THE SCI ENCE OF

POLYGRAPH TECHNI QUE

By: Mr. Chivas G. Dulguime, R.C.

Polygraphy :
comes from two Greek words, poly
and graphos which means many
writings.

is the scientific detection of deception
through the use or aid of a polygraph
machine.

Polygraph
is an instrument or a device capable of
producing recordings of physiological
phenomena that may be used as the basis
of the application of a reliable technique
for diagnosing truth or deception.
TYPES OF LIE:
1. White Lie
2. Red Lie
3. Black Lie
4. Malicious or Judicious Lie
5. Pathological Lie

DIFFERENT KINDS OF LIE
DETECTION:

1. Ancient Methods:

Red Hot Iron Ordeal
Ordeal of the Balance
Boiling Water Ordeal
Water Test Ordeal
The Smell Out Technique
The Sacred Ass Ordeal


Contemporary methods:
1. The Observation Methods

2. The Regular Police Method

- application of the three (3) Is in Criminal
Investigation (Information, Interrogation and
Instrumentation) in order to obtain
confession and admission.


Contemporary methods:
3. Hypnotism
- by Franz Anton Mesmer
- recovering the stored memory of the subject while
under hyper amnesia.
4. Word Association Test
- by Sir Francis Galton and improved by Dr. Carl
Gustav Jung.
5. Truth Serum/Intoxication
- by Sir Edward Mandell House
The Polygraph Test Technique:

HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS:
1. Cesare Lombroso
2. Vittorio Benussi
3. Harold Burtt
4. John Larson
5. Leonard Keeler
6. John Reid
7. Sir James mackenzie
8. William Moulton Marston
9. Luigi Galvani

BASI C FACTS OF
POLYGRAPH
TRIPOD FOUNDATION OF
POLYGRAPHY
1. Mechanical Leg Basis Premise
The polygraph machine is mechanically capable of making graphical
records containing reliable information regarding physiological changes.
2. Physiological Leg Basis Premise
Among the physiological changes that may be recorded and identified
are those that automatically occur only following the stimulation of the
specific nervous system component and from which stimulation of those
specific nervous system components can be reliably diagnosed.
3. Psychological Leg Basis Premise
Under this polygraph leg premise, the specific nervous system
component whose stimulation can thus be diagnosed are so stimulated y
the involuntary mental and emotional processes of the individual who is
consciously attempting concealment of deception especially if that
individual has something at stake and the prevailing circumstances lead
him to believe that exposure to detection is quite possible although
undesirable.

HUMAN BODY SYSTEM

Nervous System activator of the body system
Circulatory System blood circulation
Respiratory System breathing cycle
Excretory System/Skin external covering of
the body
THEORY AND CONCEPT
A. Psychological Theory of a lie: Emotional changes occur in a
person causing physiological changes that can be recognized
and diagnosed.
B. Psychological Set . . . A person's fears, anxieties
and apprehensions are focused (directed) to the areas that hold
(Poses) the greatest threat to his well being or self.
C. Psychology of Test Questions The test is structured so as to
pose a threat to the security of both the innocent and guilty
subject and force him/her to focus (direct) his/her attention to
that specific area of the test.

**Fear is the greatest psychological factor - Fear of being
detected of an untruth.
The Nervous System
Major division - Central vs.
Peripheral
Central or CNS- brain and
spinal cord
Peripheral- nerves
connecting CNS to muscles
and organs

Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
S k e l e t a l
( S o m a t i c )
S y m p a t h e t i c P a r a s y m p a t h e t i c
A u t o n o m i c
P e r i p h e r a l N e r v o u s S y s t e m
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
- It is the main effector mechanism which the
polygraph is concerned.
- It governed the following involuntary reflexes:
heartbeat
blood pressure
respiration
perspiration
digestion
- Can be influenced by thought and emotion
- Main control is hypothalamus
Sympathetic
Fight or flight response
Release adrenaline and
noradrenaline
Increases heart rate and
blood pressure
Increases blood flow to
skeletal muscles
Inhibits digestive functions

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Brain
Spinal
cord
SYMPATHETIC
Dilates pupil
Stimulates salivation
Relaxes bronchi
Accelerates heartbeat
Inhibits activity
Stimulates glucose
Secretion of adrenaline,
nonadrenaline
Relaxes bladder
Stimulates ejaculation
in male
Sympathetic
ganglia
Salivary
glands
Lungs
Heart
Stomach
Pancrea
s
Liver
Adrenal
gland
Kidney
Sympathetic Effects
Fight or flight response.
Release of norepinephrine from
postganglionic fibers and epinephrine from
adrenal medulla.
Mass activation prepares for intense activity.
Heart rate increases.
Bronchioles dilate.
[glucose] increases.

Parasympathetic
Rest and digest
system
Calms body to
conserve and
maintain energy
Lowers heartbeat,
breathing rate,
blood pressure

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Brain
PARASYMPATHETIC
Spinal
cord
Stimulates salivation
Constricts bronchi
Slows heartbeat
Stimulates activity
Contracts bladder
Stimulates erection
of sex organs
Stimulates gallbladder
Gallbladder
Contracts pupil
Parasympathetic Effects
Stimulation of separate parasympathetic
nerves.
Relaxing effects:
Decrease heart rate (HR).
Dilate blood vessels.
Increase GI activity.
Summary of autonomic differences
Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal
Sympathetic
division (arousing)
Parasympathetic
division (calming)
Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract
Decreases SALVATION Increases
Perspires SKIN Dries
Increases RESPIRATION Decreases

Accelerates HEART Slows
Inhibits DIGESTION Activates
Secrete stress
hormones
ADRENAL
GLANDS
Decrease secretion
of stress hormones
The Polygraph
Measures:
Heart beat
Respiration
Skin
Conductivity
Blood
Pressure
PARTS OF THE POLYGRAPH
MACHINE
1. Pneumograph
- breathing patterns
- three minor components: (two
elongated tube and beaded chain)

2. Galvanograph
- psychogalvanic skin reflex
- two finger electrodes and amplifier
unit.



PARTS OF THE POLYGRAPH
MACHINE
3. Cardiograph
- pulse rate and heartbeat.
- minor components: (bulb,
sphygmograph and arm cuff)
4. Kymograph
- paper fed mechanism run by a
dynamo
- polygram chart paper
FACTORS AFFECTING THE RELIABLITY
OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION:
1. Subject

2. Examiner

3. Polygraph Machine

4. Examination Room

PHASES OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION:
1. Initial Interview

2. Pre Test

3. Actual Test

4. Post Test
PHASES OF POLYGRAPH
EXAMINATION
Requisition of Polygraph
Examination

Four (4) copies of Letter
Request
Brief Facts of the Case /
Investigation Report
Sworn Statement / Affidavit of
Complainant
Sworn Statement / Affidavit of
Examinees/ Witness/es
Sketch of crime scene,
/witness/es, if available.

1
st.
Initial
Interview

PHASES OF POLYGRAPH
EXAMINATION
During the pre-test
interview, the polygraph
examiner will explain
how the polygraph
works, discuss the
issue, review all the
questions to be asked
on the polygraph test.

2
nd.
Pre-test Interview with the person to
be examined

Purpose of Pre-test
Interview

PHASES OF POLYGRAPH
EXAMINATION
To prepare the subject for polygraph
examination.

Informing the subject of his/her
involvement with the case.

To obtain subject consent for polygraph
examination.
Taking of subjects or examinees personal data.

To determine the suitability of the subject or
examinee.

Evaluating the psychological preparation of the
subject or examinee.
Purpose of taking the Consent
of the Examinee
The examiner have a legal basis that no
human rights violation is committed
That the subject voluntarily submitted
his/her self to undergo polygraph
examination
It is an armed against harassment

3
rd
Phase Actual Test or Instrumentation
- attachment of instrument and
questioning of the subject

4
th
Phase Post Test or Interrogation phase
- results evaluation.
GENERAL RULES IN QUESTION
FORMULATION
Questions must be simple and direct.
They must not involved legal terminology.
They must be answerable by yes or no only
and should be as short as possible.
The meaning must be clear and phrased in a
language that the subject can easily
understand.
All questions must refer to one offense only.
Questions must never contain inference (opinion).
They must not contain inferences to ones
religion, race or belief.

Types of questions:
1. Relevant
2. Irrelevant
3. Control
4. Symptomatic
5. Knowledge
6. Guilt complex
7. Sky
8. Evidence connecting
Indication of deception:
PNEUMO TRACING:
1. Change in rhythm or regularity
2. Change in amplitude or volume
3. Change in inspiration and expiration rate
4. Notch or serrated inspiration or expiration
stroke
5. Hyperventilation
6. Suppression
7. Respiratory block
CARDIO TRACINGS:
1. Increase or decrease of BP
2. Increase in BP only
3. Decrease only in BP
4. Increase or decrease in PR
5. Increase or decrease in amplitude
6. Change in position or appearance of dicrotic notch
7. Extra systole
THANK YOU AND GOD BLESS
US ALWAYS!!!