' ;

j
'
'
'
.,
'
'

'
t
'
I
I
,
,
MECHANICAl MEASUREMENTS AND METROLOGY
LAI30RATORY
(Common to ME /IP f AU /1M 1 MA)
Sub Code
!Irs/ Week
Total Hrs
06MEL47A
l A Marks : 25
03
Exam I lours : 03
42
Exam Ma.rks : 50
PART-A: MECHANICAL MEASUREMENTS
I. <.:ahbrntion of Pre:>sure Gauge
2. ('olohra!IOn ofThermocouplc
3 Calibration of l VDT
4 Cnhbrauon of load cell
5. Determinnt oon of modulus of elasticity of n mild steel specomen using strain gauges.
PART-B; METROLOGY
6. Measurements using Opticnl Projector I Tool maker Microscope.
7. Measurements of angle usi11g Sine Center I Sine barf bevel protractor
8 Mcasurementli of aligrunc..'nt using Autocollnnar.or I roller set
9. of cutting tool forces using n) lathe tool Dynrunometc:r b) Drill tool
Dynam(>meter
I 0. of Screw thread Parameters using two wore or three wire melhod
I I Me.'!l<urements of Surface roughness usmg Tnlysurf f mechanical Comparator
12. Measurements of gear tooth profile using gear tooth venire I gear tooth micrometer .
13. Cnltbration of a micrometer using slip gauges
14. Measurement usmg optical Flnts
Scheme of Examlnulion:
ONE question from Metrology (pan -A)
ONE question from lnslnlmentation (pan - B)
Vrvn - Voce
AM<. (.NGINEERING COLLEGE BANGALORF
20Marks
20 Maries
10 Marks
M.<:!M LA BORA TOR\ MANUAL
CONTENTS
PART-A MECHANICAL M1,0SUREMENTS
Calbrat10n of l..oli.d cell
2. Calibration of L VDT
Colibrut1on ufThcnnocouplt:
4. Calibrnuon of Pressure Gauge
5. Detcnnmatlon of modulus of elasticity of a m1ld teet >pecimen using strum gauge:>
PART-B:METROLOGY
6. Calibration of a micrometer usmg slip gauges
7. of angle usi ng bevel protractor
J.. ;.: .... v!" .nag!. uint; Sine Center I Sine
9. Measurements of gear tooth profile using gear tooth vemil!r caliper
I 0. \4easur.:ments of cutting tool forces usmg Lathe tool
ll. Measurements of cutung tool forces using Dnlltool Dynamometer
12. Measurements of Screw thread Parameters using two wire or three wire method.
13 Measurement thread profile usmg Optical Profile Projector.
14. Measurement of Surface roughness using Comparator
\MC 8\GINllRINll COLLFGE M&M l.i\IIOR. \ roR Y MANUAl
'


EXPI RIMENI NO.I.
CALIBRATION OF L0,\1) <.:t:l.l.
\l\1 : I v th.: lu.1J cell by 11>101:
\ I'P ,\RA TUS: Luad cell. Otgttalload and d.:ad weights.
I IIEORY:
lund cell 1> an cle.;trun:c de-. icc (trun\'4!J@) that IS u, .. xJ tu cotwen a tOn:c imn an dcctncal
-"""' TJu,. 1> inJira:t Jlll.l in two Titrough a mechanil:al :mangcment,
rn '<'tt..cU Ucron:l:b H Th:; !=.SU1,;1o: t..Vn\c:tb the dcfortni.ltiOll htrau.,
clcctncal stgnab. -\ lo:ld cell usuully oonstSts of fo'llr stmm gau.,res in a Wbe;ustone bridge
.. mtigurnuon. L<'atl <:ells of one or two strain gauges urc ul&o available. The clectricnl signal
utput is typically in tht order of a fc11 millivolts nod requi res umplificntion by on mstrumentation
mQ!ttier before: 11 cun be used. The nutpur of the tran!Wuctr ts plugged no =!!sorihm tt'
1.. kulcte the t:Jrct :-rheJ h> the trnncdu.:er
Although strnm gauge lo.ld cells ar.: the most common. there lll'C other types ..c!!s
In mdustrinl nppheauons, hydrauhc (or l.)ldrostauc) ts probably the second most comrr.or., and
are utilized to chmtnate some problems wtth strain gauge lotld cell devtc:el; As :lll exampie. a
1-t:rclraulic loacl cell t. to trnnstcnt V'lltlges (l ightning) so might be a more c:T.lCtive devke
n outdoor environmL'IItli.
In -\L TR,.'I:C:OUCER arrangement, fo11r strain gluges are used each mounted at 900 '"
each other. Two str.ltn gau{teS exre;icncc tensile stress -.Me the c.ther two are subjccu:c! to
compr..sshe 'tress Co'llpressive lo1d causes a positive strain & the: tenstle load c3u;es a negative
''min.
PROCEDURE:
Connect d .: mam dl<lrd to the 230 V ISO H7 AC supply
_ C<mn.,c:tthe S<.'ll\<lr l' tl .uckct \"tflll icleJ ''"the lront panel
1 :ch 011 :!:e ln:.ttumcr.l
I l'ut the !H \D l ,I lltt,h in I{E \0 p.<trton S <oet the ZHHJ i"'l t<> fft.l.)() (t.e B.tlanc"
the t3ttdgc)
t.h i lC' ? c. ..... ' I \.. \1.- )n\"
1
In r t\i chl\. :alln=t:.:
1
011 ;x U.: . l v ,, I, tt 001
,1\IS)USI with he help (If CAl pol tO 10.00.
h Agam putth<: READ \1 w.Hch m REAO po,.tlton &: upply 1he load on the sensor
7 1\v" the: mdte.otor $ht;ms the reading in 1 dt;;.t <C\cn segment d"play 11ht.:h" tndtcatcd load.
\pply lo.t<laml nol.: du"n ihc m.hCJJIC<lload.
tomph: I} Vs IICtuallood
:!) ln(lkaled ld \ s Errnr
I

I
SPU .. f Fl( 1/1 ION
LoCl.cl CeU

/
r.

l.at>ul.tr Column
I Sl ' ....
1
I
--
i\Citi<!ll.o;l<l lnllical<>d l1>=11l
Kg 1 RsJ kg (Rml
1

3
I
I
-
4
--,
--
-
-
.
-
[=:
-
8
-

i
r--
10
Calculations:
% , \ctlllll Load - looo X I 0_0
.-\c:tuall.oaa
In
di
l;fl
lc
u
I
oa
J
lood
\\10 I '(oiNt ERI"(i(Oil l<ol 11"<\lIKI
-

I rrl1r J
hwr
Rm- [ RmR_, /i. l\'1 on I

-
'
l
---
'1.\\ll \I\ ... 1
1
\L
l
I ;.. PF.K I M I N r
(' \I IURA TIO' I.IM:.\R \ \RI ,\UI t. I R.\'-SFOR\It.R I L \ DTI
\J\1. I U <.llthrat, hnc.u .,r;.J,I <hll<:r.-ntl.ll lr:ll\ <mcr IR .: lllp.tri">n \\llh sl.lll<l.lltl

HIEOR\:
\ lln: linear '"nahle diJierth I trJn;formtr ( L \ U I ) ""'>l"' I d<-.:lrt<ill tr.othl>nn.;r u -.1 '"'
IIJC .. 1 1.-'- I 't: (''-lf".:t :-1 U 'lh.-1 .,;1 iuL' t tJ .. ,,,t .. U -., \o.tl\1
' I :m>untl n hlhc. rh.: <cr.tr, COli " lh l'f111\oll). IIIII he '"' IIUic:f ""'' .Ire:' tlo. <e<:und In<.-< \
-'
'
,
"
'
'
'
'
" .. h 'kh
1
r (nt H!.Jl<"'J"' t. Jtl Tl-.:d .h-: h t."\.1 pi. 11 ur 1 h" , 1 ur
4

,,!nng lh ' ts ,, f 1 he 1nl>,
\n alt<Tildtori!A <.'UJJ.!;!!I " Jrncn lhruugh the pnmary, Clill.mg a tu b.: tnd.,,J "' 0:.1.:h
!iCCOmhry prUJ"'MIOO:JJ 10 II$ mutu.tl JndU.'ta!lCC With the 1'flffiilry fhl! IS u-uaiJ) I l lho:
r:mgc I t<. I 0
As the .:ore moves. 1hes.: mutual mductnnces change causmg lhc mduo:cd an the
sn:onc!anc w ch3ng!. The . ar o:onn.:ctoo rc h>n tha1 the output \ .. :ta ts
lifli:renc .. (hen .. c the twn secondary v<lltagc,;. When the cur: i sn u
central W'IIIM, hctW<'CT'I the r-.o se.:.. 'ndJnes. be: (\pposit nr" lnUUC'C\1
m r.v11 .:m so the ou1pnt is z..-ro
Wh<.'ll the cror.: 1s dtsploa:J m one: dtl1"CIIO:l, tlc ... m one cuil :u the 1llher
causmg tl,e output uh.tC to mcrc<!l', lnm /en> ln1s \olwgc rs tn
r"'"m!'l"''

\\1tcn thl' core m orher dirt.'Ctln't the'".!.!!''.!'

lrmn 7ero to a but tis phase ts ilJpChllC oo that ot the pnmary. I h.: mu!lJlttu,k
of lhc output 'oltag.: ts proptnnmJlto lhc disun .. c m.cd b)lhc c<>rc (up tu us limu ''' tr.t\ ell.
whi.h "h)' the ,)c\icc h a.' lmear" The pha..<c ol the \oltJ"C tnthcatL"' the Ulf<.'\.110n of
lhe
Be-;au;:e the 5hding core dc>c::. ol.tl tnuh the ins1dc 11f thoe tub.:, 11 can move without fncuon. m.tkmg
the L VOl a h1ghly reLiable d' 1cc. The abscnc.: ol mw or "'rating cunt.tcts alit"'' the
LVDT to be o:umplctely Sa'.'\l agaubtthc: cnvinmmcnt. -
L \'OT' are communi> Ll.ial tir posiuon IC...'tlba'k m ar.t! ,,,r
mr- ..-ur.mc:nt tn m.t.:hinc tools ant! other mJu,tnal urod ,.;imtllic upph.:alllO.

lll.IH.
lU'.! l"""'r uml w ,\( mams 2Jfh<lt50IIJ .tml "' un '"'trumL'fll
.,, .: '"" Rl -\1> l \I at RF.t\1) r '"uun
ll:llll'C Ill\' \\'tlh the /I RO "' that rcao lCfll (00 ()())
cpln.:c the RfAD.l'AL swtu.;h nt C:\l post! ton
.OJU>l tho: .:othhrauun p<.11n1 hy rowung CAL knob S(l shoulo read 10.00 (1.c.
.:.ltbrnlc:d range)
.et.-p the REJ\Q,("-\L switch 3! READ posuion. IO'>trumcnt ready tor ltnear
t>pla.:cmcnt mdJCatavn
1
10
,.
la.:c the tJc.:hann:al at 'LiLL !"'''""" h}mtaungthc mien-meter (at lmm).
tgtt011 m-ltcator '"II read (f)().(JO) Thts ts null bahm:mg .
ute dtlll n the tmlicau:d displacement for vanous posiuon of mecham.:al h'lc.Jr
With the help of mu;romctt..--r lor bulh - q: ,tud .. \-= lliU!;t:
ositinn.
'lot the grnph nf a)mJcromcter rcadtn:; 1ndicutcd rcading
bl
0
o Error Vs Readmg
Ct ,(
CORE
11:-.IEAR VAPJABLE D1FHRENTIAL TRANSFORMES
Column
n.:111 R.
( 11 .r R 1 m mm)
., \("
I
I
...
--1

l)t[lllal R.-a<hn)!
!<A I I VD l m mm\
. .:
T
1 ' o frror
i;m-r f Rs - R' IOh
-- R5
j __

--
l 'I flO!( \lllR\' \1 \NIJM
' l
I
,
,

I
t
,
t
,
t
'

I
L
Spec1meo Calcul'!bons
Mcr'l!T1eter rend1ng (Rs)- LVDT readmg (RA) 0
Error=
X 100
M c o r r . ~ l ~ r readmg 1Rs)
-\ E
....
n
c
\
J)
'
/


'''\II lfi<)K 1 roll' ~ ~ 1 .,, \1
l
EXPERIMl:N I' NuJ
C -\LIBRA T IO'< 1 m RMOCOL PLF..S
\im: To Cthbmtc lhcrmocouples (J/KIT) types hy lligttll tc:rnpcruture indtcatnr
AI'PARA1 US : Thcnno couples(JtKrr). d1gttnl temperature mdicator. thL'rmometcr. wntcr hntlt
witla hc,,lcr.
f'II EOR\ :
\ thermocouple IS un dcc1ncnl nppamtus that can gcncMtc "1.-urrent proporuonaltu the ammu.t .. r
hc!t 11 to. If wo dissimi!ar memb are JOmc<l an cmi cx1st.s 11 nich IS u ol
tempcmture, .. t thts ... us ... J h>lnc:..,ur.: tunpcmu"titc} .tfC '"ilo:d ll.:m<
CllUpJes.
The thermO<.-ouple one of the and con-.monly u.<ed for mc:ru;urin& tt'mper:uure.
The pnnctple of n thermocouple is tiLll tf two are _joined to form a cin:uit w11h
two janct:on' a.1d if the junctions are Ill tw<> dtiTerent tanpcratun:s. small cmfs ore at
the TI1e rc"ultant of tile rwo emrs causes a current to flow i.t the tiTCUII. The'"'' emt 1s a
luncuon of tho: two matenals used to form the ctrcuu and the temperatures of the two JUncuons.
I ru provide-. a reliaole method [or mcasunng
r\n)'two dissimilar metals can be usl'd to lorm n thCT111ocouple. The mntennlq cnn
be of two 1 ypes - Rare metal types using pluunum. rhod1um etc 11nd Base metal EOrrwr
Chromium/ a!umel ore th.:: bJ'c: metal types and p!Jtinurn-Rhodiu1r
wit !-a vunous percentage<; form the rnre-metoltype.
1 he rogmeenng and industry,
a.e a widdy usc:d temperature scnwr and can also be used ,'b a mcam. to
thermal potennal dilfrrence mto electnc potenn..! dtff=nce. Somf "f
usn! ore: J-l ) pc.'- Chrom1un1 - Alumel. K Type Copper-consllnllm and T- Type 1 ungsten
-steel
PROCF: OURE:
mimmum le\'el ofternperarure (to amb1enttmtpcrnture) using !OK smgle rum
putentiometer.
' AllJlht lc1d otu.-mpc:ruturc usin!: !OK SJnglc: tum pOtent tOme! a
t J K T t)'PC to the t!IJ!It:tl <<"T!'J)(:r.llure mdi<.".Jio'.
l11lthc comancr with" atcr ( 2 tures I hc.gh:
-\ H.:M the wnter ut the contatner tu tlw on<l i '" r.:ach
(. Select the J11Vf Thetrnocuuples by swttch
' Ctnn t the J K rr Therrnt>Cuples to the socket pmvidcd at th.: lrtnt par.:l
b. Set the MIN pot to rend the ambtentternp an dt)"{{lay
!1. Dtp theJ1KfTTbenno.:ouples tn tht: hut l>:tth
111 1 '1 Olt,<it LEO tiJ,rlay '"''"< the temperature at the !-tt b.1th dlret".lly 10 t.lq;re.:
<en 11 1-'lillle
II II a.IJusl the \1,\X J">tl"r rnJ.\Imum IC\d ofLL"fllpc.:r.Uurc
1 :'>lt>te do.-n the trJIC<lh.-.1 Jl I'Mt<lU' uner.-al ag.un.'t the
thcmlometcr n:ad1ng
I
t
,
..
.


- I

.,
.,
.,
.,
I Thermometer Read1nq Vs J T ,w re.1d1n<j
2. Tnermometer Reallmg V< K T ypc rtMdltiQ
3. Thermometer Readlng Vs T type readng
'-"II
I \ I U'o.! hlllc:r f'r<l\ tJo.:J lu rr,hXI lhe <lr\Utl rolltllw """ 1..1<11 'uu
' l>n not "Jl<.'fl ti"c <:ar whtl.: ll""cr d1Nd h '"""' ... ''''''' :nfl v ,, ... m.un
... \ljo11 l'httrd ''a 'l Ct,n.:. 'pan c-.lhlt: pnl\hJetl ,:unn\."\:t 11, the n1.111'
I 1t ul.u t lunn
. --
Stan<l.trJ
'' '"

I' c



I
f hm>u(uuvk
l''l:. t.m.:
Rc:hlin!ll m c
K
T
: r,.
lsltn
'
1
nl Ia I
I '
I
r-
-- ----
l-
L
_


-
f.--
1-
r
-
I
I
I [
I
I
-F
I
_
r-
-1-
-
I
I
I
- ..... ---
-L
-_
__ L
men Catculatiol"s:
Tnernc. meter t<i!adng (Ts)'c- Tr.e. mocouple read;ng (Tm'c)
Thermo rt:.1.-lmg ( 1, )
1
X100
EXPERIMENT No.4
PRESSURE TR\NSOlJCER
. \ IM : To l'r.-ssurc transducer with tht help of m,dmmcal pn:!;Surc gauge
.:, P PARATUS: Pr<!Ssure T rnnsducer, Pressure Indicator, Manually operated air pump with
pressure gauges
ri!EORY: -\ Trun-;Juccr is J deYice, which <l ne lurm ur energy into mensurable
iom1. vt hke inductiv.:, capacitive, resistive. seismic, etc are used for the
measurement o: j)hystcal panunctcrs.
Otten prc:;sur.: is measured t.y transferring k:. effect, a ut:rlection, through use of a prcssuriLI!d
ar,-o wtth crther a gravttaJtonal or elastic rcstrnining element. The familiar dead weight tester
used as a source of static pressure for cnlibrotion purpose, but which is a
producmg Jnd pressure-measuring device. When the applied weights and piston area nrt:
km>" '" th . pressur; can be rapiJiy a.lculared.
PROCEDURE:
Cvnneet the mains ..:hart! to the I 50 Hz AC Su;nly.
2. Connect thl' seaso to the senscr socket provided at Uto.. front panel.
Switch ON the: Instrument.
-+. Put the READ I CAL m READ position & Baiance the bridge l>y the
ZERO pot to ('{).00
S. the sw;tch ;o CAL & calibmtion point i.e., 10.00 if not
?djust that to I O.vo wiw the bdp of CAL poL
-
6. r\gutn put tre READ I CAL switch to the READ position, now digital indicator really
f<.'r displo} of pressure
7 ".fplv the pres;ure by a fiooc pump by pumpmg nir often closmg the needle value.
Jot p !!nph wr a) l'ressure vis lndlt:tt<: PrcS"'Jre.
l>J ,. o.cr.or Vs lnd;cu:::cl
\!1.1! I .c "I fil l'< I Ill t 1(1:. ll\'l(iAt ORI


1 r
I
I I
t
-
iJ,e,
*".

'


..
_,


..
J
,

:,
..
,
,
j
..


)
..
,

,
.,
.,
.,

.,
,
..
..
..

l.llul
"
liiiU
I
l
=-1


l
lh.
11.!-'
K;; I
L
an

I

1
l



t
;
7

(
._
I
1 J_
-----
Spc.:ornen Cakulations
. _ A.tual p=>ure -lndocat .. r Pfl:l>'l're ,,
100
ol -
,,
t
" 0
c
A
7
(
'
r
\t!wl pressure
' rw-.
1
pres m
II
J /'I
rl

I
Lrro>t
-l
J I I hll
I
I
l

l
LAfiOR \lORY \1'\S \1
Go. ugc. Kf'Sls l-a.n(t
G o.u..9 t /.... e 1cjlt,
Gc..v.g e. F o. clc>'
5rnm
22
Mo. '>C. E ' ) . ~ t o (t' con Voli.:A.,Jc: I 2 V
Tempe7 <'it.AY! KCA..AJ' !J 1
0
-
, t'
I
n
lo c.

I
..
~
t
~
<:
c
t
\.
c
c
(
<:
~
c
f
"
(

~
(
f
c
(
c
(
(
(
(
(
(
'
'
(
(

I
I
I '
L\1'1-1{1 \II "'l I\ u.S
I'- C.
\I \ 1. lktcrmon.of!nn of tttKiuht- nl cl . ,ltutv ut ,, nnh.l std Sll<!Ct men tr.un gaug'''
\l'r \It \Tl . .. . uJ.-,,r ""''" .. cur s ..... , ,\ <;..t "' u.::"l "' .oppl '" "'
1m ()In:
II b MU .. (1( :ts n."'<l IMC:C' un Jtr,:4r,.'H\.il' ut '-'
th;JI 'llith Jlhl "'ndudo1 l1.UIJ.!\. .111d uho c.:h .. mcc 1o1 ,11 ll 'II\ : t'l
the .,lllciWh1f II '" 'tf.tltll'' T ht< rr:JI."I I'' .lied p1<=.!0 r. "' 1\.: c!!c-.:1 lh<n:t I l'SI '"'"
tr g::u.:.;t."" ...:-.: .ll... krtl'\\ a .1' pac.t rt;:\1
1
... \: gat:1." ,tr' gu.-... h,.
I' C".l\tlll:!l1'-il1 ''' ,Jr.un ar ! ... '1atl.'l! .tt\: n nJI':nmo:ntal we.;: 111 "' oth.:r
' I ' ' ! I . '''"''""'" I """' J tl\lt I Ul\.' I I t;.,. III-I II"' .. , I '""'"I""-'"
U"
,,,
tl,\\' mete:: t:mphy .,.lr:un s.tUg4.'s L' tt
" h411'l' \ t ..: ' t .. un '" "' the ut,..._ -..1_. b..: ., ,l} ..
t\lt 1 r II rt l< .xted h lcr.
p It\ U.:. lnngJtUh \\11i t.:h .. \\ht 11 ,uJ j\.: 1. tJl I lhc
. St' \\hcn 11 is <1 posrtt\e s.rarn. tis lcnl.!th tn<.rcuscs .\l1
1
c '''
uen of ern<<; de.:reJse<:. r nr u runduelor IS d11ectly pwp< 11 orul l" ih
kngth and ;-wpor:11nal l tl> .U"c. "' <c'Cllon. th.: rc::;iscan<:e of the o: rncre3.''-'
with Jl<l:>i:vc Stram
Ui)!ll'l strarn &mlu::uor IS a :Impact and r'lrt-!,1,1..- ro:uJottl in,lrumc'l't Jc-s1gnod I r it.thle .ono.!
dyrwmc ,(f3tn ... ,.,,uremcr.: by m.:oi1\S ofstr.un 120. Jf.O, or ol.ms Oi 'alur fl\ m ;o tu
II ()I} ohm; (lr t:..c'<l only :r. 1 ;urn., Rc'"' rl;) 1,.: o'":lriY ,1 tor noC:lSUr.:mcrt rt.o;
111SliWTI-.11t pm\IJo:s highly a'.:urJ:c :md rd1.1hk \.Uue ot stltc smun drrc-.:11> 0:1 meter, un.llrettcl
hy any charge 11. 'rply . Ott.tgc
PROCEDURE
t unr..:L'I th._. beam rn tht str.un lllh.::ttnr -1 core ahlc ( '' r.c rolour I\ I
th, tennln3IIJ
Plug the matns co chc '30V 1 SOIIl ,\C ll'ams
' Swuch '01\' anstrumcm
-1. llnn -1 tir -1-"rm. ,.1m1:! h>r 1 :um.ann I h.r 1-arm.
' Fl):-oCTIO'\ s" nch 1<..1 READ po.>slllln. AdJU't ZERO J'Vt.:tllr<mct<:r ..,trlthc
d"rlay read, 1!.1'0.
f>. rum FU\CTION swll.:h CAL Adjl.*l ( AL potenltomctcr unultho: &11\fllav
rc.,,ls ltlOO;.. 10. tt'nut adjust CAL po.t<nltomdc:r till dbplay-rcad' 11100 micr< .;mun,,
7 r urn the Fl \1 Tf(J"i ;;wudo h> G.F l"'"tron. AJJUI G F p.J!etllromcto:r 10 rend "UO :\ 10
9 on the: d1 fllJ] RF..-\[) pi>Sltton. AdJU t 7ERO
g, 1 urn theFt," rtON "' 11d1 tl) REAL> p<n111n, (cn,urc 0.00)
CJ ,\pplythc ln.IL
1
n tcnm. uiiOO gm.201lgm etc
In. Uosplay dm-.:tly shows the mtcrr> $tntu< ( \luluplrcd hy 10) lor the cl'rrd;ponJml: lonJ.
\ll<tK\' t, i \I\' \I

\\ l"ll11! 'iUJrtcr hrugc the ll!mpcratur.: (ltcc:.' may appear sin.:c thcrc 1s "'' c:xt.mal
.nml' strum an<l hence the 'l;!blllly of the rc:ading dcpc:nd!> on thc strom
gaugc
2. S" 1tt:h on the 1""''-T ah<T connL-ctmg the cable and "'ltrh nff the p.mer after
rcrnovmg the sensor cable 111 avoid damage 10 the bnd11e.
3 \\h1l, cahhr.lliu!! negall\c \3luc is on the mditator ched. th.: connccttons
Tahular Column:
-r;-,ad i Strain g3u_gc I -lndtcated T --J---;;;ctulil Young's
Modulus
11pl)hcd m in.t1cator I stram- c. ,J bcmJmg I

Ne" tl>n, :-.; K:acHng t:.
1 .:;-;;..;., I
trrucro.>strams)

N / m'- t N / rn"
-+-----J----!.'X_!ll_ -1-----t----t---__;1-----l
' I
I
---
1 3

I
r

C=-

sp.-... uncn Cnkulal!or" ( -1 ann lmJsrl
J ,,r H l t\0. t ...
'\ot .. u .,
1: "110 <l"''!!" lnthcatnr Rc:.tdmg m J (4 hn<lgc)l-1
o, Bcndmg m .V rm
W applied ltad. :-=C\\11'0 s
I. Length ullh.: hcam (Oci\\CL'Il support t.. Loml) 2.91nnm
t nnd.nt-..s nll3cam 1mm _
n \\ilitn oft he bc.un
E }UUngs mudulus ot matmJI I o'n N lm:
\\!('I "' ol '-'I I IJIII (ol H '"' \lORI
l'l
IABORA HlRY
'
I

I


.

.

:



I
:1
:I

j'
,
..:1
,
..

:J
J


'
I
..,
..,
,
.,
..
.,
;)
w
\I l..:akflltj,! 1 111,
()i,t.IOd." Ill ;)\IS. lt1
mo IHCOI ul ln.:flla
:'<.1 \\ I
"''
\ l 2111
.. ,
-
\\lt. I )..C,t'OI I Rl""oii!U Fill li,\'<1 \I<KI

Input

l-AR\1
EXPEfUMENT No.6
CAL.I BRA TION OF i\11CR0:\1ETER
Ali\ I: : ,, cult bruLe g1\ t:n u.u1g >ltp gauge
A TUS: Micromett:r (0-25rnm}, Slip gauge set, cleamng agent. and soft doth.
T!IEOR\'
A micrometer, ulso known as a rntcrometer screw galq!e. IS a wtdcly usell dcvtcc 111
engineering for precisely measuring thickness of hlocks. outer and mncr diameters of shufts and
-'f10:-l1\lS .

1\Ucron (symbol flOI ) is one millionth of a metre. or cquivakntly c,r.c thousandth of u millimetre.
It is also commonly known as a micron, It can be written in notation as l><l0-6m,
r.1eamng Il l 000 m
The accuracy of a micromcter derives from the accuracy of the thread form of the screw .The
2.mount of rotation of an ocCUP'tely made screw can be directly l:lld precisely correlated too certam
amount of a:<1al movement (and vice vas:.), through tbe coostant known as the screw's lead .A
screw's lead is the dist::.,ce it movrs forward axi111ly with one cotnplcte tu.ot 1.'/ilh ar
oppropnote lead and major diameter uf the u giwn amount c,f movemeut wtll be
amplified in the resulting circumferential
t;u!Jgc
Guuge block (nlso known as a gage bloc!;, Johansson gauge, slip gauge, or J., block) r.:: a
pn'CisiC:"'I ground and ll'l'lgth mea.'Wing stnndard. It is used as a reference for tht. setting of
measuring equipment used in machine shops, such as s:ne bars. and dial indicators
(when used tn an inspection role}.
Wringing ts ihe process of sliding two blocks together so that their faces ltghlly bond. When
combined with a very tight fi!:n of oil,lhis action excludes any air frL'm the gap between the two
hlock5 The alignment of th<> ultra-smootiJ surfaces m this nunner perrmts molecular aw,tCil0/1 to
(lCCur the hl<'<.ks, J.OO fom.s 3 VCI) strong bond !>.;tween tl .. : blncks along "'ith uo
,l:.>ccmtHc !I) h. stack'> overall t::men. .. i.ns.
Stnce are most wtddy used for jJrCctston measunn iostrumcnt> m the overnge
worl..,hnp. their at!r>-.:mcnt 1U1d are almost imP<manco:. t\ c"nto'I'I(>O fault m
tS Zero r:rmr. t.e. n reailing todicated who:n thl.'re nco gap anvil and spmok
Even allowmg for 2-ero error .if a number of accurate Shp gauges ts mt.-asure<l with ull due
prc.:autnns >ltght discrepao'tes hetwecn the g .. p wtllth and cllrrcsponding micmmctcr
reading .trr: often Shnuld lhis be Juc tu slnd.n.:ss and end float of tho: spmllle screw. 11
can be custly reclllied by lightening lhc taper out on the outstdc the pamally sinned hubnut
\\ hic;h then contiOCIS to fit the mtcromcter screw more closely. Zero error rcmammg after tilts
adjustment will he due to wear of the measuring fuces. can corrcc;tctl by rotation of the thimble
L -.;(;!Ni l RIM; lOUTtof IIAI\'<.AlORf
I \
II
I
i-
J

-
J

.,

.,


...
:I
..,
.,

.,
.,
:>
;;)
r
I\,:} lH\.I_w lh'- 'JHih&l ,, .. I h.: li ,J-Ut\. h.
II i., 11<1 slad.n ...... s ollltl llo.tt I the <pmolk "'-''I:W. then pnch crrh "' I,."I:CCillfl II\ ,,, I IC
1lumblc alA:ounl hr \Hunt! h.:.tthng,." .md t. 'uh1t:dt..:U h ph 1 .... "1\ C .lml
1>cnowc CI'Tl'rs.

If th.; prh.:h ul thc lhrc.l 1< lull!;<"f ur lhan '" twrnm,ll l,tlu..: "ch uwrs "" ulk<l
pmyresswc e1 mr. l'h" type ol .,-nrs ut:c"lll'll "hcu
I. Tool-\\crl. '""','Y raun" tn..,O!TlXI
' Due tu <'fTM on 1h.: ptt.:h c 1 th.:l ;ld c \
l, Otk: Ill lauh m th.: s;llldl,
4 Ill u.'.: ,,f !!r 1 b<.'l ' ":d. ::l htill

U lh ... - 1\\Ur ft..\!Ui..._l: lt.,;\"1) Ullo!lU(\!lUitll\.11
I hrcatl. Em" l th1s .trc :nnt fn:tncnlh 1u :c:ll hy l.1d: e>l '111 1
1:1 k.od lJ';t.'\111 pr J .( t <: lhrr::sd I !he pllcb I I h.: >Cf "' o.:m.! c
l.:.11l SCT<:I' tht< 1.1uh \\til cau_<c: a pn t!lc mu
.,,
l:i ' t
;U I
\s .1 mh.Jom<tcr \\t:ar.; 1!\cnly 111 pllch error d.:"'dop c: .:n ual > nl)
nhllw a thml oftl11: lm_,;lh <"l;;ab'S \\;th the babnu: at :my ltmc the rc:ouhlll' .. 'T" ros o 1he
rc..dmg ..re dllicult "' pretlh.t. T'lc <"Om:dlon reqwrcd tor !.! " II h.:
progressiVe errors llr the
PROCEOIJRf
Check the ll1t ..>mc:er l r m<->th runmng uf spmdlc thrc11.:gluJut "' kl' th. 1l r.=,,,,:L)',
'ldiu.st the ur.11r.gc-nent!o LO)' ood,Ju.,h
l.. Cle:a'lthc m .. -rtm:cll:r carciulh.
3. l-lotc tlowr. d.c: imual ermr tn the mt,romt:la. tloll> ;s dtoc b: u.ko:; he: ro:aJ.ng wuh
mu:romclcr anvtl and >pt01
1
lc 10 contact.
4. For p .. ,g.csSI\C: crrn1 uke a reading of mu:romctcr l'y placmg sl1p g;tuses !5-25mm m
>h!i!> d ''I '><'!"CCII >pmdJc ldC<:.> vf ntl.:fOiliCI<!f ,lfld tahUI>it< 10 IJ11 t,o0Ul3t ,.,Jumn.
5. The rL-admg for o.:n.>thc em.tr tokM .ot 1\\0 (l<lSt tions of tbc spmtlk nne nc.or ca.:b c:nd tlf
ts tm\d. Th's i d<ne by plllctng shp 2.! - 2.9 step 01 0 In:- mtl 'onm
m uf 0. I mtn tn h.:tWL'Cil 'ptndlc and il of ntt<ri)IH<.:h.:t
6. Plot the graph 1)1 u) t'm!!ress11.: crr"r Vs :"llwnloal >IZ<! ,,f gauges '" ... '1
b) Pcnodtc em)r \'s :'llumlllal 'w: ct shp u;..:<l
,r
!\1lcrnmc1cr rcadmg T R MSR+ (CSR \ LC.)
Frror= readmg slip gauge: sue
.NO.I SLIP u .\LuE SIZE
;..------'-' m mm l
; I
-r--- -------i-f-_-_ -_-_-_---=-------.-'--
I RF\DING
, T mm)
Progressi\'C Frrur

Pt>riodic error
r
SUI' ui\UGE SIZC MJCROMETER READING Penoa1c E"Tor
(In mm) TR(in mm)
_,
t
t- - -
--
-
r
....
-
1-
+J=------
l';o,l'I;H P. I' I{t tlllfil IH"<l\l rtRl

'
11
'

I
'
)
)
)

I
)
)
)
I
r\l'l-.11 1\11 '' '\o 7
Ill EOR\': 11.-d 1 h>r lll<'.I'U""l: ;m,J l'CIImg "u: ,q 1r.1 'cs il"" 1 ' I 1
.. r.l\.\

-.h l.f"'Jhc.r'1 f r
1
.h.lll' r<"1Ulrc11 """'" .ul1l I "' m<l":'ttllkulh ld '" .In> lbmc'l.! length. I II hi. I< II' he
1 .. ":-. .. -J 10 ill1\ 4 :1'11 fT
He'\ d f>rt>tr '""' ,. I 2
! :\tcch.uuc Ll<'h II t '' ,,. t I
2. Opti\...<,; tk.c , r h. I r
Bod}: It IS <UC il; lhll I' ,, llat and thtTC: arc: nn rroJCCilons 1-cvunJ b.1ck
so that wh.:n ihc btv
1
Protral'IM 1s plaeu on tts back on the surtnc.: plrue there shall be no
percq-11blc roxk Th< : ttl' eo<< r w <."<111<: >I the stod and he
1
i; to: .t I I
I he squarme,. <>I hl.s.Jc wnn to the hiCk "hen blade 1> sa hl W
';tx:K: cJg: o:'thc Mod. rs obout '10 rnm tn k'11glh o.nd 7mm <hick. It h , .. "'''""'
Iilli lh.: c:dg<' ol tho: 'it:x:lc b pcrk-.;tly srd>gill a...d tl ru a.'l dq.,nu.: is th<.-r:: 11 'ihouhl b.: in
'he fonn ot ond ::>I the onlcr ofiJ ()(I 1 mm rnau'Ttun . .,ft!1C \\hnlc ;pan.
! .-- h.: :-:o' ! nlnr.g he lllrro:l 'hrough<>UI tis I1ZIIl .:an .Jso be r,.., r:.o:-J. l: :. 11
1
..
I or 3\/00 mm long. 13 mm 1nde ! mm J.nd cncJs bevel<..! at illl:;lco. ul 45" nnd c.o
wuhan the .-o:uraC) I 5 min. Its wurktn'l Cd!;!c 'hnuld he stmtght up to 1/.!P mm .tn<l p.tr.lltd urI<>
II_(J_\ mm m."unum ,,f I he 11 ho>lc >pan.
PROCEOllRE: The Sl<.k and blad<: arc...:: to n::t<llcm. n,c blllde IS JlljUStt;U M "-' t.> hring th.:
blade. tlnd 'wd, itorn I h.: ar.gular pontl'n on the 'JlCCtmen The rcailing.o; an: taken Jnd the
:uc Jor..: h) obiJ.in the final rc.ultnt- Th<: :mgk"S ui \ilrt'U.' ....-.:.:imcn If<' "''<';lS<lf<'d tr
.1 s1m11ar ''
1\11.. 1'1 1'\ll?.l'\<o l !IIJfOt 11\'\G\tC>RI
.
. .
WI)IIXI/IIG
l06l
Be,-el Protractor
Observation and Tabular column
1MSD=l
0
No. 12
Lt'llst C'ounr u- I :-.1SD,No. ofVSD 5'
Sl.No. M.S.R rn V.S.Rln
dC!;,'I'\.'e.' mrnutl:!>
-
-
I I
--
I
-
-
1-
'
I
i
---=-I
-
t
I
--
l
I
\\W t. Mol "'l l 'Idol <>ltl(it 11 \ "ri\l llllt
f R=MSR+tVSR)Lr
Extcnor ruog:e
-
-
----
--
--
'


lncrior angle:
180 angle
--
I
- -
I
I
I
--
----
t 1
\ 1.1.\1 LAIIIIR \II >llY M . .. Nfl \I
1'\I'I"IU'll 'I 'O. S( \ 1
\lt;\SlJREMENT UFT;\I'ER l))\JN(; ll \R
\ l ;\1: Mca.-atrcment ul" angle nltapcl'\.'ll 'J"..:tDll!n -slnc llnr"
,\1' 1' \Rr\ rt "= :O.wc Sli(l gauge. !'>r<cJ mcn
1 111-.0it\ : '"-;....: . tn! Ut;t.:IJ lO 'r ..tn' \\orl 11 .:,J\."Tl
\\tlh ''-"! II II!><"' >Ill<' rnll<:tf'k' \\her..: rlln> t>llhe lcnglh ul l\\01 siJ,_,, I Ill\'
a .:a1g!..: i" lak\."n iu :& =.!n .. :n 1 .,, ... "ith \\hkh '"'"'-' Jll lll'- q I \.:.HI
t put tc Ill nn me lnnn \II Itt ll .... .Jf .:nL I '\II1C' r r IH II I l ..

I
0
t lt'
1
'1 : rr.-.: '" !1: ;'l'-ll"''!'t''" '""tho Itt I!' ' :,.j,,,,1 1!, ol t'' .,,f,, ''"I,Jfo
1
\\llfl ftp
.... r.. o .. r
"" t>ar.; ..:r mad" trlln L.l'bon. htt:hchJ"omium. 3nd cnrnsion resistruu <tccb "Inch .:0111 h:
hunlcncJ. auJ ,tat>ilt/cJ. T"o uf C'!liLl Jiamcltr ..u:c nllatho:J n1c
a;>;es ul these IWP C)lioders arc parallel til c:ach other nnd also parallel to anJ at .:qual
.l.stnn.c from th.: uppr SLrfa.:..: uf Ute bar. TI1.: dislllnc..: the U.\CS of tho! two c'
wilt te 100 "'lC .;nd 300 mr.1 in metric sysreTII. O.:pending on the accuracy oft.ll.: centre distano:o!.
>ine ba-s arc gnded ,, grudr ('lccurnte up to 0.01 mm!'TI nrJenr;th) and B grade fnccuratc upto
O.u2 m.n/ml
End l.cc
00
Simplt form of bar
Principle of "iDe bar
The sine tw i, d<"iign.:d fur the pr.-.:isc selling <lUlllf ungks u,n! ;, g.ncrilll> us"J in
'<IOjun.:tinn "ith <lip gauges :mel The of ,,p.:r;tion of the sino: t>ar rcli<!'
1he appfi..:11ion ol trigonom<'try.
In the: right anyled triangle ABC as shown in the t'tgure. mtio of the length Bt Ill thnt e>f
potenuse AR tSleferreJ to a the sine-of;uc ;,ngle 9.
Bt..
-IU3
n.ctnil u! a Sine 8 .11
I TI1c J<cs nlthc rulkrs must he pnrollcl ,,/ utlu:r and !he centre tli,tnncc L musf he
pr.:<.
:!. rn.: top nl 11\c bu be llal antl pamllcl tu a plnnc the of 1hc

' Tho: nlthc ""' rolleTS hc parnllcl 10 other
4. The rollers be of identical diwnch.:rs and round fo wuhm a ciose tolerance
!.nO\\ II angles or locadng :my nor k too f!iven angle.
ror 1h1s purrx>sc 1h: olntc 1s t" be a pcrli,..tly llu1 >UI fncc, so that 11"
'urt:1cc could he treated as horizon1al One roller of the sme bnr 1s placed on the pl:lte und
the o1her roller " pl,1ccd on the sl1p gauges of nc1ght tl Let !he sine bar be set nt an oogk B "llh
the help of ,Jtp gauge and clwnped to an angle plate a:. 'hu" n m the figure. A thai mdi.:ntor 1s
:11 one end of the work and mo\ed to t he Of her end and the de\1a1ton IS noted.
A gum lip arc so adjusted (nccord,ng to this dCVlnfOn) such that dial mdicntor reads uro ns
11 11Wvcs from unc to the other end ufthe W<lrk piece.
II dcviafi<n nnt .. '<.l do"n by the dial whcator O\e< a leng-h L of work. thco he1ght llf shr
!faugcs b:. 11 'hould be adjusted is .:qualt<' ..\H '(UL')
Slip -
or sin bar to Measure unknown Angles
Limitation or bars
I The accur. :y Clf bars i:- limited by the measuranent of cenrre diStance of two prtt1s n
ll u ..
' tl c ge.tn< neal cr.ndltion mvnhcd 111 mQsunng tile cff.xtt<c " '"lr" Jist:mu: bL"I\\c<-n
"I :-e ba; Ill ti"u<hun ut IS .m ..... pr .. hh:t.l
\ I illllflltlon Jilt he usc of smc '>ar as a pnma')' smnclnrd ot an&lc
. t.tng >me ;11 Ul<.ofl<: n: '.udy reliable at ;mgle> less II. an : out b.:corr .
1mpr.ll.t11:al an.J as the angle
The .. me har< mht:n:ntly become rnprnciJ<."UI ond mact:ur.ue lL\ tho: angle exu'als 4:!
0
oa:au>c <I
lulll'wing rea.<Ons:
The ' inc h.tt 1< phy,ll:alty clumsy to huM 111
The h<'d) 111 till 'me harohstruch the gmgc block $lack, even 11 rel1cved .
Sllj,lll t:rwrs nl the smc bar eau;c large ungulur error.; .
L1>ng. gauge are 1\01 nearly as a.s sOOr1"'r gause bla<:ks.
'1"-cM I "HOKA lORY \I,O.NI JAI
I
I
'I
"
'
)
$
,
'
'
)
' ,
;)
)
J
)
)
)
'
:>
)

I'WlC I Ill IU
I Th.: thetrcllc.ll angle ol the we'd);<: shaped w11rk jllc.:c mc-.Ntn.:tl u'ltl!! the he< .:1
prutr..lctur.
The""" har placo.:d on surf:u:.: plate wst.m.:c hd\\cr, the'""'" center. (l) ''
ml"nS\ItL'tf
1 he pt<-u: "hll'<: 1.1pcr L' tu 1..: j, ..t.r llj\cd the l'PI'<'l' u f tl" 'II"'
bar that the cnl m! length o1 th.: tnpcr ts liC<XSSihl.: 111 th.: tlal $-lUge
file '''f' ar., ..mtnJ!CO bdNv llnc ,,j the tll cr ,ucJtlll.tttlw l.Jik:ro:d 'ur1.1cc" p.intllcl
h oh.: surtac.: pl.ttc.
l11c j':lr.tlldL;m h cbt'\:kcd bv 111111 'ng the 1h.tl "JU!-,t: "' <r tho.: 1 pt'l'c'l Mtfl "c
th.tl II 'h"'' t ... ll
I he '"Ill.: sl tp g;tuges IS .tJJU!>l.:<l toll tht.c , mlhc dt.ll c tugc .u11l
.IClll.iJ tln!:: ._. 1.; 1. IUII.lh' Ill&.: UU 1'\U' 1 It .. h \ :
I '' <lt$t.mcc 1-.:twe:n thc co!ltlcn; nf rollt'l'
i.1n and T .thulnr C.lumn
L Otstanct! bet..,ecn :he two rollers of the Sine bn.
h Height or tae slip gauge
r' ;-f'' .. _ -'li-:, Errll_'
1 '<lol '-T CRI'-\1 l Oil CuE R.\M,,\1 ORf
EXPEIUi\1 1\ I '\0. H(U)
'
\im 't, tlrl"''"! nt nt 1nvlc u.mp -<;ine rl."111rl
. \Pr A R.\ TlJS: Sm.: Ccmrc. Oial lmhcat,lr. Shp gauge.:, Sfl'.ocHncn
I ll EO In':
Sme cem"r' are used for mounung conical work wh1ch cnnnm b.: held on a conventional
-me h3r Smc.: centre: coru.1sts uf a sme bar. hlll!!<.-d J: one mlk-r and mounted on ns
'"'" dJtum 5urlacc_ The top surfa.;c of the b;u ts pru,Hk-d \\llh a pan ol clamr, and centre' lor
hnldmg the \Wrk Tn measure wnu cone angle (cl) mtllull) the 'nlall .'11<.1 dt3mclcr (II). lurgc em!
deameter (()) and the axial kngth (I) of the comcnl work pccc urc mc;tsurl!lt useng \Cmrc cul t
P1c11 '"I"' :nn: .mglo .,.. usinc the fonnula
,fn-d]
u=tan - -
L 21
Th..: C<'lnical w urkpicce is mounted between the centers of the smc cenrrc. Then to make the top
sut .. .;c O...n;:ont,l, the sme to be titled through an angle o by building the
gauge of hclgl.t '11'. hctght 'H' can be found by the followmg Slr.e
L 1' the destance between the sine centre rollers
I' -1 ,an fl
Fiuatly, the plunger of the dial gauge es movl.'d along the top c1mical surface. If any Jeviation is
md1cztcd the dial gauge. then gauge hc1ght can be 3dJUSi"'i 111 get dev1aunn.
Then the sem1 cone angk of thc won. p1ece can be tound by using the lot nula
I
-[ /1] ,, I MD T
I' IHtRt.
The. thtc 11 c.:lic..! ""ul: -t .:r r

[
D-dl
0 - u=tan ' 2f
, I he '"'f" I> Ill .. lhcstnc
3. l he ,me centre placc:ll un the: plah: and the Ul\l.UICe between the rullcr ccnlr.'S II I
I> .
.t 1 he '"P gauges are bellow um: of the that the: tapm'd 1s
parallel t the surface plate.
\\I< I ,,,,.,f I Rl"fi CCilt Hoi II'''' \I OKI
I
I
I

'

'
;

'
.,
'
'
'
'
'
)
'
)
.)


)
)
)
)
,
)
)
)
)
<
I h< 1 tlklt h h, ", ,
lhdl II hl\\ > llUiltl<il<'\..11111
0 \Ill Ill Ll
Ohtrn:auon :md C:alculatiun<:
I ,.,, llhc .Ji>l !:Jill"'<
ll 'I W'o- tfh I llu r l l'"
u -\Jmor I o;pccnn n
I - cngth lth !'<'-' 111cn
H u p g..
I. - l jl1h ' me h.lr 2JO mm
(C"crucr roller l
1 1.: ' l
1 h<"'tcllcal semi tapo"ed angle= 0 a = un
1
[ D f] '"'
\\ l1crc tl ="-'lilt UpeT In uegrc"-'
ll ar.glt 111 lh<- spccur.zn
<;rntrr


._, ' 'I I "rl h;t. 1
'
Slip gu.age stack
\IE \Sll m GtJ\R TOOT II TIIICKNF-<;S US INC VENI RF C:\ LI PER
\ im: ut Gear th1dne.. usmg c:ntrt cahpcT
t l :S: Gear Tooth venin: cahpcr and specimen 111n gears cut.
T HEORY:
The IOilth is genc.1111ly ntcnsuro!d nt pilch irdc thcre!orc the pnch I me thick 'less of
,.,,,th. It ma> be mcnuonL'd us the thickness of tooth. th1ckness IS defined os 1be length of
"thtlicult to me:c-.ure thr:-.'11)' m most .1f the cases. It is to measure the
.:hnLI th1d.nc,.-; 1.c. the chord JOIOIRg the mtme..:uon of the tooth profile "ith the pitch circle.
\l,n ,i,!t-n .... h . ," .......... .-h ... - .. , ..... .............. ' - ... . wl

. H ul
11 , . .,. .\.-.. . :u ... ._,, __ w..,,.,.. -. ....... , oVvO.oo u\ :"'U.d.. . "Vt QC..II
,m1!1 pll<.:h The t .dmess mca.urcment is the most 1mpo11nm tTtc:a:;urcment because most of the
gears mauufacturcd may not undergo checkmg ot al l other pal'lll'lleter;, but the thick.lless
IS must tor nil
The tooth th1ckness can he very convcrucntly measurPd by tooth \entre cahper. It is used to
m.:a.sun. th< ol gt.lf tooth o:t pitch Ltne or of tc.:th anti tho: dtstanec:
from the top of toot!lto the chord. The to.llh thicknes.< caliper consiru ot two gutde rails provtded
.-ith scnlc: dl\15ions Each of the gu1de r.siis .v:.ic!l .u .. arr..n::eo d< tight a'lgic tu ea<.:h ot.itcr .:ames
a hdc. 1 h.: ven1cal slide is sd by line dnve tc ll:c addendum which equals the module (m) for
flonnnl teeth. The honzomal used for the chordal th1ck.ness caliper. The
mf'asnn-d value is read frllm & scnlc and a l/50 J!lJ1'I vtnire. The effect 7.ero error be taicen
into cnnsid1.111L;on
h: fi:.,ure 11 rna)' n<>tC\1 thtJ W 1s chord AD9. troll> th.ckness is 5pCCtlil'd 'IS an an.
\EB. nls> d"tance d alljust<.'\1 on tllSIJ'Wnent is slightly .r-;.tc:r than the addendwn CE.
W = chord lhtck.ness
d chorJoltht<.kness
,
!"-' .,_
/9\ J
... t.. 1111
- . .,.
\U.\tl \IIOR\ Tf>RY \I \Nll \I
.
'
-'
-
J
.
j
.
.,
3
(a)
(b)
:-JE.\R TOOTII VF,RNIER '::.-\ LUPER
PkOCEDl. PF.:
I Ck.:n th<.:.p<.-.:tmn and :!Y\tn \Ciltrr C1hoer
('ned: tile '<Tl> l'rrOT uf the ;;lid huiC 1;11: rounl nf \ c:min
3. II <!the gear m one hand,lh.:n adjust the het.:nt otthc \cntcal vemu:n,, dept
( I cakulatc:d ch1rdal uepth)
-1. the horimntal \enttcr su.:h thattt at.:amstl<lolh ar.d nutc the rcadmg It giVL>s
dtrcu:;. the
!>. ( "mpnrc \\lth the -:tluc: uf ebord.tl depth 111d .:hurJalt!n,knc:..,.
b. Strnila.rly adjust honzontal HTiltcr 10 theorcu.;.tl ch,rdalthicknes' uml h<>ld the ttl tinJ he
.:htrdal d<-pth tnm the: \ertt<al \ernter.
R.-<uh : chmallt'Oth thicknc s cornparv'd '' llh the e'p..-ntncntal g.:-ur tooth

2 Thew.:ti.:al ;lCtr deptl; is oornparc,l .. , tth tl .: gc.H chM:ll depth
\ll!IR.\IOR\ M \' \I
'

I
r
OhwP lions .I. calcul.uoun,;
l.cast nl gc:or tn1th \' mil:r C'alip;:r 0.02 mm
f'..< nl teeth lor;-.;
Out din of spur gear 0.0- D .. ;---
1 chordJI D l\m'2 [ 2/N- cos (90 :-.:1 I
w Nm sin(901N)
' <;! No
--
TEXPERIMENTAI-TiiEORETICAL I EXPERIME1,1TAL
THEORETIC' AI.
DE.'>'fH (in mm) DEI'm (in mm) WIDTH (in nun) WIDTH jin mm, _
'
\\h 1 ,(,[ IIU'I.C Cll! II ol II \NGAL<lRf

'
t
I
I
I
I "''"
U\'H\101\IF:' H R
\I \1: I " mc:t.uro; I he lUI !In::; IMCC< tlunng IU1'1Hng hy us: ng Lllhc I nul lynanH>mckr
Ill!> OR\ :
1 .-I he J, -' tl l DJ ts 1hc ,h.'"\ KC u.'"'d In th\." t..UUI111! tt tlUI 1 l\. x
1
I \l.&dl!ntO!!f H\ the luthc In a(\\,) tlu , .. ,lrthugooal ... \\C h.a\4... 1\\tl \.Uti
u, I ill&gCilliill ,,, \,; IIOilg 1\f.ILC t II
}l) \ .,;lt;lll lL't..:d lllf..,;l.! f
In llthn:c u.mctbh'l IUMtns pn''-"'' \\\!' m.: l.fll,;::l hu:.: .nmp .. ncnts uf cutlr'IJ; It .........
ol) 1.Ul<'fll .>1 f II\"'' mall tuttrng lon:cs ....
b) \cructlur la-d terce f,
.;) RaJtal for<-.: Fa
f:lcctrc-mo;,; d;"WI!"l1'<t<T 11\Ql!'p<>rJICS the facilit) tu m.:a:.un: SJmulwte.lu>l> tbt ... ..,
I he strnm arc cmployc-d m such a \\a) thai the tndependent bridge sen. <"S eadt !vr.:e
't:parately '"thoul any mtt:Ji&.;c by any mcmb:r ol the Structure or by otho.T bridgQi
rnn h:" so :hut 11 c:Ho 0. don.'Ciiy fixed on to thr: I<!( I oo' .J.ll" !:.the:
tnuch:n.: tile J.ule pro\l<lecl on cynan.onwtcr. been pro\ idcJ wnh out 1:ut so.:l:ct> hr
olthe 3 Ioree 10 IIUtulllll! pt!rpcndtnlm Ju:cwn,, c. hor.zontal/vcrttUII th ust
PRuCEDURE:
liD '" on the bthc bed such that the h'Olllp ctti.:ddc:s ""'' tnc ol c:ntT<' I
wor:. piC ,;e
2. lnsen the cab!.: I< the 230\' mam suooly.
3. Connl 1 on\! t"ld ,u l.,e m\.!1' :o ... -:<..,jug :.l., "', ... sOt..k"'t:) v: l,l on uac
hack panel and the otht'l' 1nd to (tool dynamometer)
4. Switch ON the tnstrutnc:m by pla .. mg power oi.:
1
t 01\
5. So:tthe IU:AD C \L nt RC\0 P<htllun.
f. AJ)ll.51thc /fRO pOientiometcr that the <hS
1
)l3y ZERO in .tllthc Jispl.1:
7. Tum the RES \0 CAl swllcb I<> CAL
S. :he C \L potentiometer unlll the dl'play reads the range of li,rcc (5001 Th:'
"" 10 be .;on.; .. ror all .i.;.-llciltt 1<-n:es.
<l. Tur bad. the READ CAL S\\lln to RE.\0 po!\ttion XYZ ,1\1,, :-l<w the m'trum.:t:t ''
cahbmtcd to read Ioree valut.'S upt<> cahhmted capacty or the O! namomctc'T m
rc,pc<:IIVc a.u;
10. The,, .,, ].. pi"c tsmachmed Gt dtllcr.nt sp.:i!ds k;:;.:pmg feed nml depth <lfcut
II. The values \If FH.F,.FR arc noted tlmvn.
12. Th.:s.: re.odtn!'' 31'.: noted do"n lor dotl'<-r-nt atl'<lru.tant r.,.,J :mtl constant
depth CUL
The are plont!d ti-r '


I
}
.11 Culltllg >111.'1.'11 \, T'll
b) Cuu .ng speed Vs Iced fore!: FV
c) sp..'Cd \'s Rathal iiJrcc T'R
Result: lnlCflJf\.'l.alh1n ul L"UlliOg V:, tore.: sp (<d
Observation and Tabular :
Cutting n D N /(1000 x 60) in m/s
Where D= Diameter of work piece in mm
N= Spl-.:c.l in !1Jtn.
reed and Depth constant
Sl NO Spe.:d N Cutting
-
__ mls]
\\tl I '1111Nt t KIN!, l 01 11 (if li ... N(jA1 IIKf
f-lJJ)
I

I
II
'
::JjJt' ,,,,,,
' r o
Fou t
ThY(.,( s l- ontl
I o-,1 u tt

06
/C' f( tt
2oo ks
/f,., s/
lok1m
r; ,, '''J
t<. < 5 .S (t(l1(. 3c"o ..It-
l!md9'
Vc;/ t
I 7
"
h"PO-\

'\T '\0.11
DRILL TOOL IH '\ \!\10'\I ETER
A IJ\ 1 Tn mc;huJc the and vcmlalthru't uunngthc unlhng pro.:c".
APPARAT US: Dri ll Tool Dynamometer setup m the Radinl Drillmg mnchme.
rlt (1RY:
Drll 1 "'' Dynamometer (DTO) i\ the Uo:nce tn mea,ure the Tor<jUO: and \COicill thm't
dunng the dolling jlrocess m a dnlhng mnchmc. The torque and the vcruc:althrust are mcasur<"tl usmg
a I) II) where m gauges are fhcd and uJ>ing .1 wheal stone bridge the 'analllln in
''hid, " mtetons ot torqu,; Jnd .uc
PROCEDURE:
I. DTD fixed on the r.ldtnl-<lnlling machine.
The worl. pi.xe 1S dnlled attbfferenl speeds keeping the feed nn<l ctiamcter of drill constllnt
J. The values of Fv and Tan: noted down.
4. The holes of different diameters are dnlled with feed at difTc:rent and the
values of Fv nnd T bre noted.
5 The gt!lrh3 plonect far
a) Sp-.:ed Vs Furu: F\
t>} Speed\': Torque T
Pesult :Graph mterpretation spt:cd Vs Force & speed
r column and Obsu-vution
.,
"' >\(l
Speed( N in rpm! Thru.,, tircc rv
( '" N)
TNquc T
( ... "''"j
, ____
--
-j
I
f-
-r-
-l---
-
----

l
I
--
-
- --
--
t
-1
--
- --
I
L

_L_ _
'
'------
--
I
t
,


)
)
I
:\I 'U. 12
\IF ;\I IVt: 01 \\IH l SIM; I \H)\\ IRE/ Ill REt \\ IIH:
\IE fiiOI>
\ irn: \It asw-c,ncnl ul o:l k-.;lt w tlo.tmclt'f of'' ftW tlu u"ng:! ur \\If<' n.:lhntl
\ I' P \R \ Tl S: \I !-.IJo:.br.l "in.' md thrt':Jof
III EOR\ :
\h.hur.:mNI"f .rrnriH UiJIIU'Icr
1 . <" .:Ito:.: II .: J:am<h" be rc.l.:i!lr .. l J1n:dl l,ut c. n he: <;.>!cru:s.:<f tn11t rl .: .,, " r
lll.l''tll.uh: i\.:,.u\,.uitttt..: ll .u\...t . l.o11n,!"'fr ...... l .... ,;_.: ,...,.,,, ;:at'..:!i l..t '''
1
'' rtl11n
\I tll"lt:l\.!1 hut, 10! 1 .at Ill \'-:..:-Jtl 1 tWO 111111 ._ tilll 1.:1),, "'It :-.-...
ul tlw tltrc;.ut 'llH." Jt:J&n ... h.r 111\"l '-<.llnl.. tr l--11111 \\lh.: hnJ 1 ..... 1-:nu\\tl "cr "'1,;\..lhtt ' 1
m.t\ 1- \H'Vc:r., any \lllue \tlhm he rJ '' h l"'rr l hc '' cs Ill .: .. n : I
llt:unc:tc:r "t!l be: ohLun.:-1 only tf lho: ,,,:!}(.: con!lct the pitch lr.c \\If,., "f <
a. "best sue:" Wlr<."S. fhc Jli1J11<.1cr of t"c wuc u ... :d sht.)uiJ he g:b that lhC)
llmk, "' a d.>l.OIIh:c from lit.: pncb lino: not c::..c .. c.nctucr ttth of the ot the r>t
tl.tnk. The eolCctive d1amet<.'f cun be mca'llfCd hy two" on: l'lr thm: wrre n.cthoJ
Tno "ire metllod
A r.:.1dm., JS first ta;..cn o c:r .i stand.trd cvlon1kr with the \O.irl."' i'l pos'"ion bc:IW<"<'n the: cvlintkr
JO<l the anvils I standard lin.kr is rc:n'l\ ;d and the 'I.TCW thrc;hl '"
tlte crmn.::. and " ''C<>ntl I' .. ,Jmg ts 1.1\:cn 'hm\n lll the From the,.: '"''
rcat11rg. :he 'T unJcr ,;, ... \\1ft.:$ j, ol'llaincJ in the tiguro:.{h) Then the: .:tf ... -cm.:
J1:1tn<.'11.T is &f' en hy E. ( t C.
f1g A
\l.l.\11 \lllllt.\luln ,.t \1


..
1'
I"' the '"er the \\Jto
\ntl C '' o1 constant 'aluc, whtch on t!>..: thamct-r of the: wtro, the puch!Pl ond
.lllglc(21l) utI he screw 1 hc Vil luc ofC can he: oblutnc<l by
(" f> <flCIISt'<'(/ -I]
2 2
IJ tS I he thamclcr oflhe w1re.
Three :Yire melhod
II" nn ac.ur.ue ot the dkct.>e UtJmetcr In lhts l wtres or ofkmm n
thmnclcr urc used. one on on.: side und 1wo on the other suJe ns shown m Ftg (a) Mu (bl
Di 4
D
of effcccivt diamelcr (three wires)
\'v'h,.re
M = Dm.neter ovu- the wire,;. c Eftective oi.unetcr. d Dia.'lleter .>flhe wires
h = heigh! of the cenlro.: ,,fth.: Wltc l'r rod !Tom the effectiVe diamc:l:r, 0
4
Angle ofchread
r radius of !he ..,,re, H- depth of the thread, D =maJOr Ut-unete<- or the tlm:ad.
1\-1= E+
For whirwnnh thread
P e
COT
2 2

<lcpth tlhre.l.J o.M r
0

/) 0 'lp.L<S'(" & - I o5i ttlld cnt-= I
'
.
}
-
-
h1r me1nc thrends
Depth nf
F D - O.b495p. t-1 t>O
I) (-)
Cos'C --l.amlcllt
2
l
E
I
I
II
)

,
)
F 'pre1,iun rur h: \1 SiJ.c wire
I 'h.: h,-:.1 "''"ware as the nnt: nt:tko.-.,. o.nnt.a.t at llw lone"' dh: :Ill.: dmnw1c1 111
th..- '<:re\\ 1hrcnd. In oll>-'f words :os >huwn " ' tig. 01' as p.:rpcmh.:ular llnnl.. P""'""' ut
lhre.td.
wrfe of radius r
a.,., \\ lr, JJcneter- u- ? 'Z sec(!
P/4
I
r-Prz
ee.,l Size Wire
I
(I) \\lfCS r.omitul sizes 5.0) mm as u.-l!d lt'r9 8:. IU n>m tr.apezc11dal & n.1'\ mn, "
u><:d li-r ! mm trapeZOHlal pitch. (2) All P :alue In mm ,vhen: P 8 the patch 0 1 the thaead
PROCF.DUR.E:
I Ck-nn lhc micrometer and lhc sped,ncn
Check 1he zero crmr wllh sli!' !Jnuge and r,cod 11-te er-0.
3. Fix 1hc mac:rome1er in to I he stand.
Sclcu tho. . ui1ab!c siu wire n:quirct! !tl ched 1he c!TL'Ctive diam..-tc:r of th<' "''''"
5. '\utc lhto thre:ld unglc ""d tht: pah:h ui the sere\\
b. Place the" an: benveen screw thread JnJ hold the sp.:ctmcn bt:rwcen the an als ot the
tmcwmcter a., >hown in 11gurc.
7. readmg of lhl! by rotalmglhe thamble until1he Rntchet clacks.
S. Calculat.: 1h.: ettec11ve usn:.; ormulo
<l In th.: tolinor uiruncto:r mc.lSur.: 1hc O.D ,,r the screw and :hen calculate the IT'inur
u,mg the D !)I- Dl 2 of thread.
1 '' 1 '' , 'It Kl''' uti F<;r h \!\. \1 '11<1

Ubwr'u"on ;md I ubulur .:ulunur
I. eJst count t1fthcMocrvmctcr=
:
n iumctcr or the wired =
Pitch of the thread = f>;
Thread .mgle = 29=
-
-
Effective Tnal No. Reading over EtTectLve Major Minor
1
wire( M) dtametct {E) diameter (0 lJ dian ...rer (02} (Theoretical)
I
I
)
'
Tbcoretic..tl effecuve .. l!lerer by three wi1e method M ( d[: p 1
2 2 2
,,
. )
)
J
,
'
)
'
..
.)
.
...
:,
' .

,
1\.l' l ltl\ll'\1 '\u I
()P'ft< \L I'IW HI I'IW.IHIClR
\ 1M: Mcasur.:mc,u ot m.qor \lcnK1o:r, Mmr th.unctl'f tu .. IJ md thrrod angl, I .1
'"mo: Pr .. nt,l'rutchr
1
1'1' \1{,\ l l '>: l'n til. l'nJ'-'"T. thr'"'" '"'''""'"tcr,l'u,b .trc rcturc.!
1 m:OR\.
I' ilc r r- ''c \cr'<.Htlc '<'J'Iht"t.:Jtru und IU'Cdcm.:m:d n J'l''r en ''
l h,;, '''"'l'h::t" .111 '"_u.,ca\ .. lhh: appht..l.lhlfl.,.._ h h lL'\f..."lllur ''
1
lti'I'":'-11\'M .tlh.i m\,;.,,ut'-"ltlC'ntS (luk:.ar .tnd .\ngul.lf J ,,t h1&r...:d!um SJ/C CtfllJ"'' n .. nt' .. h. '
p.tn .... c ... " hltJI'l. .. uhl :... un It ha.' ttt:.Jht\ hu;h rotluttt.1 prt \uh.
h,H,hl .md ,h rn m .. .. rw.:l.\llltfll .tn,t h u.l\ '''''-='1utnrnr ln I \ 1
1
''"
If ,,... I .,h.rhil\ .,,., rqtf"'\fitl ,,n Thnt hllt'l)l ,.,,, lt..n ,ltlf l : .. tt tl lll II
I 1\LO{ iEN I \\II'S [lfi"'J<Ic ,mag.:, \!\Cit til tl.l}'llg\lt, ndllt11n \urnmtllll It I' .,
, I hu!h... ''"'' rprcct<'"" rd:.Jhltt' andpcrt rm:mc.::
I L 11'\1( \1. '\l'H' I FI( o\ 110'\:
I PROJECI OR SCIUJ::\: Fully lbo'\ble tine !!Tl>Und s.:n:cn and rout.:shk -.r-=<:n I> '
crus.. h.ur hne ltnd dcta.hablc cltps to hold compar-Jtcr ch:lro_,
2. Magnific:uion lrns: lOx lens for generol 20' lens fN cleaT .. t\1r h.gh<r
iJreci.ston "or!.,.

tens screw mJJunt type 10 project tl11! work plc'Cc.: tma:;c <n the
scn'\:1\ at t!ill'l:t brightness tU'ust .. blc tar c;ll'h ma!,!llitica:icm con.lnscr '''
tUITl"'. '" :u.acy: Counter :t 0.1 % surf .:c :t ll.IS' o .
. \. \\ ORK S r\(;f.: \11<-dnm dul} 200 X 2110 rrm '"'1'. >Wnd.aru rrucrom.:cr h,"l, 0 ka-t
,nunt /I I rnm hte hoy smooth movem.-r:: h) tiY t'I<Xli]'Q1111it>o ol harJ 't.:d lhng
tn and mutsverse slide f<.r 3CC\lrJtC mc:;Nm:mer.ts.
-1. tl i l, ' '' ''ATOK: Eqwppcd wnn nchal t
1
pccond!!nser, hut It 10 lo>r
qutck ll) mnt,h tho: rc,p .. -cnvc obje-ctive so as to cn<ure .tn.J slmrp tnt.t);l\! on the 'ern
1
rrnided '"'" ,.1\' 1501:!50 WW HALO{
1
A\ll' with ,oJiu stabe hght c .. ntr.,(lf;m, rm:r
S. Ill l 1\11'1 \ TOR: Specially dcstf:llll-d urldl:e illuminaJion l r t..-..,
ight <>n to.: for the insjX'\.,ion ol deep cn\lues Pro' 1\k-d "tth I:: I ()I)\\
_ llr\LOGE' Lo\\IP "uh "'-liJ sute hght c:ontnl tmn>IOmier.
M&\11 I ' W \ 'I ''c \I
.,.
.. l
-

-
..
Obj<U
't

-
..
'
Lth
...
'

I
I
\..OiJIDW\Vf :.c.lj\.t..tiUII
Lenc:c Lenc:e
I
CHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF PROFJLE PROJECTOR


..
l .. c-

l
?,
"""
)
)
II s.-
.,
1Tn-J

,_
- \I ICfUIIICla
I P I -
I
S..'Uf\.C"
)
PROFILE PROJECrOR
I
')
'
)
)
')
)
\1.\\1 I \UOR \ 1111n M



I
I
I
)
}
I
'
.
>
'
>
}
I'IUII !U:
I th.! lc.L .... cuunt tlt tht: ffih.fHJllCh."f uo lot." pnJhlc ..
.:! ol 1h.: "hJS<: h:.'..: I b.: mc . surcd an: n.)t<-.1
\, t>r li\ the :,u-t:\\ thn:a<l tn l>ct\\\':0 un the pro>lilc I"''J'"h"
' <ltu't tt., lllnmnt.ll <:T"'" 1rc ''" the q;f<'\"0 ,,._., thJt 1t wnh:i,les \\1lh <>Utcr hie nl till' < tO:\\
1hrc.1J
S til< (<Ill 'I' \o.:rt"'' oQ:k
,, ,\t,wJng the '-Cf11caJ ... u.!c m..:nmlctcr.llt\:ttncr "k ,,, the s..,;n:w rn.tt.lc h "''''''"1dc \\tth
1\l ! h,:r
,., the thrc.hl
I h ... mn..:r ,h,lllh.:tcl I:>. lh th..: sam.: an;.& n""r \ the h 'riJ:t.l ' Jll '' '"
\\lth ''"' tu" tr.n<r "J" nf the ,, , " 'vc "" .tnil IJl,l tl..: d tlll."t<'ll<"'C he It "
!!u:\ ... 1'!: .. .... ,,.,!
1
... , ,,,."' flh""t"'""'\'hr-..' 1 "
1
'
r nHtt:t! duwn Hlhll Lfi u .. Toltlch;:r
'I The 1< I"> '"' !1 !lc n<'' 1 oxl r ,t
l1<lc mrcn>mtt< ..
r ted Ott f., ' n
I r The: <hBcrcn.:c of the-.:""' rcadm;;s BI'"C. the prtch ot the cr.:\. thn-.sd
II. The angle or the thrcaJ IS obtam<-d trum I h.: s..;)lc.
I:!. lllc reaJing;. .m: tabulwio:..l m the column 3> ,hown bcluw.
Obscrvouon md 1 abul.ll" Column.
Value o(NI<' MW
I. east count of mtcromcrer ,\o of di\'f.fWW tmtJ.rmbk 1" "> c
t ount of the dr :u!J.f scale ''
f SINo

l
-
2.
3
4.
1-
-
5
Param.,.:..'f
I .b.ngle
I
I
Screw Thread
P rameteJS ..
c-.arr.:e<
Mtnor Drameter
Ptch
Oeplh
D:a
I lndlal ---t-F111al
.
L..
Circular scale realmg degrees
--
readng Fltlal readtng
1
Actual Angle
(lruuaHIIlal)
..
I
-I
,I
t \1111 '''''n ''
-
I
To tht rouglutes value or dlrrcrent natrrials (machined surf :tees)
\I\ I: T "' '"'"' h,. urf.tc<" ruuthrtts v3luc dill !machtn{'(l <uriace")
A PI' ARA TIJS: Power dn"e m1tuto)" make surf te:.t 211 model mdicator. specuncn lor
caltbration, gtvcn etc.
T il EOR Y: Surface roughness of ony means of smnll wnvcleny:h causcJ by
the dtrcct uc11un ut the cuuing dement ur the surface t>r hy <llhl'l' !ike fnction. wear or
These: errors are chicny caused to tool .:utters. Any lintshcd ts
c!'nstderntion tn t>c: .:ombiruuion of two fOITil.i of ""'e leogth 1.e . large wa,clcngth lOr wtwines'>
and smn.Jicr on fur roug)lness. hIS normally measured ot indtcatcd 10 Ra or R1. v'31ues.
Ra value > Anthmetic mean deviat:cn from the mean hne of profile. It is defined as the averngc
value of the y2. yJ.. ... yn) /n the mcm1 1;ne.Thtl ordinates are summed
up wit!:tout considering their algcbr:uc stgns.
Where, n 0(1. nf d1vistons over the sampling length L.
Rz value (Ten pomt height of the megulanties) hIS as the average d1fference betwCC'I
the fhe peaks and lh<! deepest, valleys withm the sampling lt.ngth measured from :1 hne
parallel to hne nnd not crossmg the profile.
l\lelhods of SurfGce Finish:
I Surface m'pe<;110n by comparison methods
In this method the surfar.e t'!''<llre by observauon of surface. But lhese methods 3re
not rcltable ..s tl.cy c:nn be misl.:3dlng 1f c:ornparison not mzde With surfaces prcxtuced i>y some
techmquzs Variou; inspecrion, scratch ;nspecUOTl category arc touch tnspecrion.. \. tsual
SC'1'11tch IOSjl<!C!icn. mic:rost..ope inspeetio'l, surface micro inte.feromelers.
etc.
L D1rect ms1rumm1 measurements
II' tnablcs to detl-mlmc a numencod value uf the l>Urf3t..'C lin1'h of My surfa'c The
IH ,,, t rum.:nb vpc1.1te on c:,..:tn1lll"nn,,plts In tht< the mohmt..'llt olthc <;tylus ts
t" c..-ncr tc ' \11114g.: sgnal. d\ fall (n:J,:. '"'' prot:f(lmc:cr. Tomlwn
meter etc.
--
,
-
Elements of S11rfue tnture
\\I( I 1\t ,ft RIMo('ot LEGf fl>,r-< \lOR!
'
... .
I
...
.)
..
...
.
I
..
OltM "'* oof hol..._l_ ., _ _.._
-
I' ROCEDUR:
S.:t tho: tu ,tb<>ut 10 mm.
' Set the Jri, c to ahout h mm!s.
_, Sc:t , . olh .rue: h> 2.5 mm
I Set the a. J11 m or I !111 m.
"- S1..1 Rr ll' R.
to. Set wucll <'n
7 Tum <'nth.: J:><l\H'T tlnc.
S. Note dcmn R. \Jiuc 1n 11m.
I

)
)
'

-..
)


,
,
'
)
.)
,
;)
..
..,
)
..,
..
")
')
.,
>
)
)
...
)
")
')
)
)
)
J
' .
..
,
VTV A QUESTIONS
I. What is s::ience of metrology?
2. What is calibration of an instrument?
3. What are the qualities instruments?
4. Define range, sensitivity, repeatability of an instrument
5. What is mag.iificc.t;on?
6. What is least count of an instrument?
7. Differentiate between comparator a11d instrument
8. Diff.:ret.Liate between line standards and end standards?
9. What are differe:1t erTCrs of measlll ing :nst"UincniS
I O.difterenriate between precision and accuracy
11 . What is a transducer'/
12. What a:-e dtfferent typ.:s oft:ransdu.;er?
13. Explain the principle ot L VDT?
14.Give the appliC3tion ofLVDT.
15.How the calibration ofL VDT is oom:.
16. What is Null balancing
17. E.'<plain the principle of pressure gauge
I8.G1ve the application oi pr<.:ssure gauge .
19.How rhe r'l lihnrticn of di:!it2! gau::;c i!: dor.: .
20. Expl:tin the p:inciple of thc'lllocouple
21 . What is sea baclc effect?
22. What is different material used for thermocouJ>le?
21.Give the application of temperature sensor.
I
24.Explain the principle of Load ceLL
25.Givc the application of Load cell.

'
'


.

:
)
)
:
'
'
)
26.hplainthc principle of strain gauge
27 What arc the m;ueri als used for strain gauge.
28.Givc the appli..:atiun or strain gaug..:.
211 What gau!,;C
10.1Jctinc lim1t, lit, tolerance and .. tlowance.
33. What u:;c:. of si'1.! bar?
1-t.Ciassit). smc ''" accon.IH' to ., ... all..:
1' \\'hat the rn.tximum lin t of angle that can be measured by ::.inc bar
and why'?
36 What I"> a o;ioe centre? And how it is used
37. Wha, i!> n gaul?,e block?
1; Give the used [..,r the gaugr bltx:k.
39. What is wringiug of slip gauge'>
dle shp gauges .
41. Give th;: application of slip ga11gc.
42.Give the working princtple of n1icrometer
43. What arc the errors encountered tn micrometer.
4-I.How the of th.: microm.:ter is done.
45.Give the least count of bevel protractor.
46. Give the ap!Jlic:llion of bevel protraCtor
47.Explnin the principle of optical profile projector.
48.Givc the . .,,plication of profile projertQr.
49. What arc clifferent parameters of scrcw thread?
50. \\'hat arc different methods of measuring effective diameter of a
llll COlli.
:
. .
(j' .\;
I

J
l
'


51. What is best wire size w.r.l. to screw thread measurement
52. What ar.: diffcr.:nt parameter:; of gear?
53. What are different methods used to measure gear tooth thickness?
54. What is the use of lathe tool dynamometer?
55. What is the usc of drill tool dynamom"er?
56. Explain the principle oftocl maker microS<.Opc.
57.Ghc the &ppl:cation of:ool maker's mlcros.;ope.
S8.Explain the working principle of dial indicator.
59 How the magnification is obtained tn dial indicator.
60.Gi;e the applicatio.o of dial indicator.
6l.Explain the principle of autocollimator.
62. Give the applicntion of nutocollimPtor.
63.Dit'ferenliat:: surface rougbness witt: surface waviness.
64.How the st:rfnce roughness is
65. What are dittcren: WlrfS of surfuce roughness?
66. What are ditTerent m.;thods of measuring surface roughness?