CH 14 Waves and Sound

Subject Relevant Equations Relationships

Wavelengt Frequenc Longitudin Water
h y Speed Tansverse al Waves
•Crests: •Displaceme
points •Displaceme nt of •Water
correspondi nt of individual waves
ng to individual particles is create a
maximum particles is the same series of
upward f=1/T at right direction as waves that
displacemen T=Period: angles to the the direction move
t •troughs: time it v=λ/T = λf direction of of away from
points takes for S.I.= m propagation propagation the drop
correspondi one of the wave. of the wave . point. •It is
ng to wavelengt This result a
downward h to pass applies to combinatio
displacemen a given all waves n of both
t. point transverse
and
λ=distance longitudina
over which a l waves.
wave Harmonic Waves: Waves that will have the
repeats. shape of a sine or cosine graph.
S.I= m

Wavelength v=λf
Waves Frequency 1/T
µ = mass per length = m/L
S.I = kg/m
Waves on A V=√F/µ
String S.I= m/s

Sound V=343 m/s approx 770 mi/h

Waves V=±f •Frequency determines pitch

Intensity
w/Point
Intensity Source
I=E/At I=P/4πr2
Sound I = P/A S.I.=w/m2
Intensity S.I= w/m2
CH 14 Waves and Sound
Moving Moving
Observer Source General Case
f1=(1±u/v)f
S.I.= 1/s or s-1 f1=(1/1±
+:means the u/v)f
observer is S.I.= 1/s s-1 f1=[(1±u0/v)/(1±us/v)]f
moving toward +:source
the source. moves away
-:observer -: source
Doppler moves away moves
Effect from source. toward
Superpositi
on Interference
•Combining •Constructive: amplitude is the sum of two
of two or phases.
more waves
•Destructive: pulses cancel each other
momentarily
Superpositi
on and •in phase: sources that synchronize opposite
Interferenc phase; one speaker emits a compression and
e other sends out refraction.
Waves on Soundwaves in Hollow
a String Structure
•Nodes: Closed at Open at
closed One End Both Ends •Standing wave is one that oscillates with
points f1=v/4L f1=v/2L time but remains fixed in its location.
•Antinodes fn=nfi fn=nfi
: maximum where where
displaceme n=1,3,5… n=1,2,3…
nt f1=v/2L λn=4L/n λn=2L/n
λ1=2L
fn=nfi
Standing λn=2L/n
Waves