Trng ai hoc Cong nghe Ton c Thang

Khoa ien ien t

TOM TAT BAI GIANG
KY THUAT O IEN IEN T



GVC. TS. inh Sn Tu


Tai lieu giang day lu hanh noi bo
Tp HCM 2002

Noi dung.

Chng 1: Khai niem ve o lng
Chng 2: Ch th o lng
Chng 3: o ien ap va dong ien
Chng 4: o ien tr
Chng 5: o ien dung, ien cam, ho cam
Chng 6: o cong suat va ien nang
Chng 7: Dao ong ky
Chng 8: Thiet b phan tch tn hieu
Chng 9: C cau o hien so


Sach tham khao chnh:

Ky thuat o Nguyen Ngoc Tan Nha xuat ban
Trang 3
Chng 1: KHAI NIEM VE O LNG

1-1: AI LNG O LNG
Co 2 loai c ban:
ai lng ien.
ai lng khong ien.
1. ai lng ien:
ai lng ien tac ong (active co nguon)
ai lng ien thu ong (passive)
Tac ong: V, I, P nang lng cua no se cung cap cho mach
o. Neu nang lng ln phai phan ap dong trc khi o.
Con nang lng nho, phai khuyech ai trc khi o.
Thu ong: R, L, C, M (ho cam): khong mang nang lng
nen phai cung cap nang lng ngoai.
o nong
o nguoi
2. ai lng khong ien: v du nh nhiet o, ap suat, trong
lng, o am, o pH, toc o, gia toc thng oi sang ai
lng ien bang bo cam bien roi o.

1-2: CHC NANG VA AC TNH CUA
THIET B O

1. Chc nang:
Cho ket qua o
Kiem tra qua trnh hoat ong cua he thong t ong ieu
khien o lng qua trnh trong cong nghiep. ay
cung la mon hoc trong nganh t ong hoa.
2. ac tnh thiet b o:
Co the chia:
Thiet b o ien
Trang 4
Thiet b o ien t
Hoac chia:
Thiet b kim ch th (analog)
Thiet b hien so
Hoac :
o lng ieu khien t xa.

1-3: CHUAN HOA TRONG O LNG.
1. Cap chuan hoa:
Cap 1: chuan quoc te: tai trung tam o lng quoc te at
tai Paris.
Cap 2: chuan quoc gia: tai cac vien nh chuan quoc gia
c chuan hoa theo quoc te.
Cap 3: chuan khu vc: theo cac khu vc a ly.
Cap 4: chuan phong th nghiem.
2. Cap chnh xac thiet b o:
c ghi tren may hoac so tay ky thuat (cataloge) thiet
b o: 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%.

1-4: SAI SO TRONG O LNG
1. Sai so tuyet oi:

n n
x y e =
Trong o:
y
n
: tr so tin cay
x
n
: tr so o c.

2. Sai so tng oi:
% 100 x
y
x y
e
n
n n

=
Th du: ien ap co tr so 50V. o c 49V e=1V,
e
r
=2%.
Trang 5
Ngoai ra con co cac khai niem:
o chnh xac tng oi.
Tnh chnh xac.
Sai so chu quan.
Sai so he thong.
Sai so ngau nhien.
Gii han sai so.

1-5: CAU TRUC THIET B O.

Tong quat: co 3 khoi






Cam bien : Bien cac ai lng khong ien thanh ai
lng ien.
Gia cong tn hieu : Bien oi tn hieu ien phu hp vi bo
ch th.
Ch th ket qua: Ch th bang kim hoac hang so.

1-6: S LA CHON VA DUNG CAC THIET B O.
Chon thiet b o cho phu hp:
ai lng o: V, U, I,
Thang o.
Cap chnh xac
o nhay.v.v..
Can than khi s dung:
oc ky qui trnh o.
Pham vi o.
An toan cho ngi va may.

Cam bien
Gia cong
tn hieu
Ch th
Ket qua
Trang 6
1-7: HE THONG O.
1. He thong o dang analog.
a) He thong o 1 kenh:




















Analog
Trang 7
b) He thong o analog nhieu kenh:



























Can o nhieu ai lng th moi ai lng o 1 kenh
sap xep ieu che (ma hoa) theo tan so phat i
(truyen) thu giai ma. ( Co the thc hien o t xa).


ng truyen
Trang 8
2. He thong o dang so:
Tng t nh he thong analog nhng nh dung vi x ly, may
tnh vi viec cai at phan mem x ly nhanh, linh hoat
thong minh hn.
















3. ieu khien t xa thiet b o lng:
Linh hoat nh remote ieu khien cac chc nang he thong o
lng bang cach s dung ng truyen so lieu (bus) cua bo
vi x ly.











Trang 9


























Trang 10
Chng 2: CH TH O LNG

2-1: NH NGHA VA PHAN LOAI
Ch th o lng la 1 khau chc nang bien ai lng can o
thanh so o vi n v o lng c chon.
Co 2 loai ch th:
Ch th c ien Analog
Ch th so Digital
a) Ch th c ien:




Trong o: X: ai lng vao U, I
: ai lng ra la goc quay cua kim ch th va cac
ch dan (con so) giup oc c ket qua o.

b) Ch th so:





Trong o: X: ai lng vao la nhng tn hieu di dang ma.
Ra: la con so thap phan cung vi n v va ch
dan.







Ch Th
X

Ch Th
X Ra
M Con so
Trang 11
2-2: C CAU CH TH C IEN
(C CAU CH TH KIM).
Pho bien van con dung ch th kim cho ket qua o.
1. C cau t ien:

Ky hieu :
Cau tao :














Khung quay: nhom quan day ong co ng knh nho
cach ien (k=vai %mm) at tren truc quay co lo xo
hoac day treo.
Nam cham vnh cu: khung quay at gia hai cc cua
nam cham vnh cu.



Trang 12
Nguyen ly hoat ong:

















Lc ien t F tao ra tren khung day co dong ien I chay
qua c tnh theo cong thc:
F=N.B.L.I
Trong o: N: so vong day quan.
B: mat o t thong xuyen qua cuon day.
L: chieu cao khung.
I: dong ien chay trong khung.
Moment quay Tq:
Tq=Fw=N.B.l.w.I=KqI
Trong o: w:be rong khung quay.
Lo xo (hoac day treo) tao moment can Tc
Tc=Kc
Trong o: Kc: he so xoan cua lo xo.
: goc quay cua kim.


Trang 13
I K I
Kc
Kq
i
. = =

S em (can du) lam cho kim ch th



















Khi co em va khong co em
Cau tao:
o Bang cuon day phu co Rd la ien tr em noi 2
cuon day.
o Ngi ta chon: R
D
=R
DC
ien tr em ung mc.
ac iem c cau t ien:
u iem:
T trng cua nam cham vnh cu manh, t b anh
hng t trng ben ngoai.
Cong suat tieu thu nho (25200W) do o nhay cao
(Imax nho).

Trang 14
o chnh xac cao co the at 0.5%.
Thang o co goc chia eu do goc quay tuyen tnh
Nhc iem:
Chu qua tai kem do dong i qua rat nho
Ch o dong DC.
De h hong khi b chan ong manh nen can khoa lai
khi ngng s dung.
ng dung:
Dung rong rai trong o lng.
Dung ien ke gng quay (he thong quang chieu tia
sang vao gng quay gan tren khung).
2. C cau ien t:
a. Cau tao: cuon day co nh hut hoac ay mieng sat di
ong mang kim ch th.
b. Hoat ong:
Lc F t ong: F=nI (A-T)(ampe-vong)
Goc quay:
2
KI =
c. ac iem c cau ien t:
u iem:
Chu qua tai tot, nhay thap.
Khuyet iem:
Thang o khong tuyen tnh.
o nhay thap
d. ng dung:
c dung trong lnh vc ien cong nghiep.
Thong so thng: L=1Henry, nhay 20/V,
F=300A.vong, ngau lc xoan: 5% khoi lng di
chuyen.
3. C cau ien ong:

a. Ky hieu:

Trang 15
b. Cau tao: gom co 2 cuon day co nh va di ong noi noi
tiep nhau. Neu co loi sat non cho cuon day th goi la
sat ien ong.























c. Nguyen ly hoat ong:
Moment quay:
2
I KqI Tq

= (dong DC)
hoac

dt i i
T
Kq Tq
0
2
1
(dong AC)
Goc quay:
2
I KI

= (DC)
hoac

=
T

dt i i
T
K
0
2
(AC)


Trang 16
2- 3: THIET B CH TH SO.

c s dung rong rai, thuan li v oc ket qua trc tiep.
S o khoi:





1. Ma: la to hp cua cac tnh hieu logic. Moi to hp tng
trng 1 con so. Trong o lng, ket qua o c the hien
ma nh phan hay thap phan.
2. Ch th so: Hien th cac ket qua di dang cac ch so, ch
hoac o th.
a. Dung diode phat quang:

n gian bieu th s kien
nao o co xay ra hay khong.
Thong thng, I=510mA,
U=5V (oi vi ho TTL).




b. Ch th so dung en phong ien nhieu cc:
Cau tao: La 1 en neon phong ien gom 1 anode va
10 catode bang day NiCr uon thanh cac ch so t 09.
Khi co ien ap vao gia anode va cathode nao o
(ien ap khoang 250V) so tng ng se phat sang
(quanh si cathode)

Ma ch th
ma
Giai ma Ch th so
Trang 17
Hien th dung en phong ien nhieu cc co u iem
la ch so co hnh dang ep, sang nhng ton ien.
Ngoai ra ap phai ln.

c. Ch th so dung led 7 oan:
Moi thanh sang c bang diode phat
quang hay tinh the long
Sang het: so 8
Khong e: so 9
Khong h: so 0
oi vi tinh the long, dong rat nho
khoang 0.1A/thanh.
oi vi diode phat quang th dong khoang
10A/thanh

d. Hien th man hnh: nh man hnh vi tnh.
Man hnh cap thap : 192x280 iem
Man hnh VGA : 640x480 iem
Man hnh SVGA : 1024x768 iem hay
1024x1280 iem
Loai hien th nay ta khong khao sat ay.
3. Cac mach giai ma:
Nhiem vu: phien dch t ma nay sang ma khac, nh bien
oi t ma thap phan sang ma nh phan, oi ma t ma nh
phan sang ma thap phan
Xet cu the: bien oi t ma nh phan sang ch thi cua led 7
oan (thap phan). Cac so thap phan au vao thng cho
di dang ma BCD.
au ra la ma cua led 7 oan:
Y
1
Y
2
Y
3
Y
4
Y
5
Y
6
Y
7
a b c d e f g

Trang 18
Ngoai ra e hien th c a dang hn (cac so khac ngoai
09) ngi ta con dung ma c so 8, c so 16.
Trang 19
Chng 3: O IEN AP VA DONG IEN.

3-1: O DONG MOT CHIEU (DC)
VA XOAY CHIEU (AC).
1. o dong DC:
Ca 3 loai eu
hoat ong c
vi dong DC
nen c
dung lam bo
ch th cho may
o dong DC
nhng phai
m rong tam
o (thang o).
I=I
M
+I
S

ien tr Shunt c xac nh:
max
max
I I
R I
R
mazt
m
S

=
Trong o: R
m
: ien tr trong cua ampe ke
I
max
: dong ien toi a cua c cau ch th
I
maxt
: dong ien toi a cua tam o.
Neu ampe ke co nhieu tam o khac nhau th dung nhieu
ien tr Shunt khac nhau hay dung mach Shunt Ayrton (ien tr
Shunt dung chung).

2. o dong AC:
C cau ien t va ien ong hoat ong c vi dong
AC ch can m rong tam o.
Mach o AC dung c cau t ien: Rieng c cau t ien
phai chuyen oi t dong AC sang dong DC. Cach nay
c s dung pho bien trong cac V.O.M.

Trang 20

a) Dung chnh lu: AC - DC









Gia tr trung bnh cua dong chnh lu:
dt i
T
I
T
cl cltb

=
0
1

Max
I
Khi dong AC hnh sin ( v du tan so 50Hz) ta co :

hd cltb
I I 2 318 . 0 = Chnh lu 1 ban ky

hd cltb
I I 2 636 . 0 = Chnh lu 2 ban ky

b) Dung phng phap bien oi nhiet ien:











Nguyen tac: dung I can o ot nong cap nhiet tao ra I
DC

cho c cau t ien:
E
0
(DC)=K
T
RI
2
hd




Trang 21
Trong o: I
hd
:tr so hieu dung cua dong AC can o.
R :ien tr day ot nong.
K
T
:hang so t le.
Ngi ta ch s dung trong khoang gan tuyen tnh cua E
0

theo gia tr cua I
hd
.
u iem: khong phu thuoc vao tan so nen e o dong AC
co tan so cao va dang bat ky ngi ta thng dung thiet b
nay.
Nhc iem: phu thuoc vao nhiet o moi trng xung
quanh.
c) M rong tam o:
Dung ien tr Shunt cho diode va c cau t ien.








Dung bien dong:










N
1
i
1
=n
2
i
2
(can bang lc t ong phan s cap va phan
th cap)


Trang 22
Ampe ke km la ng dung pho bien: dung bien dong ket
hp vi c cau t ien va diode chnh lu vi viec m
rong tam o.
3. Anh hng cua Ampe ke en mach o: moi ampe ke eu
co ien tr noi R
m
0 co anh hng en ket qua o. R
m

cang nho th sai so cang nho.

3-2: O IEN AP AC DC.
1. o ien ap DC:














) (
max
m S do do
m S
do
do
R R I V
I
R R
V
I
+ =

+
=

M rong tam o: dung nhieu Rs khac nhau.
2. o ien ap AC:
Nguyen ly:
C cau ien ong va ien t R
S
mac noi tiep vi ien
ke.
Rieng vi c cau t ien Rs mac noi tiep vi mach o
I
AC
theo hnh ve.

Trang 23
a) Chnh lu ban k:












V
AC
(RMS)=(R
1
+R
m
)I
hd
+V
D
(RMS)
Mat khac:
I
cltb
=I
max
=0.3182I
hd
.
Xac nh ien tr noi tiep R
1
bi:

) 2 318 . 0 /(
) (
max
1
I
V RMS V
R R
D AC
m

= +
o nhay /V
AC
trong trng hp nay

max max
45 . 0 2 318 . 0 / ) ( 1
I I
RMS V
=
Vay tong tr vao cua V
AC
nho hn tong tr vao V
DC
.

Trang 24
b) Chnh lu 2 ban k: tng t














c) V
AC
: dung volk ke co bo bien oi nhiet e khong phu
thuoc vao dang va tan so cua V
AC
.












d) Thang o cua V
AC
: c ghi theo tri so hieu dung mac du
phng chnh lu trung bnh.
3. Anh hng cua Von ke en mach o: do Z
V(vk)
mac song
song vi phan t can o nen gay ra sai so (xem v du 1, 2
trang 43).


Trang 25
3-3: O VDC BANG PHNG PHAP BIEN TR.
(T xem)

3- 4: VOLK KE IEN T DC.
1. Volk ke ien t do ap DC dung transistor (BJT).










Hoat ong:
Mach theo khuyech ai can bang.
Mach co k>1 (lay C1, C2).

2. Dung mach khuyech ai thuat toan:
Co cac u iem:
He so khuyech ai ln, chon loc phu hp vi o chnh
xac va tuyen tnh cao.
Co ngo vao vi sai e o hieu so ien the.
o on nh cua he so khuyech ai cao.

Trang 26
a) Mach o co K=1.













b) Mach o co K>1.













ien ap ra: )
2
1
1 (
R
R
V V
i o
+ =


Trang 27
c) Mach khuyech ai
chuyen oi V->I.
ien ap ra:

+
+ =
R
Rm Rs
V V
i o
1







d) Mach khuyech ai vi sai: (t oc)











3. o ap co gia tr nho dung phng phap chopper
a. S o khoi: e khac phuc viec khuyech ai ca ien ap
troi khi dung bo khuyech ai DC K ln ngi ta dung
mach sau:







Trang 28
















Hoat ong:
b. Mach cu the:
Chopper dung phng phap quang.
Chopper dung khoa ien t bang JFET.
(T xem)


Trang 29
3-5: VOLK KE IENT O IEN AP AC.
1. Khai quat:
Chuyen oi AC sang DC bang cach:
Phng phap chnh lu diode.
Phng phap tr hieu dung thc.
Phng phap tr nh.
a so volk ke chuan theo tr hieu dung cua tn hieu sin.
2. Phng phap tr chnh lu trung bnh:
Chnh lu trc khuyech ai sau: dung khi tn hieu
AC ln.










Khuyech ai trc chnh lu sau: khi tn hieu AC
nho.












Trang 30
3. Phng phap tr hieu dung thc:

T
i
dt v
T
RMS Vhd
0
2
1
) (
T o ta dung mach cho tr bnh phng tn hieu vao ngo
ra (t xem).

Thc te a co IC tao ra tr hieu dung thc nh AD531 va
4301 va s o khoi.












Trang 31
Ngoai ra con co the dung bo bien oi nhiet ien TC1 va
TC2 (t xem).
4. Phng phap tr nh:
Bien AC thanh DC co gia tr bang nh AC va o no
bang mach nhan oi hay mach kep.
































Trang 32
Cu the: mach kep va loc thong thap.

















3- 6: AMPE KE IEN T O DONG AC VA DC.
1. o dong DC:
Nguyen tac: chuyen dong can o I
do
thanh V=RsI
do
va
o V. Phan tam o va khac o theo I
do.
2. o dong AC:
Nguyen tac: chuyen I
AC
thanh V
AC
=RI
AC
. Sau o
chuyen V
AC
sang V
DC
roi o. Ket qua khac o theo I
AC
.

Bai tap chng 3: 2 1, 2 2, 2 4, 2 5, 2 10, 2 12, 2
14, 2 25 (t trang 65-73 sach tham khao)



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Trang 33
Chng 4: O IEN TR

4- 1: O IEN TR BANG VOLK KE
VA AMPERE KE.










I
Vx
Ix
Vx
I
V
Rx = =
Trong o: I=Iv+Ix
Vi cach mac tren, sai so nho do Iv<<Ix.
Co the mac V trc Ampe ke khi nay sai so co the ln hn do
V=Va+Vx.

4-2: O IEN TR DUNG PHNG PHAP O
IEN AP BANG BIEN TR.

Trong o:
Rx: ien tr can o.
Rs: ien tr mau.
E: nguon cung cap
biet trc.





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Trang 34

S
Rx
V
V
Rs Rx =
u iem: phep o khong phu thuoc vao dong I cung cap.

4-3: MACH O IEN TR TRONG OMH KE.
1. Mach nguyen ly o ien tr: kieu mac noi tiep.








Dong ien qua c cau ch th:

Rm R Rx
Eb
+ +
=
1
Im
trong o: R1: ien tr chuan tam o.
Rm: noi tr cua ien ke.
T o: Khi Rx 0 th ImImax.
Khi Rx th Im0
Thang o khong tuyen tnh theo ien tr.
2. Mach o thc te: Do nguon E
0
co the b thay oi nen khi
Rx0 th ImImax do o ngi ta mac them bien tr chnh
iem 0









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Trang 35

) 2 // ( 1 R Rm R Rx
Eb
Ib
+ +
=
Thng R2//Rm <<R11 nen
1
Im
R Rx
Eb
+
=
Dong Im qua c cau ch th:

Rm
Rm R Ib
Rm
Vm ) // 2 (
Im = =
Vay khi chuan cho Rx=0 th ax
Rm
Rm R
x
R
Eb
Im
// 2
1
Im = =
Mach o ien tr nhieu tam o: xem trang 80
3. Nguyen ly o cua ohm ke tuyen tnh: Thng trong thiet
b o ien t ngi ta khong dung E
0
ma dung I=const. Vay
o Rx thong qua o Vx=RxI
4. o chnh xac cua ohm ke (khong tuyen tnh): sai so ln t
10%90% vi ieu kien chnh 0 cho moi tam o.
4 4: CAU WHEATSTONE.
1. Cau Wheatstone can bang: thng dung trong phong th
nghiem.
Hieu chnh S sao cho cau can bang. Khi o ien ke G ch 0
va
Q
PS
R
x
= va khong phu thuoc vao nguon E.
Sai so: R=Q+S+P












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Trang 36

2. Cau Wheatstone khong can bang:












V
R
V
X
dung trong cong nghiep.
Nguyen tac: nh dong ien ra Ig (hoac ien ap ra cua cau o)
e o ien tr hoac s thay oi ien tr R cua phan t o.
Vi:
Nguon:

+
=
S Q
S
P R
R
E V V
b S R

Noi tr r cua nguon:
R=(P//R)+(Q//S)
Khi cau khong can bang, dong Ig qua ien ke G la

Rg r
V V
Ig
S R
+

=
Trong o: Rg: noi tr cua ien ke G


4- 5: CAU OI KELVIN.
La cau o ac biet dung e o cac ien tr co gia tr nho.

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Trang 37
(T xem sach trang 85, 86)


4- 6: O IEN TR CO TR SO LN (>M )
Co the dung:
Volk ke, A ke.
Cau Wheatstone (nh a xet tren.
Megaohm ke chuyen dung.
1. Dung Vke, A ke.
Theo nguyen tac
I
V
R =
T xem trong sach: c ban la cach mac cu the e tranh
anh hng cua Rs la ien tr r be mat.
2. Megaohm ke chuyen dung:









Cau tao: 2 cuon day
Cuon kiem soat.
Cuon lech.
Hoat ong:
Moment quay qua cuon kiem soat: Tq1=Kq1(
I
)I1.
Moment quay qua cuon lech: Tq2=Kq2(
I
)I2.
T o: goc
I


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Trang 38
) (
) ( 2
) ( 1
2
1
i
i
i
k
Kq
Kq
I
I

= =
Vay goc quay
I
phu thuoc vao t so dong I1, I2 (Khi khong co
I1, I2: kim v tr bat ky).
Ma
1 1
1
r R
E
I
+
= va
2 2
2
r R Rx
E
I
+ +
=
Khi Rx th I20. Kim lech ve ben trai toi a (o I1).
Khi Rx0 th I2 I2max suy ra c
1
2
I
I
max. khi nay kim
lech ve het ben phai (tr so 0).
Khi Rx co gia tr bat ky ng vi
I

) (
1
2 2
1
2
i
K
R Rx
r R Rx
I
I
=
+
+ +
=
khi I1=I2: kim ch th gia thang o. Neu R1=R2 Rx=R1-R2.
Vay m rong tam o cho thang o bang cach thay oi R1 hoac
R2.
ng dung:
o ien tr cach ien khi tat nguon ien.
o cach ien khi co nguon.
o ien tr oan day b cham.

4- 7: O IEN TR AT (T tham khao).
4- 8: O IEN TR BANG V O M IEN T
(T tham khao).




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Trang 40
Chng 5:O IEN DUNG, IEN CAM, HO CAM.

5-1: O C, L, VA M DUNG VOLK KE
VA AMPERE KE.
1. o C:
Khi R
x
=0:

V
I
C
C I
V
Z
x Cx

= = =
1

Chu y: Vs la nguon xoay
chieu.
Khi R
x
: lap them W
ke.

=
=

= =
2 2
2
1
x
x
x
x
X
R Z
C
I
P
R
C
j
Rx
I
V
Z

Suyra:
2 2 2
2
2
2 2
2
1
P I V
I
I
P
I
V
C
x

=
|

\
|

Co the tnh theo cach khac
Cong suat bieu kien: Pbk=VI
P
Rx
=P


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Trang 41

x
Cx
C
I
P

2
=
Ma

2 2 2
2 2
2 2
P I V
I
C
C
I
P P P
x
x
Rx bk Cx

= = =

2. o L: Mach tng t o C
Khong co W ke:
Xac nh trc R
x
.
o Z
L
=R
x
+jL
x
.





- Xac nh ien cam L
x
:
2 2 2
2
2
2
2
2 2
1 1
) ( P I V
I
R
I
V
L L R
I
V
Z
x x x x Lx
= = + = =

Trng hp co Watt ke:
2 2 2
2
1
P I V
I
L
x
=

Ta biet: P=VI cos. Khi
=/2- (goc mat) co tr
so nho th P nho va dan
en phep o khong
chnh xac.
3. o he so ho cam
M:
T

I
V
M M I V = =



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Trang 42
Mat khac:
R
n n
M
2 1
=
Trong o: R: t tr mach t.
Khi hai cuon day mac noi tiep.
a) Quan cung chieu.
Tong ien cam La

2
2 1
2
2 1
) (
1
2 R R Z M L L L
a a
+ = + + =

trong o: Z
a
:tong tr 2 cuon day.

I
V
Z
a
=
b) Quan ngc chieu:
Khi nay
2
2 1
2
2 1
) (
1
2 R R Z M L L L
b b
+ = + =

T hai ket qua a, b ta co

4
4
b a
b a
L L
M M L L

= =

5- 2: O C, L DUNG CAU O.
1. Cau Wheatstone xoay chieu: Tng t nh trong cau
Wheatstone DC. ay thng dung phng phap can bang.
a) ieu kien can bang:
4 2 3 1
3
1
4
1
Z Z Z Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
= =
ieu kien bien o:
4 2 3 1
Z Z Z Z =
ieu kien can bang pha:
4 2 3 1

Z Z Z Z =



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Trang 43



b) Thiet b ch th can bang:
Tai nghe: tng oi chnh xac, phu thuoc vao o
thnh cua tai.
Von ke ien t hoac ien ke AC.
Oscilograf: chnh xac nhat.
c) Cac phan t mau.
Cau tao sao cho ton hao nho nhat.
Dung Vs co tan so thap (hoac 1KHz hoac 50Hz xoay
chieu) e khong anh hng hieu ng be mat.
2. Cau o n gian o C va L:










1
4
3
C
R
R
C
x
=
2
4
3
L
R
R
L
x
=

3. Cau o pho quat:
a) He so ton hao cua ien dung D=tg

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Trang 44
Khi D nho: mach tng ng
D=r
x
C
x
.
Khi D ln: mach tng ng

x x x
c
R C R
Z
D

1
= =
b) He so pham chat Q cua cuon day.
Khi Q nho:
x
x
r
L
Q

= (Q<10)
Khi Q ln:
x
x
L
R
Q

= (Q>10)
c) Cau o pho quat C:









D nho cau Sauty
D ln cau Nernst

d) Cau pho quat o L:
Q nho cau Maxwell Wien
Q ln cau Hay.


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Trang 45










Ngoai ra con co cau
Owen: o cuon day dung C mau.
Schering: o ien dung dung C
1
co ton hao nho.
Grover: o ien dung dung tu mau.









Bai tap: 4-1, 4-2 en 4-6 trang 125, 126



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Trang 46
Chng 6 : O CONG SUAT VA IEN NANG.

6-1 : O CONG SUAT MOT CHIEU (DC)
Co hai phng phap
Trc tiep : Dung Watt ke ien ong hoac sat ien ong.
Gian tiep : Dung Von ke va Ampe ke.
1. Phng phap dung Von ke va Ampe ke.













Cach mac Ampe ke trc Von ke sau se chnh xac hn
do I
V
<<I.
2. Phng phap dung Watt ke.












Von ke trc , Ampe ke sau.
P
L
= I
L
(V-V
A
)
Ampe ke trc, Von ke sau.
P
L
= V(I- I
V
)

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Trang 47
Trong o:
Cuon day 1,2 la cuon dong.
Cuon 3,4 la cuon ap

Theo c cau ien ong th
Goc quay = K.I
L
.I
a
ma :

2
R R
E
S
a I
+
= vi R
2
la ien tr cua cuon day ien ap.
=>
L
S
I
R R
E K
2
.
+
= = K
*
.E.I
L
= K
*
.V
L
.I
L

Nhan xet : R
2
cang nho cang chnh xac.
V
L
cang ln (E) th R
S
phai cang ln e han che I
a
.
Chu y : Cach mac Watt ke sao cho an toan (Xem sach tham
khao).

6-2: O CONG SUAT XOAY CHIEU 1 PHA.
1. Dung Von ke va Ampe ke .











Cong suat : P
L
= V
2
I.cos
ma

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Trang 48
V
2
cos = V
3
cos
1
V
1
=>
2
1 1 3
.cos V
Cos
V
V
=



1 3 2
V V V
r r r
= =>
1 2 1
2
1
2
3 2
cos 2 V V V V V + =
r

=>
3
3 1
2
2
2
1
2
3
1
2
V
V V
V V V
Cos
+
= .
T o suy ra :
(

=
1
2
1
2
2
2
3
2V
V V V
I P
L

2. Dung Watt ke ien ong (hoac sat ien ong).
u iem :
Co o chnh xac cao (cap chnh xac 0.5;0.2;0.1 %)
Dong ien o cho nguon DC, AC co tan so f=50-
60Hz hoac cao hn 500Hz.
Nhc iem :
Qua tai kem
Gia thanh at.
T trng yeu, moment quay nho nen de b anh
hng bi t trng nhieu.
3. Dung bien dong vi Watt ke.












P
W-ke
= P
2
= I
2
.V
1
cos
2
(
2
=
1
- )

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Trang 49


P
1
= I
2
K
I
V
1
cos(
1
- ) thng th rat nho nen
2
=
1

Vay P
1
= I
1
V
1
cos
1
= P
W
K
I
= P.

4. Dung bien dong, bien ap phoi hp vi Watt ke.
P= P
W
.K
I
.K
V
: trong o K
I
la he so bien dong, K
V
la he
so bien ap.
5. o cong suat hieu dung cua tai bang bo bien oi
nhiet ien.
6-3: O CONG SUAT TAI 3 PHA.
1. o cong suat mach 4 day.
P=P
1
+P
2
+P
3

= V
A
I
A
cos
A
+ VI
B
cos
B
+ V
C
I
C
cos
C












2. o cong suat mach 3 day.
a. Trng hp tai 3 pha can bang.



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Trang 50

3 E E E
BC AC
= =
I
A
= I
B
= I
C

P
1
+P
2
= 3EIcos
Vay ch can biet ien ap va tai mot pha
b. Tai 3 pha khong can bang


(

+ + = +

T
T Y
C C B B A A
dt i e dt i e dt i e
T
P P
0
0 0
0 0 0 2 1
. . .
1

do i
A
+i
B
+i
C
= 0 va e
AC
= e
A0
-e
C0
; e
BC
= e
B0
-e
C0

nen P
1
+P
2
la tong cong suat tai 3 pha.
Muc 3,4,5 t oc tham khao sach tham khao trang 138-139.
6-4: O CONG SUAT PHAN KHANG CUA TAI
1. Cong suat phan khang cua tai 1 pha (VAR-ke).

Theo nh ngha :
Q=VIsin = VI cos (90
0
- )
Dung Watt ke:
Cuon ap mac them cuon
cam L e gay ra lech pha
gia cuon ap va cuon
dong them mot goc 90
0
.

Suy ra:

I V
P
2
2
2
1 cos 1 Sin = =
P cho bi watt ke.
V, I cho bi Von ke, Ampe ke.
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Trang 51


2. o cong suat phan khang tai 3 pha.
A. Trong he thong 3 day.
Mac Watt ke nh hnh ve.
W
A
: cuon ap lay V
BC

W
B
: cuon ap lay V
CA

W
C
: cuon ap lay V
AB

V :
BC A
V V
r r
;
CA B
V V
r r
;
AB C
V V
r r

Va
A A A A
Q V I P 3 sin 3 = =
Vay
3
A
A
P
Q = (P
A
oc c tren W
A
)
Tng t ta co Q
B,
Q
C
.
B. Trong he thong 3 day.
a. Khi tai can bang va ien ap oi xng.
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Trang 52
Dung 2 watt ke 1 pha hoac 1 watt ke 3 pha 2 phan t.
P
W
= P
W1
+ P
W2

= 2 P
W1
= 2P
W2

=2I
L
V
L
sin
sin 3 2
L
VI =
= Q 3 2
=>
3 2
W
P
Q =

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Trang 53
b. ien ap oi xng, tai khong can bang.
Xem tham khao trang 142 sach giao khoa.














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Trang 54

6-5: O IEN NANG

1. ien nang ke 1 pha.
Hoat ong da tren nguyen tac cam ng ien t.














Cuon ap B mac // vi tai
Cuon dong I mac noi tiep vi tai.
a nhom D nam trong khe h cua cuon ap va
cuon dong.
Ngoai ra con co mot nam cham vnh cu e can
du
Nguyen tac lam viec: Di tac dung cua t thong

VA
va
I
co dong xoay tren a nhom i

A
va i

V
=>
tac dung tng tac tao ngau lc lam quay a nhom.
sin
V A
i kfi M = .
Trong o : f la tan so vao
i

A
la dong tai
i

V
la dong cuon ap.
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Trang 55
la goc lec pha gia i

A
va i

V

Viet di dang khac:
cos . . . .
*
*
t
A
I f V k M = = k
1
.P
Do la goc lec pha gia V
a
va i
t

la goc lec pha gia i

VA
va i

t

ien nang c tnh bang cong thc : W=P.t = k
*
.n.t
(Do P=k
*
.n : nhieu khi P khong oi.).
2. o ien nang tai 3 pha.
a. ien nang ke 3 pha 3 phan t.
Xem tai lieu tham khao










Hnh 5-23 ien nang ke 3 fa 3 phan t dung cho he thong 4 day
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Trang 56


b. ien nang ke 3 pha 2 phan t.
Xem tai lieu tham khao.













c. o ien nang phan khang cua tai 3 pha. (WAR- Ke).

6- 6 : O HE SO CONG SUAT - COS KE
1. o Cos dung Von ke va Watt ke.
a. o Cos dung Von ke .
V V
V V V
Cos
2 1
2
2
2
1
2
3
. . 2

=










Hnh 5-28 : Cach mac V-ke o Cos
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Trang 57


b. o Cos dung Von ke ,Ampe ke va Watt ke.












a
L
P
P
Cos =
trong o : P
L
: la cong suat tai.
P
a
: la cong suat bieu kien
P
a
=VI
2. Cos ke dung c cau ien ong.














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Trang 58



6-7: THIET B CH TH ONG BO HOA.
Tham khao sach trang 151-152

6-8: TAN SO KE.

1. Tan ke ban rung (Cong hng c hoc).
a. Cau tao .Gom 1 nam cham ien
Mot mieng thep gan cac thanh c co tan so cong
hng rieng khac nhau. V du : 48;49;50;51;52 hz.
b. Hoat ong.
Khi co dong xoay chieu nam cham hoat ong hut rung
mieng thep, thanh c nao ung tan so th rung manh,
bien o cc ai.
Loai nay rat thong dung.

2. Tan ke ien ong hoac sat ien ong.
Cau tao phc tap , la thiet b chuyen dung
Pham vi o : 50:1500Hz
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o chnh xac cao
Gia thanh at.
3. Tan ke dung c cau t ien co chnh lu.






Goc quay
= F(I
1
/I
2
)
= F(R
1
/Z
1
)
ma R
2
=const >> r
2
: r
2
la ien tr cuon day.
Goc quay phu thuoc vao tan so f cua nguon.

2
1
1
2
1 1
)
1
(
C
L r Z

+ =
=F(R
2
/Z
1
)
4. Phng phap o tan so dung cau Wien.
Ta co khi cau
can bang:


4
3
2
1
Z
Z
Z
Z
=



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Trang 60


trong o:
1
1 1
1 1
C j
R Z
+ = ; Z
2
=R
2

3
3 3
1
C j
R Z

+ = ; Z
4
=R
4

=>
|
|

\
|
+ + =
1 3
3 1
3
1
1
3
2
4
1
R C
R C j
C
C
R
R
R
R

can bang phan thc va phan ao ta co:
3
1
1
3
2
4
C
C
R
R
R
R
+ = va
1 3
1 3
1
R C
C R

= =>
3 1 3 1
1
R R C C
=
Neu thoa man :
2 4
2 1
2 1
2R R
C C C
R R R
= =>
)
`

= =
= =


Khi o :
RC
f
2
1
= neu ta chon C co nh th
|

\
|
=
R
k f
1

ac iem :
o chnh xac cao, 0.1%-0,5%
Khoang tan so o c t 100Hz eb 100KHz
Ch th can bang bang tai nghe ien thoai (bang
phach lang sai so <20hz)
Ngoai ra e o tan so con dung phng phap cau
oi(Mach loc kep), tng t xem sach tham khao
trang 156.
e o tan so ngi ta con dung cac phng phap sau:
Phng phap dung hnh Lisazu
www.ketnoibanbe.org
Trang 61
Cong hng hap thu
May em tan so (thiet b o ien t)

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Trang 61
Chng 7: DAO ONG KY (OSCILLO).

7-1: ONG PHONG IEN T:
1. Cac bo phan:















Si ot: 6.3VAC.
Catode: phu oxyt kim loai khi co nhiet o cao se bc xa
ien t.
Li ieu khien: ien ap am so vi Cathode.
Cac anode: A
1
A
2
A
3
.
o A
1
A
3
: dng gan ngan volt so vi Kathode.
o A
2
: ien the xap x ien the Kathode.
o He thong A
1
A
2
A
3
hnh thanh he thong thau knh
ien t.





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Trang 62











Ban lech ng va ngang: gia chung co man chan
noi at e ngan anh hng ien trng gia chung
lan nhau.
Ngang: truc X
- e a ien ap quet rang ca (ong bo trong).
- a ien ap xoay chieu t ngoai vao (ong bo
ngoai).
ng: a tn hieu can quan sat, o ac.
Man huynh quang
- Mau xanh la: chat phat quang ZnSiO
4
va Mn.
- Mau vang: chat phat quang muoi Sunfuric
Cadminium.
Lp than ch quanh ong canh man anh thu nhan cac
ien t phat xa th cap (e e khong tch tu tren man
anh).
Cac vong ien tr xoan oc ben ngoai c noi mass
trung hoa cac ien tch tch tu do ien trng ln
gia A va K
2. S phan cc cac bo phan trong ong tia ien t:
o lech bieu th bang o nhay S:

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) (
) (
) / (
cm d
V V
cm V S =






















ien the phan cc cho li (V du : -2KV) : Khi P
1
thay
oi => V
GK
thay oi : V
GK
= -50V : <0V
P
2
: Thay oi ien trng cho cac ban cc A
1
, A
2
, A
3
hoi
tu chum tia ien t.
P
3
: ieu khien tia ien t theo phng ng.
P
4
: ieu khien tia ien t theo phng ngang.
P
5
: ieu khien kh t.

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7- 2: CAC KHOI CHC NANG
TRONG DAO ONG KY.

1. S o khoi chung:


Nguon cung cap: cung cap DC cho ong tia electron va
cac mach trong dao ong ky.
Khuyech ai quet ng.
Khoi tao tn hieu rang ca, lam chuan thi gian cho truc
X cua man dao ong ky.
Khoi khuech ai quet ngang.
Khoi tao tn hieu xt cho s ong bo hoa khoi quet doc va
ngang.



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Trang 65

2. Khoi khuyech ai ng:
Tn hieu t thanh o vao mach suy giam (thng la
10/1) roi a vao mach tien khuyech ai (khuyech ai
ien ap).


Khoa S co cac v tr:
Ghep trc tiep: ca AC va DC.
Gian tiep: ch AC vao.

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V tr 0: khoa au vao (noi mass).
Tien khuyech ai la khuyech ai vi sai vi Q1 Q4
la khuyech ai lap lai (theo ien ap K=1).
Tn hieu ra V
C2
V
C3
a vao khuyech ai cong
suat.
3. Khoi khuyech ai quet ngang:















EXT: ong bo ngoai.
INT: ong bo trong, a xung rang ca qua khuech ai vao
ban lech ngang (e chuan thi gian va tao anh).

7-3: S TAO THANH HNH ANH TN HIEU TREN
MAN HNH DAO ONG KY.






S2
INT
S1
DC
AC
EX
T
Suy giam
K
ngang
KCS
ay
keo
Quet rang ca
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Trang 67


1. Tn hieu vao truc X, Y (ngang, doc)






















2. S ong bo gia X(t) va Y(t).
2 tn hieu ong bo hnh ng neu khong ong
bo hnh se b chay.
Can ong bo: phai co xung kch y(t) cho X(t) e
bat au cho ung thi iem mong muon.
Doc: a tn
hieu can quan
sat, o ac vao.
Y=f(t)
Ngang: X=Kt
(trong trng
hp ong bo
trong).

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S o khoi:
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Trang 69
7-4: DAO ONG KY HAI TIA.

1. Cau tao:
Loai 2 cathode: rieng biet trong 1 ong. Ch co lech
ngang chung.
Loai 1 cathode: phat 1 chum
tia co khoa chuyen oi thc hien tuan t. Nh hien
tng lu anh nen mat thay ong thi cung luc hai hnh.


















Hnh 10-4: Ong phong ien t 2 tia
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Trang 70
2. S o khoi dao ong ky hai tia:
















7-5: THANH O.

1. Thanh o trc tiep 1:1:










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Trang 71
2. Thanh o co giam ap 10:1:
e khong phu thuoc vao tan so th R1C1=RiC2.
trong o C2=Cc+Cs+Ci.
ieu chnh Cs e thoa man ieu kien tren.
Neu khong thoa man phai ieu chnh them C1 cho
phu hp.













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7-6: BO TAO TRE.

1. Yeu cau: e phu hp toc o truyen tn hieu en ban doc
ngang va toc o bay cua e en cac ban nay cho tn hieu
qua bo tre.
2. Cau tao:
Day song hanh hoac day ong truc.
Co thi gian tre la:
Qua mot mat LC:
Tong thi gian tre T
Hai dang cau tao cua day tre.


















LC s = ) (
n T =

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Chng 8: THIET B PHAN TCH TN HIEU.

8-1: MAY O O MEO.
1. nh ngha:
o meo dang D c nh ngha:
0
2 2
2
2
1
...
A
A A A
D
n
+ + +
=
Trong o: A
0
:bien o cua tn hieu co tan so f
0
.
A
1
, A
n
:bien o cac hai phat sinh f
1
f
n
.
2. Nguyen ly o meo dang:



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Trang 74

L
x r
x

Mach 1: tien khuech ai: phoi hp tr khang gia ngo vao va
cau Wien.
Mach 2: cau Wien chan dai
RC
f
cb
2
1
= cac tan so f
r
=f
cb

b loc khong ra c.
Khi S ->1 khong con cau Wien, tn hieu sau tien khuech
ai a trc tiep vao khuech ai 3 qua mach phan ap R1,
R2.
Mach 3: khuyech ai tn hieu ra t cau Wien lam bo ch
th cac thanh phan hai.

Cach o:
at S v tr 1 chnh bien tr Rv e he thong ch
th at en gia tr max cua thang o.
Chuyen S sang v tr 2 chnh bien tr R mach
cau o cho kim ch th au ra min-> gia tr o la
tr so meo dang theo %

8-2: MAY O Q.

1. Nguyen ly o he so Q:

Q ke c
thiet ke e o
Q cua cuon
day va ien
cam (Lx),
ien dung(Cx)
va ien tr
tan so cao.
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Trang 75


Mach o theo hnh ve
E: nguon RF co ien apVe.
Khi cong hng tan so
0
(f
0
):

Ve
V
Ve
V
r
L
Q
C L
x
x
= = =
0

Xem th du trang 274 sach tham khao
Khac o Q:
Khi gi
0
=const, ien cam C thay oi do

x x
x
Cr r
L
Q
0
0
1

= =
Nen vach Q theo vach chia cua a C
Khi C=const, thay oi tan so en tan so
0
e xay ra
cong hng


K
C r
Q
x
= =
0
1


2. May o thc te: t xem.











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Trang 76
8-3: MAY PHAN TCH PHO.

May phan tch pho tan co nhiem vu tach nhng tn hieu
co tan so khac nhau trong mot tn hieu co dang bat ky. Sau
o trnh bay nhng phan t tn hieu nay len man hnh dao
ong ky vi bien o tn hieu c quet doc va tan so cua tn
hieu c bieu dien theo truc ngang cua dao ong ky.
Nguyen tac theo s o sau:
























Hoat ong:
Tn hieu can phan tch pho tan c a vao khoi 1.

Bo loc
dai hep
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Trang 77
Tn hieu quet rang ca c khoi 5 tao ra c a
vao khoi 1 e ieu khien mach loc co tan so tn hieu
loc thay oi. Mach loc nay co dai thong rat hep.
Tn hieu i qua mach loc c a vao khoi 2 tao ra
mot ien ap DC bang tr nh cua tn hieu.
Tn hieu DC qua mach khuyech ai doc 3 cho dao
ong ky 4.
Tn hieu rang ca cung c a vao khoi khuech
ai ngang e tao cho ng quet ngang tren dao
ong ky t le vi tan so loc cua khoi 1.


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Chng 9: C CAU O HIEN SO

9-1 KHAI NIEM CHUNG.
Phan trc a khao sat cac dung cu o ien c la loai analog.
Phan nay xet cac dung cu o hien so (digital) trong o:
au vao tn hieu can o x(t) c gian oan hoa theo
thi gian, lng t hoa theo mc.
So o au ra: the hien di dang ma.
Dung cu digital nay cang thong dung do co u the: o
nhay cao, toc o nhanh, chnh xac cao de dang a
vao may tnh x ly va t ong hoa toan bo qua trnh o
lng.
Nhc iem: phc tap, at tien.

9-2 KHAI NIEM VE MA
VA CAC HE BIEU DIEN SO.
1. Ma: la hnnh thc bieu dien tn hieu (thong tin) he em
nay hay he em khac theo quy tac xac nh.
Trong cac lnh vc ky thuat khac nhau ngi ta s dung cac
loai ma khac nhau.
Lnh v c ky thuat: ma hoa thong dung nhat la ma hoa so
(KT o cung the)
2. He em: trong thc te i song, tnh toan, ky thuat co nhieu
he em khac nhau nh he em c so 10, c so 2, 6, 8 Pho
thong nhat la he c so 10 va c so 2.
Tong quat he c so P bieu dien so N co dang:

=
n
i
i
i
P a p N
1
1
) (
Trong o: P: la he so em.
A
i
: la cac ky hieu cua he so co P gia tr, no co
gia tr t 0 P-1.
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Trang 79
m
n
n
n
n
a P a P a P a P a P a P N

+ + + + + + + = * ... * * ... * * ) (
2
2
1
1
0
1
2
1
1

Trong o: Cac day so t 0n bieu dien phan nguyen cua so N.
Cac day so t -1 -m bieu dien phan le cua so N
V du:
He 10:
2 1 0 1 2
10
2 * 5 2 * 3 2 * 7 2 * 4 2 * 5 35 . 547

+ + + + = N

2 1 0 1 2 3 4
2
2 * 1 2 * 1 2 * 0 2 * 1 2 * 0 2 * 1 2 * 1 11 , 11010 75 . 26

+ + + + + + = = N
Thong thng ngi ta dung:
Ma 2 trong tnh toan.
Ma 10 cho hien th.
Ngoai ra con dung ma 2-10, ma Gray, ma 2-4-2-1.
Ma 10 Ma 2(BCD) Ma 2-4-2-1 Ma Gray
0 0000 0000 0000
1 0001 0001 0001
2 0010 0010 0011
3 0011 0011 0010
4 0100 0100 0110
5 0101 0101 0111
6 0110 0110 0101
7 0111 0111 0100
8 1000 1110 1100
9 1001 1111 1101
Ghi chu: Ma 2-10 (ma BCD): moi so hang cua ch so
bieu th trong he em 2. Toan bo ch so theo quy luat
he em 10
3. Qui tac chuyen oi t he em nay sang he em khac:
a. He bat ky sang thap phan: phan tch thanh a thc.
V du: 15 2 2 2 2 1111
0 1 2 3
2
= + + + =
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Trang 80

b. T thap phan sang he bat ky:
V du: 7,75
Phan nguyen: 7
10
=d
2
d
1
d
0
=111
Phan le:
2
2 1
10 10 10
11
2
1
2
1
4
1
2
1
25 . 0 5 . 0 75 . 0 = + = + = + =


c. Chuyen oi t ma thap phan sang ma 2 10
V du: 159
10
=0001 0101 1001

9-3 KHAI NIEM VE GIAN OAN HOA
VA LNG T HOA.
1. Gan oan hoa tn hieu:












2. Lng t hoa tn hieu:
La qua trnh chia ai lng X o thanh 1 so hu han cac gia tr
X
i
(goi la cac bc lng t) bang nhau:
X
1
=X
2
==X
n.
Cac ai lng ac trng:
o dch chuyen goc
X
(dch pha).
Tan so f
X
.
t1 t2 t3 t4 t5
X1
X2
X3 X4
X5
X(t)
t
Bieu dien X(t) lien tuc
thanh cac gia tr x1, x2,
x3
Khoang cach gia cac
thi iem lay mau
t
2
-t
1
= = t
n
-t
n-1
= Td
Td: chu ky lay mau
Tan so gian oan hoa
fd=1/Td cang ln cang
tot (t sai so)
(fd2fmax(cua pho))

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Trang 81
Thi gian T
X
.










9-4 S O KHOI CUA MAY O HIEN SO.

I. S o khoi:
May o Analog: thc hien bang tay.
May o hien so: qui trnh c thc hien t ong: ket
qua the hien di dang so.
Ngi ta chia may o hien so ra lam 4 loai:
1. May o hien so dung e o cac ai lng lng t hoa
t nhien:



X=NX
i

2. May o hien so dung e o cac ai lng de lng t
hoa trc tiep
a. Cac ai lng lng t hoa trc tiep ve goc (
X
)




X=NX
4
3
2
1
X 2X 4X 3X
X
N
Khoi thu
nhan
em xung
Ch th
X
Goc sang ma Ma sang ma Ch th so
x

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Trang 82
b. Cac ai lng de lng t hoa trc tiep ve thi gian (T
X
)



V du: S o khoi cua may o thi gian hien so.







S o khoi TXN bao gom nhng khoi sau:




















Thi gian
sang ma
Ma sang ma Ch th so T
x


T 0
T
0
= 1/f
D ong

f
o
Tao xung
vuong
Tao
xung
hep
Tx
t1 t2
Tx
To




So xung em c

Tao dang
xung TX
Khoa
ien t
em
xung
Ch th

Tx




(Trigger)
(Tao xung nhp)
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Trang 83


Trong thi gian khoa K m (t
1
t
2
) so xung em c se la:

0
0
f T
T
T
N
X
X
= =
va
0
0
10
NT
f
N
T
x
= =
ac iem: Sai so phu thuoc:
o on nh cua f
0
.
Qua trnh qua o cua bo tao dang xung.
Sai so lng t hoa
c. Cac ai lng de lng t trc tiep ve tan so.



V du:















Chuyen oi
tan so ma
Ma sang ma Ch th so f
x


Tao dang
xung TX

Khoa
ien t

Ch th

fx





TXM
(Tao xung mau)
em
xung
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M
X
T
N
f
10
=
3. May o hien so o cac ai lng kho lng t hoa
trc tiep nhng
De ma hoa theo goc pha (
X
).
De ma hoa theo thi gian (f
X
).
De ma hoa theo tan so (T
X
).
Roi dung thiet b o goc, thi gian hoac tan so.
4. May o hien so : o cac ai lng kho lng t hoa trc
tiep nhng de so sanh logic nh lc, moment.
oi vi loai nay ngi ta xay dng theo s o kn tng
phan va toan phan cung vi s dung bo bien oi ngc.

II. Sai so cua may o hien so.




t
t
t
t
t
T
M

N: So xung em c
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Trang 85
Chu yeu la do:
Sai so do lng t hoa theo thi gian hoac do lng t
hoa gia tr.
Sai so so sanh.
1. Sai so do lng t hoa theo thi gian.






Trong o: Tx: thi gian can o.
T
N
: thi gian theo xung em c.
Sai so: T=T
X
-T
N
.

0
0 max
1
f
T T = =
Sai so tng oi: % 100
1
max
N
t
=
Vay tan so xung em cang ln th sai so cang nho.

2. Sai so do lng t hoa gia tr.











T
x
T
0
T
N
Xung khi

Xung tat

1
2
3
4
X
N
X
e
X

Ta de dang nhan thay X
max
=X
e

(X
e
: bc lng t hoa theo gia tr)
Va sai so tng oi: % 100
1
max
N
t
=
Trong o: N la so bc lng t hoa.
Vay e giam sai so lng t hoa theo gia tr ngi
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3. Sai so so sanh: do so sanh vi ai lng mau gay ra.

III. Cac bo phan c ban cua may o hien so:
1. Bo bien oi tng t ma:
Tn hieu vao :lien tuc.
Tn hieu ra :ma.
Bao gom khong gian, thi gian, tan so, ien ap
a) Bo bien oi khong gian ma:
Nguyen tac: em ai lng can bien oi so sanh vi
ai lng mau a c ma hoa tn hieu au ra.
V du: bo bien oi o dai ma:
au vao: o dai Lx bien oi lien tuc.
au ra : cho ra ma tng ng (v du ma nh phan)










o dai can o gia s la lx. Choi quet se chuyen dch v
tr lien tuc cho en khi o dai ay tng ng vi day 2
0
,
2
1
, .2
4


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Trang 87
Cac hang cua ma ng vi cac o dan ien (gach cheo) se
co tn hieu la 1, cac o cach ien se khong co tn hieu.
L
x
=12l=0.2
4
+ 1.2
3
+ 1.2
2
+ 0.2
1
+ 0.2
0
=01100
Neu l=12mm th l
x
=12mm
(10)
=01100
(2)
.

b) Bo bien oi thi gian ma:


























Xung tat Xung m

K
Tao xung nhp f
0

em
xung
Ch th



x
1
2
3
4
5
Tx
T
0

t
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Trang 88
Trigger: 2 trang thai can bang ben tao ra Tx ng vi
khoang thi gian chuyen oi gia xung m va xung tat
.
Tao xung nhp ( mau e so sanh) co tan so f
0
, chu ky
T
0
. Cac chu ky T
0
se lap ay khoang Tx.
au ra khoa K se la so chu ky T
0
cua xung nhp =>
a vao bo em va ch th.
0
0
0
1
f
N NT T
T
T
N
x
x
= = =
c) Bo bien oi tan so ma:




















au ra bo tao xung co xung chu ky Tx=1/f
x
.


K Tao xung
em
xung
Ch
th



Chia
xung
Phat xung
chuan
f
x
T
0
KT
0
Trigger
f
0

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Trang 89
Bo phat xung chuan (nhp) co T
0
=1/f
0
.
au ra co bo chia xung CX, va sau bo Trigger tao
xung co o rong: T
d
= kT
0
va khoa K ong m theo chu
ky Td nay va so xung Nx cua Tx ch i qua trong thi
gian T
d
= KT
0
.
=
0
KT
T
N
d
i qua bo em vao ch th
d) Bo bien oi ien ap ma:
Co 2 cach:
Bien oi ien ap ve dang thi gian ma:
Bien oi ien ap ve dang tan so ma:
Bo bien oi ien ap thi gian ma:
Gom 2 bo:
- Bo bien oi ien ap thi gian.
- Bo bien oi thi gian ma.
S o khoi:















K Tao xung
rang ca
em
xung
Ch
th




FX
So
sanh
V
x

T
0
, f
0
Trigger

T
Q


Xung khi

Xung tat

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Hoat ong:
Khi co xung khi ong 1 vao Trigger -> lam cho
Trigger chuyen trang thai kch bo xung rang ca lam
viec co cac xung au ra 2.
N xung
t
x




Tx
t
Vx
V
RC
Vx<V
RC
T
r
T
0



t
t
t
t
t
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Trang 91
Cac xung 2 a vao bo so sanh: la mach tch phan
co
p
>>
n
. ng vi KTr=Ux, bo so sanh ngng lam
viec -> tao xung tat 3 ->trigger chuyen trang thai
cham dt chu ky Tx.
Cac xung nhp co chu ky To (tan so fo) i qua c bo em
xung trong thi gian Tx nay khi o:

0
0
f
N
KTr NT V
x
= = =

Bo bien oi ien ap tan so ma
Gom 2 bo:
- ien ap -> Tan so.
- Tan so -> ma.
S o khoi:




















K
Tao xung
nhp
em
xung
Ch
th




So
sanh
Tao xung
rang ca
V
x
T
0
Xung
tat
Trigger

Xung khi

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Trang 92


























Hoat ong:
Co xung khi 1 -> lam cho bo TxRC lam viec. Co
2 chc nang: a vao bo so sanh e so vi Vx va
a vao khoa K.
ng vi Vx=KTr -> au ra so sanh co xung tat 3
lam cho Tr ngng lam viec -> bo TxRC va khoa K
cung ngng.




t
Vx
T
r

KTr
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Trang 93
Trong thi gian khoa K m (KTr) cac xung nhp co
chu ky T
0
c lap ay vi N xung:
0
0
f
N
KTr NT V
x
= = =
2. Bo bien oi ma tng t:
a) Bo bien oi ma thi gian:
T ma sang thi gian tng ng.

S o khoi:






























DX: em xung K
TXD
Tao xung em


N
x
Xung tat

Xung khi

+

_






Tx
t


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Trang 94



Hoat ong:
at ma Nx vao au bo em 2 chieu.
Khi co xung khi -> Trigger chuyen -> K m ->
bat au cua thi gian Tx c tnh.
Khi ma cua Nx bang gia tr cua xung au vao N
+

-> au ra bo em xung cho ra xung tat 5 lam cho
Trigger chuyen trang thai K ong, ket thuc Tx va
gia tr ma c em tng ng vi thi gian Tx.

b) Bo bien oi ma ien ap: la bo chuyen oi tnh hieu
ma ra gia tr ien ap.
S o khoi:




















U
~

Nut
i

R

R/2
E

R

2
0

1
0
R

2
1

1
0
R

2
m - 1

1
0
R/2 R/2
R

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Trang 95
Hoat ong:
Nhan xet: t bat c nut nao, ien tr phai, trai, va ben
tren no eu bang R.
Gia s t nut i, xuat hien ma 1 tc chuyen mach
noi nguon ve 1 va ien ap nut i se la:















3 5 . 1
2
.
E
R
R
E
U
i
= =

ien ap nut i+1 se la :

3 . 2
1
E
U
i
=
+

Va ien ap nut i+k se la :
3 . 2
k
k i
E
U =
+


V du: ta xet cho 3 trng hp co chuyen mach tc ma
ch co: 2
0
2
1
2
2
va cac nut i =1; 2; 3.


U
i


i

R

E

R

R


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Trang 96
Neu chuyen mach i=1 ong ve 1 th: U
i
= E/3 va U
~

au ra se la :
3 2
2
~
E
U =
Neu chuyen mach i=2 ong ve 1 th:
3 . 2
~
E
U =
Neu chuyen mach i=3 ong ve 1 th:
3
~
E
U =
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3. Bo bien oi ma ma:
Chuyen oi t dang ma nay sang ma khac theo yeu cau nao
o. Thng:
- T ma 2->10. hoac (2 -10)->10 hay
- T ma 10 -> 2.
a. Chuyen oi t ma 2 sang ma 10.
S o khoi:












Hoat ong:
au vao DX1 co ma 2 vao -> co xung khi
ong em ->DX1 va DX2 lam viec ong thi.
Khi au vao ma 2 bang tn hieu (+) th tao
xung nhp em (TxN) -> xuat hien xung tat => lam
cho TxN tat va Dx1 X2 ngng lam viec.
ng theo thi iem nay: gia tr cua ma 10 phai
au ra X2 ng bang gia tr ma hoa a vao DX1.
b. Chuyen oi ma 2-10 sang ma 10.
Ma 2-10 la ma:
Moi so hang cua ch so bieu th trong he em ma
nh phan.
Con toan bo ch so theo quy luat cua he em 10.
V du: 102
10
=0001 0000 0010.
DX1
em xung 1
TXN
Tao xung nhp
Ma 2

DX2:
em xung 2
Xung khi ong

Ma 10

+

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Trang 98
Co the dung he thong chuyen mach theo s o sau:


















Hoat ong:
ng vi cac gia tr cua ma 2 th cac khoa tng
ng lam viec ong thi ta nhan c ma 10
au ra:
Tin hieu ra la so 0 ->0000
Khi ma 10 la 2 -> 0010. Khi nay ch chuyen
mach 3 -> chuyen phai va au ra so 2 co ien.
Gia s so 5 -> 0101. Khi o chuyen mach 2 va
5 chuyen phai.

c. Chuyen oi ma 10 sang ma 2: qua trnh ngc lai.





Ma
2
2

( 4 )

( 3 )

( 2 )

E

( 5 )

0

1

( 6 )

2

3

( 7 )

4

5

( 8 )

6

7

( 9 )

8

9

( 1 )

2
2

2
3

2
1

2
0

M
a
10