W

??? ?

EF
K

W
W
K

W
W
K
K

K
K

W
K

W

W
K

W
K
K

--

EF J

Linear measurements K
Angular measurements K

W
KHorizontal Distance measurement K
KVertical Distance measurement K

KSlope Distance measurement K

W
KHorizontalAngle Measurement

EFKVertical Angle Measurement

--

KUnits of measurement
K
W

KSI units (Metric system) WEF

K

EFK

KEnglish system

EFK

KUnits of length measurements EF

WEF

EmFEMetreF
W

EFMicrometre

EFMillimetre

mm

EFCentimetre

cm

EFKilometre

km

103 1000

1 mm = 1000 m
1 cm = 10 mm
1 m = 100 cm
1 km = 1000 m
--

1
1000000
10 3 1
1000
10 2 1
100

10

mm K1.97 m WE JF

1 .97 100 10 1970 mm

km K55000 cm WE JF
55000 / 100 1000 0.55 km

WE J J JF
W

EFInch

inELLF

EFFoot
EFYard

ftELF
yd

EFMile

mi

1 ft = 12 in
1 yd = 3 ft
1 mi = 1760 yd
--

mi 300ftWEF

300/(31760)=0.0568 mi

WEF

K
K

--

WEF

K880 km
W

8001000100/(2.541231760)
=546.8066 mi
K100

WEF

yd

1003122.54/100=91.440 m

Kunits of area measurement EF

1 Cm2
1010
=
1 m2
= 100100
2
1 km
= 10001000
1 Hectare(ha)EF
1 Donm EF

=
=
=
=
=

100 mm2
10000 cm2
1000000 m2
10000 m2
1000 m2

7813456 m WEF
2

7813456/1000000=7.813456 m2

--

Wunits of volume measurementEF

W

EF

m3

Liter

EF 1 Gallon

=
=
=

1000000 cm3

1000 Liter

1000 cm3
4.546 Liter

36 m3WEF
361000=36000 Liter

WEF
The sexayesimal system EF

(Degree)360
( minute ) ( )
EsecondFEF
EFKE JFFEF

1 circle = 360
1 = 60
1 = 60
W

78 45 34
W
45 21 27.49

E JF

--

K The decimal or centesimal system EF

EgradF 400

100EgF

100EcFE Centesimal minuteF

ECentesimal

secondF

EFKEccF

1 circle=400 g
1g=100 c
1c=100 cc
W
51.6731 g

cc
c
g
31 67 51

E JF

Circle

1 gon
1

cgon

=
=
=

W
400 gon
100 cgon (centigon)
10 mgon (milligon)

--

Radian system

J J

Radian
E JF






E JF

E JF

W2 r Z
r ( radius ) W

WE22/7 FW
2r / r = 2 = 2

22 44
=
= 6.285714286
7
7

W
J J
W

2 = 3600 = 400 g

Degree

360

1
1g
1 rad

EGradianF
400 g

360
= 1
360
360 9
= = 0.9
400 10
360 180

400 10

--

360 9
400
=1
400
400 200

Radian
2
2

360 180
2
400 200
2 l
2

WEF

64 18 20

64HE18/60FHE20/3600) =64.30555556

EF641820Z64.30555556

=71.4506 g 10 64.30555556
9

64.30555556CE/180F=1.122344Rad

WEF

227.4589 g
W

227.45890.9 = 204.713010
EF

= 204 42 46.84

204.71301 - 204 = 0.71301

E204F

0.7130160 = 42.7806

E42F

0.780660 = 46.84

EF

--

227.4589CE/200FZ3.572916 rad

WEF

2.137524 rad
W

2.137524E/180F=122.471104 =122 28 16
W

2.137524 E/200F=136.0790 g

--

350 km

5000 m
1 ft

30 m

100 mi /hour

30 yd

10 km 2

2400 gallon

18 m3

45

385.4831 g

0.004218 rad
131 21 47

225.418 gon

--

1700 km

550 mi

E JF

AK180

E JF
--

W
W
K

W
W
K
K

W
K

W
K

W
K

--

WE JF
K( n-dimensional ) W

EFW

EFK

WG

K( Origin point ) K

K( Coordinates axes ) K

K K

WE JF

Cartesian J J
Coordinates System

Rectangular coordinates

Ex F
Ey F

(0 F( origin )

E JF

( x , y ) KE, 0 )

( y ) ( x )
K( x ) ( y )
--

EFKE JF

Polar Coordinates System E J JF

( Pole )

( Polar axis )
EF
WEr , F

KWr

E JF

EF

EFKCircular coordinates system

X = r cos

WE J JF
W

E JF

Y = r sin

E JF

E JF

X2 + Y 2
y
x

tan 1 =

E JF

E JF
-

EFEF
W
KEF

x F
x FKx , y , z RE, y , z

yx WE, y , z

KKz

Ex , y , zF
xxEOrigin pointF

yy

E JF

E FKzz
EF

Cylinderical coordinates
: WEF
r FEr , , zFEF

EzFzE,

K
Er , , zF

r
Kzz
K

K
E JF

EFK
--

Sherical coordinates system
WWEF
WE , , F
KEoriginpoint FW

KW

Kz

p E , , F

E JF

EFK

Geographical coordinates system

WEF

EF

K
K

Latitude ( ) WEF

E JF

K180K

--

Longitude ( ) WEF

EF

180180360
K

KWEF

E JF

x = rcos

E JF

y = rsin
z=

E JF

E JF

--

W
r =
=
z=

E JF

x2 + y2
tan 1

E JF

y
x

E JF

WWEF

E JF

W
= r 2 + z 2
=

E JF

= tan 1 z

E JF

E JF

W
r = sin
=
z= cos

E JF
E JF
E JF

--

K
=

E JF

x2 + y2 + z2
y

E JF

= tan 1 x
=

tan

x2 + y2
z

E JF
K

x = sincos
y = sinsin
z= cos

E JF
E JF
E JF

--

W
W
K

W
W
K

W
K

W


W
K

W
K
K

--

WE JF

( Horizontal Distance ) K

EFEFK

WE JF

Slope Distance ( s ) K

KHorizontal Distance ( H )K

KVertical Distance ( v ) K

KEtotal stationF

WE JF
W








--

WE J JF
W

E JF

H = Scos

E JF

KWH

KWS

EFKW

WE JF

249.510 m A , B
2 22 41

E JFW
H = Scos
= 249.510 cos (2 22 41 )
= 249.295 m

--

EF J J
W

E JF

s 2 v 2

EFKEFWV

E JF

K124.567 m WE JF

K2.416 m

E JFW

H = S 2 V 2
= (124.567)2 ( 2.416)2
= 124.544 m

--

J J
W
E JF

V
H = tan Vcot=

E JF

E JF

A , B
00 58 431.583 m

E JFW

H = Vcot
=

v
tan

1.583
= tan 00 58

= 92.673 m
--

43

W J J

1:1,1:2,2:3

( T1 )

K( T2 )

( G= 3% ) ( G=2% )
E JF

100 m K

3 m 2m

EFEFK

W
E JF
H = t 2 s / t12 + t 22
W

K = H
K = S
K = t1
K = t2

--

100 m WE JF

K1 : 4
W

H = t 2 s / t12 + t 22
= 4 100 1 + 16
= 97.014 m

250 m WE JF
KG= 3%

t1=3

G=3%

t2=100

H = t 2 s /
=

t12 + t 22

100 250 / 9 + 10000

= 249.887 m

W J
E J JF
EF

V = Ssin

E JF

EFEFEFWV

WEF

KEF
V = Ssin
= 249.51 SIN(02 22 41)
= 10.353 m
--

KWEF
WEFEF

V =

E JF

S 2 H 2

WEF

K124.567 m
124.544 m
W

EF
V = S 2 H 2
(124.567)2 ( 124.544)2
=
= 2.394 m

WW

WEFEF

H V cot V

H
tan

E JF

V H tan

WEF

74.584 mB , C
01 20 34

EF
V = H tan
= 74.584 tan(01 20 34)
= 1.748 m
--

WWEF
WEFEF

V = t1s /

E JF

t12 + t 22

WEF

KEF
V = t1s /

t12 + t 22

= 1 100 / 12 4 2
= 24.254 m

WEFF

V = t1s /

EF
t12 + t 22

= 3 250 / 33 + 100 2
= 7.497 m

--

EQ1

1 49 55 523.72 m

EQ2
S= 271.548 m
V= 3.517 m
H = ?

5.451 mEQ3

5.418 gon

EFEQ4

174.521 m EQ5

173.953 m

EFE Q6

E JF

--

324.571 m ( Q7

1 : 3

5%( Q8

524.34 m

Q8 , Q7( Q9

25.432 yd725.431 m(Q10

--

W
W
K

W
W

W
K

K
K

W
K
K





- -

WWE JF
EF

EF

WE JF
(X ,
X , Y Y )

KEE N F
X E

Y N

JFEE,N F

KE

E JF

E,N

Er F
KEr , FEF
-- --

WE J JF
A

AB A,B
B

WE JF

E JF
E AB D AB SIN AB

E JF

N AB DABCOS AB

E JF

EB

E A E AB

E JF

NB

N A N AB

E JF

KA WEA

K A WNA

KB WEB

K B WNB

KABWAB

KB,AWDAB

KB,AWEAB

KB,AWNAB
-- --

WE JF

A (3215.45, 5678.21 )mB

67 24 54 AB 220.45m

EAB
NAB
EB
NB

=
=
=
=

DAB sin AAB

DAB cos AB
EA + EAB
NA + NAB

= 220.45 sin (67 24 54) = 203.54 m

= 220.45 cos ( 67 24 54 ) = 84 . 66 m
= 3215.45+ 203.54 =3418.99 m
= 5678.21 + 84.66=5762.87 m
B( 3418.99 , 5762.87) m

WW

WEF

D AB =

E JF

E 2AB + N2AB

AB = tan 1 E

E AB
N AB

E JF

= EB E A

E JF

NAB = NB NA

E JF

E AB

E JF

-- --

EFtan EF

E JF

EF

H1=AZ

EtanF

E J2F

AZ=E J2F+180

AZ=3+180

AZ=E J4F+360

EF

H3

E J4F

-- --

II

III
IV

WEF

ABB ,A

point
E
(m )
N (m)

A
2372.51
1572.68

E AB = EB E A

N AB = NB NA

D AB =

E 2AB + N2AB

AB = tan 1 E

E AB
N AB

1913.41

1673.75

2542.16

48 49 20

B
4285.92
3246.43
W

WWEF
EF
K

EFEFEFK









E JF

-- --

WEF

E JF

Z = D tan
Z = s cos

E JF

KWz
KWD

KWS

KW

KZenith Angle W

EFE J JF
WE900FW











E JF

-- --

WE JF
HB = HA + i + D tan - t
OR
HB = HA + i + D tan(90 ) t

E JF

E JF

KB =HB

KA =HA

KEA F=i
KA , B =D

KB =t

K=

K=

K=S

WE90 FW

E JF

90
-- --

HB = HA + i - D tan - t
or

WE JF
E JF

HB = HA + i - D tan( - 90 ) t

E JF

HB = HA + S cos + ( i t )

W
E JF

A B E JFWE JF

62 20 30305.125 m 102.654 m

1.50 mB 1.56 m A

W
HB = HA+ i + D tan(90- ) t
HB = 102.654 + 1.56 - 305.125 tan ( 90 - 62 20 30) -1.50
HB = 262.625 m

ABE JFW J
115 175.193 m 1218.625 m

1.58 m A 10

30

1.50 mB

HB
HB
HB

= HA + i - D tan( 90) t
= 1218.625 + 1.58 - 175.193 tan(115 10 30 - 90 ) 1.50
= 1136.359 m

-- --

WQ1

E3254.48 , - 6723.81 Fm AD
124 55 34A D 324.54 m

WQ2

AB A , B
point
A
B
E
(m )
48964.38
48988.66
N (m)
69866.75
62583.18
594.148 m ABWQ3

78 15 31425.189 m
1.71 mB 1.58 m A

100 22 12B Q3 WQ4

CD KC & D WQ5

C ( 2375.48 , 3457.69 ) m , D ( -4321.81 , -5683.45 ) m

A ( 7245.32 , 4578.12 ) mWQ6

AE KE(-3224.59 , 6784.37 ) m

BC B & C WQ7
Point
E(m)
N(m)

B
1237.42
2463.56

-- --

CB
C
3234.36
5968.68

W
W
K

W
W

W
K

W
K

K



--

WWEF
K
W

KEF

W
K
K

W
W

KW

Area of Traingle

WWEF
WWEF

WEF
Area =

bh

KWArea

KEBaseF Wb

E JF

KEHeightFWh

--

4.5 mE FWE F

2.7 m

Area =

bh 4.5 2.7
=
= 6.075 m 2
2
2

WWEF

1
ab sin C
2
1
Area = ac sin B
2
1
Area = bc sin A
2

Area =

E JF

W

KE JFWa,b,c

E JF

KE JFWA,B,C

15.22 17.51 mc , bWEF

22 15 14 m

Area 1 bcSinA 1 17.51 15.22 sin

2

22 15 14 50.464 m 2

WW

Area

s s a s b s c

S =
E JF

(a + b + c )
2

E JF

--

EFWEF

E JF

IIIIIIW

Area of I

S =
Area

70.15 + 64.30 + 112.70

= 123.575 m
2

s s a s b s c

Area
= 123.575(123.575 70.15)(123.575112.70)(123.575 64.30)
Area = 2062.947 m2

Area of II
S =

176.40 + 84.20 + 112.70

= 186.65 m
2

Area(II) = 186.65(186.65176.40)(168.65 84.20)(186.65112.70)

Area(II) = 3807.159 m2

Area of III
S =
Area (III)
Area (III)
TotalArea

=
=
=
=

84.20 + 93.40 + 68.70

= 123.15 m
2

123.15(123.15 84.20)(123.15 93.40)(123.15 68.70)

2787.490 m2
I+II+III=2062.947+3807.159+2787.490
8657.596 m2
--

Area of square
Area = S 2 =

WWEF
d2
2

KWs
KWd

E JF

12mEFWEF

Area = S2=(12)2=144 m2
Area = d

d2 = 2 Area

2
2 Area

d =
= 144 2
= 16.97 m

Area of rectangle
Area = bh

WW

E JF
W

KWb

KWh

E JF

--

WEF

K427 m787 m

Area = bh

= 787 X 427
= 336049 m2
Area of parallelogram
WW

Area = bh

E JF
W

KWb
KWh

E JF

WEF

K22 m 58 m

Area = bh

= 58 x 22
= 1276 m2

Area of rhombus
Area = bh=

WW

d1d 2
2

E JF
KWb

KWh

KWd1

KWd2

E JF

21 m , 17 m WEF
--

W
Area

d1d 2
2
17 21

= 178.5 m 2
2

=
=

Area of trapezoid WW

1
h(b + a) Area
2

E JF

KWh

KWb

KWa

E JF

WEF

14 m , 24 7 mEF
m

1 hb a Area = = 1 7(24 + 14)

2
2
= 133 m2

Area of regular polygonW

1 2
180
ns cot
Area
n
4

E JF
W

KWn

EFKWs

E JF

--

9m WEF

1 2
180
ns cot
Area
n
4

= 4 8 9 2 cot

= 391.10 m2

180
8

KArea of Quadrilateral E J JF

d1d2

sin

Area =

E JF

KWd1

Wd2

EFKW
E JF

9.6m 6.5 m E JFWE JF

48 12 41

d1d2

sin

Area =

6.5 9.6
=

sin 84 12 41
2

= 31.04 m2

--

Area of CircleE J J)

d 2
4

Area =

E JF
W

KWr
KWd

12m EF

E JF

r Area= = (12)
= 452.389 m2
2

KArea of circular Ring

E J JF

Area =(R2-r2)

E JF
W

KW r

EFKWR

E JF

--

EFWEF

9m
E11 m F

Area =(R2-r2)

= (112-92)
= 125.66 m2

Area of sector E J JF

360

E JF

2
Area
=r

K=

EFK=r

EFWEF
E JF

340 15/ 27//

17.5 m

360

2
Area
=r

2 34
= (17.5 )

= 91.55 m2

15 27
360

--

K Area of segment E J J)

r2
2
sin Area =r
360 2
sin
)
- Area =r2(
2
360

E JF

EFWEF

45 8.5m

E JF

sin
- Area
2
360

=r2(

22
= E8.5F )

45 sin 45

(
360
2

= 2.83 m2

Area of Ellipse E J J)

Area = ab

E JF
W

KWa

KWb

EFEF

E JF

32.5 m
28.7 m

Area = ab = 32.528.7
= 2930.32 m2

--

Area of parabolaE J JF

2
Lh Area
3

E JF
W

KWh

EFEFKWL

EF

E JF

15m EF
24m

2 Lh Area = = 2 24 15
3
3

= 240 m2

EFE JF
W

Take and Give method E J JF

EFK

--

E JF

W
K
K

K K

E J J)
ECOUNTING SQUARE

K
E JF

K
K

EFK K
--

Trapezoidal rule

WWEF

E JF

EF

d
[L1 + 2(L2 + L3 + L n1 )+ LN ] Area
2

= E JF

Simpson's One Third Rule

WE J JF

E JF

--

K K

K
K

W K
d
[L1 Ln 4L2 L4 L6 ....... 2L3 L5 L7 ..........]
3

Area=

[EFHEFHEF]
EF

K1980 1:2000

K0.5 cm

KEFCC=

Area = 1980(0.5)2(2000)2
= 1980106 cm2
=

1980000000
10000

= 198000 m2

--

EFWEF

E JF

d
Area= 3 [ L1 2L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 ]

Area = [41+2E43+48+49+45+51+50FH47]
= 16500 m2

d
Area= 3 [L1 L7

50
Area
3

K
4L L L 2L L ] [ hb a ]
2

= [E41+50FH4E43+49+51FH2E48+45F]
= 16575 m2

50(50 + 47)
] +[
2

--

Area by Coordinates E JF

EF

EFW
EFWK

E JF

Y X K

WX Y









--

= XA . yB+xB . yC+xC . yD +xD yA

= YA . xB +yB . xC +yc . xD +yD . xA

Area = 1

WK
2

EF

KW

WA B C D WEF
STATION
X- COORDINATES
Y- COORDINATES
A
1000
4000
B
6000
8000
C
9000
3000
D
5000
1000
W
POINT

XCOORDINATES

Y-

40006000=24000000

COORDINATES

1000

4000

10008000=8000000

6000

8000

60003000=18000000

9000

3000

90001000=9000000

5000

1000

1000

4000

80009000=72000000
30005000=15000000

50004000=20000000
m2 1 55000000

10001000=1000000

m2 2

112000000

Area = 1

55000000

12000000

Area = 28500000 m2=28.5 km2

--

Planimeter

EFWEF

EFK
WW

Mechanicale planimetere
Digital planimetere

E JF

--

E JF

E JF

--

polar planimeter

rolling planimeter

E JF

EaF
EcF
EbF
--

EFE JF

E JF
--

Digital planimeter
W

KE JFPLANIX 7
W

E JFK
PLANIX7E

JF

KK

KK

KK

KK

KK

KEFK

KK

E JFK

E JF

KK
KEFK

KK

E JFK

KE JFK

E JF

E JF

E JF
--

W
WWK

KK

KEF

WWK

E JF

ON/ C

WWK

WK

WK

E JF

KE JFStart

E JF

KELF


E JF
--

WQ1

E JF
1:2500 WQ2

1 mm

750

K
50

--

WQ3









E JF

WQ4






E JF

--

WQ5

E JF

WQ6

E JF

--

FWQ7

E JF

WA B C D E F G H I WQ8
Point A
X
0
Y
1.9

B
4
2.9

C
34
4.4

D
64
2.9

E
71
1.1

F
49
0.2

G
34
1.0

H
29
1.1

I
14
0

WQ9
AB = 30.00 m
BC = 35.00 m
CA = 25.00 m




E JF

--

WQ10







E JF

WQ11









E JF

--

WQ12

E JF

--

W
W
K

W
W
K

K
K

W
K
K

--

WE JF

W
K K

K K
K K

K K

Volume Computation by Geometric formulas E JF

Cube EF
V=L3

E JF
W

KWV

KWL

WE JF

3 m

E JF

V=L3=33=27 m3
--

Rectangular Box

EF

V=L w h

E JF

KW V

WL

WW

E JF

Wh

E JF

K5C3C2

V=L w h =532=30 m3

Prism

E JF

V=Ah

KWV

KWA
KWh

E JF

WE JF

K5m 4m & 6 m
10m
W

] 10 =250 m3

(4 + 6) 5
2

--

V=Ah =[

ConeE J J)
V=

1 2
r h
3

E JF

KWV

KWr
KWh

E JF

6m E JFE JF
6m

V= 1 r 2 h Z
3

1
(6)2 6 = 226.195 m2
3

Frustum of Cone E J JF



1
h(r 2 rR R 2 ) V=
3

E JF

KWV
KWh

E JF

KWR

KWr

--

20m E JFE JF

5m 10m

h(r 2 rR R 2 ) V=

3
1
20(52 + 5 10 + 102 ) = 3665.191 m3 V=
3

Pyramid

WE J JF

h
A V=
3

E JF
W

KWV

KWh

KWA

E JF

E JF

8m 25m

A V=

8
h
= (25)2 = 1666.7 m3 A V=
3
3

Cylinder

WE J JF

r 2h V=

E JF
W

KWV

KWh

E JF

KWr

--

2m 10m E JF

r 2 h V=

(2)2 10 = 125.664 m3 V=

Sphere

WE J JF

4 3
r V=
3

E JF
W

KWV

KWr
E JF

E JFE JF

10m

4 3
r V=
3
4
(10)3 = 4188.790m3 V=
3

Frustum of pyramid J J
h
( A + A 2 + A 1 A 2 ) V=
3 1

E JF
W

KWV
KWh

KWA1

E JF

WA2
--

8m E JFE JF

15m2 , 25m2

h
( A + A 2 + A 1 A 2 ) V=
3 1
8
(25 + 15 + 25 15 ) = 158.306 m3 V=
3

Right Prism

J J

1
Ah V=
2

E JF
W

KWV
KWh

KWA

E JFE JF

5m 10m

E JF
1
Ah V=
2
1
(10 10) 5 = 250 m3 V=
2

Frustum of prism J J
h
( A + 4 A m + A 2 ) V=
6 1

E JF
W

KWV

KWA1

KWA2

E JF

KWAm
--

EAm F

EFK

E JF
7 m 20 m , 15 m
10 m 5 m 10 m , 7 m
W
h
( A + 4 A m + A 2 ) V=
6 1
20 + 15
A1 = (
) 7 = 122.5 m 2
2
10 + 7
A2 = (
) 5 = 42.5 m 2
2

Am

20 + 10
= 15 m
2
15 + 7
= 11 m
2

7+5
=6 m
2
15 + 11
Am = (
) 6 = 78 m 2
2
10
(122.5 + 4 78 + 42.5) = 795 m3 V=
6

--

10m 450m3WQ1

9m 118 m3WQ2

4m 15 m WQ3

WQ4








E JF

--

E JF

5 m C8 mC10 m WQ5

E JF

--

KKEF

KKEF

KKEF

KKK

KKK

KKK

KKKKEF

KEFKK

KKKKEF

KKKEF
K

KKKEF
KK

KKKEF

KKEF
KK

14- Mc Cormac, Jack ( 1999) . SURVEYING . Prentice-Hall .Inc.new jersey .

15- Schofield , W.(Wiltred ) ( 2002 ) . Engineering surveying . Botterworth , Heinemann.
Oxford .
16- Moffitt , Francis H. and Bossler,John D. ( 1998 ) . Surveying. Addison Wesley
Longman . U S A .
17- kavanagh ,Barry F. ( 2001 ) Surveying with construction Applications . prentice Hall .
new jersey .
18- Muskett , John ( 2002 ) . site surveying . Blackwell science . Oxford .
19- Wirshing , James R . and Wirshing ,Roy H . ( 1985 ) . Introductory surveying . Mc
Graw Hill .
20- Davis , Raymond E . , Foote , Francis S . , Anderson , James M .and Mikhail , Ejward
M. ( 1981 ) . surveying theory and practic . MeGraw Aill .

The Greek
Alphabet
Alpha

Beta

Gamma

Delta

Epsilon

Zeta

Eta

Theta

Lota

Kappa

,x

Lambda

Mu

Nu

Xi

Omicron

Pi

Rho

Sigma

Tau

Upsilon

Phi

Chi

Psi

Omega

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K EF1-1
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KUnits of measurement
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KUnits of length measurements
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J J J
K K K K K K K K K K K K K W
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Kunits of area measurement
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Wunits of volume measurement
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K The sexayesimal system
K K K K K K K K K K K K KThe decimal or centesimal system
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Radian systemK1-3-3
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W J J
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J
K K K K K K K K K K K K Cartesian Coordinate System J J
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Polar Coordinates System J J
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J J
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K EF
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KEF
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Cylinderical coordinatesW
K K K K K K K K K K K K K Sherical coordinates systemW
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW
K K K K K K K K K K K K K WW

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W J J
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K EF J J
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J J
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W J J
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W J
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J J
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K WW
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K WW
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K WW J
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W J J
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K WW
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K WW
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K EF J J
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K WW
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K WW
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Area of TraingleWW
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K WW
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K WW
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Area of squareWW
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Area of rectangleWW
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Area of parallelogramWW
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Area of rhombusWW

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KArea of trapezoid WW
K K K K K K K K K K K K K KArea of regular polygon

.W

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KArea of Quadrilateral J J
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KArea of Circle J J
K K K K K K K K K K K K K KArea of circular Ring

J J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KArea of sector J J
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KK Area of segment J J
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K .Area of Ellipse J J
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KArea of parabola J J
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K EF J
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K COUNTING SQUARE J J
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Trapezoidal ruleW
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Simpson's One Third Rule J J
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Area by Coordinates J
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K PlanimeterEFW
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J
K K K K K K K Volume Computation by Geometric formulas J
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Cube J J
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Rectangular Box J J
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Prism J J
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Cone J J
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Frustum of Cone J J
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Pyramid J J
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Cylinder J J
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Sphere J J
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Frustum of pyramid J J
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Right Prism J J
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Frustum of prism J J
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K