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- . . - :

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.
- . .

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- .
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- .
- .
- .
- .
- : .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- :
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- : .
- .
- .

1- Planning and Controlling.
2- Systems and Creative Thinking.
3- Research Methods and Writing
Research Proposals.
4- Statistical Data Analysis.
5- Teams and Work Groups.
6- Risk Assessment and Risk
Management.
7- Communication Skills.
8- Negotiation Skills.
9- Analytical Thinking.
10- Problem Solving and Decision
Making.
11- Stress Management.
12- Accounting for Management and
Decision Making.
13- Basics of Managerial Economics.
14- Economic Feasibility Studies.
15- Health, Safety and Environment.
16- Wellness Guidelines: Healthful Life.
17- General Lectures Directory.

www.Pathways.cu.edu.eg

: .
(+) :
(+) (+) :
capscu@capscu.com :
www.capscu.com :

. .

-



:

(+) - - :
(+) :
www.capscu.com :

:
:

www.Pathways.cu.edu.eg

Pathways@Pathways.edu.eg

/ :

ISBN 977-403-137-7


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129
100
143
125
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95
119
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96
114
117
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133
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100
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110
106
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119
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108
82
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103
103
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87
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106
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101
110
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124
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129
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105
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122
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92
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 ) (

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50,60,66,54,70
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2
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59,67,65,69,58,55,70,72,74

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Q 3 Q1
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2

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n

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2
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2
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0
2

< 39.5
< 49.5

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26

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37
39
40

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< 89.5
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L = 10

3n
= 30,
4

n
= 10,
4
10 2
( Q1 = 49.5 +
) 10
11 2
Q1 = 49.5 + 8.89 = 58.39
30 26
( Q3 = 69.5 +
) 10
37 26
Q3 = 69.5 + 3.64 = 73.14
Q Q1
Q= 3
= 7.38
2
n = 40,

:
- .
- .
:
- .
- .

-
x

M.D. :
)(4

x ,

x
i =1

1
n

=M.D.

 ) (

:/

) ( . ) (
:
xi x

)(5

f
i =1

=M.D.

n
.
) :(
6,5,7,7,8,9,9,5

: :
xx

xx

1
2
0
0
1
2
2
2
10

-1
-2
0
0
1
2
2
-2
0

6
5
7
7
8
9
9
5
56

=x

n
56
=x
=7
8
10
M.D.= = 1.25,
8

 ) (

:/

) :( ).(
: :
xx f

xx

xx

f x

Classes

42.5
101.25
18.75
96.75
37.5
28.75
325

21.25
11.25
1.25
8.75
18.75
28.75

-21.25
-11.25
-1.25
8.75
18.75
28.75

89
490.5
967.5
819.5
169
94.5
2630

2
9
15
11
2
1
40

44.5
54.5
64.5
74.5
84.5
94.5

40-49
50-59
60-69
70-79
80-89
90-99

fx

=x

n
2630
=x
= 65.75
40
325
= 8.125,
=M.D.
40

:
.

-
)(

.

2

:

N
X 1 , X 2 ,..., X N X
:
2

) ( X 1 X ) , ( X 2 X ) ,, ( X N X
2

 ) (

:/

2:
X )2 ,

)(6

(X
i =1

1
N

=2

:
1 N
( X i X )2 ,
N i =1

)(7

) (
) .( n
S S 2
) (n 1 :

(x

1
n 1

)(8

x)2 ,

)(9

1 n
( xi x ) 2 ,
n - 1 i =1

i =1

= S2
=S

S
. ) ( S 2 2
.
) :( :
8,9,7,6,5

:
2

)(x x

xx

1
4
0
1
4
10

1
2
0
-1
-2
0

8
9
7
6
5
35

=x

n
35
=7
=x
5
1 n
=S2
( xi x ) 2 ,
n 1 i =1

 ) (

:/

1
(10) = 2.5
5 1
S = 2.5 = 1.581,

= S2

) (:
n

)(10

( xi ) 2
i =1

),

2
i

1
(
n 1

x
i =1

=S2

:
1
( xi x ) 2

n 1 i =1
1 n 2
=S2
) ( xi 2 xi x + x 2
n 1 i =1
n
n
1
2
2
= S
) ( xi -2 x xi + nx 2
n 1 i =1
i =1
n
1
=S2
) ( xi2 - nx 2
n 1 i =1
n

=S2

( xi ) 2
i =1

) ( x

2
i

x
i =1

1
(
n 1

= S

) :( ) ( ).(
: :
2

64
81
49
36
25
255

8
9
7
6
5
35
n

( xi ) 2
i =1

2
i

x
i =1

1
(
n 1

=S2

1
(35) 2
(255
) = 2.5
4
5
S = 2.5 = 1.581,
=S2

) (

 ) (

:/

: c
:
x1 , x 2 ,..., x n d1 , d 2 ,..., d n:
d n = x n + c ,., d 2 = x 2 + c , d1 = x1 + c
1 n
( xi x ) 2
n 1 i =1
n
1
1
2
= S
= ( [(d i c) (d c)]2
n 1 i =1
n 1

= Q S2

)(11

d )2 ,

(d
i =1

:
) :( ) ( c .
: :
d2

d = x5

9
16
4
1
0
30

3
4
2
1
0
10

8
9
7
6
5

( d i ) 2
i =1

2
i

d
i =1

1
(
n 1

=S2

1
(10) 2
S 2 = (30
) = 2.5
4
5
S = 2.5 = 1.581,

) (.

:
x1 , x 2 ,..., x n c
d1 , d 2 ,..., d n:
d1 = cx1 , d 2 = cx 2 ,., d n = cx n

 ) (

:/

:
1 n
( xi x ) 2
n 1 i =1
1 n di d 2
1 1
= S x2
= ) (

n 1 i =1 c c
n 1 c2
1
1
S x2 = 2 S d2 , S x = S d ,
c
c
= S x2

d )2

(d
i =1

)(12

) (
:
S x = c Sd ,

)(13

).(

: x

a . x a
:

) ( x a) = ( x + x x a
]) = [( x x ) + ( x a
) = ( x x ) + n ( x a ) + 2( x a ) ( x x
) = ( x x ) + n( x a
2

n( x a) 2 :
2

) (x x

<

) ( x a

: n1 n2 S12 S 22
x :
2
2

(n1 1) S + (n2 1) S
n1 + n2 1
2
1

= S2

:
:
x1 , x 2 ,..., x n1 , y1 , y 2 ,..., y n2
x)2

n1

(x
i =1

1
= S
n1 1
2
1

1 n2
= S
( yi x ) 2

n2 1 i =1
2
2

 ) (

:/

n1

(n1 1) S12 = ( xi x ) 2
i =1
n2

(n 2 1) S 22 = ( y i y ) 2
i =1

x)2

n1 + n2

(z
i =1

n2

= ( yi y ) 2
i =1

n1

( xi x ) 2 +
i =1

2
2

= (n1 1) S12 + (n 2 1) S 22

(n1 1) S + (n2 1) S
n1 + n2 1
2
1

= S2

: )
(.

k x1 , x 2 ,..., x k f1 , f 2 ,..., f k
) () () ( :
)(14

1 n
f i ( xi x ) 2 ,
n - 1 i =1

)(15

),

)(16

),

= f i ( xi x ) 2 , S

i =1

1
n 1

=S2

( f i xi ) 2
i =1

2
i

fx
i

i =1

1
(
n 1

= S2

( f i d i ) 2
i =1

2
i

fd
i

i =1

1
(
n 1

=S2

:
) :( ) ( )(
)() (
- : ) ( :
(x x)2 f

(x x)2

xx

xf

903.13
1139.06
23.44
842.19
703.13
826.56
4437.5

451.56
126.56
1.56
76.56
351.56
826.56

-21.25
-11.25
-1.25
8.75
18.75
28.75

89
490.5
967.5
819.5
169
94.5
2630

2
9
15
11
2
1
40

44.5
55.5
65.5
75.5
85.5
95.5

Classes
40-49
50-59
60-69
70-79
80-89
90-99
Total

 ) (

:/

1 k
1
= f i xi
(2630) = 65.75

40
n i =1
1 n
1
=S2
= f i ( xi x ) 2
(4437.5) = 113.78

n 1 i =1
40 1
=x

S = 10.67,

- ) ( :
x2 f

xf

3960.5
26732.25
62403.75
61052.75
12280.5
8930.25
177360

89
490.5
967.5
819.5
169
94.5
2630

2
9
15
11
2
1
40

44.5
55.5
65.5
75.5
85.5
95.5

Classes
40-49
50-59
60-69
70-79
80-89
90-99
Total
n

1
(177360 172922.5) = 113.78
40 1

=)

( f i xi ) 2
i =1

2
i

fx
i

i =1

) (

1
(
n 1

= S2

S = 10.67,

- ) ( ) ( c = 64.5
) ( :
d2 f

df

d = x 64.5

800
900
0
1100
800
900
4500

-40
-90
0
110
40
30
50

-20
-10
0
10
20
30

2
9
15
11
2
1
40

44.5
55.5
65.5
75.5
85.5
95.5

Classes
40-49
50-59
60-69
70-79
80-89
90-99
Total

1
(4500 62.5) = 113.78
40 1

=)

( f i d i ) 2
i =1

2
i

fd
i

i =1

1
(
n 1

=S2

S = 10.67,

( :

 :/

d 2 f

d f

8
9
0
11
8
9
45

-4
-9
0
11
4
3
5

) (

= d
10

d = x 64.5

Classes

-20
-10
0
10
20
30

2
9
15
11
2
1
40

44.5
55.5
65.5
75.5
85.5
95.5

40-49
50-59
60-69
70-79
80-89
90-99
Total

-2
-1
0
1
2
3

1
(45 0.625) = 1.1378
40 1

) (

=)

( f i d i) 2
i =1

S x =10 S d = 10.67

f d
i

i =1

1
(
n 1

= S d2

S d = 1.067,

-
X x1 , x 2 ,..., x n x

s Z :

i = 1,2,..., n

xi x
,
s

= Zi

Z i "
" ) (.
) :(

.

: Z1 :
Z 2 :

82 75
= 0.7
10
89 81
= 0.5
16

= Z1

= Z2

 ) (

:/

-

.

.

.
:

) 3( x Med
,
s
x Mod
,
= 2- r
s

= 1- r

)(17
)(18

:
2
3
3

m
,
s

)(19

:
3

= 3- r

) (x x
n

) f (x x
n

= m3

= m3

) :( ) (.
: :
s = 10.67

Mod = 65.5,

) (:
)(1

Med = 65.41,

x = 65.75,

) 3( x Med
)3(65.75 65.41
=
= 0.069,
s
10.67

=r

 ) (

:/

) (:
)(2

65.75 65.5
x Mod
=
= 0.025,
s
10.67

=r

.
k :

m4
-3
s4

:
4

) (x x
n

) f (x x
n

= m4

= m4

=k

 ) (

:/

6,3,5,5,9,4,6,7,1,2,4,8
- :

73-75

70-72

67-69

64-66

61-63

58-60

15

14

- .
- .
- .

- ).(
- :
30

25-29

20-24

15-19

10-14

< 10

13

19

35

20

- :
2, 5, 9, 4, 3, 6

- :
70, 70, 70, 70, 70, 70, 70

 :/

 ) (

:/

) (

... .
.

.... .
) ( x, y x

y
.
) ( x, y . )(Pearson
) (Spearman
.

-
y
x . .
:
) ( x1 , y1 ) , ( x 2 , y 2 ) , , ( x n , y n

 ) (

:/

r :
)(1

) ( x )( y

,
2

) ( y
n

n
)( y 2

xy

) ( x
n

=r

( x 2

) ( r :

- .
- .
.

- .
) (- .
) :(
.
11

16

11

15

19

13

10

14

10

15

17

15

: = x y
:
2

25
9
49
25
0
1
16
0
125

y x

9
1
81
25
1
4
36
1
158

15
3
63
25
0
2
24
0
132

-10 y = y
5
-3
7
5
0
-1
4
0
17

- 10 x = x
3
-1
9
5
1
-2
6
1
22

15
7
17
15
10
9
14
10

13
9
19
15
11
8
16
11

) ( x )( y

( y ) 2
n

n
)( y 2

xy
)( x

) ( 22 17
8

=r
( x 2

132

( 22 ) 2
(17 ) 2
)(125
)
8
8

=r

(158

r = 0.93

) ( .

 ) (

:/

- )(

.

.

.

) ( x, y ) . ( x, y

.
:
,

)(2

6 d 2

)n(n 2 1

rs = 1-

rs n ) d ( x, y
) ( x, y :
) :(
:
D

: :
d2

d = ab

b = y

a = x

2.25
2.25
1
0
1
0
6.5

1.5
-1.5
1
0
-1
0

4.5
4.5
2
3
6
1

6
3
3
3
5
1

B
B
D
C
A
E

A
C
C
C
B
D

 ) (

:/

6 d 2

rs = 1-

)n(n 2 1
6 6.5
rs = 1)6(36 1
rs = 1- 0.186

rs = 0.814

-



.... .

.
:
-

C.C
:

C.C:
)(3

AD - BC
,
AD + BC

= C.C

 ) (

:/

:
) :(
:

.
:

AD - BC
AD + BC
)(5 4) (3 5
= C.C
)(5 4) + (3 5

= C.C

C.C = 0.14

-


.C X
r Y s
:

Ys

f 1.

f 1s

f 12

f 2.

f 2s

f 22

f 21

M
f r.

M
f rs

M
K

M
fr2

M
f r1

M
Xr

f ..

f .s

f .2

f .1

Y2

Y1

f11

X1
X2

 ) (

:/

B C :
B 1
,
B

)(4

=C

:
( f )2
( f 11 ) 2 ( f12 ) 2
+
+ + rs
f .1 f 1.
f .2 f1.
f .s f r .

=B

:
) :(
:
Y

10

11

30

11

19

C .
: B:

62
72
62
42
22
52
+
+
+
+
+
19 10 19 9 19 11 11 10 11 9 11 11

=B

B = 1.05

C:
B 1
B

=C

1.05 1
1.05

=C

C = 0.22

 ) (

:/

-
) ( x, y
) (

.
.
x y . x

y y x
:

y = a + bx ,

)(5

a ) ( y :

a = y bx ,

)(6

b y x :

) ( x)( y

)(7

n
( x) 2
n

xy
2

=b

) :( y x ).(
: :
y2

x2

xy

169
81
361
225
121
64
256
121
1398

225
49
289
225
100
81
196
100
1265

195
63
323
225
110
72
224
110
1322

13
9
19
15
11
8
16
11
102

15
7
17
15
10
9
14
10
97

) ( x)( y
n
( x) 2
n

xy
2

=b

 :/

) (

97 102
8
=b
= 0.96
(97) 2
1265
8
a = y bx
102
97
=a
) ( 0.96
8
8
a = 1.11
1322

y x:

y = 1.11 + 0.96 x

 ) (

:/

- :
4

29

71

17

18

70

60

44

31

)( ) ( .

y . x - x y .
40

39

27

38

44

42

66

56

28

20

25

19

22

27

38

31

. y . x . - .
B

 :/

:/

X X

.....

X ) (
X .
....

.


)( .

-




p q ) . ( p + q = 1
n )

( n . x

:/

n
:
x = 0,1,2,..., n

n
P( X = x) = p x q n x ,
x

....
) :( ,
:
-
-
-
-

q = 0.2
x = 0,1,2,...,15

p = 0.8,

n = 15,

15
P( X = x) = (0.8) x (0.2)15 x ,
x

- :
15
P( X = 15) = (0.8)15 (0.2)1515
15
P ( X = 15) = 1 0.035 1
P ( X = 15) = 0.035

- :
15
P( X = 8) = (0.8) 8 (0.2)158
8
P( X = 8) = 6435 0.1677722 0.0000128
P( X = 8) = 0.013819

- :
15
P( X = 6) = (0.8) 6 (0.2)156
6
P( X = 6) = 5005 0.262144 0.000000512
P( X = 6) = 0.000672

:/

- :
15
P( X = 0) = (0.8) 0 (0.2)150
0
P( X = 0) = 1 1 0
P( X = 0) = 0

) :( .,
:
- .
- .
- .

- .

q = 0.4

x = 0,1,2,...,20

p = 0.6,

n = 20,

20
P( X = x) = (0.6) x (0.4) 20 x ,
x

- :
20
P( X = 7) = (0.6) 7 (0.4) 207
7
P( X = 7) = 77520 0.0279936 0.00000671
P( X = 7) = 0.014563

- :
20
P( X = 0) = (0.6) 0 (0.4) 200
0
P( X = 0) = 1 1 0.000
P( X = 0) = 0

- :
20
P( X = 20) = (0.6) 20 (0.4) 20 20
20
P( X = 20) = 1 0.00004 1
P( X = 20) = 0.00004

- :
20
P ( X = 10) = (0.6)10 (0.4) 2010
10
P( X = 10) = 184756 0.006046618 0.0001
P( X = 10) = 0.111715

:/

) :( ,
:

- .
- .

- .
- .
- .
:
q = 0.2
x = 0,1,2,3

n = 3,

p = 0.8,
3
P( X = x) = (0.8) x (0.2) 3 x ,
x

- :
3
P( X = 3) = (0.8) 3 (0.2) 33
3
P( X = 3) = 1 0.512 1
P( X = 3) = 0.512

- :
3

1- P( X = 2) = 1- (0.8) 2 (0.2) 3 2
2

)= 1- (3 0.64 0.2
= 1- 0.384
1- P( X = 2) = 0.616

- :
3
P( X = 0) = (0.8) 0 (0.2) 30
0
P( X = 0) = 1 1 0.008
P( X = 0) = 0.008

- :
)P( X 1) = P( X = 1) + P( X = 2) + P( X = 3
3
3
3
P ( X 1) = (0.8)1 (0.2) 31 + (0.8) 2 (0.2) 3 2 + (0.8) 3 (0.2) 33
1
2
3
P( X 1) = 0.096 + 0.384 + 0.512
P( X 1) = 0.992

:/

)P( X 1) = P( X = 1) + P( X = 0
P( X 1) = 0.096 + 0.008
P ( X 1) = 0.104

-
:
. . . . - .

) x = 0,1,2,.... (...
.
X .
:
x = 0,1,2,....

e x
,
!x

= )P( X = x

) :(
.
- :
-.
- .

- .

- .
- .
- .

:/

: - .

=5,

e 5 5 x
,
x = 0,1,2,....
!x
e 5 510
= )1- P ( X = 10
!10
P ( X = 10) = 0.018132789
)2- P ( X < 3) = P( X = 0) + P ( X = 1) + P( X = 2
= )P( X = x

e 5 5 0
e 5 51
e 5 5 2
+
+
!0
!1
!2

= )P ( X < 3

P( X < 3) = 0.006737947 + 0.033689735 + 0.084224337

P( X < 3) = 0.124652

)3- P( X > 1) = 1- P( X 1
) )P( X > 1) = 1- ( P( X = 0) + P( X = 1
)P ( X > 1) = 1- (0.006737947 + 0.033689735
P ( X > 1) = 1- 0.040428
P ( X > 1) = 0.959572318
)4- P(4 X 8) = P( X = 4) + P( X = 5) + P( X = 6) + P( X = 7) + P( X = 8
e 5 5 4
e 5 5 5
e 5 5 6 e 5 5 7
e 5 58
+
+
+
+
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8

= )P(4 X 8

P(4 X 8) = 0.17546737 + 0.17546737 + 0.146222808 + 0.104444863 +

+ 0.065278039

P(4 X 8) = 0.66688045

- .

1
= 2.5
2
e 2.5 2.5 x
= )P( X = x
,
!x
e 2.5 2.510
= )1- P ( X = 10
!10
P( X = 10) = 0.000215725
)2- P( X < 3) = P( X = 0) + P( X = 1) + P( X = 2

=5

x = 0,1,2,....

e 2.5 2.5 0
e 2.5 2.51
e 2.5 2.5 2
+
+
!0
!1
!2

= )P( X < 3

P ( X < 3) = 0.082084999 + 0.205212497 + 0.256515621

P ( X < 3) = 0.543813
)3- P ( X > 1) = 1- P ( X 1
) )P ( X > 1) = 1- ( P( X = 0) + P ( X = 1

 :/

)P ( X > 1) = 1- (0.082084999 + 0.205212497

P ( X > 1) = 1- 0.287297
P( X > 1) = 0.712703
)4- P(4 X 8) = P( X = 4) + P( X = 5) + P( X = 6) + P( X = 7) + P( X = 8
e 2.5 2.5 4
e 2.5 2.5 5
e 2.5 2.5 6 e 2.5 2.5 7
e 2.5 2.58
= )P(4 X 8
+
+
+
+
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
P(4 X 8) = 0.133601886 + 0.066800943 + 0.027833726 + 0.009940617 +

+ 0.003106443

P(4 X 8) = 0.241284

= 5 2 = 10
e 10 10 x
= )P( X = x
,
x = 0,1,2,....
!x
e 10 1010
= )1- P ( X = 10
!10
P ( X = 10) = 0.125110036
)2- P( X < 3) = P( X = 0) + P( X = 1) + P( X = 2
e 10 10 0
e 10 101
e 10 10 2
= )P ( X < 3
+
+
!0
!1
!2
P( X < 3) = 0.0000454 + 0.000454 + 0.00227
P( X < 3) = 0.002769
)3- P( X > 1) = 1- P( X 1
) )P ( X > 1) = 1- ( P( X = 0) + P ( X = 1
)P ( X > 1) = 1- (0.0000454 + 0.000454
P ( X > 1) = 1- 0.000499
P ( X > 1) = 0.999501
)4- P(4 X 8) = P( X = 4) + P( X = 5) + P( X = 6) + P( X = 7) + P( X = 8
e 10 10 4
e 10 10 5
e 10 10 6 e 10 10 7
e 10 10 8
= )P(4 X 8
+
+
+
+
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
P(4 X 8) = 0.01891664 + 0.03783327 + 0.06305546 + 0.09007923 +
+ 0.11259903
P(4 X 8) = 0.322484

) :( .
.
:

=2,

:/

x = 0,1,2,....

e 2 2 x
,
!x
e 2 2 3
= )P( X = 3
!3
P( X = 3) = 0.18044704
= )P( X = x

-

. .

.
....
X

:
x = 0,1,2,..., n

a b

x n x

= )P( X = x
,
N

n

N . n - .

.a +b = N ) :( .
:

-
-
-

:/

: X a
b .

x = 0,1,2,3,4,5

8 40

x 5 x

= )P( X = x
,
48

5

-
8 40

0 5 0

= )P( X = 0
48

5
1 658008
= )P( X = 0
1712304
P( X = 0) = 0.38

-
8 40

1 5 1

= )P ( X = 1
48

8 91390
= )P( X = 1
1712304
P ( X = 1) = 0.43

-
) )P( X 2) = 1- ( P( X = 0) + P( X = 1
)P( X 2) = 1 (0.38 + 0.43
P( X 2) = 0.19

) :(
. .

: X a

b .
:

:/

4 76

x
x
3

,
= )P( X = x
80

x = 0,1,2,3

:
4 76

1 3 1

= )P( X = 1
80

3
4 2860
= )P ( X = 1
82160
P ( X = 1) = 0.14

. X
) ) ( X N ( , 2:
1 x 2
)
(
2

>0

= )f ( x

< < ,

< X < ,

.
Z ) Z N (0,1
:
2

< < z

z
2

1
2

= )f ( z

:/

) (

=Z

) X N (16,16

:
x 16
4

=Z

Z .
) :(
:
1- P( z 1.72) ,
)3- P ( z 0.29

)2- P( z 1.07
)4- P (1.91 z 0.45

:
1- P( z 1.72) = 0.9573
2- P( z 1.07) = 0.8577
)3- P ( z 0.29) = 1- P( z < 0.29
P ( z 0.29) = 1- 0.6141
P ( z 0.29) = 0.3859
)4- P(1.91 z 0.45) = P( z 0.45) - P( z 1.91
P(1.91 z 0.45) = 0.6736 0.0281
P(1.91 z 0.45) = 0.6455

) :( ) X N (16,16 :
)1- P( X 14
)2- P( X 22

: X
:

= 1- x = 14 Z

14 16
= -0.5
= z
4
P ( X 14) = P ( Z 0.5) = 0.3085
x
= 2- x = 22 Z

:/

22 16
= 1.5
4
) P( X 22) = P( Z 1.5) = 1- P( Z < 1.5

= z

P( Z 1.5) = 1- 0.9332 = 0.0668

) :(
. .
:

)X N (105,100
100 105 X 114 105
( P (100 X 114) = P

10
10
)P(100 X 114) = P(0.5 Z 0.9
)P(100 X 114) = P( z 0.9) - P( z 0.5
P (100 X 114) = 0.8159 0.3085
P (100 X 114) = 0.5074

-
t :
< <t

1
+
2

f (t ) = c(1 +

t c

t
t .
t

t .
) :( t :
)t (0.995, 12
)t (0.90, 7

)t (0.975, 20
)t (0.95, 5

: t :
t (0.975, 20) = 2.086

:/

t (0.995, 12) = 3.055

t (0.95, 5) = 2.015
t (0.90, 7) = 1.415

) :( :

t (0.975, ) = 2.228
t (0.95, ) = 1.721

t (0.995, ) = 2.921
t (0.90, ) = 1.337

: t :
t (0.975, ) = 2.228 = 10
t (0.995, ) = 2.921 = 16
t (0.95, ) = 1.721 = 21
t (0.90, ) = 1.337 = 16

-
.F
:
F>0

,
2

) ( 1 2

) ( 1 + 2

cF

) ( 2 + 1 F

= ) f (F

F ) F ( 1 , 2 1 2
c
.

.

) ) F ( , 1 , 2 ( F

.
) :(:
)F (0.05, 10 , 7

)F (0.01, 11 , 15

:
F (0.01, 11 , 15) = 0.235
F (0.05, 10 , 7) = 0.318

:/

- % .

- .
- .
- .
- .
- .,
:
. - .

. - .
:
- .

- .
- .
- Z :
)- P( Z < 1.8
)- P ( Z > 0.5
)- P (0.2 < Z < 0.5

- X
, :
- .,

 :/

- .,

- . ,
- ., ,
-
,.

, , .
- , .
:
. - .

. - % .
:

. . - .

- .

. X
.X
- .
.

 :/

- t :
)t (0.95, 20

)(0.90, 28
)(0.99,12
)(0.975, 7
)(0.995, 13

t
t
t
t

- b :
(b , 5) = 2.015 t
(b , 20) = 1.325
(b , 23) = 2.069
(b , 12) = 2.681
(b , 15) = 2.131

t
t
t
t

-:
)F (0.01, 7 , 12
)F (0.05, 12 , 5
)F (0.01, 5 , 8
)F (0.05, 5 , 5

- b :
F (b, 8 , 9) = 3.23
F (b, 9 , 11) = 4.63
F (b, 3 , 24) = 3.72
F (b, 2 , 24) = 3.4

:/

.
) (

" " .

.
.Statistical Hypothesis
:

: :
) (


.

: :

. .

-
Parametric Statistical Test of Hypothesis
:

: Null Hypothesis . H o

: Alternative Hypothesis . H 1

:/

"" .Significant
. .

-

:

: H o

) ),
.(...,

: H o
.

H o

H o

H o
H o

H o ) (
)(:

) ( 1- .

:/

) ( :

- : :

H o : = o
H1 : o

H o

H o

H o
1 -

- Z

- :
:

H o : = o
H1 : < o

H o

H o
1 -

- Z

- :
:

H o : = o
H1 : > o

H o

H o
1 -
Z

:/

x o

= Z

:
)Z N (0,1

Z x
n o
. ) (
Z Z Z
2

:
) :( .
. :
H 1 : 160

H o : = 160

:
-

x o

=Z

:
n = 64

= 5,

o = 160,

x = 155,

160
5

= 0.05
Z = 155

64

)(1

Z = -8

Z.

:/

- ) ( = 0.05 Z
:

Z = Z 0.05 = Z 0.025
2

Z 0.025 = 1.96

Z :
2

Z = - 1.96
2

Z Z Z
. = 160
- ) ( = 0.01 Z
:
Z = Z 0.01 = Z 0.005
2

Z 0.005 = 2.58

Z :
2

Z = - 2.58
2

Z Z Z

. = 160

) :(
.

.

.%

- : :

H o : = 240
H 1 : < 240

- Z

x o

=Z

 :/

:
n =9

o = 240,

= 18,

x = 235,

= 0.01

235 240
,
18

= Z

)(1

Z = -0.83

Z.
- Z
) ( = 0.1 Z
:
Z = Z 0.1

)(2

Z 0.1 = -1.28

) ( ) ( Z Z Z
. = 240


n
v
:
v = n - k

k .
-

) > ( Z t :
x o
S
n

=t

S t t
) (v = n 1 2
:

:/

) :( .
.
.%
- : :

H o : = 15
H 1 : > 15

- t

x o
S
n

:
n =7

o = 15,

S = 2,

=t

x = 17,

= 0.05

17 15
,
2

=t

)(1

t = 2.65

t.

- t.
) ( = 0.05 t

:
)t ( n 1, ) = t ( 7 1,0.05

)(2

t ( 6,0.05) = 1.943

) ( ) ( t t t

-


... .

:/

x1 x 2 S1 S 2
n1 n2 x1 x 2
1 2

22
n2

12
n1

1 2 ) ( 22 12
. :
H o : 1 = 2

H o : 1 - 2 = 0,
H 1 : 1 2 ,
or H 1 : 1 < 2 ,
or H 1 : 1 > 2

Z :

( x1 x2 ) ( 1 2 ) o
S12 S 22
+
n1 n2

= Z

) ( 22 12
) ( < n1 ) .( < n2
:
) :(

.
.
).( = 0.05

- : :

H o : 1 = 2
H 1 : 1 < 2

- Z

:/

Z = ( x1 x 2 ) ( 1 2 ) o
S 12 S 22
+
n1
n2

Z = ( 69 74 ) 0
230
215
+
60
85

=Z

6.36

Z = - 1.98,

)(1

- Z
) ( = 0.05 Z

Z = Z 0.05
Z 0.05 = -1.65

)(2

) ( ) ( Z Z Z

-
x 2 x1
n2 n1 :

( x1 x 2 ) ( 1 2 ) o
1
1
) +
n1 n2

=t

( S p2

:
2
2

(n1 1) S + (n2 1) S
n1 + n2 2
2
1

= S p2

t ) . (v = n1 + n2 2 :
) :(
.
.

.%

:/

- : :

H o : 1 = 2
H 1 : 1 2

- S p2:
(n1 1) S12 + (n2 1) S 22
= 1- S
n1 + n2 2
2
p

(11 1)(7) 2 + (6 1)(5) 2

11 + 6 2
10 49 + 5 25
= S p2
15
2
)(1
S p = 41
= S p2

- t.

( x1 x 2 ) ( 1 2 ) o

= 2- t

1
1
) +
n1 n2
(80 75) 0

( S p2

1 1
) 41( +
11 6
5

10.56

=t

=t

t = 1.54

)(2

- t.
) ( = 0.05 t

)= t (11+62,0.025
)(3

+ n 2 2 ,

t (n

t (15, 0.025) = 2.131

) ( ) ( t t t
.
.%
-

:/

d Do
sd / n

= t t ) (v = n 1:

d .
s d .
n ) (.

Do .
:

H o : Do = 1 - 2

H o : Do = 0,
H 1 : Do 0,

or
or

H 1 : Do < 0,
H 1 : Do > 0

t .
) :(
.

.%
- : :
H o : Do = 0
H 1 : Do 0

:/

- t.
d Do

=t

sd / n

1- Do = 0

2- n = 7

) ( d

) ( d 2

d
i =1

=d

n
4343
=d
7
d = - 620.43

)(1
n

( d i ) 2
i =1

2
i

d
i =1

1
= sd
n 1

1
(4343) 2
3595551
= sd
7 1
7
1
= sd
901029.71
6
1
= sd
)( 949.23
6
s d = 158.2
)(2
620.43
=t
158.2
7
t = -10.38
)(3

- t.

:/

) ( = 0.05 t

)= t ( 6,0.025
)(4

t ( n 1,

t ( 6,0.025) = 2.448

) ( ) ( t t t
) ( .
.%

p
.
:

Ho : = o ,
H1 : o ,
H1 : < o ,

or
or

H1 : > o

p o

) o (1 o

Z :

p o

) o (1 o

=Z

Z Z
.
:

) :(
%
. % .

:/

- : :

H o : = 0.06
H 1 : > 0.06

- Z :

p o

) o (1 o

=Z

:
20
180

)(1

=p

p = 0.11
0.11 0.06
=Z
)0.06(1 0.06
180
0.05
=Z
0.06 0.94
180
0.05
=Z
0.02
Z = 2.5

Z :%
Z = Z 0.01

)(2

Z 0.01 = 2.33

) ( ) ( Z Z %
.

) ( 1 2

... . p1 p 2
n1 n2
p1 p 2 Z :

:/

( p1 p 2 ) ( 1 2 ) 0

)(1

1
1
) p (1 p )( +
n1 n2

=Z

:
n1 p1 + n 2 p 2
n1 + n 2

) ( :
:

H o : ( 1 2 ) = 0

H 1 : ( 1 2 ) 0,
or, H 1 : ( 1 2 ) > 0
or, H 1 : ( 1 2 ) < 0

:
)(2

=P

H o : ( 1 2 ) = ,

( p1 p 2 ) ( 1 2 ) 0
) p1 (1 p1 ) p 2 (1 p 2
+
n1
n2

= Z

H 1 : ( 1 2 ) ,
or, H 1 : ( 1 2 ) >
or, H 1 : ( 1 2 ) <

:
) :(

.
.
.%

- : :

:/

H o : ( 1 2 ) = 0,
H 1 : ( 1 2 ) > 0

- Z :

( p1 p 2 ) ( 1 2 ) 0
1
1
) +
n1 n2

=Z

() p (1 p

80
= 0.8
100
62
= p2
= 0.62
100
n p + n2 p 2
P= 1 1
n1 + n 2
100 0.8 + 100 0.62
=P
100 + 100
142
=P
200
P = 0.71
0.8 0.62 0
=Z
1
1
(0.71 0.29
+
)
100 100
0.18
=Z
0.21 0.02
Z = 2.78
)(1
= p1

- Z.
Z = Z 0.05

)(2

Z 0.05 = 1.65

) ( ) ( Z Z %
.
) :(
.
.
, .%

- : :

H o : ( 1 2 ) = 0.04,

:/

H 1 : ( 1 2 ) < 0.04

- Z :

( p1 p 2 ) ( 1 2 ) 0

=Z

) p1 (1 p1 ) p 2 (1 p 2
+
n1
n2
12
= p1
= 0.12
100
15
= p2
= 0.1
150
(0.12 0.1) 0.04
0.12 0.88 0.1 .09
)
+
100
150
0.02

0.0011 + 0.0006

)(1

=Z

=Z

Z = - 0.49

- Z.
Z = - Z 0.05

)(2

Z 0.05 = -1.65

) ( ) ( Z Z %

.,

:/

%
-
. %
.%

-
% .%

.
.%

-
. :
)(

)(

- .

.
.

-
. %
.%

:/

-
%

%, :
)(
)(

.%

- :

%
-
, ,

- )( , ,
)( . )( ,
, )( .
% .

 :/

:/

:/

:Z
0.09
0.0359
0.0753
0.1141
0.1517
0.1879
0.2224
0.2549
0.2852
0.3133
0.3389
0.3621
0.3830
0.4015
0.4177
0.4319
0.4441
0.4545
0.4633
0.4706
0.4767
0.4817
0.4857
0.4890
0.4916
0.4936
0.4952
0.4964
0.4974
0.4981
0.4986
0.4990

0.08
0.0319
0.0714
0.1103
0.1480
0.1844
0.2190
0.2517
0.2823
0.3106
0.3365
0.3599
0.3810
0.3997
0.4162
0.4306
0.4429
0.4535
0.4625
0.4699
0.4761
0.4812
0.4854
0.4887
0.4913
0.4934
0.4951
0.4963
0.4973
0.4980
0.4986
0.4990

0.07
0.0279
0.0675
0.1064
0.1443
0.1808
0.2157
0.2486
0.2794
0.3078
0.3340
0.3577
0.3790
0.3980
0.4147
0.4292
0.4418
0.4525
0.4616
0.4693
0.4756
0.4808
0.4850
0.4884
0.4911
0.4932
0.4949
0.4962
0.4972
0.4979
0.4985
0.4989

0.06
0.0239
0.0636
0.1026
0.1406
0.1772
0.2123
0.2454
0.2764
0.3051
0.3315
0.3554
0.3770
0.3962
0.4131
0.4279
0.4406
0.4515
0.4608
0.4686
0.4750
0.4803
0.4846
0.4881
0.4909
0.4931
0.4948
0.4961
0.4971
0.4979
0.4985
0.4989

0.05
0.0199
0.0596
0.0987
0.1368
0.1736
0.2088
0.2422
0.2734
0.3023
0.3289
0.3531
0.3749
0.3944
0.4115
0.4265
0.4394
0.4505
0.4599
0.4678
0.4744
0.4798
0.4842
0.4878
0.4906
0.4929
0.4946
0.4960
0.4970
0.4978
0.4984
0.4989

0.04
0.0160
0.0557
0.0948
0.1331
0.1700
0.2054
0.2389
0.2704
0.2995
0.3264
0.3508
0.3729
0.3925
0.4099
0.4251
0.4382
0.4495
0.4591
0.4671
0.4738
0.4793
0.4838
0.4875
0.4904
0.4927
0.4945
0.4959
0.4969
0.4977
0.4984
0.4988

0.03
0.0120
0.0517
0.0910
0.1293
0.1664
0.2019
0.2357
0.2673
0.2967
0.3238
0.3485
0.3708
0.3907
0.4082
0.4236
0.4370
0.4484
0.4582
0.4664
0.4732
0.4788
0.4834
0.4871
0.4901
0.4925
0.4943
0.4957
0.4968
0.4977
0.4983
0.4988

0.02
0.0080
0.0478
0.0871
0.1255
0.1628
0.1985
0.2324
0.2642
0.2939
0.3212
0.3461
0.3686
0.3888
0.4066
0.4222
0.4357
0.4474
0.4573
0.4656
0.4726
0.4783
0.4830
0.4868
0.4898
0.4922
0.4941
0.4956
0.4967
0.4976
0.4982
0.4987

0.01
0.0040
0.0438
0.0832
0.1217
0.1591
0.1950
0.2291
0.2611
0.2910
0.3186
0.3438
0.3665
0.3869
0.4049
0.4207
0.4345
0.4463
0.4564
0.4649
0.4719
0.4778
0.4826
0.4864
0.4896
0.4920
0.4940
0.4955
0.4966
0.4975
0.4982
0.4987

0.00
0.0000
0.0398
0.0793
0.1179
0.1554
0.1915
0.2257
0.2580
0.2881
0.3159
0.3413
0.3643
0.3849
0.4032
0.4192
0.4332
0.4452
0.4554
0.4641
0.4713
0.4772
0.4821
0.4861
0.4893
0.4918
0.4938
0.4953
0.4965
0.4974
0.4981
0.4987

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0

:/

0.05
0.025
0.01
0.005
0.0005
6.313752 12.70620 31.82052 63.65674 636.6192
2.919986 4.30265 6.96456 9.92484 31.5991
2.353363 3.18245 4.54070 5.84091 12.9240
2.131847 2.77645 3.74695 4.60409
8.6103
2.015048 2.57058 3.36493 4.03214
6.8688

0.10
3.077684
1.885618
1.637744
1.533206
1.475884

0.25
1.000000
0.816497
0.764892
0.740697
0.726687

0.40
0.324920
0.288675
0.276671
0.270722
0.267181

df\p
1
2
3
4
5

5.9588
5.4079
5.0413
4.7809
4.5869

3.70743
3.49948
3.35539
3.24984
3.16927

3.14267
2.99795
2.89646
2.82144
2.76377

2.44691
2.36462
2.30600
2.26216
2.22814

1.943180
1.894579
1.859548
1.833113
1.812461

1.439756
1.414924
1.396815
1.383029
1.372184

0.717558
0.711142
0.706387
0.702722
0.699812

0.264835
0.263167
0.261921
0.260955
0.260185

6
7
8
9
10

4.4370
4.3178
4.2208
4.1405
4.0728

3.10581
3.05454
3.01228
2.97684
2.94671

2.71808
2.68100
2.65031
2.62449
2.60248

2.20099
2.17881
2.16037
2.14479
2.13145

1.795885
1.782288
1.770933
1.761310
1.753050

1.363430
1.356217
1.350171
1.345030
1.340606

0.697445
0.695483
0.693829
0.692417
0.691197

0.259556
0.259033
0.258591
0.258213
0.257885

11
12
13
14
15

4.0150
3.9651
3.9216
3.8834
3.8495

2.92078
2.89823
2.87844
2.86093
2.84534

2.58349
2.56693
2.55238
2.53948
2.52798

2.11991
2.10982
2.10092
2.09302
2.08596

1.745884
1.739607
1.734064
1.729133
1.724718

1.336757
1.333379
1.330391
1.327728
1.325341

0.690132
0.689195
0.688364
0.687621
0.686954

0.257599
0.257347
0.257123
0.256923
0.256743

16
17
18
19
20

3.8193
3.7921
3.7676
3.7454
3.7251

2.83136
2.81876
2.80734
2.79694
2.78744

2.51765
2.50832
2.49987
2.49216
2.48511

2.07961
2.07387
2.06866
2.06390
2.05954

1.720743
1.717144
1.713872
1.710882
1.708141

1.323188
1.321237
1.319460
1.317836
1.316345

0.686352
0.685805
0.685306
0.684850
0.684430

0.256580
0.256432
0.256297
0.256173
0.256060

21
22
23
24
25

3.7066
3.6896
3.6739
3.6594
3.6460

2.77871
2.77068
2.76326
2.75639
2.75000

2.47863
2.47266
2.46714
2.46202
2.45726

2.05553
2.05183
2.04841
2.04523
2.04227

1.705618
1.703288
1.701131
1.699127
1.697261

1.314972
1.313703
1.312527
1.311434
1.310415

0.684043
0.683685
0.683353
0.683044
0.682756

0.255955
0.255858
0.255768
0.255684
0.255605

26
27
28
29
30

3.2905

2.57583

2.32635

1.95996

0.253347 0.674490 1.281552 1.644854

inf

:/

Chi-Square Table
.500

.750

.900

.950

.975

.990

.995

0.45494
1.38629
2.36597
3.35669
4.35146

0.10153
0.57536
1.21253
1.92256
2.67460

0.01579
0.21072
0.58437
1.06362
1.61031

0.00393
0.10259
0.35185
0.71072
1.14548

0.00098
0.05064
0.21580
0.48442
0.83121

0.00016
0.02010
0.11483
0.29711
0.55430

0.00004
0.01003
0.07172
0.20699
0.41174

df/
area
1
2
3
4
5

5.34812
6.34581
7.34412
8.34283
9.34182

3.45460
4.25485
5.07064
5.89883
6.73720

2.20413
2.83311
3.48954
4.16816
4.86518

1.63538
2.16735
2.73264
3.32511
3.94030

1.23734
1.68987
2.17973
2.70039
3.24697

0.87209
1.23904
1.64650
2.08790
2.55821

0.67573
0.98926
1.34441
1.73493
2.15586

6
7
8
9
10

5.57778 7.58414 10.34100

6.30380 8.43842 11.34032
7.04150 9.29907 12.33976
7.78953 10.16531 13.33927
8.54676 11.03654 14.33886

4.57481
5.22603
5.89186
6.57063
7.26094

3.81575
4.40379
5.00875
5.62873
6.26214

3.05348
3.57057
4.10692
4.66043
5.22935

2.60322
3.07382
3.56503
4.07467
4.60092

11
12
13
14
15

6.90766 7.96165 9.31224

7.56419 8.67176 10.08519
8.23075 9.39046 10.86494
8.90652 10.11701 11.65091
9.59078 10.85081 12.44261

5.81221
6.40776
7.01491
7.63273
8.26040

5.14221
5.69722
6.26480
6.84397
7.43384

16
17
18
19
20

15.33850
16.33818
17.33790
18.33765
19.33743

11.91222
12.79193
13.67529
14.56200
15.45177

20.33723
21.33704
22.33688
23.33673
24.33659

16.34438
17.23962
18.13730
19.03725
19.93934

13.23960
14.04149
14.84796
15.65868
16.47341

8.03365 8.89720 10.28290 11.59131

8.64272 9.54249 10.98232 12.33801
9.26042 10.19572 11.68855 13.09051
9.88623 10.85636 12.40115 13.84843
10.51965 11.52398 13.11972 14.61141

21
22
23
24
25

25.33646
26.33634
27.33623
28.33613
29.33603

20.84343
21.74940
22.65716
23.56659
24.47761

17.29188
18.11390
18.93924
19.76774
20.59923

11.16024
11.80759
12.46134
13.12115
13.78672

26
27
28
29
30

15.37916
16.15140
16.92788
17.70837
18.49266

13.84390
14.57338
15.30786
16.04707
16.79077

12.19815
12.87850
13.56471
14.25645
14.95346

:/

)Chi-Square Table (Cont.

.005

.010

.025

.050

.100

.250

7.87944
10.59663
12.83816
14.86026
16.74960

6.63490
9.21034
11.34487
13.27670
15.08627

5.02389
7.37776
9.34840
11.14329
12.83250

3.84146
5.99146
7.81473
9.48773
11.07050

2.70554
4.60517
6.25139
7.77944
9.23636

1.32330
2.77259
4.10834
5.38527
6.62568

df/
area
1
2
3
4
5

18.54758
20.27774
21.95495
23.58935
25.18818

16.81189
18.47531
20.09024
21.66599
23.20925

14.44938
16.01276
17.53455
19.02277
20.48318

12.59159
14.06714
15.50731
16.91898
18.30704

10.64464
12.01704
13.36157
14.68366
15.98718

7.84080
9.03715
10.21885
11.38875
12.54886

6
7
8
9
10

26.75685
28.29952
29.81947
31.31935
32.80132

24.72497
26.21697
27.68825
29.14124
30.57791

21.92005
23.33666
24.73560
26.11895
27.48839

19.67514
21.02607
22.36203
23.68479
24.99579

17.27501
18.54935
19.81193
21.06414
22.30713

13.70069
14.84540
15.98391
17.11693
18.24509

11
12
13
14
15

34.26719
35.71847
37.15645
38.58226
39.99685

31.99993
33.40866
34.80531
36.19087
37.56623

28.84535
30.19101
31.52638
32.85233
34.16961

26.29623
27.58711
28.86930
30.14353
31.41043

23.54183
24.76904
25.98942
27.20357
28.41198

19.36886
20.48868
21.60489
22.71781
23.82769

16
17
18
19
20

41.40106
42.79565
44.18128
45.55851
46.92789

38.93217
40.28936
41.63840
42.97982
44.31410

35.47888
36.78071
38.07563
39.36408
40.64647

32.67057
33.92444
35.17246
36.41503
37.65248

29.61509
30.81328
32.00690
33.19624
34.38159

24.93478
26.03927
27.14134
28.24115
29.33885

21
22
23
24
25

48.28988
49.64492
50.99338
52.33562
53.67196

45.64168
46.96294
48.27824
49.58788
50.89218

41.92317
43.19451
44.46079
45.72229
46.97924

38.88514
40.11327
41.33714
42.55697
43.77297

35.56317
36.74122
37.91592
39.08747
40.25602

30.43457
31.52841
32.62049
33.71091
34.79974

26
27
28
29
30

:/

10

60.19498
9.39157
5.23041
3.91988
3.29740

59.85759
9.38054
5.24000
3.93567
3.31628

59.43898
9.36677
5.25167
3.95494
3.33928

58.90595
9.34908
5.26619
3.97897
3.36790

58.20442
9.32553
5.28473
4.00975
3.40451

df2/
1
2
3
4
5
df1
1 39.86346 49.50000 53.59324 55.83296 57.24008
8.52632 9.00000 9.16179 9.24342 9.29263
2
5.53832 5.46238 5.39077 5.34264 5.30916
3
4.54477 4.32456 4.19086 4.10725 4.05058
4
4.06042 3.77972 3.61948 3.52020 3.45298
5

2.93693
2.70251
2.53804
2.41632
2.32260

2.95774
2.72468
2.56124
2.44034
2.34731

2.98304
2.75158
2.58935
2.46941
2.37715

3.01446
2.78493
2.62413
2.50531
2.41397

3.05455
2.82739
2.66833
2.55086
2.46058

3.10751
2.88334
2.72645
2.61061
2.52164

3.18076
2.96053
2.80643
2.69268
2.60534

3.28876
3.07407
2.92380
2.81286
2.72767

3.46330
3.25744
3.11312
3.00645
2.92447

3.77595
3.58943
3.45792
3.36030
3.28502

6
7
8
9
10

2.24823
2.18776
2.13763
2.09540
2.05932

2.27350
2.21352
2.16382
2.12195
2.08621

2.30400
2.24457
2.19535
2.15390
2.11853

2.34157
2.28278
2.23410
2.19313
2.15818

2.38907
2.33102
2.28298
2.24256
2.20808

2.45118
2.39402
2.34672
2.30694
2.27302

2.53619
2.48010
2.43371
2.39469
2.36143

2.66023
2.60552
2.56027
2.52222
2.48979

2.85951
2.80680
2.76317
2.72647
2.69517

3.22520
3.17655
3.13621
3.10221
3.07319

11
12
13
14
15

2.02815
2.00094
1.97698
1.95573
1.93674

2.05533
2.02839
2.00467
1.98364
1.96485

2.08798
2.06134
2.03789
2.01710
1.99853

2.12800
2.10169
2.07854
2.05802
2.03970

2.17833
2.15239
2.12958
2.10936
2.09132

2.24376
2.21825
2.19583
2.17596
2.15823

2.33274
2.30775
2.28577
2.26630
2.24893

2.46181
2.43743
2.41601
2.39702
2.38009

2.66817
2.64464
2.62395
2.60561
2.58925

3.04811
3.02623
3.00698
2.98990
2.97465

16
17
18
19
20

1.91967
1.90425
1.89025
1.87748
1.86578

1.94797
1.93273
1.91888
1.90625
1.89469

1.98186
1.96680
1.95312
1.94066
1.92925

2.02325
2.00840
1.99492
1.98263
1.97138

2.07512
2.06050
2.04723
2.03513
2.02406

2.14231
2.12794
2.11491
2.10303
2.09216

2.23334
2.21927
2.20651
2.19488
2.18424

2.36489
2.35117
2.33873
2.32739
2.31702

2.57457
2.56131
2.54929
2.53833
2.52831

2.96096
2.94858
2.93736
2.92712
2.91774

21
22
23
24
25

1.85503
1.84511
1.83593
1.82741
1.81949

1.88407
1.87427
1.86520
1.85679
1.84896

1.91876
1.90909
1.90014
1.89184
1.88412

1.96104
1.95151
1.94270
1.93452
1.92692

2.01389
2.00452
1.99585
1.98781
1.98033

2.08218
2.07298
2.06447
2.05658
2.04925

2.17447
2.16546
2.15714
2.14941
2.14223

2.30749
2.29871
2.29060
2.28307
2.27607

2.51910
2.51061
2.50276
2.49548
2.48872

2.90913
2.90119
2.89385
2.88703
2.88069

26
27
28
29
30

1.76269
1.70701
1.65238
1.59872

1.79290
1.73802
1.68425
1.63152

1.82886
1.77483
1.72196
1.67020

1.87252
1.81939
1.76748
1.71672

1.92688
1.87472
1.82381
1.77411

1.99682
1.94571
1.89587
1.84727

2.09095
2.04099
1.99230
1.94486

2.22609
2.17741
2.12999
2.08380

2.44037
2.39325
2.34734
2.30259

2.83535
2.79107
2.74781
2.70554

40
60
120
inf

:/

INF

120

60

40

30

24

20

15

12

60.70521 61.22034 61.74029 62.00205 62.26497 62.52905 62.79428 63.06064 63.32812

9.40813 9.42471 9.44131 9.44962 9.45793 9.46624 9.47456 9.48289 9.49122
5.21562 5.20031 5.18448 5.17636 5.16811 5.15972 5.15119 5.14251 5.13370
3.89553 3.87036 3.84434 3.83099 3.81742 3.80361 3.78957 3.77527 3.76073
3.26824 3.23801 3.20665 3.19052 3.17408 3.15732 3.14023 3.12279 3.10500

df2/
df1
1
2
3
4
5

2.72216
2.47079
2.29257
2.15923
2.05542

2.74229
2.49279
2.31618
2.18427
2.08176

2.76195
2.51422
2.33910
2.20849
2.10716

2.78117
2.53510
2.36136
2.23196
2.13169

2.79996
2.55546
2.38302
2.25472
2.15543

2.81834
2.57533
2.40410
2.27683
2.17843

2.83634
2.59473
2.42464
2.29832
2.20074

2.87122
2.63223
2.46422
2.33962
2.24351

2.90472
2.66811
2.50196
2.37888
2.28405

6
7
8
9
10

1.97211
1.90361
1.84620
1.79728
1.75505

1.99965
1.93228
1.87591
1.82800
1.78672

2.02612
1.95973
1.90429
1.85723
1.81676

2.05161
1.98610
1.93147
1.88516
1.84539

2.07621
2.01149
1.95757
1.91193
1.87277

2.10001
2.03599
1.98272
1.93766
1.89904

2.12305
2.05968
2.00698
1.96245
1.92431

2.16709
2.10485
2.05316
2.00953
1.97222

2.20873
2.14744
2.09659
2.05371
2.01707

11
12
13
14
15

1.71817
1.68564
1.65671
1.63077
1.60738

1.75075
1.71909
1.69099
1.66587
1.64326

1.78156
1.75063
1.72322
1.69876
1.67678

1.81084
1.78053
1.75371
1.72979
1.70833

1.83879
1.80901
1.78269
1.75924
1.73822

1.86556
1.83624
1.81035
1.78731
1.76667

1.89127
1.86236
1.83685
1.81416
1.79384

1.93992
1.91169
1.88681
1.86471
1.84494

1.98539
1.95772
1.93334
1.91170
1.89236

16
17
18
19
20

1.58615
1.56678
1.54903
1.53270
1.51760

1.62278
1.60415
1.58711
1.57146
1.55703

1.65691
1.63885
1.62237
1.60726
1.59335

1.68896
1.67138
1.65535
1.64067
1.62718

1.71927
1.70208
1.68643
1.67210
1.65895

1.74807
1.73122
1.71588
1.70185
1.68898

1.77555
1.75899
1.74392
1.73015
1.71752

1.82715
1.81106
1.79643
1.78308
1.77083

1.87497
1.85925
1.84497
1.83194
1.82000

21
22
23
24
25

1.50360
1.49057
1.47841
1.46704
1.45636

1.54368
1.53129
1.51976
1.50899
1.49891

1.58050
1.56859
1.55753
1.54721
1.53757

1.61472
1.60320
1.59250
1.58253
1.57323

1.64682
1.63560
1.62519
1.61551
1.60648

1.67712
1.66616
1.65600
1.64655
1.63774

1.70589
1.69514
1.68519
1.67593
1.66731

1.75957
1.74917
1.73954
1.73060
1.72227

1.80902
1.79889
1.78951
1.78081
1.77270

26
27
28
29
30

1.37691
1.29146
1.19256
1.00000

1.42476
1.34757
1.26457
1.16860

1.46716
1.39520
1.32034
1.23995

1.50562
1.43734
1.36760
1.29513

1.54108
1.47554
1.40938
1.34187

1.57411
1.51072
1.44723
1.38318

1.60515
1.54349
1.48207
1.42060

1.66241
1.60337
1.54500
1.48714

1.71456
1.65743
1.60120
1.54578

40
60
120
inf

:/

F Table for alpha=.05

10

161.4476 199.5000 215.7073 224.5832 230.1619 233.9860 236.7684 238.8827 240.5433 241.8817
18.5128 19.0000 19.1643 19.2468 19.2964 19.3295 19.3532 19.3710 19.3848 19.3959
10.1280 9.5521 9.2766 9.1172 9.0135 8.9406 8.8867 8.8452 8.8123 8.7855
7.7086 6.9443 6.5914 6.3882 6.2561 6.1631 6.0942 6.0410 5.9988 5.9644
6.6079 5.7861 5.4095 5.1922 5.0503 4.9503 4.8759 4.8183 4.7725 4.7351

df2/
df1
1
2
3
4
5

4.0600
3.6365
3.3472
3.1373
2.9782

4.0990
3.6767
3.3881
3.1789
3.0204

4.1468
3.7257
3.4381
3.2296
3.0717

4.2067
3.7870
3.5005
3.2927
3.1355

4.2839
3.8660
3.5806
3.3738
3.2172

4.3874
3.9715
3.6875
3.4817
3.3258

4.5337
4.1203
3.8379
3.6331
3.4780

4.7571
4.3468
4.0662
3.8625
3.7083

5.1433
4.7374
4.4590
4.2565
4.1028

5.9874
5.5914
5.3177
5.1174
4.9646

6
7
8
9
10

2.8536
2.7534
2.6710
2.6022
2.5437

2.8962
2.7964
2.7144
2.6458
2.5876

2.9480
2.8486
2.7669
2.6987
2.6408

3.0123
2.9134
2.8321
2.7642
2.7066

3.0946
2.9961
2.9153
2.8477
2.7905

3.2039
3.1059
3.0254
2.9582
2.9013

3.3567
3.2592
3.1791
3.1122
3.0556

3.5874
3.4903
3.4105
3.3439
3.2874

3.9823
3.8853
3.8056
3.7389
3.6823

4.8443
4.7472
4.6672
4.6001
4.5431

11
12
13
14
15

2.4935
2.4499
2.4117
2.3779
2.3479

2.5377
2.4943
2.4563
2.4227
2.3928

2.5911
2.5480
2.5102
2.4768
2.4471

2.6572
2.6143
2.5767
2.5435
2.5140

2.7413
2.6987
2.6613
2.6283
2.5990

2.8524
2.8100
2.7729
2.7401
2.7109

3.0069
2.9647
2.9277
2.8951
2.8661

3.2389
3.1968
3.1599
3.1274
3.0984

3.6337
3.5915
3.5546
3.5219
3.4928

4.4940
4.4513
4.4139
4.3807
4.3512

16
17
18
19
20

2.3210
2.2967
2.2747
2.2547
2.2365

2.3660
2.3419
2.3201
2.3002
2.2821

2.4205
2.3965
2.3748
2.3551
2.3371

2.4876
2.4638
2.4422
2.4226
2.4047

2.5727
2.5491
2.5277
2.5082
2.4904

2.6848
2.6613
2.6400
2.6207
2.6030

2.8401
2.8167
2.7955
2.7763
2.7587

3.0725
3.0491
3.0280
3.0088
2.9912

3.4668
3.4434
3.4221
3.4028
3.3852

4.3248
4.3009
4.2793
4.2597
4.2417

21
22
23
24
25

2.2197
2.2043
2.1900
2.1768
2.1646

2.2655
2.2501
2.2360
2.2229
2.2107

2.3205
2.3053
2.2913
2.2783
2.2662

2.3883
2.3732
2.3593
2.3463
2.3343

2.4741
2.4591
2.4453
2.4324
2.4205

2.5868
2.5719
2.5581
2.5454
2.5336

2.7426
2.7278
2.7141
2.7014
2.6896

2.9752
2.9604
2.9467
2.9340
2.9223

3.3690
3.3541
3.3404
3.3277
3.3158

4.2252
4.2100
4.1960
4.1830
4.1709

26
27
28
29
30

2.0772
1.9926
1.9105
1.8307

2.1240
2.0401
1.9588
1.8799

2.1802
2.0970
2.0164
1.9384

2.2490
2.1665
2.0868
2.0096

2.3359
2.2541
2.1750
2.0986

2.4495
2.3683
2.2899
2.2141

2.6060
2.5252
2.4472
2.3719

2.8387
2.7581
2.6802
2.6049

3.2317
3.1504
3.0718
2.9957

4.0847
4.0012
3.9201
3.8415

40
60
120
inf

:/

)F Table for alpha=.05 (Cont.

INF

120

60

40

30

24

20

15

12

243.9060 245.9499 248.0131 249.0518 250.0951 251.1432 252.1957 253.2529 254.3144

19.4125 19.4291 19.4458 19.4541 19.4624 19.4707 19.4791 19.4874 19.4957
8.7446
8.7029
8.6602
8.6385
8.6166
8.5944
8.5720
8.5494
8.5264
5.9117
5.8578
5.8025
5.7744
5.7459
5.7170
5.6877
5.6581
5.6281
4.6777
4.6188
4.5581
4.5272
4.4957
4.4638
4.4314
4.3985
4.3650

df2/
df1
1
2
3
4
5

3.6689
3.2298
2.9276
2.7067
2.5379

3.7047
3.2674
2.9669
2.7475
2.5801

3.7398
3.3043
3.0053
2.7872
2.6211

3.7743
3.3404
3.0428
2.8259
2.6609

3.8082
3.3758
3.0794
2.8637
2.6996

3.8415
3.4105
3.1152
2.9005
2.7372

3.8742
3.4445
3.1503
2.9365
2.7740

3.9381
3.5107
3.2184
3.0061
2.8450

3.9999
3.5747
3.2839
3.0729
2.9130

6
7
8
9
10

2.4045
2.2962
2.2064
2.1307
2.0658

2.4480
2.3410
2.2524
2.1778
2.1141

2.4901
2.3842
2.2966
2.2229
2.1601

2.5309
2.4259
2.3392
2.2664
2.2043

2.5705
2.4663
2.3803
2.3082
2.2468

2.6090
2.5055
2.4202
2.3487
2.2878

2.6464
2.5436
2.4589
2.3879
2.3275

2.7186
2.6169
2.5331
2.4630
2.4034

2.7876
2.6866
2.6037
2.5342
2.4753

11
12
13
14
15

2.0096
1.9604
1.9168
1.8780
1.8432

2.0589
2.0107
1.9681
1.9302
1.8963

2.1058
2.0584
2.0166
1.9795
1.9464

2.1507
2.1040
2.0629
2.0264
1.9938

2.1938
2.1477
2.1071
2.0712
2.0391

2.2354
2.1898
2.1497
2.1141
2.0825

2.2756
2.2304
2.1906
2.1555
2.1242

2.3522
2.3077
2.2686
2.2341
2.2033

2.4247
2.3807
2.3421
2.3080
2.2776

16
17
18
19
20

1.8117
1.7831
1.7570
1.7330
1.7110

1.8657
1.8380
1.8128
1.7896
1.7684

1.9165
1.8894
1.8648
1.8424
1.8217

1.9645
1.9380
1.9139
1.8920
1.8718

2.0102
1.9842
1.9605
1.9390
1.9192

2.0540
2.0283
2.0050
1.9838
1.9643

2.0960
2.0707
2.0476
2.0267
2.0075

2.1757
2.1508
2.1282
2.1077
2.0889

2.2504
2.2258
2.2036
2.1834
2.1649

21
22
23
24
25

1.6906
1.6717
1.6541
1.6376
1.6223

1.7488
1.7306
1.7138
1.6981
1.6835

1.8027
1.7851
1.7689
1.7537
1.7396

1.8533
1.8361
1.8203
1.8055
1.7918

1.9010
1.8842
1.8687
1.8543
1.8409

1.9464
1.9299
1.9147
1.9005
1.8874

1.9898
1.9736
1.9586
1.9446
1.9317

2.0716
2.0558
2.0411
2.0275
2.0148

2.1479
2.1323
2.1179
2.1045
2.0921

26
27
28
29
30

1.5089
1.3893
1.2539
1.0000

1.5766
1.4673
1.3519
1.2214

1.6373
1.5343
1.4290
1.3180

1.6928
1.5943
1.4952
1.3940

1.7444
1.6491
1.5543
1.4591

1.7929
1.7001
1.6084
1.5173

1.8389
1.7480
1.6587
1.5705

1.9245
1.8364
1.7505
1.6664

2.0035
1.9174
1.8337
1.7522

40
60
120
inf

:/

F Table for alpha=.025

10

647.7890 799.5000 864.1630 899.5833 921.8479 937.1111 948.2169 956.6562 963.2846 968.6274
38.5063 39.0000 39.1655 39.2484 39.2982 39.3315 39.3552 39.3730 39.3869 39.3980
17.4434 16.0441 15.4392 15.1010 14.8848 14.7347 14.6244 14.5399 14.4731 14.4189
12.2179 10.6491 9.9792 9.6045 9.3645 9.1973 9.0741 8.9796 8.9047 8.8439
10.0070 8.4336 7.7636 7.3879 7.1464 6.9777 6.8531 6.7572 6.6811 6.6192

df2/
df1
1
2
3
4
5

5.4613
4.7611
4.2951
3.9639
3.7168

5.5234
4.8232
4.3572
4.0260
3.7790

5.5996
4.8993
4.4333
4.1020
3.8549

5.6955
4.9949
4.5286
4.1970
3.9498

5.8198
5.1186
4.6517
4.3197
4.0721

5.9876
5.2852
4.8173
4.4844
4.2361

6.2272
5.5226
5.0526
4.7181
4.4683

6.5988
5.8898
5.4160
5.0781
4.8256

7.2599
6.5415
6.0595
5.7147
5.4564

8.8131
8.0727
7.5709
7.2093
6.9367

6
7
8
9
10

3.5257
3.3736
3.2497
3.1469
3.0602

3.5879
3.4358
3.3120
3.2093
3.1227

3.6638
3.5118
3.3880
3.2853
3.1987

3.7586
3.6065
3.4827
3.3799
3.2934

3.8807
3.7283
3.6043
3.5014
3.4147

4.0440
3.8911
3.7667
3.6634
3.5764

4.2751
4.1212
3.9959
3.8919
3.8043

4.6300
4.4742
4.3472
4.2417
4.1528

5.2559
5.0959
4.9653
4.8567
4.7650

6.7241
6.5538
6.4143
6.2979
6.1995

11
12
13
14
15

2.9862
2.9222
2.8664
2.8172
2.7737

3.0488
2.9849
2.9291
2.8801
2.8365

3.1248
3.0610
3.0053
2.9563
2.9128

3.2194
3.1556
3.0999
3.0509
3.0074

3.3406
3.2767
3.2209
3.1718
3.1283

3.5021
3.4379
3.3820
3.3327
3.2891

3.7294
3.6648
3.6083
3.5587
3.5147

4.0768
4.0112
3.9539
3.9034
3.8587

4.6867
4.6189
4.5597
4.5075
4.4613

6.1151
6.0420
5.9781
5.9216
5.8715

16
17
18
19
20

2.7348
2.6998
2.6682
2.6396
2.6135

2.7977
2.7628
2.7313
2.7027
2.6766

2.8740
2.8392
2.8077
2.7791
2.7531

2.9686
2.9338
2.9023
2.8738
2.8478

3.0895
3.0546
3.0232
2.9946
2.9685

3.2501
3.2151
3.1835
3.1548
3.1287

3.4754
3.4401
3.4083
3.3794
3.3530

3.8188
3.7829
3.7505
3.7211
3.6943

4.4199
4.3828
4.3492
4.3187
4.2909

5.8266
5.7863
5.7498
5.7166
5.6864

21
22
23
24
25

2.5896
2.5676
2.5473
2.5286
2.5112

2.6528
2.6309
2.6106
2.5919
2.5746

2.7293
2.7074
2.6872
2.6686
2.6513

2.8240
2.8021
2.7820
2.7633
2.7460

2.9447
2.9228
2.9027
2.8840
2.8667

3.1048
3.0828
3.0626
3.0438
3.0265

3.3289
3.3067
3.2863
3.2674
3.2499

3.6697
3.6472
3.6264
3.6072
3.5894

4.2655
4.2421
4.2205
4.2006
4.1821

5.6586
5.6331
5.6096
5.5878
5.5675

26
27
28
29
30

2.3882
2.2702
2.1570
2.0483

2.4519
2.3344
2.2217
2.1136

2.5289
2.4117
2.2994
2.1918

2.6238
2.5068
2.3948
2.2875

2.7444
2.6274
2.5154
2.4082

2.9037
2.7863
2.6740
2.5665

3.1261
3.0077
2.8943
2.7858

3.4633
3.3425
3.2269
3.1161

4.0510
3.9253
3.8046
3.6889

5.4239
5.2856
5.1523
5.0239

40
60
120
inf

:/

)F Table for alpha=.025 (Cont.

INF

120

60

40

30

24

20

15

12

976.7079 984.8668 993.1028 997.2492 1001.414 1005.598 1009.800 1014.020 1018.258

39.4146 39.4313 39.4479 39.4562
39.465
39.473
39.481
39.490
39.498
14.3366 14.2527 14.1674 14.1241
14.081
14.037
13.992
13.947
13.902
8.7512
8.6565
8.5599
8.5109
8.461
8.411
8.360
8.309
8.257
6.5245
6.4277
6.3286
6.2780
6.227
6.175
6.123
6.069
6.015

df2/
df1
1
2
3
4
5

4.849
4.142
3.670
3.333
3.080

4.904
4.199
3.728
3.392
3.140

4.959
4.254
3.784
3.449
3.198

5.012
4.309
3.840
3.505
3.255

5.065
4.362
3.894
3.560
3.311

5.1172
4.4150
3.9472
3.6142
3.3654

5.1684
4.4667
3.9995
3.6669
3.4185

5.2687
4.5678
4.1012
3.7694
3.5217

5.3662
4.6658
4.1997
3.8682
3.6209

6
7
8
9
10

2.883
2.725
2.595
2.487
2.395

2.944
2.787
2.659
2.552
2.461

3.004
2.848
2.720
2.614
2.524

3.061
2.906
2.780
2.674
2.585

3.118
2.963
2.837
2.732
2.644

3.1725
3.0187
2.8932
2.7888
2.7006

3.2261
3.0728
2.9477
2.8437
2.7559

3.3299
3.1772
3.0527
2.9493
2.8621

3.4296
3.2773
3.1532
3.0502
2.9633

11
12
13
14
15

2.316
2.247
2.187
2.133
2.085

2.383
2.315
2.256
2.203
2.156

2.447
2.380
2.321
2.270
2.223

2.509
2.442
2.384
2.333
2.287

2.568
2.502
2.445
2.394
2.349

2.6252
2.5598
2.5027
2.4523
2.4076

2.6808
2.6158
2.5590
2.5089
2.4645

2.7875
2.7230
2.6667
2.6171
2.5731

2.8890
2.8249
2.7689
2.7196
2.6758

16
17
18
19
20

2.042
2.003
1.968
1.935
1.906

2.114
2.076
2.041
2.010
1.981

2.182
2.145
2.111
2.080
2.052

2.246
2.210
2.176
2.146
2.118

2.308
2.272
2.239
2.209
2.182

2.3675
2.3315
2.2989
2.2693
2.2422

2.4247
2.3890
2.3567
2.3273
2.3005

2.5338
2.4984
2.4665
2.4374
2.4110

2.6368
2.6017
2.5699
2.5411
2.5149

21
22
23
24
25

1.878
1.853
1.829
1.807
1.787

1.954
1.930
1.907
1.886
1.866

2.026
2.002
1.980
1.959
1.940

2.093
2.069
2.048
2.028
2.009

2.157
2.133
2.112
2.092
2.074

2.2174
2.1946
2.1735
2.1540
2.1359

2.2759
2.2533
2.2324
2.2131
2.1952

2.3867
2.3644
2.3438
2.3248
2.3072

2.4908
2.4688
2.4484
2.4295
2.4120

26
27
28
29
30

1.637
1.482
1.310
1.000

1.724
1.581
1.433
1.268

1.803
1.667
1.530
1.388

1.875
1.744
1.614
1.484

1.943
1.815
1.690
1.566

2.0069
1.8817
1.7597
1.6402

2.0677
1.9445
1.8249
1.7085

2.1819
2.0613
1.9450
1.8326

2.2882
2.1692
2.0548
1.9447

40
60
120
inf

:/

F Table for alpha=.01

10

4052.181 4999.500 5403.352 5624.583 5763.650 5858.986 5928.356 5981.070 6022.473 6055.847
98.503 99.000 99.166 99.249 99.299 99.333 99.356 99.374 99.388 99.399
34.116 30.817 29.457 28.710 28.237 27.911 27.672 27.489 27.345 27.229
21.198 18.000 16.694 15.977 15.522 15.207 14.976 14.799 14.659 14.546
16.258 13.274 12.060 11.392 10.967 10.672 10.456 10.289 10.158 10.051

df2/
df1
1
2
3
4
5

7.874
6.620
5.814
5.257
4.849

7.976
6.719
5.911
5.351
4.942

8.102
6.840
6.029
5.467
5.057

8.260
6.993
6.178
5.613
5.200

8.466
7.191
6.371
5.802
5.386

8.746
7.460
6.632
6.057
5.636

9.148
7.847
7.006
6.422
5.994

9.780
8.451
7.591
6.992
6.552

10.925
9.547
8.649
8.022
7.559

13.745
12.246
11.259
10.561
10.044

6
7
8
9
10

4.539
4.296
4.100
3.939
3.805

4.632
4.388
4.191
4.030
3.895

4.744
4.499
4.302
4.140
4.004

4.886
4.640
4.441
4.278
4.142

5.069
4.821
4.620
4.456
4.318

5.316
5.064
4.862
4.695
4.556

5.668
5.412
5.205
5.035
4.893

6.217
5.953
5.739
5.564
5.417

7.206
6.927
6.701
6.515
6.359

9.646
9.330
9.074
8.862
8.683

11
12
13
14
15

3.691
3.593
3.508
3.434
3.368

3.780
3.682
3.597
3.523
3.457

3.890
3.791
3.705
3.631
3.564

4.026
3.927
3.841
3.765
3.699

4.202
4.102
4.015
3.939
3.871

4.437
4.336
4.248
4.171
4.103

4.773
4.669
4.579
4.500
4.431

5.292
5.185
5.092
5.010
4.938

6.226
6.112
6.013
5.926
5.849

8.531
8.400
8.285
8.185
8.096

16
17
18
19
20

3.310
3.258
3.211
3.168
3.129

3.398
3.346
3.299
3.256
3.217

3.506
3.453
3.406
3.363
3.324

3.640
3.587
3.539
3.496
3.457

3.812
3.758
3.710
3.667
3.627

4.042
3.988
3.939
3.895
3.855

4.369
4.313
4.264
4.218
4.177

4.874
4.817
4.765
4.718
4.675

5.780
5.719
5.664
5.614
5.568

8.017
7.945
7.881
7.823
7.770

21
22
23
24
25

3.094
3.062
3.032
3.005
2.979

3.182
3.149
3.120
3.092
3.067

3.288
3.256
3.226
3.198
3.173

3.421
3.388
3.358
3.330
3.304

3.591
3.558
3.528
3.499
3.473

3.818
3.785
3.754
3.725
3.699

4.140
4.106
4.074
4.045
4.018

4.637
4.601
4.568
4.538
4.510

5.526
5.488
5.453
5.420
5.390

7.721
7.677
7.636
7.598
7.562

26
27
28
29
30

2.801
2.632
2.472
2.321

2.888
2.718
2.559
2.407

2.993
2.823
2.663
2.511

3.124
2.953
2.792
2.639

3.291
3.119
2.956
2.802

3.514
3.339
3.174
3.017

3.828
3.649
3.480
3.319

4.313
4.126
3.949
3.782

5.179
4.977
4.787
4.605

7.314
7.077
6.851
6.635

40
60
120
inf

:/

)F Table for alpha=.01 (Cont.

INF

120

60

40

30

24

20

15

12

6106.321 6157.285 6208.730 6234.631 6260.649 6286.782 6313.030 6339.391 6365.864

99.416
99.433
99.449
99.458
99.466
99.474
99.482
99.491
99.499
27.052
26.872
26.690
26.598
26.505
26.411
26.316
26.221
26.125
14.374
14.198
14.020
13.929
13.838
13.745
13.652
13.558
13.463
9.888
9.722
9.553
9.466
9.379
9.291
9.202
9.112
9.020

df2/
df1
1
2
3
4
5

6.880
5.650
4.859
4.311
3.909

6.969
5.737
4.946
4.398
3.996

7.057
5.824
5.032
4.483
4.082

7.143
5.908
5.116
4.567
4.165

7.229
5.992
5.198
4.649
4.247

7.313
6.074
5.279
4.729
4.327

7.396
6.155
5.359
4.808
4.405

7.559
6.314
5.515
4.962
4.558

7.718
6.469
5.667
5.111
4.706

6
7
8
9
10

3.602
3.361
3.165
3.004
2.868

3.690
3.449
3.255
3.094
2.959

3.776
3.535
3.341
3.181
3.047

3.860
3.619
3.425
3.266
3.132

3.941
3.701
3.507
3.348
3.214

4.021
3.780
3.587
3.427
3.294

4.099
3.858
3.665
3.505
3.372

4.251
4.010
3.815
3.656
3.522

4.397
4.155
3.960
3.800
3.666

11
12
13
14
15

2.753
2.653
2.566
2.489
2.421

2.845
2.746
2.660
2.584
2.517

2.933
2.835
2.749
2.674
2.608

3.018
2.920
2.835
2.761
2.695

3.101
3.003
2.919
2.844
2.778

3.181
3.084
2.999
2.925
2.859

3.259
3.162
3.077
3.003
2.938

3.409
3.312
3.227
3.153
3.088

3.553
3.455
3.371
3.297
3.231

16
17
18
19
20

2.360
2.305
2.256
2.211
2.169

2.457
2.403
2.354
2.310
2.270

2.548
2.495
2.447
2.403
2.364

2.636
2.583
2.535
2.492
2.453

2.720
2.667
2.620
2.577
2.538

2.801
2.749
2.702
2.659
2.620

2.880
2.827
2.781
2.738
2.699

3.030
2.978
2.931
2.889
2.850

3.173
3.121
3.074
3.032
2.993

21
22
23
24
25

2.131
2.097
2.064
2.034
2.006

2.233
2.198
2.167
2.138
2.111

2.327
2.294
2.263
2.234
2.208

2.417
2.384
2.354
2.325
2.299

2.503
2.470
2.440
2.412
2.386

2.585
2.552
2.522
2.495
2.469

2.664
2.632
2.602
2.574
2.549

2.815
2.783
2.753
2.726
2.700

2.958
2.926
2.896
2.868
2.843

26
27
28
29
30

1.805
1.601
1.381
1.000

1.917
1.726
1.533
1.325

2.019
1.836
1.656
1.473

2.114
1.936
1.763
1.592

2.203
2.028
1.860
1.696

2.288
2.115
1.950
1.791

2.369
2.198
2.035
1.878

2.522
2.352
2.192
2.039

2.665
2.496
2.336
2.185

40
60
120
inf

:/

Helping Formulas 2005 :

x o d Do
,
s / n sd / n
s
x t ( / 2,n 1)
n

n1 p1 + n 2 p 2
n1 + n 2

P=

p1 (1 p1 ) p 2 (1 p 2 )
+
n1
n2

( p1 p 2 ) Z / 2

p o

SY |X =

o (1 o )

a Y b XY
n2

n
p z / 2 .

p (1 p )
n

R =
2

( x 1 x 2 ) ( 1 2 )o
1
1
S p2 ( +
)
n1 n 2

( x1 x 2 ) ( 1 2 )o
S 12 S 22
+
n1 n 2

bY | X =

1
1
+ )
n1 n2

S12 S 22
+
n1 n2

nY 2

2
. t ( 2 ( n 1), / 2 )
n

Y = a + bX

(n1 1) S12 + (n2 1) S 22

S =
n1 + n2 2

( x1 x 2 ) t ( / 2 , n1 + n2 2)

LSD = MSE .

2
p

( x1 x 2 ) Z / 2 S p2 (

a Y + b XY nY 2

XY nXY
X nX
2

a = Y bX , X =
Expected Frequency =

X ,Y = Y
n

2
i

nd 2

(Oi Ei ) 2
=
| cc =
Ei
cells
Normal Value for Sign Test=

n 1

d t ( / 2 , n 1)

p1 (1 p1 ) p 2 (1 p 2 )
+
n1
n2

1
1
+ )
n1 n 2

2 +n
2R n

, R =# (+)

( p1 p 2 ) ( 1 2 ) 0

p (1 p )(

n(n + 1)
4
,
Z=
n(n + 1)(2n + 1) / 24
V = Sum of (+) ranks
6 d i2
rS = 1
n(n 2 1)

Sd

( p1 p 2 ) ( 1 2 ) 0

row sum col sum

,
Total Sum

d , S
d =

rP =

XY nXY
( X nX )( Y
2

nY 2 )

:/

1. Neeter, J, Waserman, Whitmare, (1993): Applied Statistics. 4th Edition, Louise

Richardson.
2. Keller, G and Waracck, B (2001): Statistics for Management and Economics
6th Edition Duxbury.
3. Freund, J (2001) Modern Elementary Statistics 10th Edition, Printice Hall.
4. Amany Mousa: Cairo (2005), Statistical Data Analysis, Center for
Advancement of Postgraduate Studies and Research, Faculty of Engineering,
Cairo University.