I would like to dedicate my first ever report

to my loving and caring parents. Because of their prayers

and support I am able to stand here

and to those

who are essential parts of my life

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE
Introduction.......................................................................................................... .....................1

Early Life............................................................................................................................... ....2

Political Career........................................................................................................ ..................5

Journalism Career........................................................................................................ ..............8

Khilafat Movement........................................................................................................ ..........10

Muslim Separatism.................................................................................................. ................14

Last days........................................................................................................................... .......16

Muhammad Ali Jauhar in the eyes of subcontinent............................................................... ...17

Legacy 19

Conclusion...................................................................................................................... .........20

References........................................................................................................ ......................22

Bibliography............................................................................................................. ..............24

Introduction

My research methodology is historical because I have to write a report on the life of great Muslim leader
“Maulana Muhammad Ali Johar”.When I started to write on this topic I could not found any book on this
topic in university’s library because history section in our library is too small. I was helpless but I know
that when we start a work we have to face limitations. That’s why I started to write and got help from
internet.

Muslim leaders played a great role in Pakistan Movement. Just like all leaders “Maulana Muhammad Ali
Johar” led Muslims towards Independence. He defended Muslim’s rights and started different
Movements for it. In short he was a great Muslim leader but unfortunately this noble person and great
 leader is not recognized completely by the whole nation but very few know about him. Due to this fact I
want to write about his life in such a way that people can recognize the personality and services of their
leader. That’s why I divide this report in following important points which will help people to know
about him:

• Early phrase of Maulana Muhammad Ali Johar regarding his education.

• Maulana MuhammadAli Johar as a Journalist.
• Political Career of Maulana Muhammad Ali Johar.
• Role in of Maulana Muhammad Ali Johar in Tehreek-E-Khilafat.
• Maulana Muhammad Ali Johar and Muslim separatism.
• Maulana Muhammad Ali’s last days.
• Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar in the eyes of subcontinent people.
• Legacy of Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar.
In the last I am obliged to my high school teacher, Mr. Subhan Khan Sherwani, who’s few moments paid
me off. His lecture became a milestone in my life, which changed the course of my thinking and made
me capable enough to write this report. Moreover I would like to applaud that guy who made such a
valuable resource available on the internet. Mention not the support given by my and younger sister,
whose sincerity became an inspiration for me. Last but not the least; I would like to appreciate Mr.
Sultan Javed, Mr. Ahmad Ali Ansari and Mr. Zeeshan Qaiser for their priceless efforts for giving this
report an ultimate touch.

Early Life

In the brilliant galaxy of men and women whom India has produced, few can compare with the two
brothers, Shaukat Ali and Muhammad Ali, popularly known as Ali Brothers, who fought the greatest
British colonial power then in the first half of the twentieth century so that India may gain its freedom.
Muhammad Ali, who became well known as Maulana Muhammad Ali Johar, was born in Rampur state
in 1878 to a family of Rohilla, sub tribe of Yousafzai Pashtun ancestry.(1) His grandfather Sheikh Ali
Bakhsh served as an official in the court of Nawab Muhammad Yusuf Khan. (2) Maulana Muhammad
Ali Johar was the brother of Maulana Muhammad Ali Shaukat Ali and Maulana Zulfiqar Ali.Despite the
early death of his father, the family strived and Muhammad Ali attended Ali Garh Muslim University.
In the graph of Muhammad Ali’s life, the steep arc of youth is
missing; we see only the flattered curve of maturity. We see him
studying few Persian classes, reading Quran in Arabic and
observing religious rituals in Sunni Muslim home. Abadi Bano
(His mother), being an enlightened lady sent her sons to
Bareilly and afterwards to Aligarh to receive the best
education available in the country. At the “Aligarh
University”, where Shaukat Ali was the idol of cricket
fans, Muhammad Ali became the favorite of the literary circles. During his stay at the
university, he took active interest in its extra-curricular activities and earned a high
reputation as a student, poet, orator and writer. That’s why, while found in Aligarh he is found
writing for College magazine, sharing Shaukat Ali’s love for ‘the noble and many games of cricket’ and
nursing the ambition of securing a nomination for the post of Subordinate Magistrate or land revenue
collector. In 1896, at the age of 18, he topped the list of successful B.A. students from the
Allahabad University, which conducted the degree examinations for the whole of the United
Provinces. (3)His ‘big brother’ was very happy on his unexpected success in B.A. examination and
arranged for his studies in England. In Muhammad Ali’s own words:

“So before the proverbial nine days of wonder were

over, I was on the high seas in the Indian ocean in
the teeth of a raging monsoon, bound for
England.”(4)

Within weeks of his arrival in September 1898, Muhammad Ali made his way to English middle society
with the help of T.W. Arnold who had taught philosophy t Aligarh.Theoder beck, Fazl-i-Elahi, also in
England found him to be a jolly good fellow. They spent 'exceedingly pleasant evenings’ discussing
literary, philosophical and political issues. In England, he remained for four years at the Lincoln College
and obtained his BA (Hons.) in Modern History. (5)

Mohamed Ali reached Oxford on 11 October to study modern history at Lincoln College. (6) He
matriculated a year later and secured a second in 1902, missing a first in History by a narrow margin. He
impressed his teacher with his vigor, common sense and resourcefulness. James Williams, his teacher in
Roman and English Law noticed his 'great capacity for acquiring and remembering information’. His
paper on Macbeth was written by 'a man of ability, capable of thinking for himself'. Yet these skills did
not equip him to qualify the civil service examination. (7) Success eluded him even after returning to
India in 1902. Having failed to secure a teaching position at Aligarh, he opted for the Education
Department in Rampur, a position for which his tutors in Oxford had found him suitable. But, due to the
educational reforms which he wanted to enforce in the state, he had differences with the higher
authorities. He resigned from his job and joined the Baroda Civil Service. He served the Baroda State for
seven years and his reforms in the state are still remembered with gratitude.

In short it is true to say that he not only studied for himself but also tried to aware Muslims for study. For
this he worked very hard, once he said about Sir Syed Ahmad Khan:

“It is you (Syed Ahmad Khan) that had

Taught the community its mischief’s;
If we are its culmination;
You are its commencement.” (8)

Mohammad Ali worked hard to expand the AMU, then known as the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental
College, and He was one of the co-founders of the Jamia Millia Islamia in 1920, which was later, moved
to Delhi.(9)
Here ends his education journey and star his political career which made him visible and
memorable for his nation.

Political Career

“To live for a great cause, and live up to it, is

perhaps harder than to die for it.”

Maulana Muhammad Ali played a vital part in preparing the Muslims in particular and Indians
in general for the final struggle of freedom. Thus, to a great extent, he was responsible for
shaping their political destiny. Under his dynamic leadership, Muslims grew into a virile and
self assertive nation. His heart which surged with the love of his countrymen awakened their
self-respect. Being an ardent anti-imperialist, he virtually dominated the national stage for the
first quarter of the present century.
The Maulana possessed a restless soul, an undaunted
courage and an indomitable will. He had the courage to
practice what he preached. Being a valiant fighter of the
hundreds of political battles, he magnificently withstood
all the trials and temptations that beset his path. He was
a true Muslim who had implicit faith in his mission and had always lived up to his convictions.
In 1926, he attended the world Muslim Conference (Mu'tamar Alam-I-Islam) called by Sultan
Ibni Saud at Makkah, in which he boldly laid down his views, when other delegates hesitated to
speak the bitter truth before the despotic monarch.
Moreover, Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar was one of the co-founders of All India Muslim
League. (10) He attended the first session of All India Muslim League at Dhaka in 1906, and
was later elected as its President in 1918. He remained active in the affairs of the All India
Muslim League till 1928.Along with Mohsin-ul-Mulk and Waqar-ul-Mulk; he was present in
Dacca when the Muslim League was founded in 1906. On their suggestion, he wrote in his
immaculate style an account of this historic session in the form of a pamphlet called, “The
Green Book”. (11)

Initially he was a supporter of Hindu-Muslim unity. He wanted to join them. He emphasized, as

did Maulana Abul Kalam Azad with greater rigor and consistency, the need for Hindu-Muslim
amity and understanding. Without mutual cooperation Hindus and Muslims would 'not only fail
but fail ignominiously’. But after that he became against of it and became supporter of Muslim
separatism. Maulana Muhammad Ali organized several Hindu-Muslim unity conferences,
but without success. He was instrumental along with Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Jinnah, in
formulating the “Delhi Proposals” which demanded among other things, the separation of
Sind from Bombay Province and the reforms in N.W.F.P. But, the publication of Nehru
Report in 1928, sealed the fate of Hindu-Muslim unity forever, and exposed the Congress as
well as the Hindu Nationalists in all their nakedness. It proved to be a bitter pill which
neither the Quaid-i-Azam nor Maulana Muhammad Ali could swallow. They tried to modify
the report at the Calcutta All Parties Conference held in December 1928, but failed due to
want of Hindu support. Later, Quaid-i-Azam and Maulana Muhammad Ali participated in an
All Parties Conference held under the president ship of Sir Agha Khan in Delhi. Maulana
Muhammad Ali, at last had to change his course after sixteen years of ceaseless efforts for
the cause of Indian freedom.

For four years after 1911, he remained involved in the Kanpur Mosque affair. As he was a
strong Muslim that’s why when Municipal Corporation decided to take action against Kanpur
mosque’s property, he along with the other Muslims started to protest against this action. During
initial protest 2 persons died. This news spread all over the India. People became angry and
started to protest. At this time Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar was the leader, who gave them
proper guidance on this issue. The brutal firing of Machhli Bazaar, Kanpore, in 1913, sent a
wave of resentment throughout the length and breadth of the sub-continent. It was too painful an
incident for the sensitive Muhammad Ali. It shook his heart and made him an active agitator
from an armchair politician. He led a deputation England accompanied by Syed Wazir Hassan,
secretary of the Muslim League. He canvassed there day and night, lecturing, writing in papers
and interviewing the high British authorities for securing an honourable settlement of the
Kanpore episode, but all in vain. He came back to India to find that a Great War was declared in
Europe in 1914, a few months after his return. Turkey was an ally of Germany and Muhammad
Ali wanted that the British government should take into consideration the feelings of Muslim
India.
His bold and inspiring criticism of the imperialist powers could not be tolerated by the British
government during the war and he was interned for a period of about five years, ranging from
November 23rd, 1915 to 1919. When he was released in 1919, the international scene was
totally changed. The Great War had come to an end. The Turks were badly pressed in the
“Treaty of Versailles” and their very existence was at stake. Turkey was in danger of total
extinction and Lloyd George was contemplating to obliterate her from the map of Europe.
Political storms were raging on the Indian horizon too. The Indian political atmosphere was
tense and explosive. Martial Law had been proclaimed in the Punjab following the great tragedy
of Jallianwala Bagh in 1919. These political developments only served as an incentive for the
fiery Muhammad Ali. It was the most tumultuous period of his life. He rushed to Amritsar
where all Indian political parties were holding their sessions. He started the “Khilafat
Movement” and joined hands with the Congress in 1919.
During “Khilafat Movement” he was arrested and when he released “Khilafat Movement” had
been come to an end. Muhammad Ali, after his release from jail in 1923, he elected president
of the Indian National Congress and he delivered his memorable presidential address in the
momentous session at Cocanada in 1923. Pundit Nehru was his secretary and he has
devoted one full chapter in his autobiography “Nehru”.

Journalism Career

Upon his return to India, he served as education director for the Rampur state, and later joined the
Baroda civil service. Mohamed Ali kept himself in the public eye by writing and speaking at
conferences; He became a brilliant writer and orator, and wrote for major English and Indian
newspapers, in both English and Urdu. He himself launched the Urdu weekly Hamdard and
English Comrade in 1911. During his stay in Baroda, he frequently contributed articles to the “Times of
India”, "The Times", "The Observer" and "The Manchester Guardian". His article “Thoughts on the
Present Discontent” was highly appreciated. His high intellect and his restless soul could not cope with
the restrictions of the Civil Service. He was meant for something higher. Nature had endowed him with
extraordinary abilities of head and heart which should have been devoted to better and higher purposes.
The extreme poverty and sufferings to which the Indian masses were reduced under the alien yoke, only
added fuel to his fiery temperament. He left the job and hurried to Calcutta to start his weekly
“Comrade” on January 1st, 1911.An interesting story is related in this
connection, which throws light on his determination to fight for the
cause of the people through the press. He was offered the Chief
Minister ship of an Indian state but he did not open the letter of
appointment until the first issue of his paper was out. Maulana Muhammad Ali was an ideal journalist,
and the high standard of professional integrity set by him will serve as a beacon light for the coming
generations. His paper formed the vanguard of the struggle against exploitation and oppression of the
alien government. He was the first to raise his voice against the despotic press laws. He had joined the
fourth estate for pleading the cause of the downtrodden humanity inhabiting this sub-continent. His
“Comrade” had set an example of independent journalism and was a class by itself. It played a vital role
in moulding the political outlook of modern India. Due to its frank views and flawless English,
“Comrade” was very popular in official circles too. Its circulation shot up to 8,500 copies. Its office in
Kucha-E-Chelan in the old city became a political salon after the paper moved from Calcutta to Delhi.
(12)
An ex-British finance member of the government of India took its bound copies with him to
England. Writing in the first editorial of “Comrade” on January 1st, 1911, he gave out the policy
of his paper: ‘We are the partisans of none, comrades of all. We deeply feel the many hazards of
increasing controversy between races and races; creeds and creeds, and earnestly desire a better
understanding between the contending elements of the body politic of India'. As time passed, the
national and international developments obliged him to be more anti-imperialist in his outlook
and more outspoken in his criticism against the British government. In 1914, when Turkey was
involved in the Great War, Maulana Muhammad Ali after a continuous sitting of 36 hours wrote
his memorable editorial, “The Choice of the Turks” a befitting reply to the insulting article of
the London Times under the same caption. The Indian Government forfeited its security. He was
marked as a dangerous man by the authorities and his paper forfeited its security many times.
The “Comrade” was transferred to Delhi in 1912, when the Indian Capital was shifted from
Calcutta to Delhi in 1911. It played a great part along with “Al-Hilal” of Maulana Azad and
“Zamindar” of Maulana Zafar Ali Khan in the awakening of the Muslim masses and in forming
their political outlook. Muhammad Ali started “Hamdard”, an Urdu Daily, from Delhi in 1913.
When he wanted to stop publishing the Hamdard at the beginning of his internment, Wilayat
Ali, the well known columnist, begged him not to do so:
 “I do not approve of your decision and I do not
think many will.... You cannot imagine what the
loss of Hamdard will mean to us--the Muslims.”
Wilayat Ali recognized, as did others, that the Comrade and Hamdard contributed to a general
awakening of educated Muslims who read and financially supported these newspapers.
He wrote his autobiography “My Life a Fragment” the only work he has left behind for future
generations. Writing in his autobiography he mentions the reasons which impelled him to take
up the career of journalism:
“The reasons which so irresistibly impelled me to
take up journalism were, that the affairs of my
community at the juncture made it the only
avenue through which I could prove of any
appreciable use---I felt, I should now assist my
community in taking a proper share in the
political affairs of the country.” (13)

In short he done his job as a journalist and helped Muslims in every aspect of life. Due to his
hard work Muslims got confidence and became aware of his rights which became first step
towards the foundation of Pakistan.

Khilafat Movement
 Ottoman umpire

After Holy Prophet (Peace Be upon

Him), His companion Hazrat Abu Bakar Siddeque (R.A.) became Khalifa-E-Awal, after His
Death Khilafat was transferred to Hazrat Umer Farooq (R.A.) and then transferred to Hazrat
Usman Ghanni (R.A.) and then to Hazrat Ali (R.A.). These are called “Khulfa-E-Rashideen”.
After these “Khulfa-E-Rashideen”, Khilafat was transferred to Omayyad’s and centre of
Khilafat was also transferred to Damascus. Than this Banu Abbas snatched the Khilafat from
Banu-Umayyads and transfer its centre from Damascus to Egypt. This Khilafat than transferred
to Turkey and then “Khilafat Usmania” was appeared in the world’s map.

The office of the Caliphate (Khilafat) functioned as the ultimate symbol of Islam as a dominant
force in public life. Without the Caliphate the world of Islam would never have power. There
was, however, a permanent link between the Caliphate and control over the Haramain, i.e., the
sacred territories in Makkah and Madina. Anyone who could succeed in severing that link
would cripple the institution of the Caliphate and, eventually, render the world of Islam
powerless!

Now the enemies of Islam paid very careful attention to the study and understanding of the link
between the Caliphate, the power of Islam as a world-wide force, and control over the
Haramain, and then planned their diabolical strategy to render Islam powerless, and to confine it
to a personal private faith with no authority over public life. In other words they planned their
strategy to secularize Islam and so reduce Muslims to the godless European way of life. So long
as the Caliphate survived it would always remain a sore in the eyes of the West.
The British, realizing the paramount importance of the Hejaz and the Haramain for the
legitimacy and even survival of the Ottoman Caliphate, concentrated their diplomacy in the
First World War on wresting the Hejaz from the control of the Ottoman Caliph. This was
achieved when Sharif Husain, the Ottoman-appointed Sharif of Makkah and great grandfather
of the present King Husain of Jordan, was successfully induced by the British to rebel against
the Ottoman Caliph and to establish his own authority over the Hejaz under benign British
alliance and protection. (14)
In so far as the Muslim World was concerned the First World War was much more than a mere
European war. It was, rather, a war which brought about upheavals and changes in the Muslim
World which were unprecedented in its thirteen hundred years of existence.
Firstly, the greatest Muslim power and seat of the contemporary Caliphate, the Ottoman Islamic
Empire, entered the war on the side of the
Central Powers. While this decision is still
clouded in some controversy since, up to the
very last moment, the Ottoman leadership
had not decided whether to enter the war or
not, and if so, which side to support.
At last Turkey's decided to join Germany
and the Central Powers in the World War.
The Ottoman leadership predictably
attempted to mobilize support for its war effort from the entire Muslim world. In this
connection, on November 23, 1914 the Sheikh al-Islam of the Ottoman Islamic State issued a
fatwa and a proclamation declaring jihad and commanding all Muslims to fight against the
Allied Powers. British diplomacy, however, succeeded in promoting and exploiting Arab
nationalism in the Arabian Peninsula as an effective means of attacking and undermining the
formidable strength of universal Islamic fraternity. As a consequence the Arabs rebelled against
Ottoman rule on the basis of a British offer of assistance to achieve national independence. In
this way the Ottoman Islamic Empire was badly defeated in the war. (15)
Now it was clear that Allies would divide Turkey due to his defeat and Khilafat would come to
an end. It was very sad news for the Muslims all over the world. Protest against Allies was
started all over the world. Same thing was happened in subcontinent (India). Muslims of India
became angry and start to protect Khilafat by protesting and by pressurizing British
Government. They started a movement which is known as “Khilafat Movement”.

Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar along with Hakeem Ajmal Khan, Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari and
Maulana Muhammad Ali, Maulana Abdul Bari Firangi Mehal and Dr. Mushtaq played a great
role in this Movement. Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar and his elder brother Maulana
Muhammad Shaukat Ali was the main and most active leader of this Movement. They joined
hand with Indian National Congress to protect Khilafat of Turkey. His appeal with the Turkish
aid fund met with a wonderful response. The Muslim ladies parted with their valuables for
helping their Turkish brethren. The Maulana led a deputation to Europe to muster public support
for the dwindling Khilafat, but returned disappointed. He joined hands with Mr Gandhi to force
the British to change their attitude towards the Turks dispute.
The massacre of Jallianwala Bagh and non-restoration of Khilafat led to the adoption of Non-
Co-operation Resolution at the Nagpur Congress in 1921. (16) Muhammad Ali is mainly
credited with winning over the influential C.R. Dass Group in the Congress to support the
move, thus paving the way for the adoption of the Resolution, which implied surrender of titles,
resignation from government services and boycott of educational institutions and courts. He was
so sincere in the application of the revolution that when Dr. Zia-ud-din refused to close the
Aligarh Muslim University, he founded “Jamia Millia”, a parallel institution at Aligarh with the
help of Dr M.A.Ansari, Hakim Ajmal Khan and Dr Zakir Husain. The Institution was opened by
Maulana Mahmood Hasan of Deoband. (17)The teachers and the taught passed a truly Islamic
life in this institution, being the very embodiment of simple living and high thinking. (18)

He made extensive tours of the subcontinent during the period extending from October 1920 up to his
arrest for the Karachi trial on September 1st, 1921. This period was spent virtually in the Railway
compartment. He roused the Indian masses from their torpor and infused in them a new political
consciousness. He never aspired for any position or privilege for himself. The Indian political
consciousness was the result of his 8 years' untiring efforts---a remarkably short period for such a
gigantic work. India was echoing with this song:

“Boleen Amman Muhammad Ali Kee;

Jaan Baita Khilafat Pai Daido” (19)

(So spoke the mother of Muhammad Ali: My son lay down your life for the sake of Khilafat).
A resolution was adopted at the Khilafat Conference held at Karachi in 1921 according to which it was
considered an irreligious act for the Muslims to enroll in the British army. This resulted in the Karachi
trial which commenced in October, 1921 in which Maulana Muhammad Ali, Shaukat Ali, Husain Ahmad
Madni, and three others were awarded two years' rigorous imprisonment. His imprisonment evoked a
country-wide protest. (20) The resolution for which he was prosecuted was adopted and published
throughout India. The statement given by Muhammad Ali before the court
brings out his truly Islamic spirit. He acknowledges the supremacy of the
Divine Law over the man-made legislations. The boldness and daring
exhibited by him before the court was amazing. He was still in prison
when Mustafa Kamal abolished the Khilafat, and hence the movement in
India for its revival also crumbled down.
Muhammad Ali, when released from jail in 1923, was elected president of the Indian
National Congress and he delivered his memorable presidential address in the momentous
session at Cocanada in 1923. Pundit Nehru was his secretary. (21)

In this way Khilafat Movement came to an end. Although it was not a happy ending but it is
that Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar struggled hard for its success not for himself but only
for Islam and Muslims.

Muslim Separatism

Initially he was a supporter of Hindu-Muslim unity. He wanted to join them. He emphasized, as did
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad with greater rigor and consistency, the need for Hindu-Muslim amity and
understanding. Without mutual cooperation Hindus and Muslims would 'not only fail but fail
ignominiously’.

During “Khilafat Movement” he was arrested and when he released “Khilafat Movement” had
been come to an end. Muhammad Ali, after his release from jail in 1923, he elected as
president of the Indian National Congress and he delivered his memorable presidential
address in the momentous session at Cocanada in 1923. Pundit Nehru was his secretary and
he has devoted one full chapter in his autobiography “Nehru”. (22)
But after that he became against it and became supporter of Muslim separatism. He recognized the real
face of Congress and British ruler by analyzing their different Anti-Muslim events for example anti-
Muslim bias of UP's Lieutenant Governor Anthony MacDonnell, the reunification of Bengal (1911), the
rejection of the Muslim University scheme (1912), and the fracas over the Kanpur mosque (1913).
Speaking increasingly of Muslim fears and Muslim rights, Muhammad Ali felt that Hindu communalism
was gaining ground in Congress. He, therefore, shared the dominant Muslim feeling that independence
would be a Hindu prize and Muslims would need to battle for their rightful share of the spoils of self-
government.

That’s why he re-started his weekly Hamdard, and left the Congress Party. He opposed the Nehru Report
which was a document, proposing constitutional reforms and a dominion status of an independent nation
within the British Umpire written by a committee of Hindu and Muslim members of the Congress Party
headed by President Motilaal Nehru. It was a major protest against the Simen Commission which had
arrived in India to propose reforms but containing no Indian nor making any effort to listen to Indian
voices.

Mohammad Ali opposed the Nehru Report's rejection of separate electorates for Muslims, and supported
the Fourteen Points of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the League. He became a critic of Gandhi, breaking
with fellow Muslim leaders like Maulana Azad, Hakeem Ajmal Khan and Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari, who
continued to support Gandhi and the Indian National Congress. Mohammad Ali said:

"Even the most degraded Muhammadan is better

than Mahatma Gandhi." (23)

Ali attended the Round Table Conference to show that only the Muslim League spoke for India's
Muslims. In short he supported Muslim separatism and became an active leader of this movement, that’s
why credit of independence of Pakistan also goes to him because once he said in London about the
position of an Indian Muslim:

“I belong to two circles of equal size, but which are not

concentric. One is India, and the other is the Muslim
 world…We as Indian Muslims belong to these two
circles, each of more than 300 millions, and we can
leave neither.”

Last Days
He started on the final phase of his life journey. Against all medical advice, he decided to
participate in the Round Table Conference in London and was carried on a stretcher (24).
Addressing the plenary session of the first R.T.C., he delivered his memorable speech
quoted at the top which thrilled his countrymen. He breathed his last on January 4, 1931,
when he was in round table conference. In this conference he refused to return to his own
country by saying this:
“I came here from India for the purpose of freedom, I
will return to my country with the message of
freedom. Otherwise I will not go back to a slave
country, I would prefer to die in a foreign country so
long as it is a free country, and if you do not give us
 freedom in India you will have to give me a grave
here.” (25)

That’s why he was died in London and buried in Jerusalem in the court-yard of Masjid-ul-Aqsa, the
second holiest mosque of Islam. Iqbal paid him the highest tribute: (The holy land took him in its
yearning embrace. He went to Heaven by the path the Prophet had taken). His death cast a gloom all
over the East and he was mourned by friends and foe alike. He was paid eloquent tributes by the great
men of the world. Dr Iqbal, the poet of the East, said:

“Soo-i-gardun raft za aan rahi kih paighambar

guzasht” (26)

(He proceeded to the heaven by the same route which was taken by the Prophet of Islam.)

H.G. Wells, the celebrated English novelist proclaimed:

“Muhammad Ali possessed the pen of Macaulay, the tongue

of Burke and the heart of Napoleon.” (27)

Such was Maulana Muhammad Ali, a dynamic leader, a born poet, an eloquent orator, a forceful writer
and above all a true Muslim.

Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar in the eyes of

Subcontinent people:

Despite all these services people have different thoughts about Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar. Maulana
Muhammad Ali Jauhar is remembered as a fiery leader of many of India's Muslims. He is celebrated as a
hero by the Muslims of Pakistan, who claim he inspired the Pakistan movement. But in India, he is
remembered for his leadership during Khilafat Movement and the Non-Cooperation Movement (1919-
1922) and his leadership in Muslim education. In other words majority of Muslims of subcontinent
remembered him as a great leader as he fought for their rights. They considered him as a true Muslim.
For them, he is a hero. But still there are some groups of people who have totally different and opposite
thoughts about him. Both Muslims and Non-Muslims are included in these groups. They considered him
as a Hawkish leader. According to them, he created many disturbances in the country. For example
‘Mushirul Hasan’ (An Indian Muslim writer) wrote a book about him in which he writes about Maulana
Muhammad Ali Jauhar that:
 “He always led a clique of noisy and aggressive
Muslims of the 'young party'. He left trouble wherever
he went, reported the viceroy. He persuaded some
students at the Lahore Medical College to raise the
tribes against the government in Afghanistan, and
caused 'discontent' at Aligarh's M.A.0. College. That
is why he and his brother Shaukat Ali were prevented
from entering Punjab and the United Provinces (UP).”
(28)
At another place he writes about his political personality that:
“He is a politician greedy for power, an irresponsible
declaimer who drove himself and his followers from
one disaster to another. He is charged with inspiring
the 'young party' Muslims to manufacture issues and
whip up agitations to keep their newspapers going,
their organizations, active and their coffers full.” (29)

Despite all this prejudice he has to be inclined towards his qualities. He admired his qualities and writes:
“There are other images of his political personality
as well: the image of an energetic, talented and
charismatic figure devoted to Islamic resurgence
world over.” (30)
Hence Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar is controversial among some people but overall he is considered
as a great Muslim leader. Writers in India stress Mohamed Ali's commitment to Hindu-Muslim unity, his
adherence to the Congress movement, his passion for the country's freedom. On the other hand, Scholars
in Pakistan values his efforts for promoting and instigating the idea of separatism among the Muslims.
 Legacy

Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar is remembered as a fiery leader of many of India's Muslims. He is
celebrated as a hero by the Muslims of Pakistan, who claim he inspired the Pakistan movement. But in
India, he is remembered for his leadership during Khilafat Movement and the Non-Cooperation
Movement (1919-1922) and his leadership in Muslim education.

The famous Muhammad Ali Road in south Bombay, India’s largest city is named after him.
The Gulistan-e-Johar in Karachi, Pakistan’s largest city and Mohammad Ali Co-operative Housing
Society (M.A.C.H.S.) are named in honor of Maulana Mohammad Ali Johar. Johar Town, Lahore is also
named after him.

News website twocircles.net inspired by a quote of Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar.

Ali died at a time when the Pakistan movement had not been formed, and it is a matter of continuing
debate if he would have ever supported the idea. (31)
 Conclusion

Maulana Muhammad Ali, the renowned Indian Muslim leader, was a prince among the
patriots. Possessing a dynamic personality, he towered high above his contemporary Indian
politicians and instilled courage and confidence in the hearts of the ignorant masses which
awakened them from their deep slumber. His fearless leadership and selfless devotion to his
mission were greatly instrumental in dispelling the inferiority complex, which, the alien
rulers had enshrined in the hearts of the teeming millions inhabiting this vast sub-continent
and enabled them to brave the onslaughts of the foreign rule with courage and conviction.

His range of articulate emotions, his capacity for analytical arguments, his pathos, fantasy and wit, and
his power to marshal all these towards ends clearly discerned and passionately desired.
Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar was a brave hearted journalist. From his promising acts he saved this
profession from the conspiracies of Hindus and Britishers. He gave a message to the journalist of the
future that they must use their full energies to protect this noble profession. Moreover he used his
newspapers to protect and defend the basic and fundamental rights of Muslims of India. This act of
Maulana was true in every sense because it helps a lot to motivate the Muslims about their basic rights.
His newspapers brought a political, moral, social, ethical, and religious revolution in the lives of
Muslims of India. In other words he did his job honestly.

As for as the Khilafat movement is concerned we came to know that the foundations of Khilafat
movement were very uncertain. A person with aesthetic sense can’t understand that how a nation which
itself is in slavery demands a freedom for another nation, but the intentions of Maulana were sacred
that’s why among some disadvantages there are also some advantages which helped Muslims in future.
One of the major advantages of Khilafat movement to the Muslims of India was that they came to know
the real image of Hindus after the betrayal of Hindus and exposure of the intentions of Gandhi towards
the Muslims and Khilafat movement when Gandhi left the Muslims in the lurch.
Khilafat movement also tells us briefly that Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar had a very close
relationship with the religion. His love and devotion for Muslims of Turkey and Muslim ummah and his
love for the religious places of Muslims which were situated in Ottoman Empire led him to Khilafat
Movement. During his struggle of Khilafat movement he faced many hardships, which is a perfect role
model for the Muslim ummah who is struggling in order to protect his eternal grace and glory.

During the causalities of Kanpur Mosque Maulana proved himself a sincere leader towards the Muslim
of India. During that controversy he went to England for negotiations with British government. This act
of Maulana had proved those people to be wrong who used to say that Maulana always do politics via
violence during his political career. It also taught to the Muslim of India that negotiations are best way to
solve disputes.

Moreover during his stay in England Maulana met Quaid-E-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah and convinced
him to join the Muslim league. That act of him depicts that Maulana led the foundation for the creation
of Pakistan.

In the last I would sum up by saying this that Maulana was a great leader. All the accomplishments of his
life are very valuable towards the Muslims. But he also did some mistake as he was a human being. One
of his major mistakes was that he shacked hand with Gandhi and became a great champion of Hindu-
Muslim unity. The blunder he made was his assault on the idea of separatism but all the other deeds on
his part overshadowed that blunder. He always believed that the way to success and glory is very vague
and uncertain but it can only be paved through hard work and strong determination. That’s why Maulana
is commonly perceived to be more sensitive than others to the predicaments of the Islamic world and
more stridently committed to its well-being.
 References

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maulana_Mohammad_Ali
2. Mushirul Hassan, "Introduction to Maulana Mohamed Ali”. P#2
3. http://www.renaissance.com.pk/main/jauhar
4. Mushirul Hassan, "Introduction to Maulana Mohamed Ali”. P#2
5. http://www.renaissance.com.pk/main/jauhar
6. Muhammad Yusuf Abbasi, “Pakistani culture: a profile - Page 26
7. http://www.renaissance.com.pk/main/jauhar
8. Mushirul Hassan, "Introduction to Maulana Mohamed Ali”. P#1
9. http://www.jmi.nic.in/MohdAliJohar.htm
10. Mushirul Hassan, "Introduction to Maulana Mohamed Ali”. P#4
11. Jameel Ahmad, “Jauhar: A Prince among the Patriots”. P#40
12. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maulana_Mohammad_Ali
13. http://www.renaissance.com.pk/main/jauhar
14. Iftikhar Haider Malik, “Culture and customs of Pakistan”.P59
15. Kram-ul-Haque Pervez, “The contribution of Sindhi Muslims in Pakistan movement”. Page 106
16. http://www.scribd.com/doc/7472223/Mohammad-ali-johar
17. Gail Minault, “Khilafat Movement”. P#45
18. Imran N. Hussain, “The Caliphate the Hejaz and the Saudi-Wahabi Nation-state”. P#16
19. http://www.wikkipedia.com/Khilafat
20. Gail Minault, “Khilafat Movement”. P#50
21. Khalid Book Dipu, “Mutalia Pakistan”. P#120
22. http://www.renaissance.com.pk/main/jauhar
23. Jameel Ahmad, “Jauhar: A Prince among the Patriots”. P#59
24. Jameel Ahmad, “Jauhar: A Prince among the Patriots”. P#76
25. Punjab text book board Lahore, “Urdu ki Aathivin Kitab” (for class 8th). P#21
26. Jameel Ahmad, “Jauhar: A Prince among the Patriots”. P#90
27. http://www.renaissance.com.pk/main/jauhar
28. Mushirul Hassan, "Introduction to Maulana Mohamed Ali”. P#1
29. Mushirul Hassan, "Introduction to Maulana Mohamed Ali”. P#1
30. Mushirul Hassan, "Introduction to Maulana Mohamed Ali”. P#1
31. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maulana_Mohammad_Ali

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