PHILIPPINE HISTORY UP TO THE BIRTH OF THE PHILIPPINE NATION-STATE: AN OVERVIEW

APPROACH/PHILOSOPHY
DECONSTRUCTION OF COLONIAL PHILIPPINE HISTORIOGRAPHY
FROM POLITICAL TO SOCIAL HISTORY FROM MANILA-BASED TO LOCAL HISTORY FROM FOREIGN TO FILIPINO PERSPECTIVE

APPROACH/PHILOSOPHY
CONSTRUCTION OF A NEW PHILIPPINE HISTORIOGRAPHY IN THIS OUTLINE

DEALS WITH NON-POLITICAL (SOCIO-CULTURAL) DEVELOPMENTS IN THE ARCHIPELAGO AS WELL

DEVELOPMENTS EMANATING FROM OTHER CENTERS (ASIDE FROM MANILA) ARE HIGHLIGHTED

PERIODIZATION IS BASED UPON WHAT HAPPENED TO US THE FILIPINOS AND NOT WHAT OTHERS DID TO THE FILIPINOS
BASES FOR MAJOR PERIODIZATION IS THE PRESENCE OF TYPE OF SOURCE EMANATING FROM THE PERIOD SUCH AS: (1) ARTIFACTS (2) DOCUMENTS (3) ARTIFACTS & DOCUMENTS BY OR PERTAINING TO FILIPINOS OR INHABITANTS OF THE ARCHIPELAGO POSSESSING NATIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS

GENERAL PERIODIZATION
PRE-HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINES 500,000 B.C TO 200 A.D.
PROTO-HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINES 200 TO 1872 HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINES 1872 TO THE PRESENT

PRE-HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINES: INTRODUCTION

SOURCE & BASIS ARTIFACTS ASSESSMENT IN THE MANNER & DIRECTION OF LOCAL CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS LEADS FILIPINO ANTHROPOLOGIST DR. FELIPE LANDA JOCANO TO DIVIDE THIS PERIOD INTO TWO: FORMATIVE & INCIPIENT PERIODS

FORMATIVE PERIOD: 500,000 TO 500 B.C.

THE TERM FORMATIVE SIMPLY REFERS TO THE EMERGENCE OF CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS IN THE ARCHIPELAGO IN THE LATE AND POST-GLACIAL/PLEISTOCENE PERIOD
CULTURAL & SOCIETAL DEVELOPMENTS AT THIS TIME WERE UNEVEN, ISOLATED, & LOCALIZED

IMPETUS FOR THIS DEVELOPMENT DEVT OF THE TECHNOLOGY OF STONE/WOOD/ SHELL - TOOL MAKING THAT TOOK PLACE IN TWO STAGES: OLD(PALEOLITHIC) & NEW (NEOLITHIC) AGES

PALEOLITHIC AGE: 500.000 TO 6,000 B.C.

3 PALEOLITHIC SITES IN THE PHILIPPINES
LIWANIAN CULTURE CAGAYAN VALLEY IN NORTHEASTERN LUZON TABONIAN CULTURE ISLAND OF PALAWAN IN THE WESTERN SIDE OF THE PHILIPPINES

SOUTHWEST LUZON CULTURE MANILA & ADJACENT PROVINCES

METRO

LIWANIAN CULTURE
OLDEST CULTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES ONLY TOOLS & WEAPONS OF PEOPLE DISCOVERED BASED ON THEM & TIME OF ITS DEVELOPMENT IT IS INFERRED THAT ITS INHABITANTS WERE BIG-GAME HUNTERS & PROBABLY HOMO ERECTUS DID NOT LAST LONG

TABONIAN CULTURE
EARLIEST HOMO SAPIENS SAPIENS SITE IN THE PHILIPPINES LOCATED INSIDE TABON CAVE OCCUPIED AS EARLY AS 30,500 B.C. & USED UP TO 8,500 B.C. SKULL CAP OF A WOMAN FOUND TABON MAN DATED AT 22,000 B.C. USE OF FIRE & COLOR PREFERENCE ONE OF THE CRITERIA IN CHOOSING STONES FOR TOOL MANUFACTURE

SOUTHWEST LUZON
LEAST SIGNIFICANT OF THE PALEOLITHIC CULTURE BUT STARTED THE NEOLITHIC AGE IN THE PHILIPPINES DEVELOPED FROM 120,000 B.C. 20,000 B.C. TRANSITION FROM PALEOLITHIC TO NEOLITHIC IS NOT YET ESTABLISHED IN THE PHILIPPINES BUT THERE ARE TOOLS DISCOVERED SIMILAR TO THE HOABINIAN CULTURE (MICROLITHIC TOOLS) ASSOCIATED WITH THE BIRTH OF AGRICULTURE IN SOUTHEAST ASIA WHICH IS ONE OF IF NOT THE OLDEST NEOLITHIC CULTURE IN THE WORLD

NEOLITHIC AGE: 6,000 500 B.C.

THIS IS THE START OF FOOD PRODUCTION NO SPECIMEN OF ANCIENT CULTIVATED GRAIN/S DISCOVERED YET IN THE PHILIPPINES LIKE AT HOABINIAN, BURMA BUT RECTAGULAR-SHAPED STONE & SHEEL TOOLS WITH SHARPENED EDGES (TOOLS THAT ARE USED FOR DRY FARMING) HAVE BEEN DISCOVERED ALL OVER SOUTHERN LUZON OTHER EVIDENCES OF LATER CULTURAL PRACTICES PRESENT AT THIS TIME: BETEL-NUT CHEWING (5,000 B.C.), BANANA WAS ALREADY A MAJOR FOOD PLANT, RICE WAS BELIEVED WIDEPSREAD THROUGHOUT THE PHILIPPINES, & COMMUNITIES APPEARED IN RIVER DELTAS, RIVERBANKS, SHELTERED COASTAL AREAS, & CAVES BEING AN ARCHIPELAGO, SHELL WAS AN IMPORTANT MATERIAL USED IN MAKNG TOOLS ESPECIALLY THAT OF TRIDACNA GIGAS

NEOLITHIC AGE: 6,000 500 B.C.

AROUND 1,500 B.C., POTTERY-MAKING DEVELOPED WHICH IS TESTAMENT TO GROWING LEVEL OF TECHNOLOGICAL KNOWHOW OF THE PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES AT THAT TIME WHEN THE MOST IMPORTANT TYPE WAS THE JAR BURIAL WHERE BODIES OF THE DEAD WITH FOOD, FLOWERS, & THEIR STUFF WERE INTERNED SHOWING BELIEF IN LIFE-AFTER DEATH WHICH IS ANOTHER TRAIT OF MODERN MEN

INCIPIENT PERIOD: 500 B.C 200 A.D.

THE TERM SIMPLY REFERS TO THE UNEVEN SPREAD OF CULTURE AT VARYING PERIODS THROUGHOUT THE ARCHIPELAGO IMPETUS FOR THIS DEVELOPMENT WERE THE DEVELOPMENTS OF ADVANCED POTTERY TRADITIONS AND EMERGENCE METAL TECHNOLOGY THIS PERIOD CAN BE DIVIDED INTO TWO: EARLY METAL AGE (500 200 B.C.) & IRON AGE (200 B.C. 200 A.D.)

EARLY METAL AGE: 500 200 B.C.

FIRST METAL IMPLEMENTS WERE CREATED OUT OF SOFT METALS SUCH AS BRONZE & COPPER FEW SOURCES OF SUCH METALS HERE THUS NO WIDESPREAD USAGE AND NO REVOLUTIONARY EFFECTS OCCURRED UNLIKE IN OTHER PLACES SUCH AS MESOPOTAMIA, EGYPT, INDIA, AND CHINA WHERE THERE IS A COPPER-BRONZE AGE THIS IS A SIGN OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE OR FOREIGN CONTACT AT THIS TIME BUT WHOSE REVOLUTIONARY OUTCOME WILL EMERGED ONLY IN THE NEXT MAJOR PERIOD BRONZE IS AN ALLOY OF TIN & THERE IS NO SOURCE OF TIN LOCALLY, ITS PRESENCE THEREFORE IS A TESTAMENT TO OUTSIDE CONTACTS OR TRADE

EARLY METAL AGE: 500 200 B.C.

ASSOCIATED CULTURAL OBJECTS
LING-LING-O OR EAR PENDANTS BRACLETS BEADS ALL WERE MADE FROM TWO SETS OF MATERIALS JADE (OF CHINESE KIND) & CARNELIAN (OF MAINLAND SOUTEAST ASIA AND INDIAN IN ORIGIN) ON THE ONE HAND & GLASS, METAL, SHELL, DEADS, & CLAY ON THE OTHER

EARLY METAL AGE: 500 200 B.C.

INFERENCES FROM THE PRESENCE & MADE-OF OF THESE CULTURAL OBJECTS REGARDING PHILIPPINE CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT AT THIS TIME
INTERNATIONAL TRADING & CONTACT HIGHER LEVEL OF ECONOMY & MATERIAL CULTURE & TECHNOLOGY SENSE OF BEAUTY & SOPHISTICATION PRESENCE OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION

IRON AGE: 200 B.C 200 A.D

THE ABUNDANT & WIDESPREAD DISTRIBUTION OF IRON THROUGHOUT THE ARCHIPELAGO LED TO DRAMATIC CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS IN MANY PARTS OF THE COUNTRY AFTER THE NECESSARY KNOWHOW TO MELT HARDER METAL SUCH AS IRON CAME ABOUT THIS WAS ACHIEVED WITH THE INVENTION OR APPRORIATION OF THE MALAY FORGE WHICH ALLOWED PEOPLE TO CREATE FIRE OR FURNACE THAT REACHED THE MELTING POINT OF IRON THE CREATION OF IRON TOOLS & IMPLEMENTS VASTLY IMPROVED THE MATERIAL CULTURE OF EARLY COMMUNITIES ESPECIALLY AS A RESULT OF IMPROVMENTS IN AGRICULTURE LIKE IRRIGATED AND TERRACED RICE FARMING IMPROVED TECHNOLOGY IN METALLURGY ALLOWED PEOPLE AT THIS TIME TO CREATE ALSO THE GREATEST POTTERY TRADITIONS THAT THE PHILIPPINES EVER CREATED: TABON, KALANAY, & NOVALICHES POTTERY TRADITIONS

THE 3 ADVANCED NEOLITHIC POTTERY TRADITIONS

TABON POTTERY TRADITIONS
FREE-HAND MODELLING PAINTED & HAD GLAZING VARIED DESIGNS

THE 3 ADVANCED NEOLITHIC POTTERY TRADITIONS

KALANAY (MASBATE ISLAND) POTTERY TRADITIONS
HAVE UNIQUE DECORATIONS SUCH AS SCALLOPED DESIGNS DONE IN RELIEF & CURVILINEAR SCROLLS WITH ALTERNATING TRIANGLES

SOME HAS A UNIQUE SHAPE LIKE A RING STAND WITH CUT-OUT TRIANGLES

THE 3 ADVANCE NEOLITHIC POTTERY TRADITONS

NOVALICHES POTTERY TRADITION
PART OF A CERAMIC INDUSTRY SOME HAS A UNIQUE SHAPE SUCH AS A SHALLOW BOWL WITH A HIGH RING STAND EXTREMELY HIGHLY POLISHED HIGLY SYMETRICAL EVEN THOUGH FREE-HAND MADE

PROTO-HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINES: AN INTRODUCTION

SOURCE & BASIS ARTIFACTS & DOCUMENTS (BY FOREIGNERS & PEOPLE OF THE ARCHIPELAGO BEFORE DEVELOPMENT OF A NATIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS) DURATION: 200 1872 IMPETUS FOR DEVELOPMENT: TECHNOLOGY OF BOAT-BUILDING

PROTO-HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINES: AN INTRODUCTION

DESIGNATED BY DR. JOCANO AS THE EMERGENT PERIOD SINCE IT IS THE START OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF A DEFINABLE FILIPINO SOCIETY & CULTURE FOR FILIPINO SOCIETY & CULTURE TO EMERGE FOREIGN INFLUENCES MUST COME IN (WHEREAS DEVELOPMENTS DURING THE FORMATIVE & INCIPIENT PERIODS WERE MOSTLY WITHIN THE ARCHHPELAGO WITH FEW FOREIGN INFLUENCES) ENTRY OF FOREIGN INFLUENCES OR PEOPLE HERE VISITING OTHER PLACES CAME ABOUT ONLY WITH THE DEVELOPMENT AND WIDESPREAD USE OF THE TECHNOLOGY OF BOATBUILDING WHICH OCCURRED BEFORE & AFTER THE BIRTH OF JESUS CHRIST THE MIXTURE OF INDIGENOUS CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS & FOREIGN INFLUENCES LED TO THE EMERGENCE OF THE HISTORIC COMMUNITIES OR THE ETHNO-LINGUISTIC GROUPS THAT COMPRISE NOW THE FILIPINO PEOPLE

PROTO-HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINES: AN INTRODUCTION

THIS PERIOD CAN BE DIVIDED INTO TWO DEPENDING ON THE ORIGIN OF FOREIGN INFLUENCES & WHAT HAPPENED TO COMMUNITIES IN THE ARCHIPELAGO
PERIOD OF THE EMERGENCE OF THE HISTORIC COMMUNITIES 200 1380 PERIOD OF THE DIVISION OF THE HISTORIC COMMUNITIES INTO 3 LARGER BUT ANTAGONISTIC RELIGIOUS GROUPINGS 1380 - 1872

EMERGENCE OF HISTORIC COMMUNITIES: 200 - 1380

ENTRY OF FIRST TWO MAJOR FOREIGN INFLUENCES TO THE PHILIPPINES
INDIAN & CHINESE SMALL AMOUNT, INDIRECT MANNER, PURPOSELESS, & UNFORCEFUL ENTRY ALLOWED COMMUNITIES TO CHOOSE RESULT WAS LESS DRAMATIC & TRAUMATIC

EMERGENCE OF HISTORIC COMMUNITIES: 200 - 1872

INDIAN INFLUENCES
RAJAHSHIP IN FOUR MOUTH-RIVER COMMUNITIES: SULU, MAGUINDANAO, CEBU, & MANILA BELIEF IN BATHALA AS SUPREME DEITY ANCIENT FILIPINO ALPHABET, ALIBATA, IS DERIVED FROM SANSKRIT

MAJOR HISTORIC COMMUNITIES

COMMONLY KNOWN AS THE ETHNO-LINGUISTIC GROUPS OF THE COUNTRY BUT HERE ARE CALLED HISTORIC COMMUNITIES BECAUSE THEY WERE RESPONSIBLE FOR ESTABLISHING LATER THE PHILIPPINE NATION-STATE AND CURRENTLY COMPRISE THE FILIPINO PEOPLE ILOKANO COMMUNITY IFUGAO COMMUNITY PANGASINENSE COMMUNITY KAPANGPANGAN COMMUNITY TAGALOG COMMUNITY IBALOI (BIKOL) COMMUNITY VISAYAN COMMUNITY MARANAO COMMUNITY MAGUINDANAOAN COMMUNITY TAOSUG COMMUNITY

THERE ARE MANY MORE MINOR ONES: NEGRITO, TAGBANUA, SUBANON, MANGYAN, TBOLI, BAGOBO, MANOBO. BADJAO COMMUNITIES AND OTHERS

EMERGENCE OF HISTORIC COMMUNITIES: 200 - 1872

CHINESE INFLUENCES
MISCEGENATION CHINESE MESTIZOS FAMILY RELATIONS & STRUCTURE FOOD WARES & JARS

DIVISION OF HISTORIC COMMUNITIES: 1380 - 1872

ENTRY OF NEXT TWO MAJOR FOREIGN INFLUENCES TO THE PHILIPPINES
ISLAM & CHRISTIANITY MASSIVE, DIRECT, PURPOSEFUL, FORCEFUL ENTRY TRAUMATICALLY & DRAMATICALLY ALTERED LOCAL DEVELOPMENT & INTERCOMMUNAL RELATIONSHIP GROUPS OF COMMUNITIES DIVIDED ACCORDING TO THEIR RELIGIOUS AFFINITY BECAME ANTAGONISTIC TO EACH OTHER & TARGET OF ABUSE & RIDICULE

DIVISION OF HISTORIC COMMUNITIES: 200 - 1380

EMERGENCE OF THE THREE POLITICO-RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES IN THE PHILIPPINES
MORO (ISLAMIZED) COMMUNITY INDIO (CHRISTIANIZED) COMMUNITY LUMAD (PAGAN) COMMUNITIES

MORO COMMUNITY
THREE CENTERS FOR ITS INITIAL INCEPTION & SPREAD
ISLAND OF SULU DELTA OF THE PULANGI (MAGUINDANAO) RIVER MANILA

CHRONOLOGY IN THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE MORO COMMUNITIES IN THE COUNTRY

ISLAND OF SULU
1380 (1280) ARRIVAL OF MUDUM/S OR MUSLIM MISSIONARIES TO SULU ARRIVAL OF ABU BAKR BEFORE 1450 AND MARRYING LATER PARAMISULI DAUGHTER OF THE RAJA (LEADER) BAGUINDA OF JOLO ESTABLISHMENT OF THE SULTANATE OF JOLO IN 1450 WITH ABU BAKR AS THE FIRST SULTAN JURISDICTION INCLUDED ALL SURROUNDING AREAS SUCH AS TAWI-TAWI, BASILAN, SOUTHERN PALAWAN & ZAMBOANGA PENINSULA EVEN SABAH

CHRONOLOGY IN THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE MORO COMMUNITY IN THE COUNTRY

DELTA OF THE PULANGI RIVER (MAGUINDANAO)
ARRIVAL OF SHERIF KABUNGSUAN IN MAGUINDANAO AFTER 1450 INTERMARRIES WITH LOCAL ROYALTY ESTABLISHMENT OF THE SULTANATE OF MAGUINDANAO WITH SHERIF KABUNGSUAN & HIS SONS BECOMING THE SULTANS PREVIOUS LOCAL POLITICAL ORGANIZATION WAS INCORPORATED INTO THE SULTANATE AS THE DESECENDANTS OF THE FORMER RULER, TABUNAWAY, BECAME THE DUMATUS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE INSTALLATION RITES OF EACH SULTAN CALLED RITUAL OF THE WHITE SAND

CHRONOLOGY IN THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE MORO COMMUNITY IN THE COUNTRY

MANILA
MANILA WAS PROBABLY ALREADY A SULTANATE FOUNDED BY MEMBERS OF BRUNEIAN ROYAL FAMILY A GENERATION BEFORE THE ARRIVAL OF THE SPANIARDS IN 1570 RULED BY RAHA SULAYMAN, THE NEW YOUNG RULER, WHEN ATTACKED BY THE SPANIARDS THE LEADERS WERE MUSLIMS BUT NOT THE ALL THE PEOPLE IN THE MANILA BAY AREA YET MANILA AS A MUSLIM CENTER WAS ABORTED & THWARTED BY THE ARRIVAL OF THE SPANIARDS

CHRONOLOGY IN THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE INDIO COMMUNITY IN THE COUNTRY

CEBU & MANILA ABORTED ESTABLISHMENT OF SPANISH COLONIAL RULE BY FERDINAND MAGELLAN IN 1521 ESTABLISHMENT OF SPANISH RULE IN 1565 WITH THE ARRIVAL OF MIGUEL LOPEZ DE LEGASPI IN CEBU MANILA WAS MADE CAPITAL OF SPANISH COLONIAL GOVERNMENT IN 1571 FROM MANILA OTHER AREAS IN LUZON SUCH AS THE ILOCOS COAST, CAGAYAN VALLEY, & THE BIKOL PENINSULA WERE COLONIZED LATER FROM CEBU OTHER VISAYAN ISLAND, NORTHERN MINDANAO, THE ISLAND OF SULU, & THE MARIANAS WERE COLONIZED AND ADMINISTERED (EXCEPT THAT SULU WAS ABANDONED IN 1598 & NOT SUBDUED AGAIN UNTIL AFTER THE 1850S) AFTER THE 1850S, UNCOLONIZED AREAS WERE PUT UNDER SPANISH CONTROL SUCH AS ZAMBALES, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, & SOUTHERN MINDANAO BUT SPANISH RULE WAS SUPERFICIAL AND NOT WELL-ENTRENCED WHEN THE PHILIPPINES GAINED ITS INDEPENDENCE IN 1898

HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINES

IT EMERGED ONLY WITH THE PRESENCE OF A NATIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS ON THE PART OF THE VARIOUS ETHNIC GROUPS IN THE COUNTRY STARTING WITH THE INDIO COMMUNITY BASIS ARTIFACTS & DOCUMENTS SHOWING APPURTENANCES & SENTIMENTS OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM WHOSE EARLIEST CONCRETE EVIDENCE ARE THOSE ASSOCIATED WITH THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF MALOLOS IN 1898 THE FIRST MODERN REPUBLICAN GOVERNMENT IN ASIA ESTABLISHMENT OF THE SAID REPUBLIC WAS HOWEVER THE PENULTIMATE RESULT OF EVENTS & SENTIMENTS DECADES BEFORE WHOSE BEGINNINGS ARE TRACEABLE TO THE EXCECUTION OF THREE LOCAL CATHOLIC PRIESTS BY THE SPANISH COLONIAL GOVERNMENT IN 1872 THUS IT CAN BE SAID THAT THE START OF THE HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINES IS WITH THE DEATH OF MARIANO GOMES, JOSE BURGOS, & JACINTO ZAMORA COLLECTIVELY CALLED GOMBURZA TWO IMPORTANT STAGES OR PERIODS PRECURSOR TO THE ESTABLISTMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF MALOLOS THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT & THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION BOTH HAVE CONNECTIONS WITH THE DEATH OF GOMBURZA

HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINES

BIRTH OF THE PHILIPPINE NATION-STATE 1872 1899 STRUGGLES OF THE PHILIPPINE NATIONSTATE UNDER NORTH AMERICAN IMPERIAL RULE & JAPANESE OCCUPATION DURING WWII 1898 - 1946 NATION-BUILDING AFTER WWII & DEMOCRATIC STRUGGLES AGAINST MARCOS DICTATORSHIP 1946 1986

BIRTH OF THE PHILIPPINE NATION-STATE: 1872 - 1899

THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT
EXPOSITION BY FILIPINO STUDENTS, EXILES, & EXPATRIATES IN SPAIN TO SPANISH LEADERS THERE ABOUT THE MISADMINISTRATION OF SPANISH OFFICIALS IN THE PHILIPPINES THROUGH THEIR NEWSPAPER, LA SOLIDARIDAD, WITH THE ULTIMATE GOAL OF CONVINCING THE SPANISH GOVERNMENT FOR THE CONVERSION OF THE COUNTRY FROM A COLONY TO A SPANISH PROVINCE WHEREBY FILIPINOS WILL BE ACCORDED SPANISH CITIZENSHIP THEREFORE RIGHTS DUE ACCORDINGLY LIKE FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION, ASSEMBLY, RELIGION, DUEPROCESS, AND OTHERS

BIRTH OF THE PHILIPPINE NATION-STATE: 1872 - 1899

THE PHILLIPINE REVOLUTION
THE FIRST MODERN-DAY REVOLUTION IN ASIA AGAINST A WESTERN COLONIAL POWER LED BY ANDRES DE CASTRO BONIFACIO, A MAN OF HUMBLE BEGINNINGS ESTABLISHED A CLANDESTINE SOCIETY CALLED KATAASTAASAN KAGALANG-GALANGAN KATIPUNAN NG MGA ANAK NG BAYAN OR KKK OR KATIPUNAN FOR SHORT WHOSE AIM WAS INDEPENDENCE FOR THE PHILIPPINES WITH ARMED-STRUGGLE AS PLATFORM (CONTRARY TO THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT) ON THE NIGHT HE & ASSOCIATES LEARNED OF THE CAPTURE & DEPORTATION OF JOSE RIZAL, AFTER RETURNING BACK FROM SPAIN TO THE PHILIPPINES, TO DAPITAN IN NORTHERN MINDANAO

EFFECTS OF THE DEATH OF GOMBURZA TO EVENTS & SENTIMENT LEADING TO THE BIRTH OF THE PHILIPPINE NATION-STATE

PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT & THE ELITES THE NATIONAL HERO JOSE RIZAL FROM WANTING TO BECOME A PRIEST CHANGED HIS MIND AFTER LEARNING THE CIRCUMSTANCES BEHIND THE DEATH HIS IDOL JOSE BURGOS & INSTEAD PURSUED MEDICINE & WHILE DOING IT JOINED THE PROGANDA MOVEMENT & WROTE THINGS AGAINST THE SPANISH COLONIAL GOVERNMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES DEDICATED HIS SECOND NOVEL, EL FILIBUSTERISMO, TO GOMBURZA

EFFECTS OF THE DEATH OF GOMBURZA TO EVENTS & SENTIMENTS LEADING TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE PHILIPPINE NATIONSTATE

THE PHILIPPINE MASSES

REVOLUTION

&

THE

THE NATIONAL HOLIDAY OF THE MEMBERS OF THE KATIPUNAN WAS FEBRUARY 17, THE DEATH ANNIVERSARY OF GOMBURZA, WHERE MEMBERS ANNUALLY TOOK VOWS TO AVENGE THEIR DEATH ONE OF THE SECRET PASSWORDS OF THE MEMBERS WAS GOMBURZA

TWO STAGES OF THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION

FIRST STAGE WAS FROM CRY AT PUGADLAWIN ON AUG. 23, 1896 TRUCE OF BIAK-NA-BATO ON DECEMBER 15, 1897
SECOND STAGE WAS FROM THE ARRIVAL OF EMILIO AGUINALDO FROM H.K. ON MAY 19, 1898 (?)MOCK BATTLE OF MANILA ON AUG. 13, 1898

RESULTS OF THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION OF 1896-1898

DECLARATION OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE ON JUNE 12, 1898 PROMULGATION OF THE MALOLOS CONSTITUTION ON JANUARY 21, 1899 INAUGURATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF MALOLOS ON JANUARY 23, 1899

PHILIPPINE HISTORY FROM 1898 TO THE PRESENT

STRUGGLES OF THE PHILIPPINE NATION-STATE UNDER NORTH AMERICAN IMPERIAL RULE & JAPANESE OCCUPATION DURING WWII NATION-BUILDING AFTER WWII & DEMOCRATIC STRUGGLES AGAINST MARCOS DICTATORSHIP 19461986
CHALLENGE & RESPONSE OF THE PHILIPPINES IN A POST-MODERN & GLOBALIZED WORLD: 1986 THE PRESENT

STRUGGLES OF THE PHILIPPINE NATION-STATE UNDER NORTH AMERICAN IMPERIAL RULE & JAPANESE OCCUPATION DURING WWII TREATY OF PARIS OFDECEMBER 10, 1898 & THE FILIPINO-AMERICAN WAR STRUGGLES FOR INDEPENDENCE FROM AMERICAN RULE COMMONWEALTH PERIOD, 1935 (1942)1945 LEGACIES OF THE AMERICAN PERIOD JAPANESE OCCUPATION OF THE PHILIPPINES & ALLIED LIBERATION IN 1945

NATION-BUILDING AFTER WWII & DEMOCRATIC STRUGGLES AGAINST MARCOS DICTATORSHIP 1946 1986