New Algorithms for Calculating Hertzian Stresses, Deformations, and Contact Zone Parameters

Emil W. Deeg

AMP Incorporated

ABSTRACT
The complete set of assumptions directly or indirectly affecting Hertzs contact stress theory is presented. A review of the derivation of his fundamental formulas leads to a computer program that does not depend on elliptic integrals nor the conventional numerical method and the tabulated function of two coefficients introduced by Hertz. A method permitting systematic characterization and description of combinations of two contacting bodies with individual, monotone sequentially, or randomly changing principal radii of curvature is introduced. The validity of Hertzs theory for describing fiber-optic PC connections is tested through a comparison of specific features of the system with Hertzs assumptions.

presented by H. Hertz in 1881 and extended in 1882 2 to include a hardness definition. Summaries and examples are found in many textbooks and handbooks.3-8 Application to electrical connections is still under discussion.9-ll For fiber-optic PC connections, Hertzs theory yields design guidelines if calculations are restricted to the endfaces of the contacting fibers.12 Analysis of a complete, 3-layer, rotationally symmetric PC connection requires finite element methods. 13 Although Hertzs theory provides only one approach to contact stress theory, its success in estimating allowable maximum or desired minimum local loads warrants a thorough examination of its features. A particularly convincing argument is its role in the optimization of design and use of ball and roller bearings. One of the early reports on this topic was given in 1901 by F. Heerwagen, who at the time was in charge of technology at a mine in Spain. In cooperation with an Austrian pump manufacturer, Heerwagen reduced drastically the failure rate of ball bearings in his pumps. 14 A systematic, basic engineering study related to this topic, but addressing different applications, was

INTRODUCTION
The ongoing miniaturization of electrical contacts and the introduction of fiber-optic physical contact (PC) connectors triggered an examination of theories suitable for predicting local stresses and deformations at the point of contact. A generally accepted theory serving this purpose was

Copyright 2004 by Tyco Electronics Corporation. All rights reserved.

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published in 1921 by H. L. Whittemore and S. N. Petrenko.15 , a Hertzs theory has been used also for optimal selection of abrasives and pressure in grinding and polishing of brittle materials.16 At present, calculation of Hertzian stresses for ellipsoidal surfaces relies on two functions of geometric parameters 1,2 presented in tabular form. A revised and extended table was published by Heerwagen,14 rearranged by Whittemore15b and is found in most of the references. 3-8 Use of these numerically defined functions requires time-consuming, rather tedious calculations of auxiliary quantities. To avoid them, ellipsoidal surfaces in contact with each other are frequently approximated by idealized geometries such as sphere-on-sphere, sphere-on-plane, cylinder-on-cylinder, and cylinder-on-plane. Improper use of these simplifications can lead to erroneous prediction of the behavior of the modelled system. There are also problems of a fundamental nature. The more-than-a-century-old Hertzian contact stress theory is being applied mostly based on secondary sources of the kind mentioned above. By necessity, handbooks, textbooks, and compendia of formulas can give only incomplete accounts of original publications. It is left to the user to consult the sources in case of questions. For Hertzs contact stress theory this is difficult today. Although his collected works are available in leading libraries, the language barrier remains. But even engineers fluent in todays technical German will have to familiarize themselves with concepts and terminology of the late 19th century. One example is Hertzs use of the term Druck for pressure as well as for a quantity today termed Kraft (= force). Furthermore, his contemporaries were quite familiar with elliptic functions and integrals. A case in point is Heerwagens study.14 Consequently, Hertz left out details of derivations that now require special effort by the reader to follow. Finally, the collected works contain misprints that become obvious when following Hertzs derivations step by step but will lead to errors if not recognized and corrected. Also of interest, Hertz does not give explicit expressions for the stress components inside the contacting bodies. Such formulas were derived later by M. T. Huber17, who also found that the intuitive stress distribution near the contact zone given by Hertz2 is incorrect. Subsequent papers by S. Fuchs18 and W. B. Morton et al.19 address the same topic.c These considerations and the need to model stresses, deformations as well as shape and size of the contact zone in fiber-optic PC connections led to a study of Hertzs papers. The results are summarized below. To make efficient use

of the theory in its most general form, several computer algorithms were written requiring only input of material constants, applied force and the geometric parameters of the system. All use readily available software packages without resorting to traditional computer programming. One of them is presented here.

REVIEW OF HERTZS CONTACT STRESS THEORY

Basic Assumptions The decision to rejector accept an established theory for modelling a specific physical system requires a comparison of the features of the system with the complete set of assumptions or axioms on which the theory is based. For the Hertzian contact stress theory, the fundamental assumptions2,d are: (a) at the point of contact the shape of each of the contacting surfaces can be described by a homogeneous quadratic polynomial in two variables; (b) both surfaces are ideally smooth; (c) contact stresses and deformations satisfy the differential equations for stress and strain of homogeneous, isotropic, and elastic bodies in equilibrium; (d) the stress disappears at great distance from the contact zone; (e) tangential stress components are zero at both surfaces within and outside the contact zone; (f) normal stress components are zero at both surfaces outside the contact zone; (g) the stressg integrated over the contact zone equals the force pushing the two bodies together; (h) the distance between the two bodies is zero within but finite outside the contact zone; (i) in the absence of an external force, the contact zone degenerates to a point. While not directly identified in his papers, Hertz alerts the reader to some assumptions generally accepted by his contemporaries. In the first paragraph of reference 1, he considers the contact force to be of the nature of what would be now termed a (Dirac) d -distribution:
In the theory of elasticity it is assumed that deformations are caused by forces acting upon the interior and by forces acting upon the surface of a body. Both kinds of forces may become infinitely high in isolated, infinitely small portions of the body but so that their integrals over these portions are finite. If we then surround the point of discontinuity by a closed surface that is very small
Reference 2, pp. 155-157 is preferred here because of the more concise formulation than that given in reference 1. Secondary assumptions of importance are identified in the text below. e According to Hertz2, this assumption is the result of expanding around the point of contact the equations of the contacting surfaces and neglecting higher than second-order terms. f To this statement should be added as commonly used by mechanical engineers during the late 19th century. g Hertz calls this force Gesamtdruck (total pressure), which according to todays terminology leads to a dimensionally incorrect end result for the contact stress,
d

This study distinguishes conceptually and experimentally between friction under load and maximum safe load. The mechanics of electrical connections make a similar distinction. Whittemores report, if consulted and interpreted properly, will add valuable information to the ongoing discussion. b Whittemore credits Dr. L. B. Tuckerrnan for preparing the table of coefficients for Hertzs theory. c Although restricted to contacts sphere/sphere and sphere/p late, respectively, these papers provide essential input to the ongoing discussion on applicability of Hertzs theory to connector mechanics.

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Deeg 15

compared to the overall dimensions of the body but very large compared to the dimension of the part in which the forces act, we can consider the deformations outside of this surface independently from those inside. At the outside the deformations depend on the shape of the entire body, the distribution of the forces in general and the finite integrals of the force components at the points of discontinuity. Inside they depend only on the distribution of the forces acting there: pressures and deformations are infinitely high compared to those outside.

As is common in mathematical descriptions of physical systems, the above assumptions are idealizations. The terms ideally smooth, homogeneous, isotropic, elastic bodies, equilibrium, at great distance indicate this. For each concrete case, the degree of approximation of the physical system by the theory must be considered and the effect on the results assessed accordingly. Frequently, comparing qualities is sufficient to determine the utility of the theory. If this approach is not possible or its feasibility appears questionable, quantitative comparisons are necessary. Examples of such critical evaluations are already given by Hertz1,2 and by Whittemore15. Neglecting these considerations has led to misinterpretations and occasionally even unjustified rejection of the theory. For the fiber-optic PC connections discussed in references 12 and 13, such a comparison is summarized in Table 1. The result is that two PC fiberends in contact with each other meet Hertzs assumptions with satisfactory approximation. However, if the entire system comprising fiber, adhesive layer and ferrule is to be analyzed, (c) and (g) are not valid. Furthermore, if the connection is not aligned axially, (a) and (e) may be violated. If one or both of the connecting fibers are recessed, (a) is invalid. In the latter case, the ferrules, not the fiber endfaces, establish the initial contact, which may also cause violation of (i).

Fundamental Formulas h8 Hertz uses a Cartesian system of coordinates {x,y,z] with origin at the initial point of contact of the two bodies and the z-axis oriented parallel to the applied force. This requirement introduces an additional assumption if, for more general reasons, the physical system is already described in differently oriented Cartesian coordinates or in a different coordinate system. The slanted fiber-optic PC connection is an example. For optical reasons and because of its global symmetry, the z-axis would be chosen to coincide with the optical fiber axis. In contrast, the z-axis used for a Hertzian analysis of the connection must be oriented parallel to the direction of the slant.

Table 2. List of symbols. The third and fourth column show those used in this paper.

Table 1. Example for assessing applicability of Hertzs contact stress theory. The fundamental assumptions of the theory are compared with specific features of fiber-optic PC connections described in references 12 and 13,

In the following each of the two bodies in contact with each other is identified by the subscript i (= 1, 2). To distinguish between the two principal radii of curvature of the surfaces of the two bodies at the contact point, a second subscript j (= 1,2) is introduced. The theory requires input of three sets of data: (1) a one-member set of the force p pushing the bodies together; (2) a four-member set of elastic constants, which within the theory can be reduced to a two-member set; (3) a five-member set of geometric parameters describing shape and relative orientation of the contacting bodies. The two elastic constants Youngs modulus E and Poissons ratio v enter the final formulas in combination as the

For a summary of Symbols and abbreviations, see Table 2.

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Hertz coefficient i

Introducing an auxiliary angle W

through

Four geometric parameters characterize the shape of the contacting surfaces. They are two principal radii of curvature ril and ri2 for each body i with rij > 0 if the center of curvature is inside body i. The theory uses the r ij in the functions

yields

The fifth geometric parameter is an angle w in the {x,y} plane

Within the same body, i.e. for the same index i, the planes {z,ril] and {r, i2 } are normal to each other. Hertz describes the surfaces by

To describe deformations of the two bodies under load, Hertz assigns to each of them a separate Cartesian system, which at infinity is attached to the corresponding body. Under zero load the new systems coincide with the primary system. A compressive force p applied parallel to the z-axis causes a displacement of the secondary systems relative to the primary system but so that, according to Hertzl, the plane z = 0 in each of them is infinitely close to the surfa ce of the corresponding body and, thus, can be taken as the surface itself. The direction of the z-axis is the direction of the normal to said surface.k Because the two surfaces described by equation (3) are pushed towards each other in the z-direction, the circumference of the contact zone is an ellipse. The lengths of its semiaxes a and b are different from but their directions coincide with the directions of the semiaxes of an ellipse of equation (4), with e = constant. To link the force p and the geometry of the contact ellipse, Hertz introduces a function P(x,y,z), in reference 2 without explanation and in reference 1 through an electrostatic model]

rotates the {x,y} coordinates so that C l = C2 = C and obtains for the distance e normal to the {x,y} plane between points {X l,yl} = (x2,y2}j

From assumption (h) and the nature of e as a distance, it follows that the conic described by equation (4) is an ellipse, which includes the case of two contacting spheres, i.e. RI = R2 = 0. Contact between cylinders requires additional considerations and is discussed below. With the abbreviations of equations (2), it is

with u being the positive root of

i j

Hertz uses Kirchhoffs elastic constants. For this paper they were converted to the now commonly accepted Youngs modulus and Poissons ratio.

This approach follows Hertzs earlier article. i In the later one, Hertz derives explicit equations for the surfaces yielding equations (5a) and (5b).2

These statements introduce the requirement that inside the contact zone deformations in the z-direction are small compared to the body dimension in this direction. 1 P is the potential of an ellipsoidal shell of zero thickness and zero extension in the z-direction (principal semiaxis c = 0), The justification given in reference 1 cannot hide its axiomatic introduction. A concise review of potentials of ellipsoids, still written in a form that provides access to their use by Hertzs contemporaries, is given by R von Mises.20

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The body-specific material constants are then introduced by two auxiliary functions

The force p compresses the two bodies within the contact zone. This results in a deformation of the surfaces so that two points located inside each body at {xl,yl}] = {x2,y2} approach each other in the z-direction by

Some of their properties are discussed by Hertz.l which with equation (4) yields The functions P and IIi are used mostly to prove the validity of the theory within the set of assumptions (a) through (i)m. A slightly modified P(x,y,0) yields the final expressions for the shape of and the deformation and stress at the contact zone. To that end the displacements x i, h i and z i in the directions x, y, and z, respectively, are written as

Comparing equations (1 lb) and (12b) yields

These equations contain as unknowns only the two semiaxes of the circumference of the contact ellipse. Introducing the ratio k = b/a and setting l = b2 t2 in equations (llc) and (11d) but l = a2 t2 in equation (11e) yields and subsequently introduced in the corresponding terms for the stress components. Of particular interest is the difference of the deformations in the z-direction in the plane z = 0. Equation (l0b) yields

or

and after some algebraic rewriting

with

where k is the root of the transcendental equation

These proofs can be carried out without difficulties and are not repeated here. Frequently used is 2 P = O. To facilitate understanding of the features of the theory this paper concentrates on the derivation of the final formulas.
m

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To find the quantity known today as Hertzian stress the normal stress component ZZ is calculated for the contact zone where z = 0, which in equation (8b) yields u = 0. With

infinite. In this case, a is determined by the global shape of the bodies and not by the conditions existing at the contact area. Thus, the cylinder/cylinder contact is actually outside the validity range of the theory. To make the theory accessible to numerical application, Hertz expresses a and b by

it is

where the dependency on the auxiliary angle W and the integrals I(k) and J(k) of equations (15a) and (15b) are included in the two coefficients f and g. Because of equaW Hertz states in reference tion (16) they depend only on . 2, page 182 For u = 0 the derivative P/z assumes the indeterminate form 0 ` Some rewriting involving the solution of the cubic equation (8b) and application of de lHospitals rule yields for the normal stress (ZZ)Z=0 within the contact zone
. . . the integrals in question can all be reduced to complete elliptic integrals of the first kind and their derivatives after the modulus. Thus, they can be found via Legendres tables without introducing new quadrature. However, the calculations are extensive and p therefore I calculated the table given below.

which for {x,y} = {0,0] is the Hertzian stress

His table, which is included here in Table 3, contains to three decimal points the coefficients f and g for ten values W They are found in footnotes in references 1 (p. 164) of . and 2 (p. 182); according to the latter, interpolation between these values will probably always offer sufficient accuracy. Hertz leaves it to the reader to convert the improper integrals in equations (14) and (15) to integrals with finite upper limits. He also does not describe how he reduced these integrals named here H(k), I(k), and J(k) to complete elliptic integrals of the first kind and their derivatives after the modulus. An attempt to reconstruct his approach is shown in Appendix A. However, without knowing exactly the resources Hertz used, it cannot be claimed that his method was the same. One must keep in mind that compendia we take for granted21 23 were not yet printed.

If the contact is formed by two cylinders, Hertz considers in reference 2, p. 186/87 the contact ellipse for a ` . This requires also that p ` to maintain a finite value for the force per unit length. He finds B = (rl + r2)/2 with ri being the finite radius of curvature of body i. It is also u << a2 which permits a to be moved in front of the integral in equation (1le). Finally he replaces the indeterminate form p/a = ` / ` by an arbitrary constant 4p' /3 where p' is the force per unit length of the cylinder. The formulas for the small semiaxis and the stress Z z are under these assumptions

NEW ALGORITHM FOR HERTZS CONTACT STRESS THEORY

General Remarks To use Hertzs theory in todays environment it is essential to describe by a condensed code the set of geometric parameters of the system to be modelled. This is particularly important for systematic studies of ordered or random

and

The compression a would now become logarithmically

n

Indices i = 1, 2 are left off here, The expressions apply equally to both bodies.

See Hertz'S introductory remarks to his first paper. A translation is given above in the section on Basic Assumptions. We found that simulating a cylinder by high but finite ratios r il /r i z in the regular formulas gives satisfactory approximations. P A similar statement is found in reference 1, p, 164, footnote 1.

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Table 3. Factors f and g for calculating semiaxes a and b of the contact ellipse. The program described in this paper yields values listed in columns f EWD and gEWD .

quadruple of principal radii

The angle , w the fifth element of the set of geometric parameters, is included as index. TO characterize monotone sequences of the rijj let

and

describe the contacting part of the surface of body 1, and

describe the contacting part of the surface of body 2. Each ordered quadruple now depends on the integers m and n, i. e.

sequences of the rij. Such sequences occur e.g. during design optimization or in determining the effect of variations of processing conditions on shape and size of the contact zone and on Hertz stress. The methodology is described below in the section on characterizing combinations of contacting surfaces; examples are found in reference 12. It is also essential to streamline the present method for numerical evaluation of Hertzs formulas using personal computers or workstations and software not requiring conventional programming. A simple approach would be to write the table of coefficients f and g and the conventional method onto disk. More desirable would be to write computer programs incorporating algorithms for complete elliptic integrals The most natural approach, however, would utilize Hertzs fundamental formulas directly and integrate them without transformation to elliptic integrals. This method and a corresponding computer program are described below. Characterization of Combinations of Contacting Surfaces At the point of contact the surface of each of the two bodies i (= 1, 2) is defined by two principal radii of curvature rij with j (= 1, 2). Thus, regarding their shape the pair of contacting bodies can be characterized by an ordered
q

and the q w ,m,n can be combined in a M x N matrix

It is frequently desirable to have the central element of G serve as reference describing two spherical surfaces in contact. The remaining elements q w ,m,m would then describe geometrically deviating combinations. Because of the form in which the rij are expressed in equations (22a) and (22b), this can be accomplished by choosing M and N as odd numbers. Depending on the values chosen for the members of the set {w , rl0 , r20 , D rll, D r12, D r21, D r22, M, N] various combinations of ellipsoidal and spherical surfaces can be described. For simulations of random variations of the surface shapes, the monotone increasing sequences for m and n in equations (22a) and (22b) are replaced by randomized sequences. The MATLAB program given in Appendix B serves this purpose. It generates four sets of random numbers mj and nj, enters them into equations (22), computes the rij and plots bar charts of their distribution. Direct Quadrature of Hertzs Basic Expressions The earliest point in Hertzs derivations where modern computational techniques could be applied without violating his fundamental concepts is found in reference 1, pp. 164/65, or in reference 2, pp. 181 and 183. The

In connection with the work described here several such programs were written and tested. References 21 through 24 were consulted and used. Of particular help was Hastings polynomial approximation of complete elliptic integrals. 25

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corresponding equations above are (14) and (15). The transformation

printing of the entire program, the summary shown in Table 8 is convenient. It fits on an 8.5 x 11 sheet.

Table 4. Data input for the MathCAD program. The lines

changes the integrals in equations (14a), (14b), (15a), and (15b) to

separate the three sets of data. Note the changed symbols r ij to rij etc.

For 0 < k # 1 these integrals converge absolutely. Their values can be found e.g. by Simpsons rule or Rombergs modification of the trapezoidal rule.26 Both can be accessed through one of the MathCAD versions. With these, as well as other software packages, time-consuming, traditional programming can be avoided. MathCAD version 2.5 was chosen here because of the transparency of its symbolic language, its ease of access and the very reasonable hardware requirements.r The symbols used for the variables in the program had to be adjusted to MathCAD terminology and differ from those in the text. Both are included in Table 2. The program is listed in Tables 4 to 7. It follows essentially the sequence of formulas above. Because the results of the root operator are influenced by the seed value and to optimize for speed, three different seed values Kl, K2, and K3 are pre-selected, each for a specific range of the auxiliary angle W The conditional statements if [. . .] in the program identify the proper range and, without operator assistance, select the proper seed value. The program calculates semiaxes a and b of the contact ellipse, area Q of the contact zone, compression a l and a 2 for each body, total compression a = a l + a 2, and Hertzian stress Zmax. It also plots the circumference of the contact zone. If desired, other areas of interest, for instance those of fiber core and fiber cladding 12, can be plotted in the same diagram. For plots in Cartesian coordinates of the contact zone the parameter t with 0 # t # 2 p and S : = 75, s := 0..S, t s := 2 p s/S is introduced in

Table 5. Definition of functions for converting primary input

data to intermediate quantities used by the program. The four-member set of material constants {El, E2, vI, v2] is reduced to the two-member set {01, 02], the five-member set of geometric parameters {rl1, r12, r21, r22, w ] is reduced to the four-member set {R, Rl, R2, W ].

Table 6. Functions for computing the ratio k = b/a of the

semiaxes of the contact ellipse. The lower part of the table shows the pre-selected seed values K1, K2, K3 and the conditional statements for their optimal selection.

The value S := 75 gives satisfactory resolution of the plots but can be reduced to increase speed. To avoid repeated
r

MathCAD 2.5 requires IBM PC, PC/XT, PC/AT or compatibles with 512K RAM, floppy or hard disks and one of the common graphics adapters. Numerical coprocessor, although recommended, are not required. It works in MS-DOS or PC-DOS and supports a wide range of common printers and plotters.

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Table 7. Definition of functions for data output.

Table 8. Summary of input, selected intermediate, and output data. The box marked PLOT contains the contour of the contact ellipse in the {x,y} plane according to equation (28).

based. It shows also that for each concrete case the degree of approximation between the features of the physical system to be modelled and the entire set of Hertzs assumptions must be compared. Neglecting these considerations can lead to misinterpretation of theoretical predictions and to unjustified rejection of the theory. The review of Hertzs two original publications also reveals expressions that can be written as computer algorithms requiring only input of material constants, applied force, and geometric parameters describing the contacting surfaces. The programs make use of readily available software packages without resorting to traditional computer programming and permit application of the theory in its most general form. Among several programs developed and tested for this purpose, one was selected because of the transparency of its terminology, ease of access, and modest hardware requirements. Written in MathCAD version 2.5, the program is described in detail. Optimizing design or studying the effect of variations of manufacturing conditions on shape, size, deformation, and stress in the contact zone requires large sequences of systematically or randomly modified principal radii of curvature of the contacting surfaces. Such sequences can be characterized and described by a matrix whose elements are ordered quadruples of the four radii of each individual combination. For monotone sequences of the principal radii of curvature, the elements are algebraically related and by proper selection of their number the central element of the matrix represents a sphere-on-sphere contact which serves as reference.

REFERENCES
1. H. Hertz, ber die Berhrung fester elastischer Krper, Gesammelte Werke (P. Lenard, ed.), Bd. 1, (J.A. Barth, Leipzig, 1895) pp. 155-173. Originally published in Journal f. d. reine u. angewandte Mathematik 92,156-171 (1881). 2. H. Hertz, ber die Berhrung fester elastischer Krper und ber die Hrte, Gesammelte Werke (P. Lenard, ed.), Bd. 1, (J.A. Barth, Leipzig, 1895) pp. 174-196. Originally published in Verhdlg. Ver. Bef. Gewerbefl., Berlin, Nov. 1882. 3. A.E.H. Love, A Treatise on the Mathematical Theory of Elasticity, 4th ed. (1927), (Dover, New York, 1944) p. 195. 4. S.P. Timoshenko and J.N. Goodier, Theory of Elasticity 2nd ed. (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1951). 5. Htte, Des Ingenieurs Taschenbuch, Bd. I, 28. Auflage (Ernst & Sohn, Berlin, 1955), p. 964. 6. R.C. Juvinall, Engineering Considerations of Stress, Strain and Strength (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1967) p. 371.

SUMMARY
This paper could be subtitled What if Heinrich Hertz would have had a personal computer? The high-speed computing tools we are accustomed to did not exist when he published his theory about a century ago. To make his theory accessible for engineering applications, he developed a numerical method with mathematical tools known to his contemporaries. If Hertz had had access to todays computing tools, he most likely would not have calculated the little table which, in most instances makes the rather extensive arithmetic superfluous (reference 1, p. 164). A review of his papers leads to a clear identification of the complete set of basic assumptions on which his theory is

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7. R.J. Roark and W.C. Young, Formulas for Stress and Strain, 5th ed. (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1982) Table 33, p. 518. 8. W. Griffel, Handbook of Formulas for Stress and Strain (F. Ungar Pub]. Co., New York, 1966) pp. 238-244. 9. E.A. Kantner and L.D. Hobgood, Hertz stress as an indicator of connector reliability, Connection Technology, 5, 14-22 (March 1989). 10. R. Mroczkowski, Concerning "Hertz Stress as a Connector Design Parameter, Order No. 82818 (AMP Incorporated, Harrisburg, PA, 1991). 11 H.S. Fluss, Hertzian stress as a predictor of contact reliability, Connection Technology, 6, 12-21 (Dec. 1990). 12. E.W. Deeg and T. Bolhaar, Contact zone and Hertzian stress in fiber-optic connections with spherical or ellipsoidal fiber endfaces, AMP Journ. of Technol., 2, 29-41 (1992). 13. E.W. Deeg, Effect of elastic properties of ferrule materials on fiber-optic physical contact (PC) connections, AMP Journ. of Technol., 1,25-31 (1991). 14. F. Heerwagen, Kugellager, Erfahrungen aus dem Betriebe und Beitrge zur Theorie. Zeitschr, Ver. Dtsch. Ingen., 45, 1701-1705 (1901). 15. H.L. Whittemore and S.N. Petrenko, Friction and carry ing capacity of ball and roller bearings, Technol. Paper Natl. Bureau of Standards No. 201, 18 (Governmt. Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1921). 16. E.W. Deeg, Unpublished, 1970/76. 17. M.T. Huber, Zur Theorie der Berhrung fester elastischer Krper, Ann. Phys., 14, 153-163 (1904). 18. S. Fuchs, Haupspannungstrajektorien bei der Berhrung einer Kugel mit einer Platte, Physikal. Ztschrft. 14, 1282-1285 (1913). 19. W.B. Morton and L.J. Close, Notes on Hertzs theory of the contact of elastic bodies, Phil. Msg. (Ser. 6), 43, 320-329 (1922). 20. Ph. Frank and R. v. Mises, Die Differentialgleichungen und Integralgleichungen der Mechanik und Physik, Bd. 1, pp. 608-611, 2nd. ed. (M. S. Rosenberg, New York, 1943). (Photolithographic copy of the original edition published by F. Vieweg & Sohn, Braunschweig, 1930). 21. E. Jahnke and F. Erode, Tables of Functions, 4th ed. (Dover, New York, 1945). 22. M. Abramowitz and I.A. Stegun, cd., Handbook of Mathematical Functions (Dover, New York, 1972).

23. J. Hoel, Recueil de fomules et de tables numeriques (Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 1901). 24. L.V. King, On the Direct Numerical Calculation of Elliptic Functions and Integrals (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1924). 25. C. Hastings, Jr., Approximations for Digital Computers, (Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton). 26. L.W. Johnson and R.D. Riess, Numerical Analysis, 2nd ed., 323 (Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1982).
Emil W. Deeg recently retired from his position as Project Manager, Technology at AMP Incorporated in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. He is a consultant for the Company.

Dr. Deeg holds a physics diploma and a Dr. rer. nat. (magna cum laude) from Julius-Maximilians-Universitaet, with thesis work at the Max-Planck-Institut fuer Silikatforschung in Wuerzburg, West Germany. As original contributor and throughout his more than 25-year career as R&D manager and executive for several international corporations he authored or co-authored more than 70 articles in physics, ceramics, glass science and engineering, and a book on glass in the laboratory. He holds over 40 patents in the same fields. Dr. Deeg served as a member of the International Commission on Glass (19631981, offices held), as a member of the International Commission for Optics (19641966), and as a consultant to the NASA Spacelab Program (19711978). He is a fellow of the American Ceramic Society, was inducted into the Hall of Fame of Engineering, Science and Technology, and is listed in Whos Who in the Worldj Whos Who in Finance and Industry, and other biographical publications. Dr. Deeg joined AMP in 1984 as Project Manager, Materials Engineering.

APPENDIX A
With q being the modulus, the complete elliptic integral of the first kind is

Setting q = 1 k 2 in equations (25) and (26) but q = 1 1 /k2 in (27), the denominator of integrals H(k), I(k) and J(k) is

and the integrals in equations (26) and (27) assume the form

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H(k) is already of the form K(q). Equation (A2) in (Al) yields

APPENDIX B
MATLAB program for generating random distributions of radii of curvatures r ij. , Ml = ); Ml= input(upper limit of m1 N1 = ,); N1 =input(upper limit of n1 , M2=input(upper limit of m2 M2 =, ); N2 = ); N2= input(upper limit of n2 , xl =input(seed for m1-sequence xl = ); , yl = ); yl =input(seed for n1-sequence , x2 = ,); x2=input(seed for m2-sequence y2= input(seed for n2-sequence y2 = ); , rl0=input(base radius, endface #1 r10 = ,); r20=input(base radius, endface #2 r20 = ,); drll = ); dr11 = input(r11 step size , dr12=input(r12 step size dr12 =, ); dr21 =,); dr21 =input(r21 step size dr22=input(r22 step size dr22 = ); rand(uniform); rand(seed,xl) ;ml= 1 +round(l0*rand( l, Ml)); rand(seed,yl);nl = 1 +round(l0*rand( l, Nl)); rand(seed,x2) ;m2=l+round(10* rand(l,M2)); rand(seed,y2) ;n2=l+round(10* rand(l,N2)); rll=rl0+(ml -( Ml+l)/2)*drl l,pause, r12=r10+(m2-(M2+l)/2)*dr12,pause, r21=r20+(nl-(Nl+l)/2)*dr21,pause, r22=r20+ (n2-(N2+ l)/2)*dr22,pause, subplot, subplot(221),bar( rll),subplot(222),bar( r12), subplot(223),bar( r21),subplot(224),bar(r22),pause

and the first derivative of K(q) after the modulus is

Comparing equations (A4) and (A5) yields the functional relationships for I(k) and J(k) as stated by Hertz:

24

E.W. Deeg

AMP Journal of Technology Vol. 2 November, 1992