MODULAR COORDINATION

MODULE why ?
modern industrial society economic growth dynamic development rapid expansion

increase in demand increase in standards increase in expectation

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MODULE why ?
to match demand with capacity to build

The modular system is a link in the industrialisation of the building industry

improve effectiveness improve quality improve cost effectiveness
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MODULAR OFFERS
dimensional coordination - simplify & clarify limitation of variants in dimensions. promotes Standardization. permits Prefabrication. encourages industrialization increase production through increased productivity
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dimensional coordination

system of dimension that can create clarity and order

dimensional coordination: the application of a range of related dimensions to the sizing of building components and assemblies and the buildings incorporating them modular coordination: dimensional coordination using the international basic module, multi modules, sub modules and a modular reference system

dimensional coordination selection of dimensions : the FUNCTION which determines principal dimensions, room dimensions, etc. the CONSTRUCTION METHOD which determines the dimensions of individual components, connections, etc.

dimensions are interrelated and need to be correlated

to achieve harmony in form, function and construction method as well as economically justified
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limitation of variants
1 in building trade, there are numerous components with uniform functions but with variations in dimensions e.g. doors, windows, storey height 2 standardisation of dimensions: - agreement on preferred sizes - remove arbitrary variations - allowance for justified functional and production requirements
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standardisation
limitation of variants leads to

standardisation
should not limit facilitates

flexibility creativity design innovation

specalisation in manufacturing of selected components open building industry distribution of work manufacturers, fabricators, installers
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levels of standardisation
National standardisation MS 1064 Client standardisation elements, processes schools, hospitals, offices Manufacturer standardisation products, materials, sub-assemblies Project standardisation procedures, building elements 9

prefabrication
key

use of prefabricated building components requires

players to operate on a common dimensional

system
clear and unambigous suitable degree of accuracy prefabrication calls for agreement on accuracy of the production tolerances

to lay down limits within which variations on a given dimension can be tolerated

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principle of repetition
functional requirements - dimensions of rooms & building
components are repeated and uniform in rooms with the same function

structural conditions

- structural details having the function are given the same dimensions

Repetition of uniform dimensions

facilitates design
simplifies construction work allows industrial production

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principle of repetition monotony and tedium

rhythm in architecture
creativity and flexibility
architectural masterpieces
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principle of repetition monotony and tedium

rhythm in architecture
creativity and flexibility
architectural masterpieces
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Many of natures form are composed of IDENTICAL ELEMENTS yet the effect is far from monotonous
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modular coordination
an international standarisation of dimensioning system
principal aim to achieve dimensional compatibility between building dimensions, span, or spaces and the sizes of components or equipment by using related modular dimensions 15

basis of modular coordination the use of modules (basic modules & multi modules) a reference system to define coordinating spaces and zones for building elements and componentsrules for positioning of building elements within the reference system rules for sizing of components in order to determine their work sizes rules for defining preferred sizes communication between participants in the building process

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the use of modules M = 100 mm Basic module the smallest module to be used to coordinate position and size of components, elements and installations, related by reference 3D points, lines and planes 3M, 6M, 9M, 12M . . . Multimodules planning modules for main dimensions of framework : span, storey height etc. 2 4 for sizing of components requiring increment smaller than M
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Submodules

the use of modules

horizontal planning module

Mh = 3M (300 mm)

the horizontal planning module for structural framework is based on the functional requirements of the building and the components to be used for economic design vertical planning module Mv = 1M (100 mm)

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reference system modular grids : used mainly during planning / design stage modular planning grid : based on determined multi modules for design of structural framework modular components are placed in the modular grid

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basic modular grid For small scale drawings to clarify relationship between components 1M x 1M
1M

1M

Basic Multi Modular Grid

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multi modular grids

formed with intervals of multi modules squares with same intervals or rectangular used in key plans, showing layouts and positioning of main building components

nM

nM

Square Multi Modular Grid

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multi modular grids

nM

nM

Square Multi Modular Grid

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tartan grids

interrupted modular planning grid band of interruptions are regularly spaced in both directions band of interruptions can be modular or non modular
nM nM

Tartan Grid

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tartan grids
nM nM

Tartan Grid

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modular grid & modular components

1. modular planning grid is used mainly for the design structural framework 2. modular component must normally be kept within its modular zone but technical considerations may require certain connections which entail the components exceeding their modular zones eg. tongue and groove, bolted connections

3. with simple, uniform modular components, there is no conflict with the modular grid, however at connections, either grid must give way or special non modular components must be used

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modular grid & modular components

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positioning of building elements

BUILDING PROCESS
components
structural components non structural components finishes manufacturers suppliers

design
architectural design structural design services design

construction
production transportation Installation

designers manufacturers suppliers selection of components design of components decisions concerning position, dimensions, performance

designers contractors manufacturers suppliers production schedule assembly of components

catalogues of components

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types of references

Modular reference systems enables designer to relate sensibly elements of constructionenvelope, horizontal and vertical elements boundary reference axial reference interaxial reference flush reference

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boundary reference
coordinates the position of the building components determines the nominal size of components

boundary grid

placement of component within two Parallel modular coordinating grids or planes so that it fills the space or zone.

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axial reference
coordinates the position of a components by placing the component so that the middle-axis coincides with a modular coordinating grid of plane

axial grid

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interaxial reference
coordinates the position and dimension of building component by a reference

interaxial grid

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Flush Reference

coordinates the position of components by placing one surface of the component flush on to a modular coordinating grid or plane

modular zone

flush grid

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Coordinating Size coordinating spaces - accommodate components with allowance for joints and tolerances
coordinating size

work size

joint

work size + one joint

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work size work size = manufactured size

deductions from coordinating sizes to accommodate allowance for jointing to coordinate components adjacent to one another considerations for determining work size manufacturing process stocking method transportation handling on site assembly other relevant cost
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joints mc provides coordinating systems and effective mean for identifying suitable locations of components joints

joint reference plane displaced from modular plane

joint reference coincide with modular plane

every joint should relate to a joint reference plane

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tolerances modular coordination provides a coherent system of tolerance for building components and spaces concept of tolerance - certain degree of accuracy in production and placing (manufacture and assembly) considerations for tolerances product tolerance installation tolerances interfacing tolerance
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preferred sizes

preferred sizes - to rationalise the prefabrication process and to keep cost down preferred sizes limit variations selection of preferred sizes to suit function construction method material of component
economic production
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preferred sizes

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communication

mc aids communication between participants in building process through established : basic principles terminology drafting conventions

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terminology

coordination size : a size of component which accommodates the work size with allowances for joints and tolerances to permit assembly work size : manufactured size - a dimension used by manufacturer to ensure that the actual dimension lies between the maximum and minimum dimension preferred size : a size chosen for specific purposes technical or economic reasons

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drafting conventions
modular reference plane modular axial plane modular coordinating dimensions

non modular zone

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hierarchy of planning
not always possible to completely use modular preferred dimensions and sizes due to:

economic and functional considerations

Order of priority: 1. Planning grid 2. Elements of building - eg. Col., beams. 3. Components -eg. Doors, windows

4. Finishes and built-in equipment

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modular design rules

Determines positioning & dimensioning of main building components

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main building components

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planning approaches horizontal

planning

MH = 3M (300mm)

Facades are placed flushed on the outside to a modular reference plane

external

n x 3M

internal

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INTERAXIAL PLANING (Alternative 1) Cross walls and structural frames (beam and column) are
placed according to two alternatives:-

the structural part of the component is placed at the axis between two modular reference planes spaced at 3M apart.

3M

n x 3M

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BOUNDARY PLANING (Alternative 2)

the structural part of the component is placed between a technical coordination space (not necessarily modular because of technical or economic reasons)

t1

n x 3M

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Partitions
are placed flushed on either side of the modular reference plane or line

n x 3M

n x 3M

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horizontal planning - summary

external n x 3M n x 3M internal

n x 3M

facades are always placed on the outside of the modular line

partitions are placed flushed to the modular line

for crosswalls (structural) or columns, use alternative 1 or alternative 2

n x 3M INTERAXIAL PLANNING 3M

n x 3M BOUNDARY PLANNING t1

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INTERAXIAL PLANNING (Alternative 1)

~ running wall panels can always be modular ~ column placed axially distance between axial is modular ~ column size less than 3M or larger ~ if columns are modular, inserted wall panels can be modular
running wall panel inserted wall panel

n x 3M 3M

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BOUNDARY PLANNING (Alternative 2)

~ coordination with a technical space ~ column can be designed economically ~ technical size can be non modular ~ inserted and running wall panels are modular if technical size is modular
running wall panel inserted wall panel

n x 3M

modular size

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BOUNDARY PLANNING (Alternative 2)

~ if technical size is not modular, inserted wall panels are modular but running wall panels cannot be modular
running wall panel inserted wall panel

n x 3M

t1

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vertical planning
Floors are placed within a modular floor zone of n X M increments

MV = M (100mm)

Floors to floor heights are vertically placed n X M increments

n1 x M

n3 x M

n2 x M

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vertical controlling dimensions

main controlling dimensions intermediate controlling dimensions

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vertical coordination
roof zone
Roof Zone

Floor to Ceiling Height

Window Sill height

floor to ceiling height

floor zone
Floor Zone Floor to Floor Height

storey height

Door Head Height

Change of Floor Level

main controlling dimensions

Fig 3-10 : Vertical Controlling Dimensions

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vertical coordination
roof zone
Roof Zone

Window Sill height

window head height window sill height

Floor to Ceiling Height

floor to ceiling height

floor zone
Floor Zone Floor to Floor Height

storey height

Door Head Height

door head height

Change of Floor Level

intermediate controlling dimensions

Fig 3-10 : Vertical Controlling Dimensions

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vertical planning
modular floor plane coinciding with upper surface of floor covering

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vertical planning

Modular floor plane coinciding with upper surface of rough floor

Modular floor plane coinciding with upper surface of structural floor 58

modular design rules - summary

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components and finishes

building parts - perceived as components

building process = assembling of components

influencing factors :

positions and sizes of components tolerances allowed between them and their coordinating spaces

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components and finishes

designing with components must be conceptualised early in design stage bearing on choice of planning grids and approaches structural components columns beams floor slabs walls Staircases lift cores

non structural components o cladding o partition o doors, windows

Finishes ceiling finishes floor finishes wall finishes
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monolithic 3-D components

components are dimensioned and placed inside, within the horizontal and vertical planning module

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monolithic 3-D components

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non-monolithic 3-D components components are dimensioned within the horizontal and vertical planning modular increments. the load bearing and self bearing parts if any, are on the outside of the modular planes.

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non-monolithic 3-D components

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columns
basic dimensions - 3M / multiples of 3M dimensions fit into modular grid planning structural grid dimensions are for finished dimensions
n x 3M n x 3M n x 3M

n x 3M

BOUNDARY PLANNING

n x 3M

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DISPLACEMENT OF GRID PLANNING

n x 3M

n x 3M

n x 3M

n x 3M

BOUNDARY PLANNING

n x 3M

columns
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DISPLACEMENT OF GRID PLANNING

beams
beam depth are in the increments of M floor zone with false ceiling beams accommodated in floor zone beams depth only affect services, not walls / partition below

Floor Zone

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Beams with false ceiling

Floor Zone

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Beams without false ceiling

distance between base of beam and floor slab must be modular to accommodate the components below

Window Head Height

Floor to Floor Height

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Beams without false ceiling

Window Head Height

Floor to Floor Height

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Floor slabs
depth in sub-modular increments of 0.5M or 0.25M precast slab-fit into structural grid :12M
Top of Floor Zone Screed Slab Floor Finish

Composition of Floor Zone

Service Space

False Ceiling

floor zone: space allocated for floor assembly extends from reference plane of ceiling to the finished floor surface above it ceiling accommodated within the floor zone composition may vary top of floor zone = top of floor finish base of floor zone - bottom of ceiling of the floor below

Bottom of Floor Zone

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Top of Floor Zone Screed

Floor Finish

Floor slabs

Slab

Composition of Floor Zone

Service Space

False Ceiling Bottom of Floor Zone

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Precast floor slabs

width multiples of n x 3M, n x 6M, n x 12M thickness within module zone of n xM length - coordinating size in multiples of n x 3M

width n x 3M n x 6M n x 12M

n x 3M

Alternative 1

adaptation area

n x 3M

Alternative 2

nxM

nxM

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width n x 3M n x 6M n x 12M

Precast floor slabs

n x 3M

Alternative 1

adaptation area

n x 3M

nxM

nxM

Alternative 2

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precast load bearing Walls

length of walls determined by planning grid dimensions and finished wall dimensions in cases wall do not fill the whole wall zone, where structure allows, wall should be lined with one side of the zone to minimise number of adaptation pieces

COMPONENT WALLS

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precast load bearing

Walls

COMPONENT WALLS

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Doors
dimensions - for doorsets controlling spaces be preferred dimensions - to allow the doors be fitted without undue adjustments (adaptation pieces fitted in walls or partitions)

Floor Zone

n1 x 3M

n2 x 3M Door Component

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Floor Zone

Doors

n1 x 3M

n2 x 3M Door Component
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windows
dimensions - for windowsets sill reference plane may coincide with floor reference plane window head reference plane may coincide with ceiling reference plane

COORDINATING WINDOW HEIGHT

n x 3M

COORDINATING SILL HEIGHT

n x 3M

COORDINATING WINDOW SIZE

n x 3M

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COORDINATING WINDOW HEIGHT

n x 3M

COORDINATING SILL HEIGHT

n x 3M

windows

COORDINATING WINDOW SIZE

n x 3M

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stairs
length of flights and landing dimensions are modular goings, risers and widths of flights are as required by statutory requirements stairs located in between floor coordinating line top of stair coincides with top of floor zone

n x 3M

n x 3M

PLAN
n x 3M
TOP OF FLOOR ZONE

FLOOR ZONE

n x 3M

SECTION

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n x 3M

PLAN
n x 3M
TOP OF FLOOR ZONE

FLOOR ZONE

n x 3M

n x 3M

stairs

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Lift cores external dimensions be modular to relate to other elements more than one lift - whole assembly is treated as a single element
n1 x 3M n2x 3M

SINGLE LIFT

n1 x 3M

n1 x 3M

n2x 3M

n2x 3M

SINGLE LIFT

LIFTS AND LOBBY

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SINGLE LIFT

n1 x 3M

n2x 3M
n1 x 3M

SINGLE LIFT
n2x 3M

Lift cores
n1 x 3M

LIFTS AND LOBBY

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Example - Plan

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Example Elevation

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Example - Window

floor zone window head ht

window sill ht

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HDB PREFABRICATION TECHNOLOGY CENTRE

Close coordination at design stage resulted in highly buildable building More than 75% of precast columns, beams and slabs designed to one standardised size Many architectural features were modulated and precast for better quality and finish
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HDB PREFABRICATION TECHNOLOGY CENTRE

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Buildable Features Structural components standardised to a single size Precast elements - arched concrete lattices, ring water tanks, curved auditorium walls, perimeter fencing wall Buidability and aesthetics could be achieved without compromising one another
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Buildable Features

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YUSOF ISHAK SECONDARY SCHOOL High buildable design construction period shortened considerably Precast structural frame - precast columns, beams, hollow core slabs abd planks Architectural features - precast lightweight concrete panels, prefab, infill aluminum panels Structural steel truss, precast parapet, precision blocks, dry partition 93

YUSOF ISHAK SECONDARY SCHOOL

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THE FRENCH SCHOOL standardised grids and repetitive floor layouts, use of flat floor slabs resulted in less columns and bigger span integrated roof system, lightweight concrete blocks - no plastering needed, faster construction monospace lift - expedite construction and increase usable space
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THE FRENCH SCHOOL

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WOODSVALE

Modular horizontal and vertical grids, repetitive floor layouts, use of system formwork for efficiency Precast columns, beams, slabs and staircases - on-site and off-site RC external walls - use of jumping formwork enabled walls to be cast three storey ahead of each floor slab
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WOODSVALE

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NATIONAL HERITAGE BOARD CENTRAL REPOSITORY

Architect commissioned to design a maintenance-free building and create an elegant facade Flat floor slab system for free space, 90% of columns and beams standardise Full height glazing and metal cladding used as envelope for quality finish
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NATIONAL HERITAGE BOARD CENTRAL REPOSITORY

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POPOVICH HALL - THE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

Successful integration of cast stone and brick resulted in a building that was contextual to the existing campus the juxtaposition scale between cast stone and brick module and the playful movement between curved and orthogonal plane made for an exciting project
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POPOVICH HALL - THE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

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THE KING FARM OFFICE BUILDING

The proportion of massing and articulation of base, body and top contributed to the building monumental appearance The attention to detail and use of natural light made the building visually exciting and the consistency of colour and finish was well done

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THE KING FARM OFFICE BUILDING

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THE EMORY UNIVERSITY PARKING DECK Project commended for the ability to transform a difficult faade into a work of art. The window and bay patterns create a rhythm along the faade developing a human scale not often found in parking decks. The architectural faade is express as an applique to the concrete structural frame in a contemporary and genuine fashion was well done
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THE EMORY UNIVERSITY PARKING DECK

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THANK YOU

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