for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and
regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism.

1963
The prize was awarded jointly to:

SIR JOHN CAREW ECCLES , SIR ALAN LLOYD HODGKIN and SIR ANDREW FIELDING HUXLEY
for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the
peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane.

1962
The prize was awarded jointly to:

FRANCIS HARRY COMPTON CRICK , JAMES DEWEY WATSON and MAURICE HUGH
FREDERICK WILKINS for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nuclear acids and
its significance for information transfer in living material.

1961
GEORG VON BÉKÉSY for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the
cochlea.

1960
The prize was awarded jointly to:

SIR FRANK MACFARLANE BURNET and SIR PETER BRIAN MEDAWAR for discovery of acquired
immunological tolerance.

1959

Ravindra 390
The prize was awarded jointly to:

SEVERO OCHOA and ARTHUR KORNBERG for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological
synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxiribonucleic acid.

1958
The prize was divided equally, one half awarded jointly to:

GEORGE WELLS BEADLE and EDWARD LAWRIE TATUM for their discovery that genes act by
regulating definite chemical events

and the other half to:

JOSHUA LEDERBERG for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of
the genetic material of bacteria.

1957
DANIEL BOVET for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain
body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles.

1956
The prize was awarded jointly to:

ANDRÉ FRÉDÉRIC COURNAND , WERNER FORSSMANN and DICKINSON W. RICHARDS for their
discoveries concerning heart catherization and pathological changes in the circulatory system.

1955
AXEL HUGO THEODOR THEORELL for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action
of oxidation enzymes.

1954
The prize was awarded jointly to:

Ravindra 391
JOHN FRANKLIN ENDERS , THOMAS HUCKLE WELLER and FREDERICK CHAPMAN ROBBINS
for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of
tissue.

1953
The prize was divided equally, one half awarded to:

SIR HANS ADOLF KREBS for his discovery of the citric acid cycle

and the other half to:

FRITZ ALBERT LIPMANN for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary
metabolism.

1952
SELMAN ABRAHAM WAKSMAN for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective
against tuberculosis.

1951
MAX THEILER for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it.

1950
The prize was awarded jointly to:

EDWARD CALVIN KENDALL , TADEUS REICHSTEIN and PHILIP SHOWALTER HENCH for their
discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects.

1949
The prize was divided equally, one half awarded to:

WALTER RUDOLF HESS for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a
coordinator of the activities of the internal organs

Ravindra 392
and the other half to:

ANTONIO CAETANO DE ABREU FREIRE EGAS MONIZ for his discovery of the therapeutic value
of leucotomy in certain psychoses.

1948
PAUL HERMANN MÜLLER for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison
against several arth ropods.

1947
The prize was divided, one half awarded jointly to:

CARL FERDINAND CORI and GERTY THERESA CORI née RADNITZ for their discovery of the
course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen

the other half awarded to:

BERNARDO ALBERTO HOUSSAY for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the
anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar.

1946
HERMANN JOSEPH MULLER for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray
irradiation.

1945
The prize was awarded jointly to:

SIR ALEXANDER FLEMING , SIR ERNST BORIS CHAIN and LORD HOWARD WALTER FLOREY
for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases.

1944
The prize was awarded jointly to

Ravindra 393
JOSEPH ERLANGER and HERBERT SPENCER GASSER for their discoveries relating to the highly
differentiated functions of single nerve fibres.

1943
The prize was divided equally, one half awarded to:

HENRIK CARL PETER DAM for his discovery of vitamin K.

and the other half to:

EDWARD ADELBERT DOISY for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K.

1942-1940
The prize money was allocated to the Main Fund (1/3) and to the Special Fund (2/3) of this prize
section.

1939
GERHARD DOMAGK for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil. (Caused by the
authorities of his country to decline the award, but later received the diploma and the medal.)

1938
CORNEILLE JEAN FRANÇOIS HEYMANS for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and
aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration.

1937
ALBERT SZENT-GYÖRGYI VON NAGYRAPOLT for his discoveries in connection with the
biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric
acid.

1936

Ravindra 394
The prize was awarded jointly to:

SIR HENRY HALLETT DALE and OTTO LOEWI for their discoveries relating to chemical
transmission of nerve impulses.

1935
HANS SPEMANN for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development.

1934
The prize was awarded jointly to:

GEORGE HOYT WHIPPLE , GEORGE RICHARDS MINOT and WILLIAM PARRY MURPHY for
their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia.

1933
THOMAS HUNT MORGAN for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in
heredity.

1932
The prize was awarded jointly to:

SIR CHARLES SCOTT SHERRINGTON and LORD EDGAR DOUGLAS ADRIAN for their discoveries
regarding the functions of neurons.

1931
OTTO HEINRICH WARBURG for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory
enzyme.

1930

Ravindra 395
KARL LANDSTEINER for his discovery of human blood groups.

1929
The prize was divided equally, one half awarded to:

CHRISTIAAN EIJKMAN for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin

and the other half awarded to:

SIR FREDERICK GOWLAND HOPKINS for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins.

1928
CHARLES JULES HENRI NICOLLE for his work on typhus.

1927
JULIUS WAGNER-JAUREGG for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the
treatment of dementia paralytica.

1926
JOHANNES ANDREAS GRIB FIBIGER for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma.

1925
The prize money for 1925 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1924
WILLEM EINTHOVEN for his discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram.

Ravindra 396
1923
SIR FREDERICK GRANT BANTING and JOHN JAMES RICHARD MACLEOD for the discovery of
insulin.

1922
The prize was divided equally between:

SIR ARCHIBALD VIVIAN HILL for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle

and

OTTO FRITZ MEYERHOF for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of
oxygen and the metabolism of lactid acid in the muscle.

1921
The prize money for 1921 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1920
SCHACK AUGUST STEENBERGER KROGH for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating
mechanism.

1919
JULES BORDET for his discoveries relating to immunity.

1918-1915
The prize money for 1918-1915 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1914

Ravindra 397
ROBERT BÁRÁNY for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus.

1913
CHARLES ROBERT RICHET in recognition of his work on anaphylaxis.

1912
ALEXIS CARREL in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood-
vessels and organs.

1911
ALLVAR GULLSTRAND for his work on the dioptrics of the eye.

1910
ALBRECHT KOSSEL in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made
through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances.

1909
EMIL THEODOR KOCHER for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid
gland.

1908
The prize was awarded jointly to:

ILYA ILYICH MECHNIKOV and PAUL EHRLICH in recognition of their work on immunity.

1907

Ravindra 398
CHARLES LOUIS ALPHONSE LAVERAN in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa
in causing diseases.

1906
The prize was awarded jointly to:

CAMILLO GOLGI and SANTIAGO RAMON Y CAJAL in recognition of their work on the stucture of
the nervous system.

1905
ROBERT KOCH for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis.

1904
IVAN PETROVICH PAVLOV in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through
which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged.

1903
NIELS RYBERG FINSEN in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially
lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical
science.

1902
SIR RONALD ROSS for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and
thereby has laid the foundation for successful resesarch on this disease and methods of combating
it.

1901

Ravindra 399
EMIL ADOLF VON BEHRING for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against
diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed
in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths.

Academy Awards -
History Of The Oscar

Ravindra 400
From its initial creation in 1927, one of the first goals of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and
Sciences (AMPAS) was the method to honor achievements in the motion picture industry. A
committee of seven members was formed and given the task of creating an Academy Awards
presentation.

The first Academy Awards ceremony was held on May 16, 1929. It was definitely a low key affair
compared to the glamor and glitz that surround the ceremonies of today.

Ravindra 401
Two hundred and fifty people attended the black-tie banquet that evening in the Blossom Room of
Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel.

Emil Jannings, who was the winner for best actor, decided to go back to his home in Germany
before the ceremony. But before he departed, Emil Jannings was handed the very first Academy
Award.

We all know the focal point is the actual Oscar statuette. Early on, the Academy Awards knew that
the success of the Awards was the centered around the actual trophy, so it could be presented at the
Awards. MGM art director Cedric Gibbons was tasked with designing the statuette.

The statuette is a simple, stylized golden knight standing on a reel of film and gripping a sword.
The award was actually created by sculptor George Stanley.

One question that often arises, is how did the Oscar get its name?

The official name of the statuette is the Academy Award of Merit. The statuette is almost
exclusively known as the Oscar.

The exact reason is not known, but the most popular story involves then Academy librarian and
future executive director, Margaret Herrick. When Herrick saw the statuette sitting on a table, stated
“it looks just like my Uncle Oscar!” The name stuck and that magical golden statuette has been
called Oscar ever since.

Over the past 80 plus years, the actual Oscar statuette has undergone relatively few changes.
Compared to the 1929 version, they are almost exactly the same. It is 13 ½ inches tall and weighs 8
½ pounds.

But there have been some very fundamental changes. 15 Oscar statuettes were awarded during the
first Academy Awards ceremony on May 16th, 1929. They were made of gold-plated solid bronze
and placed upon a pedestal made of Belgian black marble.

In 1945, two minor changes occurred with the pedestal. It was made slightly higher and is currently
made of metal, rather than marble. Beginning in 1949, the statues began to be numbered. For
whatever reason, the starting number began with 501. The number is written behind Oscar’s heels.
An example would be: 2008, 2,698.The record for the most Oscar awards during a career is Walt
Disney, who was awarded the statuette 26 times.

The Academy Awards Oscar presentation

for excellence in the film industry has a
long and rich history.

Ravindra 402
In 1927, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS)was formed by 36 of the film
industry's most prominent individuals, choosing film actor Douglas Fairbanks, Sr. as its first
president. In 1929, AMPAS presented the first Academy Award. This award was for recognition of
excellence in the motion picture industry. This award has remained the ultimate industry standard of
recognition.

Voting members of AMPAS represent fourteen branches of the film industry to determine who
receives the coveted awards. The Oscar voting process begins in November of each year. Movie
studios, publicists and film distributors begin their attempts to coax the voting members of AMPAS
to view their film offerings. These attempts are regulated in the interest of fairness. The following
January, the Academy Awards ballots are distributed to voting members, who have one month to
make their nominations and return these nominations to the offices of PricewaterhouseCoopers,
formerly Price Waterhouse, a professional service used to tabulate the votes.
PricewaterhouseCoopers guarantees the security of the balloting. Only two people employed by
PricewaterhouseCoopers know the results of award balloting before the ceremonies.

The nominations for the award are made by members of the craft categories for each of the rewards.
In the Best Picture category, however, all voting members are allowed to submit nominations. In
February, PricewaterhouseCoopers announces the result of the nominations. Voting members then
receive ballots to cast their votes to select winners in each category. They are then returned to the
tabulating service. Although many of the fourteen Oscar categories have been broadened or
changed since 1927, the awards still fall within the main branches of the Academy. This includes
actors, producers, directors, writers and technicians. Even the names of some of the awards have
changed. For example, the Best Picture award was known as the Best Production award prior to
1933. In that year, two Best Picture awards were given. One, to "Wings" for the Best Production
and another to "Sunrise" for the Best Unique and Artistic Picture. After that year's awards the latter
category was dropped. Until 1939, the award was called the "Academy Award of Merit" and was
not a statuette but a plaque. The first Oscar statuette was awarded to actor Emil Jannings, who was
named Best Actor for his role in "The Last Command" and "The Way of All Things".

How the awards statuette came to be known as "Oscar" is not known but it is generally accepted
that Katherine Herrion, a future Academy Executive Director, remarked upon seeing the statue that
it reminded her of her uncle Oscar and began referring to it by that name. Academy staff followed
her lead and the name Oscar has been used ever since. The Oscar itself is a statuette, made by the
R.S. Owens Company of Chicago. It is approximately 13.5 inches high and weighs 8.5 pounds. It is
made from a copper, silver and nickel alloy and covered with 25-Carat gold. During World War II,
the statues were made of plaster. Recipients turned in these plaster statues after the war for golden
Oscars. In the 1930's juvenile recipients of the award were given miniature versions and there is one
instance where a wooden Oscar was awarded to ventriloquist Edgar Bergen. Walt Disney
received seven miniature Oscar statuettes for the film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, the first
all-animated feature film. The statue was designed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer art director Cedric
Gibbon and sculptor George Stanley. The Oscar depicts a knight holding a sword, standing atop a
reel of film. The film reel has five spokes, representing the five original branches of AMPAS. 1949
marked the first year that the Oscar statuettes were numbered, beginning with number 501. In a
surprising turn of events, 55 Oscars vanished before the awards program in March, 2000. Later 52
of the statues were found in a Los Angeles dumpster.

Ravindra 403
The first awards presentations were actually large banquet-type dinners. Anyone who wished to
attend could simply purchase a ticket. These affairs were first held in the larger hotels such as the
Ambassador and the Biltmore in Los Angeles. As public interest and crowds increased, the affairs
were moved to larger theaters, where the ever-growing crowds could be accommodated. While
awards programs are now watched by millions on television, the first awards were broadcast live
through radio. The first televised ceremonies took place in 1953, at the 25th annual presentation.
The Academy Awards have been held annually without fail except on three occasions. In 1938, Los
Angeles floods delayed the event for one week. Thirty years later, in 1968, the program was delayed
two days so as not to coincide with the funeral of Martin Luther King. The last postponement to
date was in 1981 when the attempted assassination of US President Ronald Reagan took place,
when the awards were delayed for 24 hours.

The suspense that is now an accepted part of the Oscar ceremony did not always exist. The results
of the Oscar poll was released to the press in advance of the awards ceremony and could be found
in the late edition newspapers on the night of the awards. The tradition of revealing the results on
camera at the awards was not adopted until 1941. As well as the suspense involving the winners, the
Oscar awards programs have had their share of unexpected excitement. In 1973, a nude streaker ran
across the stage of the televised proceedings. In 1972, in a surprise move, winner Marlon Brando
sent an actress who identified herself as Sacheen Littlefeather to

read a political statement and refuse his award.

The awards also broke some barriers. Actress Hattie Mcdaniel received the first Oscar awarded to a
Black actor in any category for her supporting role in Gone with the Wind, amovie which received a
record-breaking 13 nominations and 8 wins.

The Academy Awards continues to evoke the same excitement and intensity that it had at the
beginning. Below is a list of the winners in the five main categories of Best Picture, Best Actor,
Best Actress, Best Supporting Actor and Best Supporting Actress which covers the past twenty
years.

Each year, millions of movie fanatics worldwide gather in groups and parties to enjoy the hours-
long Academy Awards extravaganza, filled to the brim with the world's hottest celebs and their
outlandish fashion. But how many of them know the true history behind the Oscar Awards, and
understand exactly what it is they are watching, and how it came to be?

Oscar Awards History dates back 80 years. With only 250 attendees, the very first Academy
Awards, held on May 16, 1929, was not broadcast, and was hosted at the prestigious Hollywood
Roosevelt Hotel. Throughout the years, the Awards were celebrated at Graumen's Chinese Theater,
Melrose Avenue Theater, the Shrine Civic Auditorium and The Dorothy Chandler Pavilion. Since
2001, the Kodak Theatre has been home to the Awards festivities

There are numerous theories as to how the Academy Awards became know as "The Oscars"
throughout history. Margaret Herrick, who was a librarian at Academy of Motion Picture Arts and
Sciences Awards in the 1920s, once quipped that the award trophy "looked just like my Uncle
Oscar." However, others, including Academy President Bette Davis, have claimed to have come up
with the "Oscar" name themselves. Who to believe? If we told you that, it wouldn't be a "legend!"

Ravindra 404
THE OSCAR AWARDS
The Oscar Award is an award statue that stands 13.5 inches high and weighs 8.5 lbs. It is comprised
of nickel and silver alloy, and the surface is coated with 25-Karat gold. During the World War II era,
however, such luxuries could not be afforded, and the statues were made from plaster. Marvelously
designed by art director Cedric Gibbons in 1928, the "Oscar" is a knight who stands atop a film
reel, sword in hand.

OSCAR NIGHT
The electric, captivating aura Oscar Night radiates is simply breathtaking. 24-foot-tall golden Oscar
statues for all to see flank the Kodak Theatre! Oscar Night is thrilling indeed, as it is an infamous
show. This glittery, glamorous event is held once a year, and spectators are allowed (and
encouraged) to gawk at the stars from grandstands near the Kodak Theatre.

The spectacular awards event has morphed into quite a ritual for some, who even conjure up large
gambling pools before the Awards winners are announced. The big winner of the night is likely to
be someone in that very room!

Now that we've given you a glimpse into Oscar Awards History, why not own a piece of that very
history, or better yet, host your very own Oscar Night the day of the big event?
A variety of beautiful, exquisite and unique items and hundreds of complementary accessories can
be found on this website, customized to your specifications:

Background on The Awards:

The Academy Awards®, affectionately known as the Oscars®, are the oldest, best
known, most influential, most prestigious, and famous of film awards. The awards
(and gold-plated statuettes) have been presented annually (the first awards ceremony
was held in May of 1929) by a non-profit professional organization - the Academy of
Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), based in Beverly Hills, California, and
founded in 1927. Pricewaterhouse (now PricewaterhouseCoopers) has managed the
Academy Awards balloting process since 1935 - all but the first six years of the
Oscars. Ever since 1941, when their now-famous confidential envelope system was
introduced, marking the first year of complete secrecy, "the Envelope Please" has
become a familiar phrase that evokes the thought of the Academy Awards® ceremony.

Except for the early years of the institution, the awards honored films made during the previous 12-
month calendar year. [At first, to be eligible for an award, a film had to open in Los Angeles during
the twelve months ending on July 31 of the preceding year. To allow each ceremony to cover films
for a single calendar year - matching the eligibility period, the 1932/33 awards were based on a 17-
month qualifying period. Ever since then, beginning with the 1934 awards ceremony, all awards
have been based on openings in the previous calendar year. Films also had to be over 40 minutes
long to qualify as feature-length.] Until 1954, the Oscars were presented mostly on a Thursday
evening. From 1955 to 1958, they were presented on a Wednesday. From 1959 until 1998 the

Ravindra 405
Oscars were, with a few exceptions, presented on a Monday night. Only since 1999 has the Awards
ceremony taken place on a Sunday (traditionally in March). In 2004, the ceremony was moved even
earlier to improve ratings and to be more relevant to the awards 'season'.

Comments About the Awards Themselves:

The establishment of the Academy (and its awards system) has had a major effect and influence
upon the film industry, due to the enormous boost a nomination or award (for a film or actor)
creates, by giving prestige and bottom-line profits to a studio or performer. Studios have often
engaged in expensive marketing and advertising campaigns to sway votes, and to encourage
contractual loyalty during voting. The Academy has, with limited success, tried to limit the
influences of pressure groups and promotion, box office gross receipts, and studio public relations
and marketing on voting results. It has also attempted to limit votes for melodramatic
sentimentality, atonement for past mistakes, personal popularity, and "prestige" or epic scale, but
those influences have often had a decided effect upon the outcome of some of the poll results.

Unfortunately, the critical worth, artistic vision, cultural influence, and innovative qualities of many
films are not given the same voting weight. Especially since the 80s, moneymaking 'formula-made'
blockbusters with glossy production values have often been crowd-pleasing titans (and Best Picture
winners), but they haven't necessarily been great films with depth or critical acclaim by any
measure. See The Worst Academy Awards Oscars for more.

Like any other awards, recognitions, or "best" lists, the top nominees and winners do not
necessarily reflect or objectively measure the greatest that cinematic history has to offer. Many of
the most Deserving Films of All Time (see Films Without Awards) did not win Academy Awards®
(and in some cases were not even included in the nominees). In addition, Top Box-Office Films
aren't always guaranteed awards success either. And certain Film Genres (notably westerns, science
fiction, and comedy) as well as independent films are not represented in balanced numbers
throughout Oscar history - see an analysis of Best Picture Genre Biases.

BestPicture
(originally known as Best Production)

BestDirector
(Best achievement in directing)

BestActor
(BestperformancebyanActor
in a leading role)

BestActress
(BestperformancebyanActress
in a leading role)

Ravindra 406
 BestSupportingActor
(BestperformancebyanActor
inasupportingrole -
first awarded in 1936)

BestSupportingActress
(BestperformancebyanActress
inasupportingrole -
first awarded in 1936)

BestScreenplay/Writer
(Knownbymanynamesthroughouttheyears:
Motion Picture Story, Adaptation, Original Story, Screenplay, Writing Achievement, etc.)

ACADEMY AWARDS®
WINNERS and
HISTORY

(1927/28 - 1939)

Note: The films that are marked with a yellow star are the films that "The Greatest Films" site has
also selected as the "100 Greatest Films." The winners are listed first, in CAPITAL letters, in each
category.

1927-28
Production (Picture):
"WINGS", "The Racket", "Seventh Heaven" ["The Way of All Flesh" and "The Last Command" are
omitted from the latest official Academy list]
Unique and Artistic Picture (also known as Artistic Quality of Production):
"SUNRISE", "Chang", "TheCrowd"
Actor:

Ravindra 407
EMIL JANNINGS in "The Way of All Flesh" and "The Last Command", Richard Barthelmess in
"The Noose" and "The Patent Leather Kid" [Charles Chaplin, originally announced for "The
Circus," was removed from the category and given a special Honorary Award instead]
Actress:
JANET GAYNOR in "Seventh Heaven", "Street Angel", and "Sunrise", Louise Dresser in "A
Ship Comes In", Gloria Swanson in "Sadie Thompson"
Director:
FRANK BORZAGE for "Seventh Heaven", Herbert Brenon for "Sorrell and Son", King Vidor for
"TheCrowd"
Comedy Direction:
LEWIS MILESTONE for "Two Arabian Knights", Ted Wilde for "Speedy" [Charles Chaplin,
originally announced for "The Circus," was removed from the category and given a special
Honorary Award instead]

1928-29
Production (Picture):
"THE BROADWAY MELODY", "Alibi", "Hollywood Revue", "In Old Arizona", "The Patriot"
Actor:
WARNER BAXTER in "In Old Arizona", George Bancroft in "Thunderbolt", Chester Morris in
"Alibi", Paul Muni in "The Valiant", Lewis Stone in "The Patriot"
Actress:
MARY PICKFORD in "Coquette", Ruth Chatterton in "Madame X", Betty Compson in "The
Barker", Jeanne Eagels in "The Letter", Corinne Griffith in "The Divine Lady," Bessie Love in
"Broadway Melody"
Director:
FRANK LLOYD for "The Divine Lady" (also nominated or considered for "Drag" and "Weary
River"), Lionel Barrymore for "Madame X", Harry Beaumont for "Broadway Melody", Irving
Cummings for "In Old Arizona", Ernst Lubitsch for "The Patriot"
Art Direction:
CEDRIC GIBBONS for "The Bridge of San Luis Rey" and other pictures, Hans Dreier for "The
Patriot", Mitchell Leisen for "Dynamite", William Cameron Menzies for "Alibi" and "The
Awakening", and Harry Oliver for "Street Angel"

1929-30
Production (Picture):
"ALL QUIET ON THE WESTERN FRONT", "The Big House", "Disraeli", "The Divorcee",
"The Love Parade"
Actor:
GEORGE ARLISS in "Disraeli", George Arliss in "The Green Goddess", Wallace Beery in "The
Big House", Maurice Chevalier in "The Big Pond", Maurice Chevalier in "The Love Parade",
Ronald Colman in "Bulldog Drummond", Ronald Colman in "Condemned", Lawrence Tibbett in
"The Rogue Song"
Actress:
NORMA SHEARER in "The Divorcee", Nancy Carroll in "The Devil's Holiday", Ruth Chatterton
in "Sarah and Son", Greta Garbo in "Anna Christie", Greta Garbo in "Romance", Norma Shearer in
"Their Own Desire", Gloria Swanson in "The Trespasser"
Director:

Ravindra 408
LEWIS MILESTONE for "All Quiet On The Western Front", Clarence Brown for "Anna
Christie", Robert Z. Leonard for "The Divorcee", Ernst Lubitsch for "The Love Parade", King Vidor
for "Hallelujah"

1930-31
Production (Picture):
"CIMARRON", "East Lynne", "The Front Page", "Skippy", "Trader Horn"
Actor:
LIONEL BARRYMORE in "A Free Soul", Jackie Cooper in "Skippy", Richard Dix in "Cimarron",
Fredric March in "The Royal Family of Broadway", Adolphe Menjou in "The Front Page"
Actress:
MARIE DRESSLER in "Min and Bill", Marlene Dietrich in "Morocco", Irene Dunne in
"Cimarron", Ann Harding in "Holiday", Norma Shearer in "A Free Soul"
Director:
NORMAN TAUROG for "Skippy", Clarence Brown for "A Free Soul", Lewis Milestone for "The
Front Page", Wesley Ruggles for "Cimarron", Josef von Sternberg for "Morocco"

1931-32
Production (Picture):
"GRAND HOTEL", "Arrowsmith", "Bad Girl", "The Champ", "Five Star Final", "One Hour With
You", "ShanghaiExpress", "The Smiling Lieutenant"
Actor:
FREDRIC MARCH in "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde" and WALLACE BEERY in "The Champ" (tie),
Alfred Lunt in "The Guardsman"
Actress:
HELEN HAYES in "The Sin of Madelon Claudet", Marie Dressler in "Emma", Lynn Fontanne in
"The Guardsman"
Director:
FRANK BORZAGE for "Bad Girl", King Vidor for "The Champ", Josef von Sternberg for
"Shanghai Express"
Special Award: Walt Disney for creating Mickey Mouse

1932-33
Picture:
"CAVALCADE", "A Farewell to Arms", "42nd Street", "I Am a Fugitive From a Chain Gang",
"Lady for a Day", "Little Women", "The Private Life of Henry VIII", "She Done Him Wrong",
"Smilin' Through", "State Fair"
Actor:
CHARLES LAUGHTON in "The Private Life of Henry VIII", Leslie Howard in "Berkeley
Square", Paul Muni in "I Am a Fugitive From a Chain Gang"
Actress:
KATHARINE HEPBURN in "Morning Glory", May Robson in "Lady for a Day", Diana Wynyard
in "Cavalcade"
Director:
FRANK LLOYD for "Cavalcade", Frank Capra for "Lady For a Day", George Cukor for "Little
Women"

Ravindra 409
1934
Picture:
"IT HAPPENED ONE NIGHT", "The Barretts of Wimpole Street", "Cleopatra", "Flirtation
Walk", "The Gay Divorcee", "Here Comes the Navy", "The House of Rothschild", "Imitation of
Life", "One Night of Love", "The Thin Man", "Viva Villa!", "The White Parade"
Actor:
CLARK GABLE in "It Happened One Night", Frank Morgan in "Affairs of Cellini", William
Powell in "The Thin Man"
Actress:
CLAUDETTE COLBERT in "It Happened One Night", Grace Moore in "One Night of Love",
Norma Shearer in "The Barretts of Wimpole Street"
Director:
FRANK CAPRA for "It Happened One Night", Victor Schertzinger for "One Night of Love", W.
S. Van Dyke for "The Thin Man"

1935
Picture:
"MUTINY ON THE BOUNTY", "Alice Adams", "The Broadway Melody of 1936", "Captain
Blood", "David Copperfield", "The Informer", "Lives of a Bengal Lancer", "A Midsummer Night's
Dream", "Les Miserables", "Naughty Marietta", "Ruggles of Red Gap", "Top Hat"
Actor:
VICTOR MCLAGLEN in "The Informer", Clark Gable in "Mutiny on the Bounty", Charles
Laughton in "Mutiny on the Bounty", Franchot Tone in "Mutiny on the Bounty"
Actress:
BETTE DAVIS in "Dangerous", Elisabeth Bergner in "Escape Me Never", Claudette Colbert in
"Private Worlds", Katharine Hepburn in "Alice Adams", Miriam Hopkins in "Becky Sharp", Merle
Oberon in "The Dark Angel"
Director:
JOHN FORD for "The Informer", Michael Curtiz for "Captain Blood", Henry Hathaway for "Lives
of a Bengal Lancer", Frank Lloyd for "Mutiny on the Bounty"

1936
Picture:
"THE GREAT ZIEGFELD", "Anthony Adverse", "Dodsworth", "Libeled Lady", "Mr. Deeds Goes
to Town", "Romeo and Juliet", "San Francisco", "The Story of Louis Pasteur", "A Tale of Two
Cities", "Three Smart Girls"
Actor:
PAUL MUNI in "The Story of Louis Pasteur", Gary Cooper in "Mr. Deeds Goes to Town", Walter
Huston in "Dodsworth", William Powell in "My Man Godfrey", Spencer Tracy in "San Francisco"
Actress:
LUISE RAINER in "The Great Ziegfeld", Irene Dunne in "Theodora Goes Wild", Gladys George in
"Valiant Is the Word for Carrie", Carole Lombard in "My Man Godfrey", Norma Shearer in "Romeo
and Juliet"

SupportingActor:
WALTER BRENNAN in "Come and Get It", Mischa Auer in "My Man Godfrey", Stuart Erwin in
"Pigskin Parade", Basil Rathbone in "Romeo and Juliet", Akim Tamiroff in "The General Died at

Ravindra 410
Dawn"
Supporting Actress:
GALE SONDERGAARD in "Anthony Adverse", Beulah Bondi in "The Gorgeous Hussy", Alice
Brady in "My Man Godfrey", Bonita Granville in "These Three," Maria Ouspenskaya in
"Dodsworth"
Director:
FRANK CAPRA for "Mr. Deeds Goes to Town", Gregory La Cava for "My Man Godfrey", Robert
Z. Leonard for "The Great Ziegfeld", W. S. Van Dyke for "San Francisco", William Wyler for
"Dodsworth"

1937
Picture:
THE LIFE OF EMILE ZOLA, "The Awful Truth", "Captains Courageous", "Dead End", "The Good
Earth", "In Old Chicago", "Lost Horizon", "One Hundred Men and a Girl", "Stage Door", "A Star is
Born"
Actor:
SPENCER TRACY in "Captains Courageous", Charles Boyer in "Conquest", Fredric March in "A
Star is Born", Robert Montgomery in "Night Must Fall", Paul Muni in "The Life of Emile Zola"
Actress:
LUISE RAINER in "The Good Earth", Irene Dunne in "The Awful Truth", Greta Garbo in
"Camille", Janet Gaynor in "A Star is Born", Barbara Stanwyck in "Stella Dallas"
Supporting Actor:
JOSEPH SCHILDKRAUT in "The Life of Emile Zola", Ralph Bellamy in "The Awful Truth",
Thomas Mitchell in "The Hurricane", H. B. Warner in "Lost Horizon", Roland Young in "Topper"
Supporting Actress:
ALICE BRADY in "In Old Chicago", Andrea Leeds in "Stage Door", Anne Shirley in "Stella
Dallas", Claire Trevor in "Dead End", May Whitty in "Night Must Fall"
Director: LEO MCCAREY for "The Awful Truth", William Dieterle for "The Life of Emile Zola",
Sidney Franklin for "The Good Earth", Gregory La Cava for "Stage Door", William Wellmann for
"A Star is Born"

1938
Picture:
"YOU CAN'T TAKE IT WITH YOU", "The Adventures of Robin Hood", "Alexander's Ragtime
Band", "Boys Town", "The Citadel", "Four Daughters", "Grand Illusion", "Jezebel", "Pygmalion",
"TestPilot"

Actor:
SPENCER TRACY in "Boys Town", Charles Boyer in "Algiers", James Cagney in "Angels With
Dirty Faces", Robert Donat in "The Citadel", Leslie Howard in "Pygmalion"
Actress:
BETTE DAVIS in "Jezebel", Fay Bainter in "White Banners", Wendy Hiller in "Pygmalion",

Ravindra 411
Norma Shearer in "Marie Antoinette", Margaret Sullavan in "Three Comrades"
Supporting Actor:
WALTER BRENNAN in "Kentucky", John Garfield in "Four Daughters", Gene Lockhart in
"Algiers", Robert Morley in "Marie Antoinette", Basil Rathbone in "If I Were King"
Supporting Actress:
FAY BAINTER in "Jezebel", Beulah Bondi in "Of Human Hearts", Billie Burke in "Merrily We
Live", Spring Byington in "You Can't Take it With You", Miliza Korjus in "The Great Waltz"
Director:
FRANK CAPRA for "You Can't Take It With You", Michael Curtiz for "Angels With Dirty Faces",
Michael Curtiz for "Four Daughters", Norman Taurog for "Boys Town", King Vidor for "The
Citadel"

1939
Picture:
"GONE WITH THE WIND", "Dark Victory", "Goodbye, Mr. Chips", "Love Affair", "Mr.
Smith Goes to Washington", "Ninotchka", "Of Mice and Men", "Stagecoach", "The Wizard
of Oz", "Wuthering Heights"
Actor:
ROBERT DONAT in "Goodbye, Mr. Chips", Clark Gable in "Gone With The Wind", Laurence
Olivier in "Wuthering Heights", Mickey Rooney in "Babes in Arms", James Stewart in "Mr.
Smith Goes to Washington"
Actress:
VIVIEN LEIGH in "Gone With The Wind", Bette Davis in "Dark Victory", Irene Dunne in "Love
Affair", Greta Garbo in "Ninotchka", Greer Garson in "Goodbye, Mr. Chips"
Supporting Actor:
THOMAS MITCHELL in "Stagecoach", Brian Aherne in "Juarez", Harry Carey in "Mr. Smith
Goes to Washington", Brian Donlevy in "Beau Geste", Claude Rains in "Mr. Smith Goes to
Washington"
Supporting Actress:
HATTIE MCDANIEL in "Gone With The Wind", Olivia de Havilland in "Gone With The
Wind", Geraldine Fitzgerald in "Wuthering Heights", Edna May Oliver in "Drums Along the
Mohawk", Maria Ouspenskaya in "Love Affair"
Director:
VICTOR FLEMING for "Gone With The Wind", Frank Capra for "Mr. Smith Goes to
Washington", John Ford for "Stagecoach", Sam Wood for "Goodbye, Mr. Chips", William Wyler
for "Wuthering Heights"

ACADEMY AWARDS®
WINNERS and HISTORY

(1940 - 1949)

Ravindra 412
1940
Picture:
"REBECCA", "All This, and Heaven Too", "Foreign Correspondent", "The Grapes of Wrath",
"The Great Dictator", "Kitty Foyle", "The Letter", "The Long Voyage Home", "Our Town",
"ThePhiladelphiaStory"
Actor:
JAMES STEWART in "The Philadelphia Story", Charles Chaplin in "The Great Dictator", Henry
Fonda in "The Grapes of Wrath", Raymond Massey in "Abe Lincoln in Illinois", Laurence Olivier
in "Rebecca"
Actress:
GINGER ROGERS in "Kitty Foyle", Bette Davis in "The Letter", Joan Fontaine in "Rebecca",
Katharine Hepburn in "The Philadelphia Story", Martha Scott in "Our Town"
Supporting Actor:
WALTER BRENNAN in "The Westerner", Albert Basserman in "Foreign Correspondent", William
Gargan in "They Knew What They Wanted", Jack Oakie in "The Great Dictator", James
Stephensonin"TheLetter"
Supporting Actress:
JANE DARWELL in "The Grapes of Wrath", Judith Anderson in "Rebecca", Ruth Hussey in
"The Philadelphia Story", Barbara O'Neil in "All This, and Heaven Too", Marjorie Rambeau in
"Primrose Path"
Director:
JOHN FORD for "The Grapes of Wrath", George Cukor for "The Philadelphia Story", Alfred
Hitchcock for "Rebecca", Sam Wood for "Kitty Foyle", William Wyler for "The Letter"

1941
Picture:
"HOW GREEN WAS MY VALLEY", "Blossoms in the Dust", "Citizen Kane", "Here Comes Mr.
Jordan", "Hold Back the Dawn", "The Little Foxes", "The Maltese Falcon", "One Foot in
Heaven", "Sergeant York", "Suspicion"
Actor:
GARY COOPER in "Sergeant York", Cary Grant in "Penny Serenade", Walter Huston in "All That
Money Can Buy", Robert Montgomery in "Here Comes Mr. Jordan", Orson Welles in "Citizen
Kane"
Actress:
JOAN FONTAINE in "Suspicion", Bette Davis in "The Little Foxes", Olivia de Havilland in "Hold
Back the Dawn", Greer Garson in "Blossoms in the Dust", Barbara Stanwyck in "Ball of Fire"
Supporting Actor:
DONALD CRISP in "How Green Was My Valley", Walter Brennan in "Sergeant York", Charles
Coburn in "The Devil and Miss Jones", James Gleason in "Here Comes Mr. Jordan", Sydney
Greenstreet in "The Maltese Falcon"
Supporting Actress:
MARY ASTOR in "The Great Lie", Sara Allgood in "How Green Was My Valley", Patricia
Collinge in "The Little Foxes", Teresa Wright in "The Little Foxes, Margaret Wycherly in "Sergeant

Ravindra 413
York"
Director:
JOHN FORD for "How Green Was My Valley", Alexander Hall for "Here Comes Mr. Jordan",
Howard Hawks for "Sergeant York", Orson Welles for "Citizen Kane", William Wyler for "The
Little Foxes"

1942
Picture:
"MRS. MINIVER", "The Invaders", "Kings Row", "The Magnificent Ambersons", "The Pied
Piper", "The Pride of the Yankees", "Random Harvest", "The Talk of the Town", "Wake Island",
"Yankee Doodle Dandy"
Actor:
JAMES CAGNEY in "Yankee Doodle Dandy", Ronald Colman in "Random Harvest", Gary
Cooper in "The Pride of the Yankees", Walter Pidgeon in "Mrs. Miniver", Monty Woolley in "The
PiedPiper"
Actress:
GREER GARSON in "Mrs. Miniver", Bette Davis in "Now, Voyager", Katharine Hepburn in
"Woman of the Year", Rosalind Russell in "My Sister Eileen", Teresa Wright in "The Pride of the
Yankees"
Supporting Actor:
VAN HEFLIN in "Johnny Eager", William Bendix in "Wake Island", Walter Huston in "Yankee
Doodle Dandy", Frank Morgan in "Tortilla Flat", Henry Travers in "Mrs. Miniver"
Supporting Actress:
TERESA WRIGHT in "Mrs. Miniver", Gladys Cooper in "Now, Voyager", Agnes Moorehead in
"The Magnificent Ambersons", Susan Peters in "Random Harvest", Dame May Whitty in "Mrs.
Miniver"
Director:
WILLIAM WYLER for "Mrs. Miniver", Michael Curtiz for "Yankee Doodle Dandy", John
Farrow for "Wake Island", Mervyn LeRoy for "Random Harvest", Sam Wood for "Kings Row"

1943
Picture:
"CASABLANCA", "For Whom the Bell Tolls", "Heaven Can Wait", "The Human Comedy", "In
Which We Serve", "Madame Curie", "The More the Merrier", "The Ox-Bow Incident", "The Song
of Bernadette", "Watch on the Rhine"
Actor:
PAUL LUKAS in "Watch on the Rhine", Humphrey Bogart in "Casablanca", Gary Cooper in "For
Whom the Bell Tolls", Walter Pidgeon in "Madame Curie", Mickey Rooney in "The Human
Comedy"
Actress:
JENNIFER JONES in "The Song of Bernadette", Jean Arthur in "The More the Merrier", Ingrid
Bergman in "For Whom the Bell Tolls", Joan Fontaine in "The Constant Nymph", Greer Garson in
"Madame Curie"
Supporting Actor:
CHARLES COBURN in "The More the Merrier", Charles Bickford in "The Song of Bernadette", J.
Carrol Naish in "Sahara", Claude Rains in "Casablanca", Akim Tamiroff in "For Whom the Bell
Tolls"

Ravindra 414
Supporting Actress:
KATINA PAXINOU in "For Whom the Bell Tolls", Gladys Cooper in "The Song of Bernadette",
Paulette Goddard in "So Proudly We Hail", Anne Revere in "The Song of Bernadette", Lucile
Watson in "Watch on the Rhine"
Director:
MICHAEL CURTIZ for "Casablanca", Clarence Brown for "The Human Comedy", Henry King
for "The Song of Bernadette", Ernst Lubitsch for "Heaven Can Wait", George Stevens for "The
More the Merrier"

1944
Picture:
"GOING MY WAY", "Double Indemnity", "Gaslight", "Since You Went Away", "Wilson"
Actor:
BING CROSBY in "Going My Way", Charles Boyer in "Gaslight", Barry Fitzgerald in "Going My
Way", Cary Grant in "None But the Lonely Heart", Alexander Knox in "Wilson"
Actress:
INGRID BERGMAN in "Gaslight", Claudette Colbert in "Since You Went Away", Bette Davis in
"Mr. Skeffington", Greer Garson in "Mrs. Parkington", Barbara Stanwyck in "Double Indemnity"
Supporting Actor:
BARRY FITZGERALD in "Going My Way", Hume Cronyn in "The Seventh Cross", Claude Rains
in "Mr. Skeffington", Clifton Webb in "Laura", Monty Woolley in "Since You Went Away"
Supporting Actress:
ETHEL BARRYMORE in "None But the Lonely Heart", Jennifer Jones in "Since You Went Away",
Angela Lansbury in "Gaslight", Aline MacMahon in "Dragon Seed", Agnes Moorehead in "Mrs.
Parkington"
Director:
LEO MCCAREY for "Going My Way", Alfred Hitchcock for "Lifeboat", Henry King for "Wilson",
Otto Preminger for "Laura", Billy Wilder for "Double Indemnity"

1945
Picture:
"THE LOST WEEKEND", "Anchors Aweigh", "The Bells of St. Mary's", "Mildred Pierce",
"Spellbound"
Actor:
RAY MILLAND in "The Lost Weekend", Bing Crosby in "The Bells of St. Mary's", Gene Kelly in
"Anchors Aweigh", Gregory Peck in "The Keys of the Kingdom", Cornel Wilde in "A Song to
Remember"
Actress:
JOAN CRAWFORD in "Mildred Pierce", Ingrid Bergman in "The Bells of St. Mary's", Greer
Garson in "The Valley of Decision", Jennifer Jones in "Love Letters", Gene Tierney in "Leave Her
to Heaven"
Supporting Actor:
JAMES DUNN in "A Tree Grows in Brooklyn", Michael Chekhov in "Spellbound", John Dall in
"The Corn Is Green", Robert Mitchum in "The Story of G.I. Joe", J. Carrol Naish in "A Medal for
Benny"
Supporting Actress:
ANNE REVERE in "National Velvet", Eve Arden in "Mildred Pierce", Ann Blyth in "Mildred

Ravindra 415
Pierce", Angela Lansbury in "The Picture of Dorian Gray", Joan Lorring in "The Corn Is Green"
Director:
BILLY WILDER for "The Lost Weekend", Clarence Brown for "National Velvet", Alfred Hitchcock
for "Spellbound", Leo McCarey for "The Bells of St. Mary's", Jean Renoir for "The Southerner"

1946
Picture:
"THE BEST YEARS OF OUR LIVES", "Henry V", "It's A Wonderful Life", "The Razor's
Edge", "The Yearling"
Actor:
FREDRIC MARCH in "The Best Years of Our Lives", Laurence Olivier in "Henry V", Larry
Parks in "The Jolson Story", Gregory Peck in "The Yearling", James Stewart in "It's A Wonderful
Life"
Actress:
OLIVIA DE HAVILLAND in "To Each His Own", Celia Johnson in "Brief Encounter", Jennifer
Jones in "Duel in the Sun", Rosalind Russell in "Sister Kenny", Jane Wyman in "The Yearling"
Supporting Actor:
HAROLD RUSSELL in "The Best Years of Our Lives", Charles Coburn in "The Green Years",
William Demarest in "The Jolson Story", Claude Rains in "Notorious", Clifton Webb in "The
Razor's Edge"
Supporting Actress:
ANNE BAXTER in "The Razor's Edge", Ethel Barrymore in "The Spiral Staircase", Lillian Gish in
"Duel in the Sun", Flora Robson in "Saratoga Trunk", Gale Sondergaard in "Anna and the King of
Siam"
Director:
WILLIAM WYLER for "The Best Years of Our Lives", Clarence Brown for "The Yearling",
Frank Capra for "It's A Wonderful Life", David Lean for "Brief Encounter", Robert Siodmak for
"The Killers"

1947
Picture:
"GENTLEMAN'S AGREEMENT", "The Bishop's Wife", "Crossfire", "Great Expectations",
"Miracle on 34th Street"
Actor:
RONALD COLMAN in "A Double Life", John Garfield in "Body and Soul", Gregory Peck in
"Gentleman's Agreement", William Powell in "Life With Father", Michael Redgrave in "Mourning
Becomes Electra"
Actress:
LORETTA YOUNG in "The Farmer's Daughter", Joan Crawford in "Possessed", Susan Hayward in
"Smash Up - The Story of a Woman", Dorothy McGuire in "Gentleman's Agreement", Rosalind
Russell in "Mourning Becomes Electra"
Supporting Actor:
EDMUND GWENN in "Miracle on 34th Street", Charles Bickford in "The Farmer's Daughter",
Thomas Gomez in "Ride the Pink Horse", Robert Ryan in "Crossfire", Richard Widmark in "Kiss of

Ravindra 416
Death"
Supporting Actress:
CELESTE HOLM in "Gentleman's Agreement", Ethel Barrymore in "The Paradine Case", Gloria
Grahame in "Crossfire", Marjorie Main in "The Egg and I", Anne Revere in "Gentleman's
Agreement"
Director:
ELIA KAZAN for "Gentleman's Agreement", George Cukor for "A Double Life", Edward Dmytryk
for "Crossfire", Henry Koster for "The Bishop's Wife", David Lean for "Great Expectations"

1948
Picture:
"HAMLET", "Johnny Belinda", "The Red Shoes", "The Snake Pit", "The Treasure of the Sierra
Madre"
Actor:
LAURENCE OLIVIER in "Hamlet", Lew Ayres in "Johnny Belinda", Montgomery Clift in "The
Search", Dan Dailey in "When My Baby Smiles at Me", Clifton Webb in "Sitting Pretty"
Actress:
JANE WYMAN in "Johnny Belinda", Ingrid Bergman in "Joan of Arc", Olivia de Havilland in
"The Snake Pit", Irene Dunne in "I Remember Mama", Barbara Stanwyck in "Sorry, Wrong
Number"
Supporting Actor:
WALTER HUSTON in "The Treasure of the Sierra Madre", Charles Bickford in "Johnny
Belinda", Jose Ferrer in "Joan of Arc", Oscar Homolka in "I Remember Mama", Cecil Kellaway in
"The Luck of the Irish"
Supporting Actress:
CLAIRE TREVOR in "Key Largo", Barbara Bel Geddes in "I Remember Mama", Ellen Corby in "I
Remember Mama", Agnes Moorehead in "Johnny Belinda", Jean Simmons in "Hamlet"
Director:
JOHN HUSTON for "The Treasure of the Sierra Madre", Anatole Litvak for "The Snake Pit",
Jean Negulesco for "Johnny Belinda", Laurence Olivier for "Hamlet", Fred Zinnemann for "The
Search"

1949
Picture:
"ALL THE KING'S MEN", "Battleground", "The Heiress", "A Letter to Three Wives", "Twelve
O'Clock High"
Actor:
BRODERICK CRAWFORD in "All the King's Men", Kirk Douglas in "Champion", Gregory Peck
in "Twelve O'Clock High", Richard Todd in "The Hasty Heart", John Wayne in "Sands of Iwo Jima"
Actress:
OLIVIA DE HAVILLAND in "The Heiress", Jeanne Crain in "Pinky", Susan Hayward in "My
Foolish Heart", Deborah Kerr in "Edward, My Son", Loretta Young in "Come to the Stable"
Supporting Actor:
DEAN JAGGER in "Twelve O'Clock High", John Ireland in "All the King's Men", Arthur Kennedy
in "Champion", Ralph Richardson in "The Heiress", James Whitmore in "Battleground"
Supporting Actress:
MERCEDES MCCAMBRIDGE in "All the King's Men", Ethel Barrymore in "Pinky", Celeste

Ravindra 417
Holm in "Come to the Stable", Elsa Lanchester in "Come to the Stable", Ethel Waters in "Pinky"
Director:
JOSEPH L. MANKIEWICZ for "A Letter to Three Wives", Carol Reed for "The Fallen Idol",
Robert Rossen for "All the King's Men", William A. Wellman for "Battleground", William Wyler
for "The Heiress"

ACADEMY AWARDS®
WINNERS and HISTORY

(1950 - 1959)

1950
Picture:
"ALL ABOUT EVE", "Born Yesterday", "Father of the Bride", "King Solomon's Mines",
"Sunset Boulevard"
Actor:
JOSE FERRER in "Cyrano de Bergerac", Louis Calhern in "The Magnificent Yankee", William
Holden in "Sunset Boulevard", James Stewart in "Harvey", Spencer Tracy in "Father of the
Bride"
Actress:
JUDY HOLLIDAY in "Born Yesterday", Anne Baxter in "All About Eve", Bette Davis in "All
About Eve", Eleanor Parker in "Caged", Gloria Swanson in "Sunset Boulevard"
Supporting Actor:
GEORGE SANDERS in "All About Eve", Jeff Chandler in "Broken Arrow", Edmund Gwenn in
"Mister 880", Sam Jaffe in "The Asphalt Jungle", Erich von Stroheim in "Sunset Boulevard"
Supporting Actress:
JOSEPHINE HULL in "Harvey", Hope Emerson in "Caged", Celeste Holm in "All About Eve",
Nancy Olson in "Sunset Boulevard", Thelma Ritter in "All About Eve"

Ravindra 418
Director:
JOSEPH L. MANKIEWICZ for "All About Eve", George Cukor for "Born Yesterday", John
Huston for "The Asphalt Jungle", Carol Reed for "The Third Man", Billy Wilder for "Sunset
Boulevard"

1951
Picture:
"AN AMERICAN IN PARIS", "Decision Before Dawn", "A Place in the Sun", "Quo Vadis?",
"A Streetcar Named Desire"
Actor:
HUMPHREY BOGART in "The African Queen", Marlon Brando in "A Streetcar Named
Desire", Montgomery Clift in "A Place in the Sun", Arthur Kennedy in "Bright Victory", Fredric
March in "Death of a Salesman"
Actress:
VIVIEN LEIGH in "A Streetcar Named Desire", Katharine Hepburn in "The African Queen",
Eleanor Parker in "Detective Story", Shelley Winters in "A Place in the Sun", Jane Wyman in "The
Blue Veil"
Supporting Actor:
KARL MALDEN in "A Streetcar Named Desire", Leo Genn in "Quo Vadis?", Kevin McCarthy in
"Death of a Salesman", Peter Ustinov in "Quo Vadis?", Gig Young in "Come Fill the Cup"
Supporting Actress:
KIM HUNTER in "A Streetcar Named Desire", Joan Blondell in "The Blue Veil", Mildred
Dunnock in "Death of a Salesman", Lee Grant in "Detective Story", Thelma Ritter in "The Mating
Season"
Director:
GEORGE STEVENS for "A Place in the Sun", John Huston for "The African Queen", Elia Kazan
for "A Streetcar Named Desire", Vincente Minnelli for "An American in Paris", William Wyler
for "Detective Story"

1952
Picture:
"THE GREATEST SHOW ON EARTH", "High Noon", "Ivanhoe", "Moulin Rouge", "The
Quiet Man"
Actor:
GARY COOPER in "High Noon", Marlon Brando in "Viva Zapata!", Kirk Douglas in "The Bad
and the Beautiful", Jose Ferrer in "Moulin Rouge", Alec Guinness in "The Lavender Hill Mob"
Actress:
SHIRLEY BOOTH in "Come Back, Little Sheba", Joan Crawford in "Sudden Fear", Bette Davis in
"The Star", Julie Harris in "The Member of the Wedding", Susan Hayward in "With a Song in My
Heart"
Supporting Actor:
ANTHONY QUINN in "Viva Zapata!", Richard Burton in "My Cousin Rachel", Arthur Hunnicutt
in "The Big Sky", Victor McLaglen in "The Quiet Man", Jack Palance in "Sudden Fear"
Supporting Actress:
GLORIA GRAHAME in "The Bad and the Beautiful", Jean Hagen in "Singin' In The Rain",
Colette Marchand in "Moulin Rouge", Terry Moore in "Come Back, Little Sheba", Thelma RItter in
"With a Song in My Heart"

Ravindra 419
Director:
JOHN FORD for "The Quiet Man", Cecil B. DeMille for "The Greatest Show On Earth", John
Huston for "Moulin Rouge", Joseph L. Mankiewicz for "Five Fingers", Fred Zinnemann for
"High Noon"

1953
Picture:
"FROM HERE TO ETERNITY", "Julius Caesar", "The Robe", "Roman Holiday", "Shane"
Actor:
WILLIAM HOLDEN in "Stalag 17", Marlon Brando in "Julius Caesar", Richard Burton in "The
Robe", Montgomery Clift in "From Here to Eternity", Burt Lancaster in "From Here to Eternity"
Actress:
AUDREY HEPBURN in "Roman Holiday", Leslie Caron in "Lily", Ava Gardner in "Mogambo",
Deborah Kerr in "From Here to Eternity", Maggie McNamara in "The Moon is Blue"
Supporting Actor:
FRANK SINATRA in "From Here to Eternity", Eddie Albert in "Roman Holiday", Brandon de
Wilde in "Shane", Jack Palance in "Shane", Robert Strauss in "Stalag 17"
Supporting Actress:
DONNA REED in "From Here to Eternity", Grace Kelly in "Mogambo", Geraldine Page in
"Hondo", Marjorie Rambeau in "Torch Song", Thelma Ritter in "Pickup on South Street"
Director:
FRED ZINNEMANN for "From Here to Eternity", George Stevens for "Shane", Charles Walters
for "Lili", Billy Wilder for "Stalag 17", William Wyler for "Roman Holiday"

1954
Picture:
"ON THE WATERFRONT", "The Caine Mutiny", "The Country Girl", "Seven Brides for Seven
Brothers", "Three Coins in the Fountain"
Actor:
MARLON BRANDO in "On The Waterfront", Humphrey Bogart in "The Caine Mutiny", Bing
Crosby in "The Country Girl", James Mason in "A Star Is Born", Dan O'Herlihy in "Adventures
of Robinson Crusoe"
Actress:
GRACE KELLY in "The Country Girl", Dorothy Dandridge in "Carmen Jones", Judy Garland in
"A Star Is Born", Audrey Hepburn in "Sabrina", Jane Wyman in "Magnificent Obsession"
Supporting Actor:
EDMOND O'BRIEN in "The Barefoot Contessa", Lee J. Cobb in "On The Waterfront", Karl
Malden in "On The Waterfront", Rod Steiger in "On The Waterfront", Tom Tully in "The Caine
Mutiny"
Supporting Actress:
EVA MARIE SAINT in "On The Waterfront", Nina Foch in "Executive Suite", Katy Jurado in
"Broken Lance", Jan Sterling in "The High and the Mighty", Claire Trevor in "The High and the
Mighty"
Director:
ELIA KAZAN for "On The Waterfront", Alfred Hitchcock for "Rear Window", George Seaton
for "The Country Girl", William Wellman for "The High and the Mighty", Billy Wilder for
"Sabrina"

Ravindra 420
1955
Picture:
"MARTY", "Love is a Many-Splendored Thing", "Mister Roberts", "Picnic", "The Rose Tattoo"
Actor:
ERNEST BORGNINE in "Marty", James Cagney in "Love Me or Leave Me", James Dean in "East
of Eden", Frank Sinatra in "The Man With the Golden Arm", Spencer Tracy in "Bad Day at Black
Rock"
Actress:
ANNA MAGNANI in "The Rose Tattoo", Susan Hayward in "I'll Cry Tomorrow", Katharine
Hepburn in "Summertime", Jennifer Jones in "Love is a Many-Splendored Thing", Eleanor Parker
in "Interrupted Melody"
Supporting Actor:
JACK LEMMON in "Mister Roberts", Arthur Kennedy in "Trial", Joe Mantell in "Marty", Sal
Mineo in "Rebel Without a Cause", Arthur O'Connell in "Picnic"
Supporting Actress:
JO VAN FLEET in "East of Eden", Betsy Blair in "Marty", Peggy Lee in "Pete Kelly's Blues",
Marisa Pavan in "The Rose Tattoo", Natalie Wood in "Rebel Without a Cause"
Director:
DELBERT MANN for "Marty", Elia Kazan for "East of Eden", David Lean for "Summertime",
Joshua Logan for "Picnic", John Sturges for "Bad Day at Black Rock"

1956
Picture:
"AROUND THE WORLD IN 80 DAYS", "Friendly Persuasion", "Giant", "The King and I", "The
Ten Commandments"
Actor:
YUL BRYNNER in "The King and I", James Dean in "Giant", Kirk Douglas in "Lust for Life",
Rock Hudson in "Giant", Laurence Olivier in "Richard III"
Actress:
INGRID BERGMAN in "Anastasia", Carroll Baker in "Baby Doll", Katharine Hepburn in "The
Rainmaker", Nancy Kelly in "The Bad Seed", Deborah Kerr in "The King and I"
Supporting Actor:
ANTHONY QUINN in "Lust for Life", Don Murray in "Bus Stop", Anthony Perkins in "Friendly
Persuasion", Mickey Rooney in "The Bold and the Brave", Robert Stack in "Written on the Wind"
Supporting Actress:
DOROTHY MALONE in "Written on the Wind", Mildred Dunnock in "Baby Doll", Eileen Heckart
in "The Bad Seed", Mercedes McCambridge in "Giant", Patty McCormack in "The Bad Seed"
Director:
GEORGE STEVENS for "Giant", Michael Anderson for "Around the World in 80 Days", Walter
Lang for "The King and I", King Vidor for "War and Peace", William Wyler for "Friendly
Persuasion"

1957
Picture:
"THE BRIDGE ON THE RIVER KWAI", "Peyton Place", "Sayonara", "12 Angry Men",
"Witness for the Prosecution"
Actor:

Ravindra 421
ALEC GUINNESS in "The Bridge On The River Kwai", Marlon Brando in "Sayonara", Anthony
Franciosa in "A Hatful of Rain", Charles Laughton in "Witness for the Prosecution", Anthony
Quinn in "Wild Is the Wind"
Actress:
JOANNE WOODWARD in "The Three Faces of Eve", Deborah Kerr in "Heaven Knows, Mr.
Allison", Anna Magnani in "Wild is the Wind", Elizabeth Taylor in "Raintree County", Lana Turner
in "Peyton Place"
Supporting Actor:
RED BUTTONS in "Sayonara", Vittorio De Sica in "A Farewell to Arms", Sessue Hayakawa in
"The Bridge On The River Kwai", Arthur Kennedy in "Peyton Place", Russ Tamblyn in "Peyton
Place"
Supporting Actress:
MIYOSHI UMEKI in "Sayonara", Carolyn Jones in "The Bachelor Party", Elsa Lanchester in
"Witness for the Prosecution", Hope Lange in "Peyton Place", Diane Varsi in "Peyton Place"
Director:
DAVID LEAN for "The Bridge On The River Kwai", Joshua Logan for "Sayonara", Sidney
Lumet for "12 Angry Men", Mark Robson for "Peyton Place", Billy Wilder for "Witness for the
Prosecution"

1958
Picture:
"GIGI", "Auntie Mame", "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof", "The Defiant Ones", "Separate Tables"
Actor:
DAVID NIVEN in "Separate Tables", Tony Curtis in "The Defiant Ones", Paul Newman in "Cat on
a Hot Tin Roof", Sidney Poitier in "The Defiant Ones", Spencer Tracy in "The Old Man and the
Sea"
Actress:
SUSAN HAYWARD in "I Want to Live", Deborah Kerr in "Separate Tables", Shirley MacLaine in
"Some Came Running", Rosalind Russell in "Auntie Mame", Elizabeth Taylor in "Cat on a Hot Tin
Roof"
Supporting Actor:
BURL IVES in "The Big Country", Theodore Bikel in "The Defiant Ones", Lee J. Cobb in "The
Brothers Karamazov", Arthur Kennedy in "Some Came Running", Gig Young in "Teacher's Pet"
Supporting Actress:
WENDY HILLER in "Separate Tables", Peggy Cass in "Auntie Mame", Martha Hyer in "Some
Came Running", Maureen Stapleton in "Lonelyhearts", Cara Williams in "The Defiant Ones"
Director:
VINCENTE MINNELLI for "Gigi", Richard Brooks for "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof", Stanley Kramer
for "The Defiant Ones", Mark Robson for "The Inn of the Sixth Happiness", Robert Wise for "I
Want to Live!"

1959
Picture:
"BEN-HUR", "Anatomy of a Murder", "The Diary of Anne Frank", "The Nun's Story", "Room at
the Top"
Actor:
CHARLTON HESTON in "Ben-Hur", Laurence Harvey in "Room at the Top", Jack Lemmon in

Ravindra 422
 "Some Like It Hot", Paul Muni in "The Last Angry Man", James Stewart in "Anatomy of a
Murder"
Actress:
SIMONE SIGNORET in "Room at the Top", Doris Day in "Pillow Talk", Audrey Hepburn in "The
Nun's Story", Katharine Hepburn in "Suddenly, Last Summer", Elizabeth Taylor in "Suddenly, Last
Summer"
Supporting Actor:
HUGH GRIFFITH in "Ben-Hur", Arthur O'Connell in "Anatomy of a Murder", George C. Scott
in "Anatomy of a Murder", Robert Vaughn in "The Young Philadelphians", Ed Wynn in "The Diary
ofAnneFrank"
SupportingActress:
SHELLEY WINTERS in "The Diary of Anne Frank", Hermione Baddeley in "Room at the Top",
Susan Kohner in "Imitation of Life", Juanita Moore in "Imitation of Life", Thelma Ritter in "Pillow
Talk"
Director:
WILLIAM WYLER for "Ben-Hur", Jack Clayton for "Room at the Top", George Stevens for
"The Diary of Anne Frank", Billy Wilder for "Some Like It Hot", Fred Zinnemann for "The Nun's
Story"

ACADEMY AWARDS®
WINNERS and HISTORY

(1960 - 1969)
1960
Picture:
"THE APARTMENT", "The Alamo", "Elmer Gantry", "Sons and Lovers", "The Sundowners"
Actor:
BURT LANCASTER in "Elmer Gantry", Trevor Howard in "Sons and Lovers", Jack Lemmon in
"The Apartment", Laurence Olivier in "The Entertainer", Spencer Tracy in "Inherit the Wind"
Actress:
ELIZABETH TAYLOR in "Butterfield 8", Greer Garson in "Sunrise at Campobello", Deborah Kerr
in "The Sundowners", Shirley MacLaine in "The Apartment", Melina Mercouri in "Never on
Sunday"
Supporting Actor:
PETER USTINOV in "Spartacus", Peter Falk in "Murder, Inc.", Jack Kruschen in "The Apartment",
Sal Mineo in "Exodus", Chill Wills in "The Alamo"
Supporting Actress:
SHIRLEY JONES in "Elmer Gantry", Glynis Johns in "The Sundowners", Shirley Knight in "The
Dark at the Top of the Stairs", Janet Leigh in "Psycho", Mary Ure in "Sons and Lovers"

Ravindra 423
Director:
BILLY WILDER for "The Apartment", Jack Cardiff for "Sons and Lovers", Jules Dassin for "Never
on Sunday", Alfred Hitchcock for "Psycho", Fred Zinnemann for "The Sundowners"

1961
Picture:
"WEST SIDE STORY", "Fanny", "The Guns of Navarone", "The Hustler", "Judgment at
Nuremberg"
Actor:
MAXIMILIAN SCHELL in "Judgment at Nuremberg", Charles Boyer in "Fanny", Paul Newman in
"The Hustler", Spencer Tracy in "Judgment at Nuremberg", Stuart Whitman in "The Mark"
Actress:
SOPHIA LOREN in "Two Women", Audrey Hepburn in "Breakfast at Tiffany's", Piper Laurie in
"The Hustler", Geraldine Page in "Summer and Smoke", Natalie Wood in "Splendor in the Grass"
Supporting Actor:
GEORGE CHAKIRIS in "West Side Story", Montgomery Clift in "Judgment at Nuremberg",
Peter Falk in "Pocketful of Miracles", Jackie Gleason in "The Hustler", George C. Scott in "The
Hustler"
Supporting Actress:
RITA MORENO in "West Side Story", Fay Bainter in "The Children's Hour", Judy Garland in
"Judgment at Nuremberg", Lotte Lenya in "The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone", Una Merkel in
"Summer and Smoke"
Director:
JEROME ROBBINS and ROBERT WISE for "West Side Story", Federico Fellini for "La Dolce
Vita", Stanley Kramer for "Judgment at Nuremberg", J. Lee Thompson for "The Guns of
Navarone", Robert Rossen for "The Hustler"

1962
Picture:
"LAWRENCE OF ARABIA", "The Longest Day", "The Music Man", "Mutiny on the Bounty",
"To Kill a Mockingbird"
Actor:
GREGORY PECK for "To Kill a Mockingbird", Burt Lancaster in "Birdman of Alcatraz", Jack
Lemmon in "Days of Wine and Roses", Marcello Mastroianni in "Divorce - Italian Style", Peter
O'Toole in "Lawrence of Arabia"
Actress:
ANNE BANCROFT in "The Miracle Worker", Bette Davis in "What Ever Happened to Baby
Jane?", Katharine Hepburn in "Long Day's Journey Into Night", Geraldine Page in "Sweet Bird of
Youth," Lee Remick in "Days of Wine and Roses"
Supporting Actor:
ED BEGLEY in "Sweet Bird of Youth", Victor Buono in "What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?",
Telly Savalas in "Birdman of Alcatraz", Omar Sharif in "Lawrence of Arabia", Terence Stamp in
"Billy Budd"
Supporting Actress:
PATTY DUKE in "The Miracle Worker", Mary Badham in "To Kill a Mockingbird", Shirley
Knight in "Sweet Bird of Youth", Angela Lansbury in "The Manchurian Candidate", Thelma Ritter
in "Birdman of Alcatraz"

Ravindra 424
Director:
DAVID LEAN for "Lawrence of Arabia", Pietro Germi for "Divorce - Italian Style", Robert
Mulligan for "To Kill a Mockingbird", Arthur Penn for "The Miracle Worker", Frank Perry for
"David and Lisa"

1963
Picture:
"TOM JONES", "America, America", "Cleopatra", "How the West Was Won", "Lilies of the Field"
Actor:
SIDNEY POITIER in "Lilies of the Field", Albert Finney in "Tom Jones", Richard Harris in "This
Sporting Life", Rex Harrison in "Cleopatra", Paul Newman in "Hud"
Actress:
PATRICIA NEAL in "Hud", Leslie Caron in "The L-Shaped Room", Shirley MacLaine in "Irma La
Douce", Rachel Roberts in "This Sporting Life", Natalie Wood in "Love with the Proper Stranger"
Supporting Actor:
MELVYN DOUGLAS in "Hud", Nick Adams in "Twilight of Honor", Bobby Darin in "Captain
Newman, M.D.", Hugh Griffith in "Tom Jones", John Huston in "The Cardinal"
Supporting Actress:
MARGARET RUTHERFORD in "The V.I.P.'s", Diane Cilento in "Tom Jones", Edith Evans in
"Tom Jones", Joyce Redman in "Tom Jones", Lilia Skala in "Lilies of the Field"
Director:
TONY RICHARDSON for "Tom Jones", Federico Fellini for "8 1/2", Elia Kazan for "America,
America", Otto Preminger for "The Cardinal", Martin Ritt for "Hud"

1964
Picture:
"MY FAIR LADY", "Becket", "Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned To Stop Worrying...", "Mary
Poppins", "Zorba the Greek"
Actor:
REX HARRISON in "My Fair Lady", Richard Burton in "Becket", Peter O'Toole in "Becket",
Anthony Quinn in "Zorba the Greek", Peter Sellers in "Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned To
Stop Worrying..."
Actress:
JULIE ANDREWS in "Mary Poppins", Anne Bancroft in "The Pumpkin Eater", Sophia Loren in
"Marriage Italian Style", Debbie Reynolds in "The Unsinkable Molly Brown", Kim Stanley in
"Seance on a Wet Afternoon"
Supporting Actor:
PETER USTINOV in "Topkapi", John Gielgud in "Becket", Stanley Holloway in "My Fair Lady",
Edmond O'Brien in "Seven Days in May", Lee Tracy in "The Best Man"
Supporting Actress:
LILA KEDROVA in "Zorba the Greek", Gladys Cooper in "My Fair Lady", Edith Evans in "The
Chalk Garden", Grayson Hall in "The Night of the Iguana", Agnes Moorehead in "Hush...Hush,
Sweet Charlotte"
Director:

Ravindra 425
GEORGE CUKOR for "My Fair Lady", Michael Cacoyannis for "Zorba the Greek", Peter Glenville
for "Becket", Stanley Kubrick for "Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned To Stop Worrying...",
Robert Stevenson for "Mary Poppins"

1965
Picture:
"THE SOUND OF MUSIC", "Darling", "Doctor Zhivago", "Ship of Fools", "A Thousand Clowns"
Actor:
LEE MARVIN in "Cat Ballou", Richard Burton in "The Spy Who Came In From the Cold",
Laurence Olivier in "Othello", Rod Steiger in "The Pawnbroker", Oskar Werner in "Ship of Fools"
Actress:
JULIE CHRISTIE in "Darling", Julie Andrews in "The Sound of Music", Samantha Eggar in "The
Collector", Elizabeth Hartman in "A Patch of Blue", Simone Signoret in "Ship of Fools"
Supporting Actor:
MARTIN BALSAM in "A Thousand Clowns", Ian Bannen in "The Flight of the Phoenix", Tom
Courtenay in "Doctor Zhivago", Michael Dunn in "Ship of Fools", Frank Finlay in "Othello"
Supporting Actress:
SHELLEY WINTERS in "A Patch of Blue", Ruth Gordon in "Inside Daisy Clover", Joyce Redman
in "Othello", Maggie Smith in "Othello", Peggy Wood in "The Sound of Music"
Director:
ROBERT WISE for "The Sound of Music", David Lean for "Doctor Zhivago", John Schlesinger for
"Darling", Hiroshi Teshigahara for "Woman in the Dunes", William Wyler for "The Collector"

1966
Picture:
"A MAN FOR ALL SEASONS", "Alfie", "The Russians Are Coming, The Russians Are Coming",
"The Sand Pebbles", "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?"
Actor:
PAUL SCOFIELD in "A Man for All Seasons", Alan Arkin in "The Russians Are Coming, The
Russians Are Coming", Richard Burton in "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?", Michael Caine in
"Alfie", Steve McQueen in "The Sand Pebbles"
Actress:
ELIZABETH TAYLOR in "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?", Anouk Aimee in "A Man and a
Woman", Ida Kaminska in "The Shop on Main Street", Lynn Redgrave in "Georgy Girl", Vanessa
Redgrave in "Morgan!"
Supporting Actor:
WALTER MATTHAU in "The Fortune Cookie", Mako in "The Sand Pebbles", James Mason in
"Georgy Girl", George Segal in "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?", Robert Shaw in "A Man for
All Seasons"
Supporting Actress:
SANDY DENNIS in "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?", Wendy Hiller in "A Man for All
Seasons", Jocelyn Lagarde in "Hawaii", Vivien Merchant in "Alfie", Geraldine Page in "You're a
Big Boy Now"
Director:
FRED ZINNEMANN for "A Man for All Seasons", Michelangelo Antonioni for "Blow-up",
Richard Brooks for "The Professionals", Claude Lelouch for "A Man and a Woman", Mike Nichols
for "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?"

Ravindra 426
1967
Picture:
"IN THE HEAT OF THE NIGHT", "Bonnie And Clyde", "Doctor Dolittle", "The Graduate",
"Guess Who's Coming to Dinner"
Actor:
ROD STEIGER in "In the Heat of the Night", Warren Beatty in "Bonnie And Clyde", Dustin
Hoffman in "The Graduate", Paul Newman in "Cool Hand Luke", Spencer Tracy in "Guess
Who'sComingtoDinner"
Actress:
KATHARINE HEPBURN in "Guess Who's Coming to Dinner", Anne Bancroft in "The
Graduate", Faye Dunaway in "Bonnie And Clyde", Edith Evans in "The Whisperers", Audrey
Hepburn in "Wait Until Dark"
Supporting Actor:
GEORGE KENNEDY in "Cool Hand Luke", John Cassavetes in "The Dirty Dozen", Gene
Hackman in "Bonnie And Clyde", Cecil Kellaway in "Guess Who's Coming to Dinner", Michael
J. Pollard in "Bonnie And Clyde"
Supporting Actress:
ESTELLE PARSONS in "Bonnie And Clyde", Carol Channing in "Thoroughly Modern Millie",
Mildred Natwick in "Barefoot in the Park", Beah Richards in "Guess Who's Coming to Dinner",
Katharine Ross in "The Graduate"
Director:
MIKE NICHOLS for "The Graduate", Richard Brooks for "In Cold Blood", Norman Jewison for
"In the Heat of the Night", Stanley Kramer for "Guess Who's Coming to Dinner", Arthur Penn for
"Bonnie And Clyde"

1968
Picture:
"OLIVER!", "Funny Girl", "The Lion in Winter", "Rachel, Rachel", "Romeo and Juliet"
Actor:
CLIFF ROBERTSON in "Charly", Alan Arkin in "The Heart is a Lonely Hunter", Alan Bates in
"The Fixer", Ron Moody in "Oliver!", Peter O'Toole in "The Lion in Winter"
Actress:
KATHARINE HEPBURN in "The Lion in Winter" and BARBRA STREISAND in "Funny Girl"
(tie), Patricia Neal in "The Subject Was Roses", Vanessa Redgrave in "Isadora", Joanne Woodward
in "Rachel, Rachel"
Supporting Actor:
JACK ALBERTSON in "The Subject Was Roses", Seymour Cassel in "Faces", Daniel Massey in
"Star!", Jack Wild in "Oliver!", Gene Wilder in "The Producers"
Supporting Actress:
RUTH GORDON in "Rosemary's Baby", Lynn Carlin in "Faces", Sondra Locke in "The Heart is a
Lonely Hunter", Kay Medford in "Funny Girl", Estelle Parsons in "Rachel, Rachel"
Director:
SIR CAROL REED for "Oliver!", Anthony Harvey for "The Lion in Winter", Stanley Kubrick for
"2001: A Space Odyssey", Gillo Pontecorvo for "The Battle of Algiers", Franco Zeffirelli for
"Romeo and Juliet"

Ravindra 427
1969
Picture:
"MIDNIGHT COWBOY", "Anne of the Thousand Days", "Butch Cassidy and the Sundance
Kid", "Hello, Dolly!", "Z"
Actor:
JOHN WAYNE in "True Grit", Richard Burton in "Anne of the Thousand Days", Dustin Hoffman
in "Midnight Cowboy", Peter O'Toole in "Goodbye, Mr. Chips", Jon Voight in "Midnight
Cowboy"
Actress:
MAGGIE SMITH in "The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie", Genevieve Bujold in "Anne of the
Thousand Days", Jane Fonda in "They Shoot Horses, Don't They?", Liza Minnelli in "The Sterile
Cuckoo", Jean Simmons in "The Happy Ending"
Supporting Actor:
GIG YOUNG in "They Shoot Horses, Don't They?", Rupert Crosse in "The Reivers", Elliott Gould
in "Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice", Jack Nicholson in "Easy Rider", Anthony Quayle in "Anne of
the Thousand Days"
Supporting Actress:
GOLDIE HAWN in "Cactus Flower", Catherine Burns in "Last Summer", Dyan Cannon in "Bob &
Carol & Ted & Alice", Sylvia Miles in "Midnight Cowboy", Susannah York in "They Shoot
Horses, Don't They?"
Director:
JOHN SCHLESINGER for "Midnight Cowboy", Costa-Gavras for "Z", George Roy Hill for
"Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid", Arthur Penn for "Alice's Restaurant", Sydney Pollack for
"They Shoot Horses, Don't They?"

ACADEMY AWARDS®
WINNERS and HISTORY

(1970 - 1979)
1970
Picture:
"PATTON", "Airport", "Five Easy Pieces", "Love Story", "M*A*S*H"
Actor:
GEORGE C. SCOTT in "Patton", Melvyn Douglas in "I Never Sang For My Father", James Earl
Jones in "The Great White Hope", Jack Nicholson in "Five Easy Pieces", Ryan O'Neal in "Love
Story"
Actress:
GLENDA JACKSON in "Women in Love", Jane Alexander in "The Great White Hope", Ali
MacGraw in "Love Story", Sarah Miles in "Ryan's Daughter", Carrie Snodgrass in "Diary of a Mad

Ravindra 428
Housewife"
Supporting Actor:
JOHN MILLS in "Ryan's Daughter", Richard Castellano in "Lovers and Other Strangers", Chief
Dan George in "Little Big Man", Gene Hackman in "I Never Sang For My Father", John Marley in
"Love Story"
Supporting Actress:
HELEN HAYES in "Airport", Karen Black in "Five Easy Pieces", Lee Grant in "The Landlord",
Sally Kellerman in "M*A*S*H", Maureen Stapleton in "Airport"
Director:
FRANKLIN SCHAFFNER for "Patton", Robert Altman for "M*A*S*H", Federico Fellini for
"Fellini Satyricon", Arthur Hiller for "Love Story", Ken Russell for "Women in Love"

1971
Picture:
"THE FRENCH CONNECTION", "A Clockwork Orange", "Fiddler on the Roof", "The Last
Picture Show", "Nicholas and Alexandra"
Actor:
GENE HACKMAN in "The French Connection", Peter Finch in "Sunday, Bloody Sunday", Walter
Matthau in "Kotch", George C. Scott in "The Hospital", Topol in "Fiddler on the Roof"
Actress:
JANE FONDA in "Klute", Julie Christie in "McCabe and Mrs. Miller", Glenda Jackson in "Sunday,
Bloody Sunday", Vanessa Redgrave in "Mary, Queen of Scots", Janet Suzman in "Nicholas and
Alexandra"
Supporting Actor:
BEN JOHNSON in "The Last Picture Show", Jeff Bridges in "The Last Picture Show", Leonard
Frey in "Fiddler on the Roof", Richard Jaeckel in "Sometimes a Great Notion", Roy Scheider in
"The French Connection"
Supporting Actress:
CLORIS LEACHMAN in "The Last Picture Show", Ann-Margret in "Carnal Knowledge", Ellen
Burstyn in "The Last Picture Show", Barbara Harris in "Who is Harry Kellerman, and Why is He
Saying These Terrible Things About Me?", Margaret Leighton in "The Go-Between"
Director:
WILLIAM FRIEDKIN for "The French Connection", Peter Bogdanovich for "The Last Picture
Show", Norman Jewison for "Fiddler on the Roof", Stanley Kubrick for "A Clockwork Orange",
John Schlesinger for "Sunday, Bloody Sunday"

1972
Picture:
"THE GODFATHER", "Cabaret", "Deliverance", "The Emigrants", "Sounder"
Actor:
MARLON BRANDO in "The Godfather", Michael Caine in "Sleuth", Laurence Olivier in
"Sleuth", Peter O'Toole in "The Ruling Class", Paul Winfield in "Sounder"
Actress:
LIZA MINNELLI in "Cabaret", Diana Ross in "Lady Sings The Blues", Maggie Smith in "Travels
With My Aunt", Cicely Tyson in "Sounder", Liv Ullmann in "The Emigrants"
Supporting Actor:
JOEL GREY in "Cabaret", Eddie Albert in "The Heartbreak Kid", James Caan in "The

Ravindra 429
Godfather", Robert Duvall in "The Godfather", Al Pacino in "The Godfather"
Supporting Actress:
EILEEN HECKART in "Butterflies Are Free", Jeannie Berlin in "The Heartbreak Kid", Geraldine
Page in "Pete 'n' Tillie", Susan Tyrrell in "Fat City", Shelley Winters in "The Poseidon Adventure"
Director:
BOB FOSSE for "Cabaret", John Boorman for "Deliverance", Francis Ford Coppola for "The
Godfather", Joseph L. Mankiewicz for "Sleuth", Jan Troell for "The Emigrants"

1973
Picture:
"THE STING", "American Graffiti", "Cries and Whispers", "The Exorcist", "A Touch of Class"
Actor:
JACK LEMMON in "Save the Tiger", Marlon Brando in "Last Tango in Paris", Jack Nicholson in
"The Last Detail", Al Pacino in "Serpico", Robert Redford in "The Sting"
Actress:
GLENDA JACKSON in "A Touch of Class", Ellen Burstyn in "The Exorcist", Marsha Mason in
"Cinderella Liberty", Barbra Streisand in "The Way We Were", Joanne Woodward in "Summer
Wishes, Winter Dreams"
Supporting Actor:
JOHN HOUSEMAN in "The Paper Chase", Vincent Gardenia in "Bang the Drum Slowly", Jack
Gilford in "Save the Tiger", Jason Miller in "The Exorcist", Randy Quaid in "The Last Detail"
Supporting Actress:
TATUM O'NEAL in "Paper Moon", Linda Blair in "The Exorcist", Candy Clark in "American
Graffiti", Madeline Kahn in "Paper Moon", Sylvia Sidney in "Summer Wishes, Winter Dreams"
Director:
GEORGE ROY HILL for "The Sting", Ingmar Bergman for "Cries and Whispers", Bernardo
Bertolucci for "Last Tango in Paris", William Friedkin for "The Exorcist", George Lucas for
"American Graffiti"

1974
Picture:
"THE GODFATHER, PART II", "Chinatown", "The Conversation", "Lenny", "The Towering
Inferno"
Actor:
ART CARNEY in "Harry and Tonto", Albert Finney in "Murder on the Orient Express", Dustin
Hoffman in "Lenny", Jack Nicholson in "Chinatown", Al Pacino in "The Godfather, Part II"
Actress:
ELLEN BURSTYN in "Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore", Diahann Carroll in "Claudine", Faye
Dunaway in "Chinatown", Valerie Perrine in "Lenny", Gena Rowlands in "A Woman Under the
Influence"
Supporting Actor:
ROBERT DE NIRO in "The Godfather, Part II", Fred Astaire in "The Towering Inferno", Jeff
Bridges in "Thunderbolt and Lightfoot", Michael V. Gazzo in "The Godfather, Part II", Lee
Strasberg in "The Godfather, Part II"
Supporting Actress:
INGRID BERGMAN in "Murder on the Orient Express", Valentina Cortese in "Day for Night",
Madeline Kahn in "Blazing Saddles", Diane Ladd in "Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore", Talia

Ravindra 430
Shire in "The Godfather, Part II"
Director:
FRANCIS FORD COPPOLA for "The Godfather, Part II", John Cassavetes for "A Woman Under
the Influence", Bob Fosse for "Lenny", Roman Polanski for "Chinatown", Francois Truffaut for
"Day for Night"

1975
Picture:
"ONE FLEW OVER THE CUCKOO'S NEST", "Barry Lyndon", "Dog Day Afternoon",
"Jaws", "Nashville"
Actor:
JACK NICHOLSON in "One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest", Walter Matthau in "The Sunshine
Boys", Al Pacino in "Dog Day Afternoon", Maximilian Schell in "The Man in the Glass Booth",
James Whitmore in "Give 'Em Hell, Harry!"
Actress:
LOUISE FLETCHER in "One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest", Isabelle Adjani in "The Story of
Adele H.", Ann-Margret in "Tommy", Glenda Jackson in "Hedda", Carol Kane in "Hester Street"
Supporting Actor:
GEORGE BURNS in "The Sunshine Boys", Brad Dourif in "One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest",
Burgess Meredith in "The Day of the Locust", Chris Sarandon in "Dog Day Afternoon", Jack
Warden in "Shampoo"
Supporting Actress:
LEE GRANT in "Shampoo", Ronee Blakley in "Nashville", Sylvia Miles in "Farewell, My
Lovely", Lily Tomlin in "Nashville", Brenda Vaccaro in "Jacqueline Susann's Once Is Not
Enough"
Director:
MILOS FORMAN for "One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest", Robert Altman for "Nashville",
Federico Fellini for "Amarcord", Stanley Kubrick for "Barry Lyndon", Sidney Lumet for "Dog Day
Afternoon"

1976
Picture:
"ROCKY", "All the President's Men", "Bound for Glory", "Network", "Taxi Driver"
Actor:
PETER FINCH in "Network", Robert De Niro in "Taxi Driver", Giancarlo Giannini in "Seven
Beauties", William Holden in "Network", Sylvester Stallone in "Rocky"
Actress:
FAYE DUNAWAY in "Network", Marie-Christine Barrault in "Cousin, Cousine", Talia Shire in
"Rocky", Sissy Spacek in "Carrie", Liv Ullmann in "Face to Face"
Supporting Actor:
JASON ROBARDS in "All the President's Men", Ned Beatty in "Network", Burgess Meredith in
"Rocky", Laurence Olivier in "Marathon Man", Burt Young in "Rocky"
Supporting Actress:
BEATRICE STRAIGHT in "Network", Jane Alexander in "All the President's Men", Jodie Foster in
"Taxi Driver", Lee Grant in "Voyage of the Damned", Piper Laurie in "Carrie"
Director:

Ravindra 431
JOHN G. AVILDSEN for "Rocky", Ingmar Bergman for "Face to Face", Sidney Lumet for
"Network", Alan J. Pakula for "All the President's Men", Lina Wertmuller for "Seven Beauties"

1977
Picture:
"ANNIE HALL", "The Goodbye Girl", "Julia", "Star Wars", "The Turning Point"
Actor:
RICHARD DREYFUSS in "The Goodbye Girl", Woody Allen in "Annie Hall", Richard Burton
in "Equus", Marcello Mastroianni in "A Special Day", John Travolta in "Saturday Night Fever"
Actress:
DIANE KEATON in "Annie Hall", Anne Bancroft in "The Turning Point", Jane Fonda in "Julia",
Shirley MacLaine in "The Turning Point", Marsha Mason in "The Goodbye Girl"
Supporting Actor:
JASON ROBARDS in "Julia", Mikhail Baryshnikov in "The Turning Point", Peter Firth in "Equus",
Alec Guinness in "Star Wars", Maximilian Schell in "Julia"
Supporting Actress:
VANESSA REDGRAVE in "Julia", Leslie Browne in "The Turning Point", Quinn Cummings in
"The Goodbye Girl", Melinda Dillon in "Close Encounters of the Third Kind", Tuesday Weld in
"Looking for Mr. Goodbar"
Director:
WOODY ALLEN for "Annie Hall", George Lucas for "Star Wars", Herbert Ross for "The
Turning Point", Steven Spielberg for "Close Encounters of the Third Kind", Fred Zinnemann for
"Julia"

1978
Picture:
"THE DEER HUNTER", "Coming Home", "Heaven Can Wait", "Midnight Express", "An
Unmarried Woman"
Actor:
JON VOIGHT in "Coming Home", Warren Beatty in "Heaven Can Wait", Gary Busey in "The
Buddy Holly Story", Robert De Niro in "The Deer Hunter", Laurence Olivier in "The Boys From
Brazil"
Actress:
JANE FONDA in "Coming Home", Ingrid Bergman in "Autumn Sonata", Ellen Burstyn in "Same
Time, Next Year", Jill Clayburgh in "An Unmarried Woman", Geraldine Page in "Interiors"
Supporting Actor:
CHRISTOPHER WALKEN in "The Deer Hunter", Bruce Dern in "Coming Home", Richard
Farnsworth in "Comes a Horseman", John Hurt in "Midnight Express", Jack Warden in "Heaven
Can Wait"
Supporting Actress:
MAGGIE SMITH in "California Suite", Dyan Cannon in "Heaven Can Wait", Penelope Milford in
"Coming Home", Maureen Stapleton in "Interiors", Meryl Streep in "The Deer Hunter"
Director:
MICHAEL CIMINO for "The Deer Hunter", Woody Allen for "Interiors", Hal Ashby for "Coming
Home", Warren Beatty and Buck Henry for "Heaven Can Wait", Alan Parker for "Midnight
Express"

Ravindra 432
1979
Picture:
"KRAMER vs. KRAMER", "All That Jazz", "Apocalypse Now", "Breaking Away", "Norma Rae"
Actor:
DUSTIN HOFFMAN in "Kramer vs. Kramer", Jack Lemmon in "The China Syndrome", Al Pacino
in "...And Justice For All", Roy Scheider in "All That Jazz", Peter Sellers in "Being There"
Actress:
SALLY FIELD in "Norma Rae", Jill Clayburgh in "Starting Over", Jane Fonda in "The China
Syndrome", Marsha Mason in "Chapter Two", Bette Midler in "The Rose"
Supporting Actor:
MELVYN DOUGLAS in "Being There", Robert Duvall in "Apocalypse Now", Frederic Forrest
in "The Rose", Justin Henry in "Kramer vs. Kramer", Mickey Rooney in "The Black Stallion"
Supporting Actress:
MERYL STREEP in "Kramer vs. Kramer", Jane Alexander in "Kramer vs. Kramer", Barbarie
Barrie in "Breaking Away", Candice Bergen in "Starting Over", Mariel Hemingway in "Manhattan"
Director:
ROBERT BENTON for "Kramer vs. Kramer", Francis Ford Coppola for "Apocalypse Now", Bob
Fosse for "All That Jazz", Edouard Molinaro for "La Cage Aux Folles", Peter Yates for "Breaking
Away"

ACADEMY AWARDS®
WINNERS and HISTORY

(1980 - 1989)
1980
Picture:
"ORDINARY PEOPLE", "Coal Miner's Daughter", "The Elephant Man", "Raging Bull", "Tess"

Actor:
ROBERT DE NIRO in "Raging Bull", Robert Duvall in "The Great Santini", John Hurt in "The
Elephant Man", Jack Lemmon in "Tribute", Peter O'Toole in "The Stunt Man"
Actress:
SISSY SPACEK in "Coal Miner's Daughter", Ellen Burstyn in "Resurrection", Goldie Hawn in
"Private Benjamin", Mary Tyler Moore in "Ordinary People", Gena Rowlands in "Gloria"
Supporting Actor:
TIMOTHY HUTTON in "Ordinary People", Judd Hirsch in "Ordinary People", Michael O'Keefe in
"The Great Santini", Joe Pesci in "Raging Bull", Jason Robards in "Melvin and Howard"
Supporting Actress:
MARY STEENBURGEN in "Melvin & Howard", Eileen Brennan in "Private Benjamin", Eva Le
Gallienne in "Resurrection", Cathy Moriarty in "Raging Bull", Diana Scarwid in "Inside Moves"
Director:

Ravindra 433
ROBERT REDFORD for "Ordinary People", David Lynch for "The Elephant Man", Roman
Polanski for "Tess", Richard Rush for "The Stunt Man", Martin Scorsese for "Raging Bull"

1981
Picture:
"CHARIOTS OF FIRE", "Atlantic City", "On Golden Pond", "Raiders of the Lost Ark", "Reds"
Actor:
HENRY FONDA in "On Golden Pond", Warren Beatty in "Reds", Burt Lancaster in "Atlantic City",
Dudley Moore in "Arthur", Paul Newman in "Absence of Malice"
Actress:
KATHARINE HEPBURN in "On Golden Pond", Diane Keaton in "Reds", Marsha Mason in "Only
When I Laugh", Susan Sarandon in "Atlantic City", Meryl Streep in "The French Lieutenant's
Woman"
Supporting Actor:
JOHN GIELGUD in "Arthur", James Coco in "Only When I Laugh", Ian Holm in "Chariots of
Fire", Jack Nicholson in "Reds", Howard E. Rollins, Jr. in "Ragtime"
Supporting Actress:
MAUREEN STAPLETON in "Reds", Melinda Dillon in "Absence of Malice", Jane Fonda in "On
Golden Pond", Joan Hackett in "Only When I Laugh", Elizabeth McGovern in "Ragtime"
Director:
WARREN BEATTY for "Reds", Hugh Hudson for "Chariots of Fire", Louis Malle for "Atlantic
City", Mark Rydell for "On Golden Pond", Steven Spielberg for "Raiders of the Lost Ark"

1982
Picture:
"GANDHI", "E.T. - The Extra-Terrestrial", "Missing", "Tootsie", "The Verdict"
Actor:
BEN KINGSLEY in "Gandhi", Dustin Hoffman in "Tootsie", Jack Lemmon in "Missing", Paul
Newman in "The Verdict", Peter O'Toole in "My Favorite Year"
Actress:
MERYL STREEP in "Sophie's Choice", Julie Andrews in Victor/Victoria", Jessica Lange in
"Frances", Sissy Spacek in "Missing", Debra Winger in "An Officer and a Gentleman"
Supporting Actor:
LOUIS GOSSETT, JR. in "An Officer and a Gentleman", Charles Durning in "The Best Little
Whorehouse in Texas", John Lithgow in "The World According to Garp", James Mason in "The
Verdict", Robert Preston in "Victor/Victoria"
Supporting Actress:
JESSICA LANGE in "Tootsie", Glenn Close in "The World According to Garp", Teri Garr in
"Tootsie", Kim Stanley in "Frances", Lesley Ann Warren in "Victor/Victoria"
Director:
RICHARD ATTENBOROUGH for "Gandhi", Sidney Lumet for "The Verdict", Wolfgang Petersen
for "Das Boot", Sydney Pollack for "Tootsie", Steven Spielberg for "E.T. - The Extra-Terrestrial"

1983
Picture:
"TERMS OF ENDEARMENT", "The Big Chill", "The Dresser", "The Right Stuff", "Tender

Ravindra 434
Mercies"
Actor:
ROBERT DUVALL in "Tender Mercies", Michael Caine in "Educating Rita", Tom Conti in
"Reuben, Reuben", Tom Courtenay in "The Dresser", Albert Finney in "The Dresser"
Actress:
SHIRLEY MACLAINE in "Terms of Endearment", Jane Alexander in "Testament", Meryl Streep in
"Silkwood", Julie Walters in "Educating Rita", Debra Winger in "Terms of Endearment"
Supporting Actor:
JACK NICHOLSON in "Terms of Endearment", Charles Durning in "To Be or Not to Be", John
Lithgow in "Terms of Endearment", Sam Shepard in "The Right Stuff", Rip Torn in "Cross Creek"
Supporting Actress:
LINDA HUNT in "The Year of Living Dangerously", Cher in "Silkwood", Glenn Close in "The Big
Chill", Amy Irving in "Yentl", Alfre Woodard in "Cross Creek"
Director:
JAMES L. BROOKS for "Terms of Endearment", Bruce Beresford for "Tender Mercies", Ingmar
Bergman for "Fanny and Alexander", Mike Nichols for "Silkwood", Peter Yates for "The Dresser"

1984
Picture:
"AMADEUS", "The Killing Fields", "A Passage to India", "Places in the Heart", "A Soldier's Story"
Actor:
F. MURRAY ABRAHAM in "Amadeus", Jeff Bridges in "Starman", Albert Finney in "Under the
Volcano", Tom Hulce in "Amadeus", Sam Waterston in "The Killing Fields"
Actress:
SALLY FIELD in "Places in the Heart", Judy Davis in "A Passage to India", Jessica Lange in
"Country", Vanessa Redgrave in "The Bostonians", Sissy Spacek in "The River"
Supporting Actor:
HAING S. NGOR in "The Killing Fields", Adolph Caesar in "A Soldier's Story", John Malkovich in
"Places in the Heart", Noriyuki "Pat" Morita in "The Karate Kid", Ralph Richardson in "Greystoke:
The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes"
Supporting Actress:
PEGGY ASHCROFT in "A Passage to India", Glenn Close in "The Natural", Lindsay Crouse in
"Places in the Heart", Christine Lahti in "Swing Shift", Geraldine Page in "The Pope of Greenwich
Village"
Director:
MILOS FORMAN for "Amadeus", Woody Allen for "Broadway Danny Rose", Robert Benton for
"Places in the Heart", Roland Joffe for "The Killing Fields", David Lean for "A Passage to India"

1985
Picture:
"OUT OF AFRICA", "The Color Purple", "Kiss of the Spider Woman", "Prizzi's Honor", "Witness"
Actor:
WILLIAM HURT in "Kiss of the Spider Woman", Harrison Ford in "Witness", James Garner in
"Murphy's Romance", Jack Nicholson in "Prizzi's Honor", Jon Voight in "Runaway Train"
Actress:
GERALDINE PAGE in "The Trip to Bountiful", Anne Bancroft in "Agnes of God", Whoopi
Goldberg in "The Color Purple", Jessica Lange in "Sweet Dreams", Meryl Streep in "Out of Africa"

Ravindra 435
Supporting Actor:
DON AMECHE in "Cocoon", Klaus Maria Brandauer in "Out of Africa", William Hickey in
"Prizzi's Honor", Robert Loggia in "Jagged Edge", Eric Roberts in "Runaway Train"
Supporting Actress:
ANJELICA HUSTON in "Prizzi's Honor", Margaret Avery in "The Color Purple", Amy Madigan in
"Twice in a Lifetime", Meg Tilly in "Agnes of God", Oprah Winfrey in "The Color Purple"
Director:
SYDNEY POLLACK for "Out of Africa", Hecter Babenco for "Kiss of the Spider Woman", John
Huston for "Prizzi's Honor", Akira Kurosawa for "Ran", Peter Weir for "Witness"

1986
Picture:
"PLATOON", "Children of a Lesser God", "Hannah and Her Sisters", "The Mission", "A Room
with a View"
Actor:
PAUL NEWMAN in "The Color of Money", Dexter Gordon in "'Round Midnight", Bob Hoskins in
"Mona Lisa", William Hurt in "Children of a Lesser God", James Woods in "Salvador"
Actress:
MARLEE MATLIN in "Children of a Lesser God", Jane Fonda in "The Morning After", Sissy
Spacek in "Crimes of the Heart", Kathleen Turner in "Peggy Sue Got Married", Sigourney Weaver
in "Aliens"
Supporting Actor:
MICHAEL CAINE in "Hannah and Her Sisters", Tom Berenger in "Platoon", Willem Dafoe in
"Platoon", Denholm Elliott in "A Room with a View", Dennis Hopper in "Hoosiers"
Supporting Actress:
DIANNE WIEST in "Hannah and Her Sisters", Tess Harper in "Crimes of the Heart", Piper Laurie
in "Children of a Lesser God", Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio in "The Color of Money", Maggie
Smith in "A Room with a View"
Director:
OLIVER STONE for "Platoon", Woody Allen for "Hannah and Her Sisters", James Ivory for "A
Room with a View", Roland Joffe for "The Mission", David Lynch for "Blue Velvet"

1987
Picture:
"THE LAST EMPEROR", "Broadcast News", "Fatal Attraction", "Hope and Glory", "Moonstruck"
Actor:
MICHAEL DOUGLAS in "Wall Street", William Hurt in "Broadcast News", Marcello Mastroianni
in "Dark Eyes", Jack Nicholson in "Ironweed", Robin Williams in "Good Morning, Vietnam"
Actress:
CHER in "Moonstruck", Glenn Close in "Fatal Attraction", Holly Hunter in "Broadcast News",
Sally Kirkland in "Anna", Meryl Streep in "Ironweed"
Supporting Actor:
SEAN CONNERY in "The Untouchables", Albert Brooks in "Broadcast News", Morgan Freeman
in "Street Smart", Vincent Gardenia in "Moonstruck", Denzel Washington in "Cry Freedom"
Supporting Actress:
OLYMPIA DUKAKIS in "Moonstruck", Norma Aleandro in "Gaby - a True Story", Anne Archer in
"Fatal Attraction", Anne Ramsey in "Throw Momma From the Train", Ann Sothern in "The Whales

Ravindra 436
of August"
Director:
BERNARDO BERTOLUCCI for "The Last Emperor", John Boorman for "Hope and Glory", Lasse
Hallstrom for "My Life as a Dog", Norman Jewison for "Moonstruck", Adrian Lyne for "Fatal
Attraction"

1988
Picture:
"RAIN MAN", "The Accidental Tourist", "Dangerous Liaisons", "Mississippi Burning", "Working
Girl"
Actor:
DUSTIN HOFFMAN in "Rain Man", Gene Hackman in "Mississippi Burning", Tom Hanks in
"Big", Edward James Olmos in "Stand and Deliver", Max von Sydow in "Pelle the Conqueror"
Actress:
JODIE FOSTER in "The Accused", Glenn Close in "Dangerous Liaisons", Melanie Griffith in
"Working Girl", Meryl Streep in "A Cry in the Dark", Sigourney Weaver in "Gorillas in the Mist"
Supporting Actor:
KEVIN KLINE in "A Fish Called Wanda", Alec Guinness in "Little Dorritt", Martin Landau in
"Tucker: the Man and His Dream", River Phoenix in "Running on Empty", Dean Stockwell in
"Married to the Mob"
Supporting Actress:
GEENA DAVIS in "The Accidental Tourist", Joan Cusack in "Working Girl", Frances McDormand
in "Mississippi Burning", Michelle Pfeiffer in "Dangerous Liaisons", Sigourney Weaver in
"Working Girl"
Director:
BARRY LEVINSON for "Rain Man", Charles Crichton for "A Fish Called Wanda", Mike Nichols
for "Working Girl", Alan Parker for "Mississippi Burning", Martin Scorsese for "The Last
Temptation of Christ"

1989
Picture:
"DRIVING MISS DAISY", "Born on the Fourth of July", "Dead Poets Society", "Field of Dreams",
"MyLeftFoot"

Actor:
DANIEL DAY-LEWIS in "My Left Foot", Kenneth Branagh in "Henry V", Tom Cruise in "Born on
the Fourth of July", Morgan Freeman in "Driving Miss Daisy", Robin Williams in "Dead Poets
Society"
Actress:
JESSICA TANDY in "Driving Miss Daisy", Isabelle Adjani in "Camille Claudel", Pauline Collins
in "Shirley Valentine", Jessica Lange in "Music Box", Michelle Pfeiffer in "The Fabulous Baker
Boys"
Supporting Actor:
DENZEL WASHINGTON in "Glory", Danny Aiello in "Do the Right Thing", Dan Aykroyd in
"Driving Miss Daisy", Marlon Brando in "A Dry White Season", Martin Landau in "Crimes and
Misdemeanors"
Supporting Actress:

Ravindra 437
BRENDA FRICKER in "My Left Foot", Anjelica Huston in "Enemies, a Love Story", Lena Olin in
"Enemies, a Love Story", Julia Roberts in "Steel Magnolias", Dianne Wiest in "Parenthood"
Director:
OLIVER STONE for "Born on the Fourth of July", Woody Allen for "Crimes and Misdemeanors",
Kenneth Branagh for "Henry V", Jim Sheridan for "My Left Foot", Peter Weir for "Dead Poets
Society"

ACADEMY AWARDS®
WINNERS and HISTORY

(1990 - 1999)

1990
Picture:
"DANCES WITH WOLVES", "Awakenings", "Ghost", "The Godfather, Part III", "GoodFellas"
Actor:
JEREMY IRONS in "Reversal of Fortune", Kevin Costner in "Dances With Wolves", Robert De
Niro in "Awakenings", Gerard Depardieu in "Cyrano de Bergerac", Richard Harris in "The Field"
Actress:
KATHY BATES in "Misery", Anjelica Huston in "The Grifters", Julia Roberts in "Pretty Woman",
Meryl Streep in "Postcards from the Edge", Joanne Woodward in "Mr. and Mrs. Bridge"
Supporting Actor:
JOE PESCI in "GoodFellas", Bruce Davison in "Longtime Companion", Andy Garcia in "The
Godfather, Part III", Graham Greene in "Dances With Wolves", Al Pacino in "Dick Tracy"
Supporting Actress:
WHOOPI GOLDBERG in "Ghost", Annette Bening in "The Grifters", Lorraine Bracco in
"GoodFellas", Diane Ladd in "Wild at Heart", Mary McDonnell in "Dances With Wolves"
Director:
KEVIN COSTNER for "Dances With Wolves", Francis Ford Coppola for "The Godfather, Part III",
Stephen Frears for "The Grifters", Barbet Schroeder for "Reversal of Fortune", Martin Scorsese for
"GoodFellas"

1991
Picture:
"THE SILENCE OF THE LAMBS", "Beauty and the Beast", "Bugsy", "JFK", "The Prince of
Tides"

Ravindra 438
Actor:
ANTHONY HOPKINS in "The Silence of the Lambs", Warren Beatty in "Bugsy", Robert De Niro
in "Cape Fear", Nick Nolte in "The Prince of Tides", Robin Williams in "The Fisher King"
Actress:
JODIE FOSTER in "The Silence of the Lambs", Geena Davis in "Thelma & Louise", Laura Dern in
"Rambling Rose", Bette Midler in "For the Boys", Susan Sarandon in "Thelma & Louise"
Supporting Actor:
JACK PALANCE in "City Slickers", Tommy Lee Jones in "JFK", Harvey Keitel in "Bugsy", Ben
Kingsley in "Bugsy", Michael Lerner in "Barton Fink"
Supporting Actress:
MERCEDES RUEHL in "The Fisher King", Diane Ladd in "Rambling Rose", Juliette Lewis in
"Cape Fear", Kate Nelligan in "The Prince of Tides", Jessica Tandy in "Fried Green Tomatoes"
Director:
JONATHAN DEMME for "The Silence of the Lambs", Barry Levinson for "Bugsy", Ridley Scott
for "Thelma & Louise", John Singleton for "Boyz N the Hood", Oliver Stone for "JFK"

1992
Picture:
"UNFORGIVEN", "The Crying Game", "A Few Good Men", "Howards End", "Scent of a Woman"
Actor:
AL PACINO in "Scent of a Woman", Robert Downey, Jr. in "Chaplin", Clint Eastwood in
"Unforgiven", Stephen Rea in "The Crying Game", Denzel Washington in "Malcolm X"
Actress:
EMMA THOMPSON in "Howards End", Catherine Deneuve in "Indochine", Mary McDonnell in
"Passion Fish", Michelle Pfeiffer in "Love Field", Susan Sarandon in "Lorenzo's Oil"
Supporting Actor:
GENE HACKMAN in "Unforgiven", Jaye Davidson in "The Crying Game", Jack Nicholson in "A
Few Good Men", Al Pacino in "Glengarry Glen Ross", David Paymer in "Mr. Saturday Night"
Supporting Actress:
MARISA TOMEI in "My Cousin Vinny", Judy Davis in "Husbands and Wives", Joan Plowright in
"Enchanted April", Vanessa Redgrave in "Howards End", Miranda Richardson in "Damage"
Director:
CLINT EASTWOOD for "Unforgiven", Robert Altman for "The Player", Martin Brest for "Scent of
a Woman", James Ivory for "Howards End", Neil Jordan for "The Crying Game"

1993
Picture:
"SCHINDLER'S LIST", "The Fugitive", "In the Name of the Father", "The Piano", "The Remains
of the Day"
Actor:
TOM HANKS in "Philadelphia", Daniel Day-Lewis in "In the Name of the Father", Laurence
Fishburne in "What's Love Got to Do With It", Anthony Hopkins in "The Remains of the Day",
Liam Neeson in "Schindler's List"
Actress:
HOLLY HUNTER in "The Piano", Angela Bassett in "What's Love Got to Do With It", Stockard
Channing in "Six Degrees of Separation", Emma Thompson in "The Remains of the Day", Debra
Winger in "Shadowlands"

Ravindra 439
Supporting Actor:
TOMMY LEE JONES in "The Fugitive", Leonardo DiCaprio in "What's Eating Gilbert Grape",
Ralph Fiennes in "Schindler's List", John Malkovich in "In the Line of Fire", Pete Postlethwaite
in "In the Name of the Father"
Supporting Actress:
ANNA PAQUIN in "The Piano", Holly Hunter in "The Firm", Rosie Perez in "Fearless", Winona
Ryder in "The Age of Innocence", Emma Thompson in "In the Name of the Father"
Director:
STEVEN SPIELBERG for "Schindler's List", Robert Altman for "Short Cuts", Jane Campion for
"The Piano", James Ivory for "The Remains of the Day", Jim Sheridan for "In the Name of the
Father"

1994
Picture:
"FORREST GUMP", "Four Weddings and a Funeral", "Pulp Fiction", "Quiz Show", "The
Shawshank Redemption"
Actor:
TOM HANKS in "Forrest Gump", Morgan Freeman in "The Shawshank Redemption", Nigel
Hawthorne in "The Madness of King George", Paul Newman in "Nobody's Fool", John Travolta in
"Pulp Fiction"
Actress:
JESSICA LANGE in "Blue Sky", Jodie Foster in "Nell", Miranda Richardson in "Tom and Viv",
Winona Ryder in "Little Women", Susan Sarandon in "The Client"
Supporting Actor:
MARTIN LANDAU in "Ed Wood", Samuel L. Jackson in "Pulp Fiction", Chazz Palminteri in
"Bullets Over Broadway", Paul Scofield in "Quiz Show", Gary Sinise in "Forrest Gump"
Supporting Actress:
DIANNE WIEST in "Bullets Over Broadway", Rosemary Harris in "Tom and Viv", Helen Mirren
in "The Madness of King George", Uma Thurman in "Pulp Fiction", Jennifer Tilly in "Bullets Over
Broadway"
Director:
ROBERT ZEMECKIS for "Forrest Gump", Woody Allen for "Bullets Over Broadway", Krzysztof
Kieslowski for "Red", Robert Redford for "Quiz Show", Quentin Tarantino for "Pulp Fiction"

1995
Picture:
"BRAVEHEART", "Apollo 13", "Babe", "Il Postino", "Sense and Sensibility"
Actor:
NICOLAS CAGE in "Leaving Las Vegas", Richard Dreyfuss in "Mr. Holland's Opus", Anthony
Hopkins in "Nixon", Sean Penn in "Dead Man Walking", Massimo Troisi in "Il Postino"
Actress:
SUSAN SARANDON in "Dead Man Walking", Elisabeth Shue in "Leaving Las Vegas", Sharon
Stone in "Casino", Meryl Streep in "The Bridges of Madison County", Emma Thompson in "Sense
and Sensibility"
Supporting Actor:
KEVIN SPACEY in "The Usual Suspects", James Cromwell in "Babe", Ed Harris in "Apollo 13",
Brad Pitt in "12 Monkeys", Tim Roth in "Rob Roy"

Ravindra 440
Supporting Actress:
MIRA SORVINO in "Mighty Aphrodite", Joan Allen in "Nixon", Kathleen Quinlan in "Apollo 13",
Mare Winningham in "Georgia", Kate Winslet in "Sense and Sensibility"
Director:
MEL GIBSON for "Braveheart", Mike Figgis for "Leaving Las Vegas", Chris Noonan for "Babe",
Michael Radford for "Il Postino", Tim Robbins for "Dead Man Walking"

1996
Picture:
"THE ENGLISH PATIENT", "Fargo", "Jerry Maguire", "Secrets and Lies", "Shine"
Actor:
GEOFFREY RUSH in "Shine", Tom Cruise in "Jerry Maguire", Ralph Fiennes in "The English
Patient", Woody Harrelson in "The People vs. Larry Flynt", Billy Bob Thornton in "Sling Blade"
Actress:
FRANCES MCDORMAND in "Fargo", Brenda Blethyn in "Secrets and Lies", Diane Keaton in
"Marvin's Room", Kristin Scott Thomas in "The English Patient", Emily Watson in "Breaking the
Waves"
Supporting Actor:
CUBA GOODING, JR. in "Jerry Maguire", William H. Macy in "Fargo", Armin Mueller-Stahl in
"Shine", Edward Norton in "Primal Fear", James Woods in "Ghosts of Mississippi"
Supporting Actress:
JULIETTE BINOCHE in "The English Patient", Joan Allen in "The Crucible", Lauren Bacall in
"The Mirror Has Two Faces", Barbara Hershey in "Portrait of a Lady", Marianne Jean-Baptiste in
"Secrets and Lies"
Director:
ANTHONY MINGHELLA for "The English Patient", Joel Coen for "Fargo", Milos Forman for
"The People vs. Larry Flynt", Scott Hicks for "Shine", Mike Leigh for "Secrets and Lies"

1997
Picture:
"TITANIC", "L.A. Confidential", "As Good As It Gets", "Good Will Hunting", "The Full Monty"
Actor:
JACK NICHOLSON in "As Good As It Gets", Matt Damon in "Good Will Hunting", Dustin
Hoffman in "Wag the Dog", Robert Duvall in "The Apostle", Peter Fonda in "Ulee's Gold"
Actress:
HELEN HUNT in "As Good As It Gets", Judi Dench in "(Her Majesty) Mrs. Brown", Helena
Bonham Carter in "The Wings of the Dove", Kate Winslet in "Titanic", Julie Christie in
"Afterglow"
Supporting Actor:
ROBIN WILLIAMS in "Good Will Hunting", Robert Forster in "Jackie Brown", Anthony Hopkins
in "Amistad", Greg Kinnear in "As Good As It Gets", Burt Reynolds in "Boogie Nights"
Supporting Actress:
KIM BASINGER in "L.A. Confidential", Joan Cusack in "In and Out", Minnie Driver in "Good
Will Hunting", Julianne Moore in "Boogie Nights", Gloria Stuart in "Titanic"
Director:
JAMES CAMERON for "Titanic", Peter Cattaneo for "The Full Monty", Atom Egoyan for "The
Sweet Hereafter", Curtis Hanson for "L.A. Confidential", Gus Van Sant for "Good Will Hunting"

Ravindra 441
1998
Picture:
SHAKESPEARE IN LOVE, "Elizabeth", "Life is Beautiful" (Best Foreign Language Film winner),
"Saving Private Ryan", "The Thin Red Line"
Actor:
ROBERTO BENIGNI in "Life is Beautiful", Tom Hanks in "Saving Private Ryan", Ian McKellen in
"Gods and Monsters", Nick Nolte in "Affliction", Edward Norton in "American History X"
Actress:
GWYNETH PALTROW in "Shakespeare in Love", Cate Blanchett in "Elizabeth", Fernanda
Montenegro in "Central Station", Meryl Streep in "One True Thing", Emily Watson in "Hilary and
Jackie"
Supporting Actor:
JAMES COBURN in "Affliction", Robert Duvall in "A Civil Action", Ed Harris in "The Truman
Show", Geoffrey Rush in "Shakespeare in Love", Billy Bob Thornton in "A Simple Plan"
Supporting Actress:
JUDI DENCH in "Shakespeare in Love", Kathy Bates in "Primary Colors", Brenda Blethyn in
"Little Voice", Rachel Griffiths in "Hilary and Jackie", Lynn Redgrave in "Gods and Monsters"
Director:
STEVEN SPIELBERG for "Saving Private Ryan", Roberto Benigni for "Life is Beautiful", John
Madden for "Shakespeare in Love", Terrence Malick for "The Thin Red Line", Peter Weir for "The
Truman Show"

1999
Picture:
"AMERICAN BEAUTY", "The Cider House Rules", "The Green Mile", "The Insider", "The Sixth
Sense"
Actor:
KEVIN SPACEY in "American Beauty," Russell Crowe in "The Insider," Richard Farnsworth in
"The Straight Story," Sean Penn in "Sweet and Lowdown," Denzel Washington in "The Hurricane"
Actress:
HILARY SWANK in "Boys Don't Cry", Annette Bening in "American Beauty", Janet McTeer in
"Tumbleweeds", Julianne Moore in "The End of the Affair", Meryl Streep in "Music of the Heart"
Supporting Actor:
MICHAEL CAINE in "The Cider House Rules", Tom Cruise in "Magnolia", Michael Clarke
Duncan in "The Green Mile", Jude Law in "The Talented Mr. Ripley", Haley Joel Osment in "The
Sixth Sense"
Supporting Actress:
ANGELINA JOLIE in "Girl, Interrupted", Toni Collette in "The Sixth Sense", Catherine Keener in
"Being John Malkovich", Samantha Morton in "Sweet and Lowdown", Chloe Sevigny in "Boys
Don't Cry"
Director:
SAM MENDES for "American Beauty", Spike Jonze for "Being John Malkovich", Lasse Hallstrom
for "The Cider House Rules", Michael Mann for "The Insider", M. Night Shyamalan for "The Sixth
Sense"

Ravindra 442
 ACADEMY AWARDS®
WINNERS and HISTORY

(2000 - present)
2000

Picture:
"GLADIATOR," "Chocolat," "Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon," "Erin Brockovich,"
"Traffic"
Actor:
RUSSELL CROWE in "Gladiator," Javier Bardem in "Before Night Falls," Tom
Hanks in "Cast Away," Ed Harris in "Pollock," Geoffrey Rush in "Quills"
Actress:
JULIA ROBERTS in "Erin Brockovich," Joan Allen in "The Contender," Juliette
Binoche in "Chocolat," Ellen Burstyn in "Requiem for a Dream," Laura Linney in
"You Can Count On Me"
Supporting Actor:
BENICIO DEL TORO in "Traffic," Jeff Bridges in "The Contender," Willem Dafoe in
"Shadow of the Vampire," Albert Finney in "Erin Brockovich," Joaquin Phoenix in
"Gladiator"
Supporting Actress:
MARCIA GAY HARDEN in "Pollock," Judi Dench in "Chocolat," " Kate Hudson in
"Almost Famous," Frances McDormand in "Almost Famous," Julie Walters in
"Billy Elliot"
Director:
STEVEN SODERBERGH for "Traffic," Stephen Daldry for "Billy Elliot," Ang Lee for
"Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon," Steven Soderbergh for "Erin Brockovich,"
Ridley Scott for "Gladiator"

2001

Picture:
"A BEAUTIFUL MIND," "Gosford Park," "In the Bedroom," "The Lord of the Rings:
The Fellowship of the Ring," "Moulin Rouge"

Ravindra 443
Animated Feature Film:
"SHREK," "Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius", "Monsters, Inc."
Actor:
DENZEL WASHINGTON in "Training Day," Russell Crowe in "A Beautiful Mind,"
Sean Penn in "I Am Sam," Will Smith in "Ali," Tom Wilkinson in "In the Bedroom"

Actress:
HALLE BERRY in "Monster's Ball," Judi Dench in "Iris," Nicole Kidman in "Moulin
Rouge," Sissy Spacek in "In the Bedroom," Renee Zellwegger in "Bridget Jones's
Diary"
Supporting Actor:
JIM BROADBENT in "Iris," Ethan Hawke in "Training Day," Ben Kingsley in "Sexy
Beast," Ian McKellen in "The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring," Jon
Voight in "Ali"
Supporting Actress:
JENNIFER CONNELLY in "A Beautiful Mind," Helen Mirren in "Gosford Park,"
Maggie Smith in "Gosford Park," Marisa Tomei in "In the Bedroom," Kate Winslet
in "Iris"
Director:
RON HOWARD for "A Beautiful Mind," Ridley Scott for "Black Hawk Down,"
Robert Altman for "Gosford Park," Peter Jackson for "The Lord of the Rings: The
Fellowship of the Ring," David Lynch for "Mulholland Drive"

2002

Picture:
"CHICAGO," "Gangs of New York," "The Hours," "The Lord of the Rings: The Two
Towers," "The Pianist"
Animated Feature Film:
"SPIRITED AWAY," "Ice Age," "Lilo & Stitch," "Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron,"
"Treasure Planet"
Actor:
ADRIEN BRODY in "The Pianist," Nicolas Cage in "Adaptation," Michael Caine in
"The Quiet American," Daniel Day-Lewis in "Gangs of New York," Jack Nicholson
in "About Schmidt"
Actress:
NICOLE KIDMAN in "The Hours," Salma Hayek in "Frida," Diane Lane in
"Unfaithful," Julianne Moore in "Far from Heaven," Renee Zellweger in "Chicago"
Supporting Actor:
CHRIS COOPER in "Adaptation," Ed Harris in "The Hours," Paul Newman in
"Road to Perdition," John C. Reilly in "Chicago," Christopher Walken in "Catch
Me If You Can"
Supporting Actress:
CATHERINE ZETA-JONES in "Chicago," "Kathy Bates in "About Schmidt," Julianne
Moore in "The Hours," Queen Latifah for "Chicago," Meryl Streep in
"Adaptation"

Ravindra 444
Director:
ROMAN POLANSKI for "The Pianist," Rob Marshall for "Chicago," Martin Scorsese
for "Gangs of New York," Stephen Daldry for "The Hours," Pedro Almodovar for
"Talk to Her"

2003

Picture:
"THE LORD OF THE RINGS: THE RETURN OF THE KING," "Lost In Translation,"
"Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World," "Mystic River,"
"Seabiscuit"
Animated Feature Film:
"FINDING NEMO," "Brother Bear," "The Triplets of Belleville"
Actor:
SEAN PENN in "Mystic River, "Johnny Depp in "Pirates of the Caribbean: The
Curse of the Black Pearl," Ben Kingsley in "House of Sand and Fog," Jude Law in
"Cold Mountain," Bill Murray in "Lost In Translation"
Actress:
CHARLIZE THERON in "Monster," Keisha Castle-Hughes in "Whale Rider," Diane
Keaton in "Something's Gotta Give," Samantha Morton in "In America," Naomi
Watts in "21 Grams"
Supporting Actor:
TIM ROBBINS in "Mystic River," Alec Baldwin in "The Cooler," Benicio Del Toro in
"21 Grams," Djimon Hounsou in "In America," Ken Watanabe in "The Last
Samurai"
Supporting Actress:
RENEE ZELLWEGER in "Cold Mountain," Shohreh Aghdashloo in "House of Sand
and Fog," Patricia Clarkson in "Pieces of April," Marcia Gay Harden in "Mystic
River," Holly Hunter in "Thirteen"
Director:
PETER JACKSON for "The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King," Fernando
Meirelles for "City of God," Sofia Coppola for "Lost In Translation," Peter Weir for
"Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World," Clint Eastwood for "Mystic
River"

2004

Picture:
"MILLION DOLLAR BABY," "The Aviator," "Finding Neverland," "Ray," "Sideways"
Animated Feature Film:
"THE INCREDIBLES," "Shark Tale," "Shrek 2"
Actor:
JAMIE FOXX in "Ray," Don Cheadle in "Hotel Rwanda," Johnny Depp in "Finding
Neverland," Leonardo DiCaprio in "The Aviator," Clint Eastwood in "Million
Dollar Baby"

Ravindra 445
Actress:
HILARY SWANK in "Million Dollar Baby," Annette Bening in "Being Julia,"
Catalina Sandino Moreno in "Maria Full of Grace," Imelda Staunton in "Vera
Drake," Kate Winslet in "Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind"
Supporting Actor:
MORGAN FREEMAN in "Million Dollar Baby," Alan Alda in "The Aviator," Thomas
Haden Church in "Sideways," Jamie Foxx in "Collateral," Clive Owen in "Closer"
Supporting Actress:
CATE BLANCHETT in "The Aviator," Laura Linney in "Kinsey," Virginia Madsen in
"Sideways," Sophie Okonedo in "Hotel Rwanda," Natalie Portman in "Closer"
Director:
CLINT EASTWOOD for "Million Dollar Baby," Taylor Hackford for "Ray," Mike
Leigh for "Vera Drake," Alexander Payne for "Sideways," Martin Scorsese for
"The Aviator"

2005

Picture:
"CRASH," "Brokeback Mountain," "Capote," "Good Night, and Good Luck,"
"Munich"
Animated Feature Film:
"WALLACE & GROMIT IN THE CURSE OF THE WERE-RABBIT," "Howl's Moving
Castle," "Tim Burton's Corpse Bride"
Actor:
PHILIP SEYMOUR HOFFMAN in "Capote," Terrence Howard in "Hustle & Flow,"
Heath Ledger in "Brokeback Mountain," Joaquin Phoenix in "Walk the Line,"
David Strathairn in "Good Night, and Good Luck"
Actress:
REESE WITHERSPOON in "Walk the Line," Judi Dench in "Mrs. Henderson
Presents," Felicity Huffman in "Transamerica," Keira Knightley in "Pride &
Prejudice," Charlize Theron in "North Country"
Supporting Actor:
GEORGE CLOONEY in "Syriana," Matt Dillon in "Crash," Paul Giamatti in
"Cinderella Man," Jake Gyllenhaal in "Brokeback Mountain," William Hurt in "A
History of Violence"
Supporting Actress:
RACHEL WEISZ in "The Constant Gardener," Amy Adams in "Junebug,"
Catherine Keener in "Capote," Frances McDormand in "North Country," Michelle
Williams in "Brokeback Mountain"
Director:
ANG LEE for "Brokeback Mountain," George Clooney for "Good Night, and Good
Luck," Paul Haggis for "Crash," Bennett Miller for "Capote," Steven Spielberg for
"Munich"

Ravindra 446
2006

Picture:
"THE DEPARTED," "Babel," "Letters From Iwo Jima," "Little Miss Sunshine," "The
Queen"
Animated Feature Film:
"HAPPY FEET," "Cars," "Monster House"
Actor:
FOREST WHITAKER in "The Last King of Scotland," Leonardo DiCaprio in "Blood
Diamond," Ryan Gosling in "Half Nelson," Peter O'Toole in "Venus," Will Smith in
"The Pursuit of Happyness"
Actress:
HELEN MIRREN in "The Queen," Penelope Cruz in "Volver," Judi Dench in "Notes
on a Scandal," Meryl Streep in "The Devil Wears Prada," Kate Winslet in "Little
Children"
Supporting Actor:
ALAN ARKIN in "Little Miss Sunshine," Jackie Earle Haley in "Little Children,"
Djimon Honsou in "Blood Diamond," Eddie Murphy in "Dreamgirls," Mark
Wahlberg in "The Departed"
Supporting Actress:
JENNIFER HUDSON in "Dreamgirls," Adriana Barraza in "Babel," Cate Blanchett
in "Notes on a Scandal," Abigail Breslin in "Little Miss Sunshine," Rinko Kikuchi
in "Babel"
Director:
MARTIN SCORSESE for "The Departed," Clint Eastwood for "Letters From Iwo
Jima," Stephen Frears for "The Queen," Paul Greengrass for "United 93,"
Alejandro González Iñárritu for "Babel"

2007

Picture:
"NO COUNTRY FOR OLD MEN," "Atonement," "Juno," "Michael Clayton,""There
Will Be Blood"
Animated Feature Film:
"RATATOUILLE," "Persepolis," "Surf's Up"
Actor:
DANIEL DAY-LEWIS in "There Will Be Blood," George Clooney in "Michael
Clayton," Johnny Depp in "Sweeney Todd the Demon Barber of Fleet Street,"
Tommy Lee Jones in "In the Valley of Elah," Viggo Mortensen in "Eastern
Promises"
Actress:
MARION COTILLARD in "La Vie en Rose," Cate Blanchett in "Elizabeth: The
Golden Age," Julie Christie in "Away From Her," Laura Linney in "The Savages,"
Ellen Page in "Juno"
Supporting Actor:
JAVIER BARDEM in "No Country for Old Men," Casey Affleck in "The

Ravindra 447
Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford," Hal Holbrook in "Into
the Wild," Philip Seymour Hoffman in "Charlie Wilson's War," Tom Wilkinson in
"Michael Clayton"
Supporting Actress:
TILDA SWINTON in "Michael Clayton," Cate Blanchett in "I'm Not There," Ruby
Dee in "American Gangster," Saoirse Ronan in "Atonement," Amy Ryan in
"Gone Baby Gone"
Director:
JOEL COEN AND ETHAN COEN for "No Country for Old Men," Julian Schnabel for
"The Diving Bell and the Butterfly," Jason Reitman for "Juno," Tony Gilroy for
"Michael Clayton," Paul Thomas Anderson for "There Will Be Blood"

2008

Picture:
"SLUMDOG MILLIONAIRE," The Curious Case of Benjamin Button," "Frost/Nixon,"
"Milk," "The Reader"
Animated Feature Film:
"WALL-E," "Bolt," "Kung Fu Panda"
Actor:
SEAN PENN in "Milk," Richard Jenkins in "The Visitor," Frank Langella in
"Frost/Nixon," Brad Pitt in "The Curious Case of Benjamin Button," Mickey
Rourke in "The Wrestler"
Actress:
KATE WINSLET in "The Reader," Anne Hathaway in "Rachel Getting Married,"
Angelina Jolie in "Changeling," Melissa Leo in "Frozen River," Meryl Streep in
"Doubt"
Supporting Actor:
HEATH LEDGER in "The Dark Knight," Josh Brolin in "Milk," Robert Downey, Jr. in
"Tropic Thunder," Philip Seymour Hoffman in "Doubt," Michael Shannon in
"Revolutionary Road"
Supporting Actress:
PENELOPE CRUZ in "Vicky Cristina Barcelona," Amy Adams in "Doubt," Viola
Davis in "Doubt," Taraji P. Henson in "The Curious Case of Benjamin Button,"
Marisa Tomei in "The Wrestler"
Director:
DANNY BOYLE for "Slumdog Millionaire," Stephen Daldry for "The Reader,"
David Fincher for "The Curious Case of Benjamin Button," Ron Howard for
"Frost/Nixon," Gus Van Sant for "Milk”

Ravindra 448
MostOscar®WinsByFilm
(Films Receiving 6 or More Competitive Awards)

Oscars® Movie Title Year Nominations

Films with 11 wins - 3
11 Titanic 1997 14
11 Ben-Hur 1959 12
The Lord of the Rings: The Return
11 2003 11
of the King
Films with 10 wins - 1
10 West Side Story 1961 11
Films with 9 wins - 3
9 The English Patient 1996 12
9 Gigi 1958 9
9 The Last Emperor 1987 9
Films with 8 wins - 8
8 Gone With The Wind 1939 13
8 From Here to Eternity 1953 13
8 On The Waterfront 1954 12
8 My Fair Lady 1964 12
8 Gandhi 1982 11
8 Amadeus 1984 11
8 Cabaret * 1972 10
8 Slumdog Millionaire 2008 10
Films with 7 wins - 10
7 Shakespeare in Love 1998 13
7 Dances with Wolves 1990 12
7 Schindler's List 1993 12
7 Out of Africa 1985 11

Ravindra 449
 7 Going My Way 1944 10
7 Lawrence of Arabia 1962 10
7 Patton 1970 10
7 The Sting 1973 10
7 The Best Years of Our Lives 1946 8
7 The Bridge on the River Kwai 1957 8
Films with 6 wins - 9
6 All About Eve 1950 14
6 Forrest Gump 1994 13
6 Chicago 2002 13
6 Mrs. Miniver 1942 12
6 The Godfather, Part II 1974 11
6 Star Wars * 1977 10
6 A Place in the Sun * 1951 9
6 An American in Paris 1951 8
6 A Man for All Seasons 1966 8

* did not win Best Picture

MostOscar®NominationsByFilm
(Films Receiving 11 or More Nominations)

Nominations Movie Title Year Oscars®

Films with 14 nominations - 2
14 Titanic 1997 11
14 All About Eve 1950 6
Films with 13 nominations - 9
13 Gone With The Wind 1939 8
13 From Here to Eternity 1953 8
13 Shakespeare in Love 1998 7
13 Forrest Gump 1994 6
13 Chicago 2002 6
13 Mary Poppins * 1964 5

Ravindra 450
 13 Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? * 1966 5
The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship
13 2001 4
of the Ring *
The Curious Case of Benjamin Button
13 2008 3
*
Films with 12 nominations - 13
12 Ben-Hur 1959 11
12 The English Patient 1996 9
12 On The Waterfront 1954 8
12 My Fair Lady 1964 8
12 Dances With Wolves 1990 7
12 Schindler's List 1993 7
12 Mrs. Miniver 1942 6
12 Gladiator 2000 5
12 A Streetcar Named Desire * 1951 4
12 The Song of Bernadette * 1943 4
12 Reds * 1981 3
12 Johnny Belinda * 1948 1
12 Becket * 1964 1
Films with 11 nominations - 22
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of
11 2003 11
the King
11 West Side Story 1961 10
11 Amadeus 1984 8
11 Gandhi 1982 8
11 Out of Africa 1985 7
11 The Godfather, Part II 1974 6
11 Oliver! 1968 5
11 Terms of Endearment 1983 5
11 Saving Private Ryan * 1998 5
11 The Aviator * 2004 5
11 Sunset Boulevard * 1950 3
11 The Godfather 1972 3
11 Julia * 1977 3

Ravindra 451
 11 Rebecca 1940 2
11 Sergeant York * 1941 2
11 Judgment at Nuremberg * 1961 2
11 A Passage to India * 1984 2
11 Mr. Smith Goes to Washington * 1939 1
11 The Pride of the Yankees * 1942 1
11 Chinatown * 1974 1
11 The Turning Point * 1977 0
11 The Color Purple * 1985 0

* did not win Best Picture

MostActingNominationsByFilm
(FilmsReceiving4orMoreActingNominations)
(Includes Both Leading and Supporting Nominations)
Acting Acting
Movie Title Year
Nominations Oscars®
Films with 5 acting nominations - 9
5 Network * 1976 3
5 Mrs. Miniver 1942 2
5 From Here to Eternity 1953 2
5 On the Waterfront 1954 2
5 All About Eve 1950 1
5 Bonnie and Clyde * 1967 1
5 The Godfather, Part II 1974 1
5 Peyton Place * 1957 0
5 Tom Jones 1963 0
Films with 4 acting nominations - 26
4 A Streetcar Named Desire * 1951 3
4 Gone With the Wind 1939 2
4 Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? * 1966 2
4 Kramer vs. Kramer 1979 2
4 The Last Picture Show * 1971 2
4 Julia * 1977 2

Ravindra 452
 4 Coming Home * 1978 2
4 Terms of Endearment 1983 2
4 The Song of Bernadette 1943 1
4 For Whom the Bell Tolls * 1943 1
4 Gentleman's Agreement 1947 1
4 Johnny Belinda * 1948 1
4 Judgment at Nuremberg * 1961 1
4 Guess Who's Coming to Dinner * 1967 1
4 The Godfather 1972 1
4 Reds 1981 1
4 Chicago 2002 1
4 My Man Godfrey ** 1936 0
4 I Remember Mama ** 1948 0
4 Sunset Boulevard * 1950 0
4 The Defiant Ones * 1958 0
4 The Hustler * 1961 0
4 Othello ** 1965 0
4 Rocky 1976 0
4 The Turning Point * 1977 0
4 Doubt ** 2008 0

* did not win Best Picture

** was not nominated for Best Picture

Ravindra 453
 Oscars® Best Picture Winning Movie Titles Year Nominations
11 Titanic 1997 14
11 Ben-Hur 1959 12
The Lord of the Rings: The Return
11 2003 11
of the King
10 West Side Story 1961 11
9 The English Patient 1996 12
9 Gigi 1958 9
9 The Last Emperor * 1987 9
8 Gone With The Wind 1939 13
8 From Here to Eternity 1953 13
8 On The Waterfront 1954 12
8 My Fair Lady 1964 12
8 Gandhi # 1982 11
8 Amadeus 1984 11
8 Slumdog Millionaire 2008 10
7 Shakespeare in Love 1998 13
7 Dances with Wolves 1990 12
7 Schindler's List 1993 12
7 Out of Africa 1985 11
7 The Sting 1973 10
7 Patton 1970 10
7 Going My Way 1944 10
7 Lawrence of Arabia 1962 10
7 The Best Years of Our Lives 1946 8
7 The Bridge on the River Kwai 1957 8
6 All About Eve 1950 14
6 Forrest Gump 1994 13
6 Chicago 2002 13
6 Mrs. Miniver 1942 12
6 The Godfather, Part II 1974 11
6 An American in Paris 1951 8

Ravindra 454
 6 A Man For All Seasons 1966 8
5 Gladiator 2000 12
5 Oliver! 1968 11
5 Terms of Endearment 1983 11
5 The Sound of Music 1965 10
4 No Country for Old Men 2007 8
4 Million Dollar Baby 2004 7
3 The Godfather 1972 10

# the most successful British film to date

* the only Best Picture winner to have been produced outside of the US
or UK, and

ACADEMY
AWARDS®
MISTAKES and
OMISSIONS
Although the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences® has awarded many deserving honors
to its nominees over the years (Academy Awards® Winners from 1927/8 to the present), many other
Great Films have been entirely overlooked, receiving not even a single Academy Nomination.
Other Great Films received Academy Awards® Nominations but failed to win a single award. The
same can be said for various great acting performances that were snubbed or passed over.

Academy Awards®-Nominated Great

Films That Didn't Win a Single Oscar®
(Number of Nominations Received in Parentheses)
About Schmidt (2002) (2) The Letter (1940) (7)
Ace in the Hole/The Big Carnival (1951) (1) Libeled Lady (1936) (1)
Adam's Rib (1950) (1) Life with Father (1947) (4)
An Affair to Remember (1957) (4) Lifeboat (1944) (3)
The Agony and the Ecstasy (1965) (5) Little Big Man (1970) (1)
Alfie (1966) (5) Little Caesar (1930) (1)

Ravindra 455
 Algiers (1938) (4)
Alice Adams (1935) (2)
All This and Heaven Too (1940) (3)
Amelie (2001) (5)
American Graffiti (1973) (5)
Anatomy of a Murder (1959) (7)
Angels With Dirty Faces (1938) (3)
Anna Christie (1930) (3)
The Asphalt Jungle (1950) (4)
Atlantic City (1981) (5)
Auntie Mame (1958) (6)
Baby Doll (1956) (4)
Bad Day at Black Rock (1955) (3)
Ball of Fire (1941) (4)
The Band Wagon (1953) (3)
Basic Instinct (1992) (2)
Beau Geste (1939) (2)
Being John Malkovich (1999) (3)
The Big Chill (1983) (3)
Billy Elliot (2000) (3)
Birdman of Alcatraz (1962) (4)
The Birds (1963) (1)
The Blackboard Jungle (1955) (4)
Blade Runner (1982) (2)
Blazing Saddles (1974) (3)
Blow-Up (1966) (2)
Blue Velvet (1986) (1)
Das Boot (1982) (6)
Boyz N The Hood (1991) (2)
Brazil (1985) (2)
Bride of Frankenstein (1935) (1)
Brief Encounter (1946) (3)
Broadcast News (1987) (7)
Broadway Danny Rose (1984) (2)
Bull Durham (1988) (1)
Bus Stop (1956) (1)
Cabin in the Sky (1943) (1)
The Caine Mutiny (1954) (7)
Camille (1936) (1)
Captain Blood (1935) (2)
Carrie (1976) (2)
Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958) (6)
Changeling (2008) (3)
Charade (1963) (1)
The China Syndrome (1979) (4)
A Clockwork Orange (1971) (4)
The Color Purple (1985) (11)
Ravindra
The Little Foxes (1941) (9)
Lolita (1962) (1)
Long Day's Journey Into Night (1962) (1)
The Long Voyage Home (1940) (6)
Love Affair (1939) (6)
The Love Parade (1930) (6)
Madame Curie (1943) (7)
The Magnificent Ambersons (1942) (4)
Magnificent Obsession (1954) (1)
The Magnificent Seven (1960) (1)
Magnolia (1999) (3)
Malcolm X (1992) (2)
The Maltese Falcon (1941) (3)
The Manchurian Candidate (1962) (2)
Manhattan (1979) (2)
The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (1962)
(1)
The Man Who Would Be King (1975) (4)
Marathon Man (1976) (1)
The Mark of Zorro (1940) (1)
Maytime (1937) (2)
McCabe and Mrs. Miller (1971) (1)
Meet John Doe (1941) (1)
Meet Me In St. Louis (1944) (4)
Memento (2000) (2)
The Miracle of Morgan's Creek (1944) (1)
Mogambo (1953) (2)
Monsieur Verdoux (1947) (1)
Morocco (1930) (4)
Mulholland Drive (2001) (1)
Munich (2005) (5)
My Favorite Wife (1940) (3)
My Man Godfrey (1936) (6)
The Naked Spur (1953) (1)
The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) (1)
Ninotchka (1939) (4)
Nixon (1995) (4)
North By Northwest (1959) (3)
Notorious (1946) (2)
The Nun's Story (1959) (8)
The Odd Couple (1968) (2)
Odd Man Out (1947) (1)
Of Human Bondage (1934) (1)
Of Mice and Men (1939) (4)
Only Angels Have Wings (1939) (2)
The Ox-Bow Incident (1943) (1)
Papillon (1973) (1)
456
 The Conversation (1974) (3)
Crimes and Misdemeanors (1989) (3)
Crossfire (1947) (5)
The Crowd (1928) (2)
Dark Victory (1939) (3)
David Copperfield (1935) (2)
A Day At the Races (1937) (1)
Dead End (1937) (4)
Death of a Salesman (1951) (5)
Deliverance (1972) (3)
Diner (1982) (1)
Do The Right Thing (1989) (2)
Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned To
Stop Worrying And Love The Bomb (1964)
(4)
Double Indemnity (1944) (7)
Drums Along the Mohawk (1939) (2)
Duel in the Sun (1946) (2)
Easy Rider (1969) (2)
The Elephant Man (1980) (8)
Empire of the Sun (1987) (6)
The End of the Affair (1999) (2)
Far From Heaven (2002) (4)
Fatal Attraction (1987) (6)
Father of the Bride (1950) (3)
A Few Good Men (1992) (4)
Field of Dreams (1989) (3)
Five Easy Pieces (1970) (4)
Forbidden Planet (1956) (1)
Foreign Correspondent (1940) (6)
42nd Street (1933) (2)
The Four Feathers (1939) (1)
Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994) (2)
The French Lieutenant's Woman (1981) (5)
Friendly Persuasion (1956) (6)
The Front (1976) (1)
Frost/Nixon (2008) (5)
Full Metal Jacket (1987) (1)
Funny Face (1957) (4)
Gangs of New York (2002) (10)
The General Died at Dawn (1936) (3)
The Ghost and Mrs. Muir (1947) (1)
Ghostbusters (1984) (2)
The Godfather, Part III (1990) (7)
The Gold Rush (1925) (considered
for awards in 1942) (2)
Good Night, and Good Luck (6)
Ravindra
The Pawnbroker (1965) (1)
Peyton Place (1957) (9)
Planet of the Apes (1968) (2)
The Player (1992) (3)
Poltergeist (1982) (3)
Possessed (1947) (1)
Pretty Woman (1990) (1)
Pride & Prejudice (2005) (4)
The Prince of Tides (1991) (7)
The Princess Bride (1987) (1)
The Prisoner of Zenda (1937) (2)
The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex
(1939) (5)
Psycho (1960) (4)
The Public Enemy (1931) (1)
Quiz Show (1994) (4)
Quo Vadis (1951) (8)
Ragtime (1981) (8)
Random Harvest (1942) (7)
Rear Window (1954) (4)
Rebel Without A Cause (1955) (3)
Red River (1948) (2)
The Remains of the Day (1993) (8)
Requiem for a Dream (2000) (1)
Revolutionary Road (2008) (3)
Richard III (1956) (1)
Salvador (1986) (2)
Sands of Iwo Jima (1949) (4)
Saturday Night Fever (1977) (1)
Seabiscuit (2003) (7)
The Sea Hawk (1940) (4)
Serpico (1973) (2)
Se7en (1995) (1)
The Seven Samurai (1956) (2)
sex, lies, and videotape (1989) (1)
Shadow of a Doubt (1943) (1)
Shall We Dance (1937) (1)
The Shawshank Redemption (1994) (7)
She Done Him Wrong (1933) (1)
Short Cuts (1993) (1)
Silkwood (1983) (5)
Silverado (1985) (2)
Singin' in The Rain (1952) (2)
Sleepless in Seattle (1993) (2)
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937)
(1)
Sorry, Wrong Number (1948) (1)
457
 Grand Illusion (1938) (1)
The Great Dictator (1940) (5)
The Great Escape (1963) (1)
The Grifters (1990) (4)
Gunga Din (1939) (1)
Hail the Conquering Hero (1944) (1)
A Hard Day's Night (1964) (2)
Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone (2001)
(3)
The Heart is a Lonely Hunter (1968) (2)
Heaven Can Wait (1943) (3)
Hell's Angels (1930) (1)
Henry V (1946) (4)
High Society (1956) (3)
Hoop Dreams (1994) (1)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1939) (2)
Hush Hush, Sweet Charlotte (1964) (7)
I Am A Fugitive From A Chain Gang (1932)
(3)
I Remember Mama (1948) (5)
Inherit the Wind (1960) (4)
In the Bedroom (2001) (5)
Interiors (1978) (5)
It's A Wonderful Life (1946) (5)
The Killers (1946) (4)
Kings Row (1942) (3)
The Lady Eve (1941) (1)
Lady for a Day (1932) (4)
The Ladykillers (1956) (1)
The Last Detail (1973) (3)
Last Tango in Paris (1973) (2)
The Last Temptation of Christ (1988) (1)
Lenny (1974) (6)
Lethal Weapon (1987) (1)
Great Films That Weren't
Nominated
For A Single Academy Award®
Ravindra
The Spiral Staircase (1946) (1)
Stage Door (1937) (4)
A Star Is Born (1954) (6)
Stella Dallas (1937) (2)
The Story of G.I. Joe (1945) (4)
Strangers on a Train (1951) (1)
Suddenly, Last Summer (1959) (3)
The Sweet Hereafter (1997) (2)
A Tale of Two Cities (1936) (2)
The Talented Mr. Ripley (1999) (5)
The Talk of the Town (1942) (7)
Taxi Driver (1976) (4)
They Were Expendable (1945) (2)
The Thin Man (1934) (4)
The Thin Red Line (1998) (7)
To Be or Not To Be (1942) (1)
Top Hat (1935) (4)
Trainspotting (1996) (1)
True Lies (1994) (1)
The Truman Show (1998) (3)
The Turning Point (1977) (11)
12 Angry Men (1957) (3)
Two for the Road (1967) (1)
The Uninvited (1944) (1)
Vertigo (1958) (2)
Wait Until Dark (1967) (1)
Waterloo Bridge (1940) (2)
When Harry Met Sally... (1989) (1)
White Heat (1949) (1)
Wild at Heart (1990) (1)
The Wild Bunch (1969) (2)
The Wings of the Dove (1997) (4)
Witness for the Prosecution (1957) (6)
The Wrestler (2008) (2)
You Can Count on Me (2000) (2)
Young Frankenstein (1974) (2)
Young Mr. Lincoln (1939) (1)
458
 Advise and Consent (1962) TheMisfits (1961)
An Angel at My Table (1991) ModernTimes (1936)
Applause (1929) Moonlighting (1982)
The Ballad of Cable Hogue (1970) Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1974)
Bananas (1971) The Mummy (1933)
Beat the Devil (1954) Murder, My Sweet (1944)
The Big Clock (1948) My Darling Clementine (1946)
The Big Heat (1953) National Lampoon's Animal House (1978)
The Big Sleep (1946) A Night at the Opera (1934)
Blood Simple (1984) The Night of the Hunter (1955)
Bringing Up Baby (1938) Nightmare Alley (1947)
Brute Force (1947) Nothing Sacred (1937)
Chimes at Midnight/Falstaff (1966) Oliver Twist (1948)
City Lights (1931) Once Upon a Time in America (1984)
Clockers (1995) Once Upon a Time in the West (1969)
Cul-de-Sac (1966) The Others (2001)
Cutter's Way (1981) Out of the Past (1947)
The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951) The Palm Beach Story (1942)
Destry Rides Again (1939) The Parallax View (1974)
Dinner at Eight (1933) Paths of Glory (1957)
Dirty Harry (1971) Petulia (1968)
Don't Look Now (1973) The Plainsman (1936)
Dracula (1931) Play It Again, Sam (1972)
Drugstore Cowboy (1989) Point Blank (1967)
Duck Soup The Postman Always Rings Twice (1946)
A Face in the Crowd (1957) Queen Christina (1933)
Fail-Safe (1964) Repulsion (1965)
Farewell My Lovely (1944) Reservoir Dogs (1992)
Fort Apache (1948) Ride the High Country (1962)
The Four Feathers (1939) Rio Bravo (1959)
Frankenstein (1931) The Roaring Twenties (1939)
Freaks (1933) Scarface: The Shame of the Nation (1932)
The Front Page (1975) The Scarlet Empress (1934)
Gilda (1946) Scarlet Street (1945)
Go Tell the Spartans (1978) The Searchers (1956)
Gun Crazy (1949) The Servant (1964)
Gunga Din (1939) The Shining (1980)
Hairspray (2007) The Shop Around the Corner (1940)
Hard-Boiled (1992) A Shot in the Dark (1964)
The Haunting (1963) Sid and Nancy (1986)
Heat (1995) State of the Union (1948)
High Sierra (1941) Sullivan's Travels (1941)
His Girl Friday (1940) The Suspect (1944)

Ravindra 459
 Hobson's Choice (1954)
House of Games (1987) Sweet Smell of Success (1957)
In a Lonely Place (1950) They Live By Night (1949)
The Innocents (1961) They Won't Forget (1937)
Intruder in the Dust (1949) Thieves Like Us (1974)
Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1956) The Thing (1951)
The Invisible Man (1933) Things to Come (1936)
It's a Gift (1934) The 39 Steps (1935)
Johnny Guitar (1954) This Gun for Hire (1942)
The Killing (1956) This is Spinal Tap (1984)
Kind Hearts and Coronets (1948) 3:10 to Yuma (1957)
King Kong (1933) Three Women (1977)
Kiss Me Deadly (1955) To Have and Have Not (1944)
The Lady From Shanghai (1948) Touch Of Evil (1958)
The Lady Vanishes (1938) Trouble in Paradise (1932)
Legally Blonde (2001) Walkabout (1971)
Letter From an Unknown Woman (1948) A Walk in the Sun (1946)
The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp (1943) The Wedding March (1928/29)
Local Hero (1983) The Wild One (1953)
Lonely are the Brave (1962) Winchester '73 (1950)
The Long Goodbye (1973) The Wind (1928/29)
The Long Riders (1980) The Women (1939)
A World Apart (1988)
The Wrong Man (1957)
Zentropa (aka Europa) (1992)

Ravindra 460