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Problems and solution of rice production

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avb Pvli mgmv I mgvavb

avb Avgv`i cavb dmj I Lv`km| avb Pvl G`ki A_bxwZi mv_ IZvcvZfve RwoZ| Ze avb Pvl wbq KlKiv wewfb mgq bvbvwea mgmvi mgyLxb nq _vKb| G mei ga ebv, Liv, wkjvew, jeYvZv, cvKvgvKo, ivMevjvB, AwZwi Zvcgvv I kxZ cavb| Gme KviY djbi cf~Z wZmvwaZ nq _vK| Gme cwZK~jZv gvKvejv Ki wbw` cwigvY RwgZ A LiP ewk avb Drcv`b Ki Lv` wbivcv wbwZ Kiv Avgv`i cavb j| Gme cvKwZK `yhvM I Abvb mgmv gvKvejv Kivi KjvKkj mcK mgvK vb _vwKj KvwZ djb ARb Kiv me| Ze Kvb Kvb c~ecwZi cqvRb nq _vK| ckvKvi avb Pvli cavb cavb mgmv I Zvi evLv Ges mswk mgvavb mg~n wbg c` nj|

1. avbi Pviv msv

Av`k exRZjv

my mej Pviv

1.1 my mej Pviv Drcv`b Kxfve cwicy fvj exR evQvB Kiv hvq Ges Gi cqvRbxqZv Kx?
fvj exR gvb my mej Pviv Drcv`b| exR evQvB cwZi gvag cwicy fvj exR evQvB Kiv hvq| eviv, AvDk I Avgb wZb gmygB exR evQvB KiZ ne| evQvBKZ ivMgy cwivi I cwicy exR AwaK AsKziv`Mg gZv mb nq _vK|

exR evQvB cwZ

4 4 4 4 `k wjUvi cwivi cvwbZ 375 Mvg BDwiqv mvi wgkvb GZ 10 KwR exR Qo nvZ w`q boPo wbb nvZ ev Pvjwb w`q fvmgvb A_ev Acy exR mwiq djyb Wye fvix exRwj cwivi cvwbZ 3-4 evi fvjfve ayq wbb| exR evQvB cwZ

1.2wekl hZmnKvi Pviv DVvbvi cqvRb Kb?

Pvivi wkKo wQo Mj ivcYi ci Pvivi evo-evowZi Kvb Amyweav nq bv| Ze Kv wQo Mj ev f Mj Pvivi evoevowZ AbK wejwZ nq Ges Kzwk MRvZ `wi nq|

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4 4 4 4 4 Pviv DVvbvi AvM exRZjvq ewk Ki cvwb w`q gvwU wfwRq big KiZ ne hZ mnKvi Pviv DVvZ ne hvZ Pvivi Kv ev Mvov f bv hvq Pviv Zvjvi ci cvq AvNvZ ev AvQvo w`q gvwU cwivi Kiv hve bv Pviv DVvbvi ci mB Pvivi cvZv w`q AvwU evuavI DwPZ bq Kbv Lo wfwRq AvuwU evaZ ne| hZmnKvi Pviv DVvbv

1.3 mwVK eqmi Pviv eenvii cqvRb Kb?

Pvivi eqm ewk nj Dchy djb cvIqv me bq| hgb evivZ we avb29 Gi Pvivi eqm 50 w`bi ewk nj cwZ w`bi Rb weNvq 8.4 KwR Ki djb Kg|

Dchy Pvivi eqm

4 AvDkt 20-25 w`b 4 Avgbt 25-30 w`b Ges 4 evivZt 35-45 w`b nIqv DwPZ| cv 1 20 w`b eqmi Pviv

Ze bvweZ jvMvbv Avgb avbi Pvivi eqm ewk nj cwZ MvQvq 5-7wU Ki Pviv ivcY KiZ ne| bvweZ ev `wiZ Avgbi Pviv jvMvbvi AvjvKmse`bkxj RvZi Pvivi eqm 30-40 w`b nIqv DwPZ|

1.4 avbi Pvivi wZ bv Ki cwienbi wbqgvewj Kx?

hZmnKvi avbi Pviv exRZjv _K g~j RwgZ enb Kiv DwPZ| Zv bv nj enbi mgq Pvc, Zvc ev AvNvZ Pvivi YMZ gvb b nq hZ cvi| dj Pvivi evo-evowZ Kg hve|

cwienbi wbqgvewj
4 Pviv enbi mgq cvZv ev Kv gvovbv cwinvi KiZ ne 4 Szwo ev UzKwiZ mvwi Ki mvwRq cwienb KiZ ne 4 eve`x Ki avbi Pviv KvbgB enb Kiv DwPZ bq|

2. avbi RvZ msv

weAvi8

weAvi16

weAvi19

weavb44

2.1 So-Svq avb Si co bv Ggb RvZ Kvbjv?

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RvZi ewk
4 4

Sov nvIqvq Ges wkjvewi weAvi8 Ges weAvi9 RvZ `ywU weklfve DchvMx, KviY weAvi8 Ges weAvi9 RvZi avb wkli mv_ kfve jM _vK weavq Si co bv So-Sv Ges wkjvew ceY GjvKvq G RvZ `ywU Pvl Ki AwaK djb cvIqv me|

2.2 nvIo Aji DchvMx evivi RvZ Kx Kx?

eviv avb cvKvi mgq nVvr AvMvg Xj ev ebvq cvKv avb Zwjq hvq weavq avb KvUv hvq bv| ZvB Gme G j^v RvZi Ddkx avb Pvl Kiv DwPZ|

RvZi ewk
4 4 4 4

nvIo Aj weAvi17, weAvi18 Ges weAvi19 Pvl Kiv evbxq G RvZi MvQi DPZv 115-125 mwg ebvq gvV Kvgi cvwb njI Gme RvZi dmj KvUv hvq AZGe, nvIo Aji Rb G RvZjv weklfve DchvMx| weAvi18

2.3 Avgb AjeYv Rvqvi-fvUv GjvKvi RvZ KvbwU Ges Gi ewk Kx?

evsjv`ki `wYvji AjeYv Rvqvi-fvUv KewjZ wewb GjvKv iqQ, hLvb wbqwgZ Rvqvi-fvUv nq| Gme GjvKvq j^v I Kv k RvZi avb Pvl Kiv DwPZ|

RvZi ewk
4 4 4 4 4

we avb44 Rvqvi-fvUv GjvKvq hLvb 50-60 mwUwgUvi ch Rvqvii cvwb Avm mLvb Pvl DchvMx RvZwU weAvi11 Gi PvBZ 10-15 mwUwgUvi j^v nIqv mZI Kv k _vKvq mnR nj co bv Gi RxebKvj 145 w`b Ges weNv cwZ djb 24 gY Rvqvi-fvUv GjvKvq ivcYi Rb Pviv hZ eo ne ZZB fvj ZvB Gi exR 20-25 Ri ga ecb Kij ivcYi Rb Pvivi eqm 40-50 w`b ne | cv 2

2.4 WvqvewUK ivMxi DchvMx avbi RvZ KvbwU?

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KiYxq
4 AvRvwZK chvq MelYvq `Lv MQ wm Pvj (Pressure parboiled)

mewbg (27) MvBwmwgK BbW _vK weAvi16 RvZ Ges mvP (87) mvbMv ev bvgK big AuvUvjv fvZi Pvj| ZvB mwVKfve cwqvRvZKZ (Pressure parboiled) weAvi16 RvZi Pvji fvZ cwiwgZ cwigvY WvqvewUK ivMxiv LZ cvib hv Ab h Kvb RvZi Pq AbK wbivc` 4 WvqvewUK ivMxiv AvZc Pvj bv Lq wm Kiv Pvji SiSiv fvZ LvIqv DwPZ 4 ii myMvi wbqYi Rb WvqvewUK ivMx`i wgjQuvUv mv`v Pvji cwieZ XuwKQuvUv ev`vwg Pvji fvZ LvIqv DwPZ|

WvqvewUK ivMxi DchvMx RvZ weAvi16

3. nvBweW avbi RvZ msv

we nvBweW avb1

we nvBweW avb4

we nvBweW avb1

we nvBweW avb2

we nvBweW avb3

we nvBweW avb4

3.1 nvBweW avb Pvl gvwU I cwieki wZ Ki Kx?

nvBweW I BbweW DfqB avbi DP djbkxj RvZ (Ddkx)| nvBweW I BbweW Gi Pvlvev`i ga Zgb Kvb cv_K bvB| Ze gvwUi DeiZv avb Drcv`bi wekl iZc~Y| gvwUi DeiZv ejZ eySvq gvwUZ MvQi AZvekK Lv`vcv`vbmg~n MnYhvM mwVK ivmvqwbK Aevq mwVK cwigvY AvQ Kx bv| gvwUi DeiZv QvovI km Drcv`bi cwiek, hgbAvenvIqv, cvwbi cvcZv, cvKvgvKo, ivMevjvB BZvw` iZc~Y f~wgKv cvjb Ki _vK| kmi wbweoZv ew, wUc~Y mvi, cvwb I km eevcbv Ges Re mvi Kg eenvii dj gvwUi DeiZv kw w`b w`b Kg hvQ| Bnv mKj Ddkx avb Pvlvev`i mgfve chvR| Ddkx avb Avev` gvwU I AvenvIqvi wZ _K iv cvIqvi Rb cqvRbxq eevcbv hgbeevcbv 4 Dchy I mwVK RvZ wbevPb 4 mwVK mvi, mwVK gvvq, mwVK mgq, mwVK cwZZ eenvi Kiv 4 Re mvii eenvi wbwZ Kiv 4 mwVK cvwb eevcbv AbymiY Kiv 4 mgqgZ cvKvgvKo I ivMevjvB `gb Kiv
4 Dciv welq wbwZ nZ cvij nvBweW I BbweW avb Pvl gvwU I AvenvIqvi Kvb wZ nIqvi mvebv bB|

cv 3

3.2 nvBweW avbi dmj _K exR ivLv hve Kx?

bxwZMZfve `ywU wfb Y wewk RvZi mivqbi dj h c_g cRbi (F ) De nq ZvK nvBweW avb ejv nq| nvBweW avb mimvejZvi (Heterosis effect) Rb `vbvi IRb, MvQi DPZv, QWvq avbi msLv evovi dj nvBweW avb Abvb DP djbkxj RvZi Pq 15-20% ewk djb w`q _vK hv aygv F ev c_g cRb _KB cvIqv hvq|
1 1

KviY mg~n
4 Ddkx RvZjv cv_wgK mivqbi ci l (F6) ev mg (F7) cRb _K evQvB Kiv nq weavq RvZjv KwjZvwK fve

mgwgkb (Homozygous) RvZ, ZvB D RvZwUi ewki Avi Zgb Kvb cwieZb nq bv 4 Aciw`K, `ywU wfb Y wewk RvZi mivqbi dj h c_g cRbi De nq Zv KjZvwK fve Amgwgkb (Heterozygous) nq _vK hv cieZx esk ciivq wwZkxj _vK bv weavq F -F ch RvZ ev avbi ewk wfb wfb nZ _vK, hgb MvQ DPy-wbPy, Qov jv ev LvUv, avb gvUv-wPKb, dzj AvM ci Avmv, GK mv_ bv cvKv, Kzwk Kg-ewk nIqv BZvw` BZvw`; djkwZZ djbI Kg hvq 4 ZvB gvV ivcYKZ nvBweW avb dmj _K exR ivLv gvUI DwPZ bq|
2 6

4. Rwg I gvwU msv

cvIqvi wUjvi Rwg Pvl

Mi w`q Pvl

Pvl w`q Rwg dj ivLv

Rwg mgvb Kiv

4.1 ermi GKB RwgZ KZ evi avb Pvl Kiv DwPZ?

evsjv`ki Kwl cavbZ avb Pvl Kw`K| DbZ kmgi K_v wPv bv Ki ermi GKB RwgZ 2-3 evi avb Pvl Kiv nQ| ZvZ Ki avb ev` Abvb dmji Rb Avgiv Avg`vbx wbfi nq cowQ| ZvQvov RwgZ GKB dmj evi evi Pvl Kivq gvwUi YvY I DeiZv kw w`b w`b jvc cvQ| Dci cvKvgvKo I ivMevjvB ew cq cwieki wZ mvab KiQ| G Aev PjZ _vKj fwelZ gvwU I cwiek avb Pvli AhvM nq hZ cvi|

eevcbv
4 4

ermi GKB RwgZ GKwU avb dmj Kiv mevg; Kvb gB `ywUi ewk avb dmji Pvl Kiv DwPZ bq avb Pvli Avq eqi wnmve `Lv MQ, Ab dmji mv_ GKwU ev `ywU avb dmji webvm GKvavi 3wU avb dmj Pvl _K jvfRbK| myZivs, ermi GKB RwgZ GKwU ev `ywU avb dmji ewk Pvl Kiv wVK bq|

4.2 Rwg mgvb Kiv cqvRb Kb?

Rwg mgvb bv nj DPy RvqMvi gvwU wKq Ges wbPy RvqMvq Pviv Wye gi hZ cvi| ZvQvov mvii, wekl Ki bvBUvRbi eenvi mgvb nq bv| ZvZ MvQ DPy-wbPy ne Ges AvMvQvi AvgY evo| fvjfve 3-4wU Pvl I gB w`q Rwg mgvb KiZ ne| cqvRb Kv`vji mvnvh Rwg mgvb Kiv hZ cvi|

cqvRbxqZv
4 4

Rwg mgvb nj mgZ RwgZ mgvivj fve cvwb _vKe AvMvQvi Dc`c Kg ne Ges avb GKmv_ cvKe|
Amgvivj Rwg

4.3 gvwUi DeiZv kw ew Kivi Dcvqmg~n Kx?

km Drcv`bi wbweoZv ew Ges DP djbkxj RvZi Pvlvev`i dj gvwUi Re Ges ARe c`v_ `Z q nQ| cvi gvwUi Re c`v_i mwVK eevcbvi w`K j bv iL wbwePvi Ges Amg gvvq ARe mvii eenvii dj Avgv`i Rwgi DeiZv kw w`b w`b Kg hvQ| G Aev `xN w`b PjZ _vKj Avgv`i gvwUi Drcv`b gZv nvm cve| `ki Lv` Pvwn`v c~iYi Rb gvwUi DeiZv nvmi GB ceYZv iva Ki DeiZv ew I Zv msiY Kiv AZvekK| G Rb Dchy gvvi ivmvqwbK mvii cvkvcvwk cqvRb Re mvii eenvi ew Kiv| cv 4

Dcvqmg~n 4 Re mviK gvwUi DeiZvi cvY wnmve MY Kiv nq| ZvB Re ev meyR mvi hgb- Mvei, AveRbv, Kv, av, nvmgyiwMi wev BZvw` RwgZ eQi GKevi njI weNv cwZ 800 KwR cqvM KiZ ne 4 kli Aewkvsk RwgZ fvj fve wgwkq w`Z ne 4 evi evi GKB dmj bv Ki DbZ klgi cPjb KiZ ne gvwUi fZ I ivmvqwbK Yvejxi Dci Re c`v_i cfve 4 gvwUZ Re c`v_i cwigvY evo 4 gvwUi ^wQ`Zv ew Ki hvi gvag evZvm PjvPj Ki 4 gvwUi cvwb aviY gZv ew Ki 4 MvQi MnYhvM AbK Lv`vcv`vb gvwUZ ew cvq A_vr gvwUi Lv` fvvi mg Ki 4 gvwU DcKvix RxevYyi KggZv I KvhKvwiZv ew Ki|

meyR mvi gvwUZ cqvM

5. mvi msv

BDwiqv

wUGmwc

GgIwc

5.1 Kxfve mvii gvv wbaviY Kiv DwPZ?

fvj djbi Rb mylg mvii cqvRbxqZv Acwinvh| mwVK mvi, mwVK mgq, mwVK gvvq cqvM bv Kij djb AbKvsk Kg hvq| mvi eenvi Ki AwaK Drcv`b I Avw_Kfve jvfevb nIqvB mKji Kvg| mvi cqvMi mgq wbi eecbvi cwZ weklfve bRi ivLv cqvRb|

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4 4

AvenvIqv I gvwUi DeiZvi gvb, avbi RvZ, RxebKvj I djb gvv BZvw`i Dci wfw Ki mvii gvv wVK Kiv Acwinvh mvii KvhKvwiZv ewi Rb Kvb mvi KLb I Kxfve cqvM KiZ ne Zv Rb cqvM Kiv DwPZ|

5.2 mwVK gvvq mvi cqvMi cqvRbxqZv Kb? avbi gmyg, RvZ, gvwUi DeiZv I cwieki Dci wfw Ki mvii cqvRbxqZv Kg ewk nq _vK| mwVK gvvq mvi bv w`j hgb djb Kg hvq Zgwb AwZwi mvi MvQ mn KiZ cvi bv| AwaK gvvq bvBUvRb mvi w`j AnZyK AR ew NU, MvQ mnR nj co I djb Kg hvq, avbi wPUv, ivMevjvB I cvKvgvKoi AvgY ewk nq| ZvQvov AZvwaK dmdivm mvi eenvi MvQ Ab mvi MnY KiZ cvi bv|
4

cqvRbxqZv avbi RwgZ mwVK gvvq mvi eenvi Kij MvQi evo-evowZ, Kzwk I cvZvi msLvi ga fvimvg eRvq _vK, dj mejv cvZv Avjv evZvm cvq Ges AcqvRbxq Kzwk MRvq bv 4 ZvZ avbi wPUv Kg nq Ges avb cy nIqvZ djb evo|

5.3 BDwiqv mvi GKevi cqvM bv Ki KqKevi `qv nq Kb? BDwiqv mvii KvhKvwiZv RwgZ Yvqx A_vr A mgqi Rb _vK| Z BDwiqv mvi eenvi cqvMKZ bvBUvRb, wWbvBwUwdKkbi gvag AcPqi cwigvY 3040%, fvjvwUjvBRkbi gvag wZ nZ cvi 60% Ges cvwbi mv_ GK Rwg _K Ab RwgZ Pj hZ cvi 13-16% ch | Gme KviY cqvMKZ bvBUvRbi 30-40% Gi ewk MvQ MnY KiZ cvi bv| hZ fvjfveB mvi cqvM Kiv nvK bv Kb 60-65% Gi ewk MvQi MnYhvM nq bv| A_P avb MvQi mc~Y RxebKvj evcx bvBUvRb mvii cqvRb nq| Ze me PvBZ ewk cqvRb nq Kzwk MRvbvi c_g avc (Primary tillerting) _K Avi Ki Kzwk MRvbvi gvSvgvwS mgq ch I KvBP_vo Aevq| cv 5

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avbi fvj djb cZ nj BDwiqv mvi GKevi cqvM bv Ki mwVK gvvq mwVK mgq cqvM KiZ ne BDwiqv mvi mgvb wZb wKwZ cqvM Kiv DwPZ| c_g wKw Pviv ivcYi 7-10 w`b ci, w`Zxq wKw MvQvq 4-5wU Kzwk `Lv w`j Ges ZZxq wKw KvBP_vo Avii 5-7 w`b AvM w`Z ne|

5.4 BDwiqv mvii KvhKvwiZv ew Kivi Rb Kx Kiv DwPZ? BDwiqv mvi gvwUZ Yvqx Ges wewfb KviY AcPq nq hvq| avbMvQ mvaviYZ cqvMKZ bvBUvRb mvii 30-40% Gi ewk MnY KiZ cvi bv| Dchy cwiek bv cj AcPqi cwigvY Aviv eo hZ cvi| ZvB wbqgvbyhvqx mZKZvi mv_ BDwiqv mvi cqvM KiZ ne| eevcbv 4 BDwiqv mvi hnZz gvwUZ Yvqx, ZvB avbPvl BDwiqv mvi mgvb wZb wKwZ mgvb fvM fvM Ki cqvM KiZ ne 4 BDwiqv mvii KvhKvwiZv ewi j Dcwi cqvM Ki wbovwb h ev DBWvi w`q AvMvQv cwivi mn gvwUi mv_ fvjfve wgwkq w`Z ne Ges cieZxZ RwgZ wQcwQc cvwb ivLZ ne 4 BDwiqv Dcwi cqvMi mgq j ivLZ ne hb G mgq Rwg Kbv wKsev Lye ewk cvwb bv _vK| RwgZ AwZwi cvwb _vKj mvi cqvM Kivi AvM Zv ei Ki w`Z ne| ZvQvov cvZvq cvwb Rg _vKv Aevq BDwiqv Dcwi cqvM Kiv DwPZ bq| 5.5 Kxfve avb MvQi bvBUvRbi my zzav `~i Ki AwaK djb cvIqv hve? wU BDwiqv eenvi memgq MvQi cqvRb Abyhvqx bvBUvRb mieivn Kivq MvQi Kvb my zav _vK bv weavq djb Kvb KgwZ nq bv| ZvQvov wU BDwiqv eenvi mvii KvhKvwiZv kZKiv 20-25 fvM ew cvq| dj BDwiqv mvi Kg jvM| Avevi wU BDwiqv RwgZ gv GKeviB cqvM KiZ nq|

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4

4 4 4 4

wU BDwiqv mvi cqvMi Rb mvwiefve avbi Pviv ivcY KiZ ne| mvwi _K mvwi Ges MvQv _K MvQvi `~iZ ne 20 mwUwgUvi wU BDwiqv cqvM eviv gmyg Pviv ivcYi 15-20 w`b Ges AvDk I Avgb Pviv ivcYi 7-10 w`bi ga cwZ Pvi MvQvi gvSLvb 7-10 mwUwgUvi Kv`vi Mfxi wU cyZ w`Z ne mvaviYZ AvDk I Avgb 1.8 Mvg IRbi GKwU wU Ges evivZ 2.7 Mvg IRbi GKwU wU eenvi KiZ ne wU cqvMi ci RwgZ me mgq cqvRbxq 2-3 mwUwgUvi cvwb ai ivLZ cvij fvj mgq Ges A_ mvkqi Rb we wU BDwiqv cqvM h eenvi Kiv hZ cvi|

5.6 RjveZvq BDwiqv mvi cqvMi weK eev Kx? h mKj RwgZ cwZ ermi Pviv jvMvbi ci RjveZvi `ib BDwiqv mvi Dcwi cqvMi me nq bv, ZvZ KvwZ djb cvIqv hvq bv| m Rb bvUvRbi Afve wgUvbvi Rb DcwicqvMi weK eev wbZ ne|

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4 4 4 4

RjveZvi wU BDwiqv mvi cqvM KivB Dg| m Rb mvwiefve Pviv ivcY KiZ ne mvwi _K mvwi Ges MvQv _K MvQvi `~iZ 20 mwg nZ ne AvDk Ges Avgb Pviv ivcYi 7-10 w`bi ga cwZ Pvi MvQvi gvSLvb 7-10 mwg Kv`vi Mfxi wU cyZ w`Z ne Ges evivZ ivcYi 15-20 w`bi ga wU cqvM KiZ ne mvaviYZ AvDk I Avgb avbi Rb 1.8 Mvg mvBRi GKwU wU Ges eviv avbi Rb eo mvBRi (2.7 Mvg) GKwU wU eenvi KiZ ne|

cv 6

5.7 RwgZ `uvovbv cvwb Aevq BDwiqv Dcwi cqvM Kiv hve Kx?
`uvovbv cvwbZ BDwiqv cqvM Kij c_g mvi cvwbi mv_ wgk vixq `eY Zwi Ki hvnv Avgvwbqv Mvm AvKvi bvBUvRbi AcPq evovq| ZvB `uvovbv cvwbZ BDwiqv mvi cqvM Kiv DwPZ bq|

eevcbv
4 4

RwgZ wQcwQc cvwbZ BDwiqv mvi mgfve wQUvbvi ci nvwZq ev wbovwb hi mvnvh gvwUi mv_ wgwkq w`j fvj djb Avkv Kiv hvq RjveZvi Rb cvwb KgvZ bv cvij RjveZvi AvM A_vr avb ivcYi ci evivZ 15-20 w`b Ges AvDk I Avgb 7-10 w`bi gaB wU BDwiqv mvi cqvM Kiv DwPZ|

5.8 me ivmvqwbK mvi GK mv_ wgwkq RwgZ cqvM Kiv hve wK?
cwZwU ivmvqwbK mvi wfb wfb Dcv`vb MwVZ| mvijv GK wgkvj wbR`i ga ivmvqwbK wewqvi dj bZyb ey Zwi nq, hvi KvbwU MvQi Rb wZKi Avevi KvbwUZ MvQi Lv` cvY ejZ wKQyB _vK bv| ZvB, G mK bv Rb mKj ivmvqwbK mvi GK wgkvbv DwPZ bq|

eevcbv
4 4 4 4

BDwiqvi mv_ wUGmwc wgkvbv DwPZ bq BDwiqvi mv_ GgIwc wgkvbv hve Ze wgkb 2-3 w`bi ewk ivLv hve bv `v mvii mv_ wUGmwc mvi wgkvbv hve bv ZvB SzwK Govbvi Rb mKj ivmvqwbK mvi Avjv`v Avjv`vfve RwgZ cqvM Kiv DwPZ|

wewfb mvi wgkvbv

5.9 mvi cqvMi mvkqx cwZ ev LiP Kxfve Kgvbv hvq?

fvj djbi Rb mylg mvi eenvii cqvRbxqZv m AvR Avi Kvb wgZ bB| mylg mvi eenvi hgb djb ew cvq, ZgwbB mvii LiPI Kg| KqKwU mvii cieZx dmji Dci cfve _vKvq mvi cqvM GKK dmj wfwK bv nq dmjP wfwK nIqv DwPZ| ZvZ Ki mvii mvkqi mv_ mv_ LiPI Kge |

eevcbv
4 evivZ dmdU, cUvk, wRcmvg I `v mvi gvvbyhvqx eenvi Kij Avgb A_vr wZxq dmj DjwLZ mvijv AaK

gvvB eenvi KijB Pj 4 `v mvi GKevi cqvM Kij Zv cieZx wZb dmj cqvM KiZ ne bv 4 Re mvi, hgb av ev Wvj RvZxq dmj, Mvei ev cPv AveRbv eenvi Kij BDwiqv mvii cwigvY kZKiv 30-50 fvM Kg cqvM KiZ ne|

5.10 ej gvwUZ cUvk mvi Kxfve cqvM Kiv DwPZ?

cUvk mvi avbi GKwU AwZ cqvRbxq Dcv`vb| cUvwkqvg MvQK k Ki Ges ivM cwZiva gZv evovq| cUvwkqvgi Afve MvQi evo-evowZ Kg hvq| ej gvwU nvjKv eybUi nIqvq cUvwkqvg cvwbi mv_ Puyuq wbPi i ev Ab RwgZ Pj hvq weavq `xNvqx nq bv|

eevcbv
4 4

ej gvwUi G AaK mvi kl Pvli mgq Ges evwK AaK mevP Kzwk Aevq Dcwi cqvM KiZ ne mvi cqvMi ci gvwUi mv_ fvjfve wgwkq `qv DwPZ|

5.11 ivmvqwbK mvii weK wnme gyiwMi wev eenvi Kiv hve Kx? gyiwMi wev dmdivm mvii weK wnme eenvi Kiv hvq| KviY GZ iqQ MvQi cqvRbxq wewfb Lv` Dcv`vb| GQvov gyiwMi wev Zzjbvg~jK fve mv|

eevcbv
4 4 4 4

nvm-gyiwMi wev

Avgb gmyg cwZ weNv RwgZ 12 gY I eviv gmyg 18 gY mZR gyiwMi wev (hvi ga mvaviYZ 60-70 fvM cvwb _vK) cqvM Kij Kvb aibi ivmvqwbK mvi cqvM bv KiI Avkvbyic djb cvIqv hvq avbi RwgZ GK gmyg Dchy cwigvY mZR wev cqvM Ki cieZx `ywU gmyg Abygvw`Z gvvq ay BDwiqv mvi cqvMi gvag avbi fvj djb cvIqv hvq| G Ab ivmvqwbK mvii cqvRb nq bv wev cqvMi ci gvwUi mv_ fvj Ki wgwkq w`Z ne Ges 3-4 w`b ci Pviv ivcY KiZ ne Pviv ivcYi ci AZ 14 w`b ch RwgZ cvwb ai ivLZ ne| cv 7

5.12. RwgZ MK mvii Afve Kxfve eySv hve Ges ZvZ Kx Kiv `iKvi?
MKi Afve nj c_g KwP cvZv njy` nq Ges Av Av cyiv MvQ njy` nq hvq| BDwiqv mvi cqvM Kivi ciI hw` avb MvQ nj` _vK Ges MvQi evo-evowZ Kg nq Ze eySZ ne RwgZ MKi Afve nqQ| mvaviYZ h mKj RwgZ cvwb Rg _vK ev memgq wfRv _vK mB mKj RwgZ MKi Afve `Lv w`Z cvi|

eevcbv
4 4 4 4

MKi Afve `Lv w`j ZvrwbKfve Rwgi cvwb mwiq w`Z ne Gici weNv cwZ 8.0 KwR wRcmvg mvi Dcwi cqvM KiZ ne MKi AfveRwbZ jY GK gmyg wRcmvg mvi cqvM Kij cieZx dmj mvaviYZ Avi cqvRb nq bv h mKj RwgZ MKi Afvei ZxeZv iqQ m mKj RwgZ cwZevi avb Pvl wRcmvg mvi cqvM KiZ ne|

5.13 avbi RwgZ `vi Afvei jY Kx Ges ZvZ Kx Kiv `iKvi?

hw` avb MvQ gvS ga LvUv nq hvq ev em co Ges cyivZb cvZv giP cov ev`vwg _K Kgjv iO aviY Ki Ges avbi Kzwk Kg nq ZLb eySZ ne RwgZ `Zvi Afve NUQ| `Zvi Afve cKU nj KwP Pviv gviv hvq| mvaviYZ h mKj RwgZ cvwb Rg _vK mB mKj RwgZ `vi Afve `Lv w`Z cvi|

eevcbv
4 4 4 4 4

RwgZ `vi Afve `Lv w`j c_g Rwg _K cvwb mwiq w`Z ne Gici weNv cwZ 1.5 KwR wRsK mvjdU Dcwi cqvM KiZ ne Rwg gvS ga KvZ ne `vi AfveRwbZ jY `vi Afvei mvebv _vKj exRZjvq wRsK mvjdU cqvM Kiv hZ cvi A_ev Pviv ivcYi c~e `v mvii `eY Pvivi wkKo 5-7 wgwbU Wyweq ivLZ ne| Gi Rb 20-40 Mvg wRsK AvBW cwZ GK wjUvi cvwbZ eenvi KiZ ne|

5.14 avb MvQ jni AvwaKRwbZ welwqvi jY Kx Kx Ges Gi cwZKvi Kxfve Kiv hvq?
jn Dcv`vbi AvwaKi Rb avb MvQi wbPi cvZv A_vr cyivZb cvZvi AvMvi w`K ev`vwg nj` ev Kgjv jeyi iO aviY Ki| welwqv cKU nj cvZv ev`vwg iOi nq wbPi cvZv gi hvq| MvQi evo-evowZ I Kzwk Kg nq| welwqvi dj MvQi wkKo Kg, gvUv I Mvp ev`vwg iO Gi nq| Axq gvwUZ (jvj gvwU) ewk cwigvY jn Dcv`vb _vKj G welvZv nZ cvi|

eevcbv
4

RwgZ cvwb ai ivLZ ne|

Z cvwb

5.15 BDwiqv mvi Kxfve Pbv hvq?

evRvi BDwiqv mvii `vg Abvb mvii Pq Kg| eZgvb QvU mv`v `vbv Ges AcvKZ eo AvKwZi aeae mv`v `vbv`vi BDwiqv mvi evRviRvZ nQ| mvii evcK Pvwn`vi KviY `ki wewfb vb cvqB Amvay eemvqx`i KvQ _K fRvj mvi wKb KlKiv cZvwiZ nb| ZvB Avmj mvii ewk mK Rvbv mKji GKv cqvRb|

cwZmg~n
4 4 4 4 4

Avmj BDwiqv mvi Kvb AevZB wUK AvKwZi ne bv BDwiqv mvi cvwbZ Mj hvq G mvi wgkvbv cvwbZ Zjvwb co bv Ges cvwU nvZ w`q k Kij Vvv Abyfe nq Gi `eY nvjKv NvjvU iO aviY Ki Kbv BDwiqvi `vbv nvZ GK gyVv wbq wKQyY ivLvi ci nvZi ZvjyZ AvuVvjv fve Abyf~Z nq|

5.16 wUGmwc mvi Kxfve Pbv hvq?

wUGmwc mvi mvaviYZ A^v` Ges SvuSvjv Mhy| GKgyVv wUGmwc mvi bvKi KvQ wbq k^vm MnY Kij Zxe SvuSvjv M jvM| wUGmwc mvi Lye k, ZvB `yB Avyji bLi gvS iL Pvc w`j mnR ov ne bv| fRvj mvi GKBfve Pvc w`j ov nq hve Ges ov bvbv iOi nZ cvi|

cv 8

cwZmg~n
4 4 4 4

GK PvgP wUGmwc mvi Avav Mvm cvwbZ wgkvj `exf~Z nq cwivi `eY Zwi Ki fRvj wUGmwc mvi cvwbZ Nvjv `eY Zwi Ki wUGmwc mvi cvwbZ MjZ GKUz mgq jvM, Ze m~Yic Mj hvq fRvj wUGmwc mvi m~Yic Mj bv Ges Mvmi wbP Zjvwb co|

5.17 GgIwc mvi Pbvi Dcvq Kx?

evsjv`k cPwjZ cUvk mvii ga DjLhvM nQ wgDwiqU Ae cUvk ev GgIwc mvi| GgIwc mvi 50% cUvwkqvg (K) we`gvb| vbxqfve wewfb cwqvi gvag GgIwc mvi fRvj nq _vK| GgIwc mvii mv_ mv`v wgwn I gvUv evwj jvj iO Ki wgwkq fRvj GgIwc mvi Zwi Kiv nq _vK| ZvQvov GgIwc mvii mv_ AvswkK KvPi Myov wgwkq fRvj mvi Zwi Kiv nq | KLbv KLbv mvgvb cwigvY GgIwc mvii mv_ Lvevi jeY wgwkq jvj iO Ki fRvj GgIwc mvi Zwi Ki evRviRvZ Kiv nq|

cwZmg~n
4 4 4 4 4 4

GgIwc mvii iO mvaviYZ nvjKv ev Mvp jvjP nq _vK| G mvi QvU _K gvSvwi wUK AvKwZi nq _vK| GgIwc mvii SvuSvjv M ev ^v` bB Avav Pv PvgP Avmj GgIwc mvi Avav Mvm cvwbZ wgkvj m~Y `exf~Z nq cwivi `eY Zwi Ki mvii mv_ wKQy A`eYxq e hgb- evwj, KvPi Myov, wgwn mv`v cv_i, BUi Myov BZvw` gkvj Zv Zjvwb AvKvi Mvmi wbP Rgv nq mvii mv_ jvj ev Ab Kvb iO wgkvj cvwbi iO mB Abyhvqx ne Ges iO fm DVe, GQvov nvZI iO jvM mwVK GgIwc mvii iO KLbv nvZ jvM bv elvKvj GgIwc mvi Lvjv Aevq iL w`j evZvm _K Av`Zv kvlY Ki wfR DVe Ges gv^q mvii bgybvq Av`Zvi cwigvY ew cve|

6. wU BDwiqv msv

wU BDwiqv (eo 2.7 Mvg) wU BDwiqv (gvSvix 1.8 Mvg) 6.1 AWD cqvMKZ mP RwgZ wU BDwiqv cqvM Kiv hve wK?

hi gvag wU BDwiqv cqvM

AWD GKwU cvwb mvkqx cwZ hvZ memgq `uvovbv cvwb ivLv nq bv| Aci w`K wU BDwiqv cqvMKZ RwgZ cvwb ai ivLZ nq|

eevcbv
4

wU cqvMKZ RwgZ AWD cwZZ mP cqvM Kiv hve| Ze Rwg memgq wfRv Aevq ivLZ ne Ges j ivLZ ne hb wKq dU bv hvq|

6.2 ej gvwUZ wU BDwiqv cqvM Kiv hve Kx?

wU BDwiqv cqvMKZ RwgZ memgq wQcwQc cvwb ai ivLZ nq| AZc Rwg wKq bv dvUv wU BDwiqv cqvMi c~ekZ| Aciw`K ej, ej `uvAvk ev nvjKv gvwUi eybUi RwgZ `xN mgq cvwb ai ivLv hvq bv| ZvQvov ewk cvwb cqvM Kij wUi bvBUvRb Pyuwqq wbPi i Pj hvq| Avevi gvwU dU Mj bvBUvRb Mvm wnme evZvm Pj hve| ZvB ej gvwUZ wU BDwiqv cqvM Kiv DwPZ bq|

eevcbv
4

ej gvwUZ KvwZ djb cZ nj BDwiqv mvi AZ 4 evi cqvM KiZ ne| hgb 1/4 fvM kl Pvli mgq, 1/4 fvM Pviv ivcYi 15-20 w`b ci, 1/4 fvM 35-40 w`b ci (RvZi RxebKvji Dci wfw Ki) Ges Aewk 1/4 fvM dzj Avmvi mgq Dcwi cqvM KiZ ne mvi mgfve wQUvbvi ci nvZ ev wbovwb h w`q gvwUi mv_ fvj fve wgwkq w`Z ne| cv 9

6.3 Avgb Rvqvi-fvUv jeYv I AjeYv GjvKvq wU BDwiqv cqvM Kiv he Kx?
Avgb Rvqvi-fvUv GjvKvq mgqgZ BDwiqv Dcwi cqvM Kiv hvq bv weavq MvQi evo-evowZ Kg djb Kg hvq| ZvB GgZvevq `vbv`vi BDwiqv mvii weK mvi eenvi Kiv DwPZ|

eevcbv
4 4 4

`wYvji Rvqvi-fvUv jeYv Ges AjeYv GjvKvq wU BDwiqv eenvi Kiv Dg ivcYi 7-10 w`b ci wU BDwiqv RwgZ GKeviB cqvM KiZ ne wU _K memgq MvQi cqvRb Abyhvqx bvBUvRbi mieivn _vKvq MvQi Kvb my ~av _vK bv weavq djb evo|

7. wjd Kvjvi PvU (Gjwmwm) msv

wjd Kvjvi PvU (Gjwmwm)

eenvi cwZ

Gjwmwmi gvb 3.0

7.1 Gjwmwmi gvb w`bi Kvb mgq wbaviY Kiv DwPZ?

Gjwmwm eenvii gvag mwVK mgq mwVK cwigvY bvBUvRb mvi cqvM Ki G mvii KvhKvwiZv evovbv hvq| Gjwmwmi msKU gvbi Dci wfw Ki bvBUvRbi cqvRbxqZv wbYq Kiv nq| KwP cvZvi gvSi Ask Gjwmwmi Dci iL cvZvi iOi mv_ Gjwmwmi iO m~fve wgjvZ nq| Zv bv nj Gjwmwmi gvb fyj nZ cvi|

KiYxq
4 4 4

Gjwmwmi mwVK gvb wbYqi Rb w`bi AKvivsk Ges PvL SvSvjv cLi iv`i mgq cwinvi KiZ ne hvZ m~hi Avjv cwZdwjZ nq gvc ZviZg bv NUvq kixii Qvqvq gvc wbZ ne hvZ m~hi Avjv mivmwi cvZv wKsev Gjwmwmi Dci bv co mvaviYZ mKvj 9-11Uv Ges weKvj 2-4Uvi ga Gjwmwmi gvb bqv mevg|

8. avbi AvMvQv msv

avbi wewfb cKvi AvMvQv

DBWvi w`q `gb

AvMvQvbvkK cqvM

8.1 avb Z AvMvQv I Gi `gb eev Kx?

AvMvQv avb MvQi mv_ mv_ ew cvq I avb MvQi mv_ Avjv, evZvm cvwb I Lv`vcv`vbi Rb cwZhvwMZvq wj nq| avbAvMvQvi cwZhvwMZvi dj ivcv Avgb avbi djb kZKiv 20-30 fvM, evbv AvDk avbi 30-99 fvM, ivcv AvDk avbi 23-72 fvM Ges eviv avbi djb cvq 30-40 fvM Kg hZ cvi| avb AvMvQvi cwZhvwMZvi vwKvji (Critical time) ci AvMvQv `gb Kij avbi djb evo bv eis avb Drcv`b LiP eo hvq| GgZvevq fvjv djb cZ nj avbi Rwgi AvMvQv mwVK mgq `gb KiZ ne| fvjv djbi Rb GKwU wbw` mgq ch Rwg AekB AvMvQvgy ivLZ ne|

cv 10

eevcbv
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

KlKMY mvaviYZ wbovwbi mvnvh I nvZ w`q Ub AvMvQv `gb Ki _vK AvMvQvbvkK eenvi KiI AvMvQv `gb Kiv hvq evbv AvDki avb evbvi ci 40-45 w`b ch Rwg AvMvQvgy ivLZ ne ivcv AvDki ejvq Pviv jvMvbvi ci 30-40 w`b ch AvMvQvgy ivLZ ne ivcv Avgbi Rwg Pviv jvMvbvi ci _K 30-40 w`b ch AekB AvMvQv gy ivLZ ne eviv avbi Pviv jvMvbvi 40-50 w`b ch AvMvQv gy ivLj fvjv djb Avkv Kiv hvq jvBb Ki ivcY ev ecbKZ RwgZ DBWvi w`q AwZ mnR AvMvQv `gb Kiv hvq GKRb kwgK DBWvi w`q NUvq 10-15 kZvsk Rwgi AvMvQv `gb KiZ cvi ivcY `~iZ 2020, 2520 ev 2525 mwUwgUvi nj DBWvi mnR eenvi Kiv hvq AvMvQvbvkK eenvi Kg LiP AvMvQv `gb Kiv hvq eZgvb eeZ AvMvQvbvkKi ga- wiwdU, GUvK, wigvfvi, jevi, mycviwKb, wbgvb, wbovwb, iBb, AibU, gvPwU, Ucvi, mUAd, GgKvi, GgwmwcG, wmwiqvm cfwZ DjLhvM Gwj Zij, `vbv`vi I cvDWvi AvKvi cvIqv hvq AvMvQvbvkKi eenvii AvM evZj ev cvKUi Mvq jLv gvv, mgq Ges mZKZv fvjfve eyS eenvi KiZ ne AvMvQvbvkK cqvMi ciI Kvb Kvb mgq GKevi nvZ wbovwbi cqvRb nZ cvi|

8.2 kvgv Nvmi Pviv Kxfve Pbv hvq?

kvgvi Pviv avbi Pvivi gZv `Lvq| mnR G`i c_K Kiv hvq bv weavq KlKiv avbi Pviv gb Ki kvgvi Pviv RwgZ iL `q| mvaviYZ exRi gvag GwU esk wevi Ki| DPy Ges wbPy `yaibi avbi RwgZ G AvMvQv cPyi cwigvY `Lv hvq| Giv avbi mv_ bvBUvRb, cUvwkqvg I dmdivmi Rb Zxe cwZhvwMZv Ki| G KviY kZKiv 90 fvM ch dmj b nq hZ cvi| GwU cw_exi mePq wZKviK AvMvQvjvi AbZg| ZvB Pviv Aevq GwU `gbi Rb Pbvi Dcvq Rvbv wekl cqvRb|

cwZmg~n
4 4

kvgvi cvZv gmY I Mvo meyR, `LZ avb MvQi cvZvi gZv| cvZvi Lvj wKQyUv jvghy I Kvi mv_ wXjvfve hy _vK Pviv Aevq avb I kvgvi ewniveqei ga mv`k GZ ewk h G`iK mbv Kiv KKi, mvaviYZ avbi Pvivq cvZvi Mvovq wjwMDj I AwiKj _vK hv kvgv Nvmi Pvivq _vK bv GKgv wjwMDj I AwiKji gvag kvgvi Pviv avbi Pviv _K c_K Kiv hvq|

wjwMDj

AwiKj

9. avbi cvKv msv

wewfb cKvi gvRiv cvKv

ev`vgx MvQdwos

cvgwi cvKv

9.1 gvRiv cvKv Kxfve avbi wZ Ki Ges Gi cwZKvii Dcvq Kx?

gvRiv cvKvi Kxovjv Kvi fZi XvK LvIqv i Ki Ges eabkxj chvq axi axi MvQi wWM cvZvi Mvov Lq KU dj| dj wWM cvZv gviv hvq Ges GK givwWM ej| KvBP_vo Avmvi ci gvRiv cvKv wZ Kij m~Y wkl wKq hvq Ges GK mv`vwkl ej|

eevcbv
4 4 4 4

mv`vwkl

gvRivi wWgi Mv`v msMn Ki b Ki djyb AvjvK duv`i mvnvh cvKvi g_ msMn Ki `gb Kib RwgZ kZKiv 10-15 fvM givwWM A_ev kZKiv 5 fvM mv`vwkl `Lv w`j Abygvw`Z KxUbvkK mwVK gvGvq cqvM Kib Avv avb KvUvi ci Pvl w`q bvov gvwUZ wgwkq ev cywoq djyb| cv 11

cvKvv Kv

9.2 ev`vwg MvQdwos (BPH) `gbi Dcvqmg~n Kx?

ev`vwg MvQdwos-Gi c~Yeq cvKv I evPv avb MvQi Mvovq em im l Lvq| dj MvQ cyo hvIqvi gZ iO aviY Ki gi hvq, GK ncvi evY ej| AvenvIqv cvKvi AbyKj _vKj P Ges Avwkbi gvSv-gvwS (gvP Ges m^ii kl mvn) ncvi evY `Lv w`Z cvi| Kvb Kvb GjvKvq GwU KviU cvKv bvgI cwiwPZ|

eevcbv
4 4 4 4 4 4

eviv gmyg gvNi (deqvwii c_g mvn) Ges Avgb gmyg kveYi gvSvgvwS (AvMi c_g mvn) _K wbqwgZ MvQi Mvov cheY Kib AvjvK duv`i mvnvh cvKvi DcwwZ mbv Ki `gb eev wbb AvgY ceY GjvKvq avbi Pviv 2020 ev 2515 mwUwgUvi `~iZ ivcY Kib cvKv `Lv gv Rwg _K cvwb mwiq wKq djyb Avv avbMvQ wZb mvwi ci ci `ymvwii MvQ nj w`q Avjv-evZvm ceki eev Kib kZKiv 50 fvM MvQ 2-4wU MfeZx ev 10-15wU evPv cvKv `Lv w`j KxUbvkK eenvi Kib| KxUbvkK AekB MvQi Mvovq cqvM KiZ ne|

9.3 meyR cvZvdwos (GLH) Kxfve `gb Kiv hvq?

meyR cvZvdwos avbi cvZvi im l Lvq| dj MvQi ew Kg hvq Ges MvQ LvUv nq hvq| G cvKv Uysiv fvBivm ivM Qwoq mePq ewk wZ Ki|

eevcbv
4 4 4

AvjvK duv`i mvnvh cvKv `gb Kib nvZRvji cwZ Uvb hw` GKwU meyR cvZvdwos cvIqv hvq Ges meyR cvZvdwos Avkcvk Uysiv ivMvv avb MvQ _vK, Zvnj exRZjvq ev RwgZ Dchy KxUbvkK eenvi Kib|

10. Bu`yi msv

gvVi Kvjv eo Bu`yi

Bu`yii evPv

MuQ Bu`yi

10.1 Bu`yii AvgY _K gvVi avb Kxfve iv Kiv hvq?

Bu`yi avb MvQi Kzwk ZiPv (45 Kvb) Ki KU `q| mvaviYZ Nb AKvivQb avbi RwgZ Bu`yii AvgY ewk nq| Giv elvKvj mvZuvi KU Rwj Avgb avbi MvQ KU evmv evbvq| avb cvKj avbi Qov KU gvwUi wbP myi Ki Rgv Ki ivL|
0

Dcvqmg~n
4 4 4 4 4

Rwgi AvBj wPKb (15-20 mwg) ivLZ ne avb ivcYi mgq I ivcYi 45-50 w`bi ga avbi Rwg I Avkcvki GjvKvi Bu`yi `gbi eev wbZ ne h mg duv` Bu`yi aiv covi ciI Rxe _vK, Ggb duv` eenvi Ki Bu`yi `gb Kib

Bu`yi viv ZiPvKZ KvUv

Bu`yi `gbi Rb ZvrwbK wqvkxj welUvc, hgb Mg wgwkZ wRsK dmdvBW A_ev wej^ wqvkxj welUvc hgb jvwbiU, KviU w`q Bu`yi `gb Kib Bu`yii bZzb MZ welv Avjywgwbqvg dmdvBW ewo hgb Avjvdm ev KzBKdm w`q MZi gyL fvj Ki e Ki w`j Bu`yi gviv hvq| G Rb bZzb MZ Mvm ewo w`q Avkcvki mKj MZi ev bvjvi gyL gvwU w`q e Ki w`Z ne| Mvm ewo mveavbZvi mv_ eenvi KiZ ne cv 12

11. KxUbvkK msv

KxUbvkK cqvM

11.1 mwVK gvvq KxUbvkK eenvii cqvRbxqZv Kb?

wbweo Pvlvev`i KviY cvKvgvKoi cv`yfve I AvgY eoB PjQ| G ch evsjv`k avbi 266wU wZKviK cvKv mbv Kiv nqQ| Zv`i ga 30wU avbi ewk wZ Ki| cavb wZKviK cvKvi AvgY eviv, AvDk I Avgb gmyg h_vg kZKiv cvq 13, 24 I 18 fvM djb b bq| ZvB mwVK KxUbvkK, mwVK gvvq, mwVK mgq cqvM Ki cvKv `gb Kiv AZv Riwi|

eevcbv
4 4

mwVK KxUbvkK, mwVK gvvq cqvM bv Kij jvfi Pq wZi cwigvY eo hvq| dj cvKvi euP _vKvi gZv eo hvq Ges G`i msLv ew cq AvgYi ZxeZv evo Acic, AwaK gvvq KxUbvkK eenvi MvQ welwqv nZ cvi| Bnvi jY bvbvfve cKvk cvq, hgb MvQi evoevowZ Kg hvq, cvZv cyo hvq GgbwK MvQ giI hZ cvi| AZGe, mwVK gvvq, mwVK KxUbvkK, mwVK mgq eenvii gvag cvKv `gb Ki dmj iv KiZ ne|

11.2 Z cvKv `Lv gvGB KxUbvkK cqvM Kiv hve Kx ?

RwgZ avbi wZi gvv mvaviYZ cvKvi cRvwZ, cvKvi msLv, Dc`Z GjvKvi mvgwMK cwiek, Dc`Z Zi ev Zvi Avkcvki Aev, avbi RvZ, avb MvQi eqm, DcKvix cifvRx I ciRxex cvKvgvKoi msLv BZvw`i Dci wbfi Ki| Dciv welqjv weePbvq Gb ZeB KxUbvkK cqvMi wmv wbZ ne|

eevcbv
4 4

cvKvi AvgYi gvGv Avw_K wZi vicv cuQvi c~eB ay KxUbvkK cqvM KiZ ne Zv bv nj KxUbvkK cqvM jvfi Pq wZi cwigvY eo hve|

11.3 KxUbvkK eenvi bv Ki Kxfve cvKvgvKo `gb Kiv hvq?

evsjv`k G ch 266wU cvKv avbi wZ Ki _vK| Gi ga cvq 30wU cvKv avbi ewk wZ Ki| cvKvi msLv, avb MvQi Rxebi I AvenvIqv f` cwZwU cvKvi gvivZK wZ Kivi gZv iqQ| wZi cwigvY eo Mj Pvwliv AcwiKwZ fve KxUbvkK cqvM Ki _vK| GZ jvfi Pq wZi cwigvY eo hvq| wewfb cixv wbixvq `Lv MQ mgwbZ evjvB eevcbv Pvlvev`i c_g _K gvbv nj Kvb KxUbvkK eenvii cqvRb nq bv| Ze AvgYi gvv hw` KLbv wbqYi evBi Pj hvq aygv ZLbB mwVK KxUbvkK, mwVK gvvq, mwVKfve Ges mwVK mgq cqvM KiZ ne|

mgwbZ evjvB eevcbvi Dcv`vbmg~n

4 4 4

mnbkxj RvZi Pvl Ki we avb27 cvgwi cvKvi AvgYi cwZ gag mnbkxj| weAvi11 Ges weAvi22 gvRiv cvKvi AvgY mnbkxj| Gme RvZi Pvl Ki cv_wgKfve Gme cvKvi AvgY cwZnZ Kiv hvq AvaywbK Pvlvev` cwZ AbymiY Ki - Z cvZvgvwQ, Pyw cvKv I ev`vwg MvQdwos Gi AvgY `Lv Mj Z _K `Z cvwb wKq 3-4 w`b ci Avevi mP w`Z ne - ev`vwg MvQdwos I cvgwi cvKvi AvgY `Lv Mj BDwiqv mvi Dcwi cqvM e ivLZ ne - QvZiv cvKv, gvRiv cvKv BZvw` cvKvi AvgY `Lv Mj nvZ w`q Zyj ask Ki AvgY Kgvbv hvq - ZvovZvwo cvK Ggb AvMvg RvZi Pvl Ki cvKvi AvgY cwinvi Kiv hvq - mvwi I mwVK `~iZ ivcY Ki cvKvi AvgY Kgvbv hvq - Z cvwb w`q j`v cvKv `gb Kiv hvq - Z AvMvQv gy Ki cvKvi AvgY Kgvbv hvq| cv 13

hvwK `gb eevcbv - AvjvK duv` eenvi Ki - nvZ Rvji mvnvh cvKv ai gviv - Wvj cvjv cyuZ cvwL emvi eev Ki - avbi cvZvi AvMv KU cvgwi cvKvi wWg I evPv b Ki| nvZ Rvj DcKvix cvKvgvKo I cvYx msiY Ki AZGe, Dciv cwZZ avb Pvl Ki KxUbvkK eenvi bv KiB avbi wZKi cvKvgvKo `gb Kiv hvq|

11.4 Kbv RwgZ `vbv`vi KxUbvkK cqvM Kiv hvq bv Kb?

`vbv`vi KxUbvkK RwgZ cqvM Kiv mnR| Gi Rb hgb Kvb hcvwZi `iKvi nq bv, Zgb cqvRb nq bv c~e AwfZvi| `vbvi KxUbvkK mvaviYZ wmmUwgK RvZxq wel| ZvB RwgZ cqvMi ci cvwbi mvnvh wkKoi gvag MvQ Zv MnY Ki mKj AcZ cuQ `q| ZvB `vbv`vi KxUbvkKi RwgZ wQcwQc cvwb ivLv h_ iZc~Y|

eevcbv
4 4 4

`vbv`vi KxUbvkK eenvii RwgZ 2-4 mwg cvwb 5-7 w`b ai ivLZ ne cvwb Qvov `vbv`vi KxUbvkKi mwq Dcv`vb MvQi MnY DchvMx nq bv Ges wkKo Zv MnY Ki wewfb AcZ cuQ w`Z cvi bv AZGe, Kbv RwgZ `vbv`vi KxUbvkK cqvM Kiv DwPZ bq|

11.5 avbi dzj dvUv Aevq (Flowering stage) KxUbvkK cqvM Kiv hve Kx ?
fvj AvenvIqvq mKvj 9Uv _K `ycyi 1Uv ch AwaK msLK avbi dzj dvU Ges civMvqY mb nq _vK| G Aevq welv KxUbvkK dzji Mvq jvMj avb wPUv nq hvq Ges wPUvi cwigvY AwZwi eo hvIqvi mvebv _vK|

KiYxq
4 4

dzj dvUv Aevq KxUbvkK cqvM Kiv hve bv wekl cqvRb weKvj ejvq KxUbvkK cqvM Kiv hZ cvi KviY ZLb dzj dvUv e _vK|

avbi dyj dvUv Aev 11.6 KxUbvkK eenvi Kx Kx mZKZv Aej^b Kiv `iKvi? me KxUbvkKB gvivZK wel| cqvRbi AwZwi KxUbvkK cqvM wec` WK AvbZ cvi| KxUbvkK eenvii AvM Zvi mwVK bvg I cqvMwewa mK evZj ev cvKUi Mvq jLv fvjfve `L wbZ ne| wQwc ev cvKU Lvjv ev gqv`DxY Kvb KxUbvkK cqvM Kiv hve bv| KxUbvkK cqvMi mgq mZKZv Aej^b Kiv cqvRb|

mZKZvmg~n
4 4 4 4

Lvwj Mvq ev Lvwj cU KxUbvkK cqvM Kiv DwPZ bq| wbtkvmi mv_I KxUbvkK cUi wfZi hZ cvi KxUbvkK hb Mvqi ZK ev PvL bv jvM| KxUbvkK Mvq jvMj mv_ mv_ ewk cvwb w`q ayq djZ ne evZvm hw`K _K eBQ mw`K wcV w`q Z KxUbvkK cqvM Kij wQUvbv KxUbvkK Mvq jvMe bv KxUbvkK cqvMi hwU cyKzi, b`x ev Lvj-wej aZ Kiv DwPZ bq| GZ cvwb `~wlZ nq gvQi wZ nZ cvi| G Rb cyKzi ev Abvb Drm _K cvwb Zzj Gb wbivc` RvqMvq ayZ ne|

11.7 KxUbvkK Avv ewi Kx Kiv DwPZ?

KxUbvkKi cKvif`i Dci wZi cwigvY wbfi Ki| GgbwK Kvb Kvb G ivMx gvivI hZ cvi| ZvB mveavbZv Aej^b Kiv AwZe Riwi|

KiYxq
4 KxUbvkKi welwqvq Avv nj hZ ZvovZvwo me wPwKrmKi kiYvcb nZ ne, wPwKrmKi KvQ bIqvi c~e

Avv ewK axiw'ifve m~Y wekvgvevq ivLyb 4 KxUbvkK `~wlZ KvcoPvco Lyj djyb Ges Avv ewK wXjXvjv cvlvK AveZ Kib| ivMxK GKcvk KvZ Ki Bq ivLyb| Vvvq Kvcuywb `Lv w`j K^j w`q kixi Rwoq w`b 4 KxUbvkK wMj djj ivMxK ewg Kivbvi Pv Kib| Avb Aevq ewg Kivevi Pv Kieb bv| h KxUbvkK ivMx Avv nqQ m evZj Ges evZji jej wPwKrmKK `LvZ ne| KviY Kvb aibi KxUbvkK welwqv nqQ Zv Rvbv wPwKrmKi Rb AZv Riwi| cv 14

12. avbi ivM msv

cvZvcvov ivM

Lvjcvov ivM

ev ivM

evKvwb ivM

Uzsiv ivM

12.1 cvZvcvov ivMi jY I `gb eev Kx?

cvZvcvov GKwU evKUwiqvRwbZ ivM| eq MvQ _vo Aev _K cvZvcvov ivMi jY `Lv `q| c_g cvZvi AMfvM _K wKbviv eivei njy` iO aviY Ki| ci cvZvUv Kbv Loi iO nq Av Av m~Y cvZvUv gi wKq hvq| cvZvq cvKvi AvgY I cvZvq cvZvq NlYi dj m Z w`q Gi RxevYy cvZvi fZi XyK co| AbeiZ ew I Sov nvIqv G ivM wevi mnvqZv Ki| cwZKvi 4 mylg gvvq mvi eenvi Kib 4 So ew Ges ivM `Lv `Iqvi ci BDwiqv mvii Dcwi cqvM mvgwqK e ivLyb 4 ivMvv Rwgi dmj KvUvi ci bvov cywoq djyb| 12.2 ev ivMi jY I cwZKvii Dcvq Kx? ev GKwU QvKRwbZ ivM| G ivM cvZvq nj cvZv ev, wMU nj wMU ev Ges wkl nj wkl ev ej| c_g QvU QvU wWevKwZi `vM mw nq| Av Av `vM ew cvq Ges `yB cv jv nq PvLi AvKwZ aviY Ki| `vMi Pvi avi ev`vwg I gvSi Ask mv`v QvB eY nq| AbKjv `vM GK wgk cyiv cvZv gi hvq| G ivMi KviY Rwgi mg avb b nq hZ cvi|

cwZKvi
4 4 4 4 4 4 4

mylg gvvq mvi eenvi Kib RwgZ Re mvi cqvM Kib ivM `Lv gv RwgZ cvwb ai ivLyb Avv RwgZ BDwiqv Dcwi cqvM e ivLyb cwZ weNvq 53 Mvg Uycvi, wRj ev bwUfv 7 w`b eeavb `yevi cqvM Kib ivMgy Rwg _K exR msMn Kib wkl ev `Lv gvB Dci DjwLZ QGvKbvkK cqvM KiZ ne|

12.3 Lvjcvov ivMi jY Kx Ges Kxfve `gb Kiv hvq? Lvjcvov GKwU QvKRwbZ ivM| Kzwk MRvbvi mgq _K ivMwU `Lv `q| c_g Lvj aymi iOi RjQvci gZv `vM co Ges `vMjv j^v-jw^fve evo Ges gvSLvb aymi nq ev`vwg `vM viv Ave _vK| `vMjv Av Av eo nq mg Lvj I cvZvq AbKUv MvLiv mvci Pvgovi gZv `vM `Lv `q| Mig I Av` AvenvIqvq ivMwU ewk nq| ZvQvov ewk gvvq BDwiqv mvi eenvi I Nb Ki Pviv ivcY G ivM wevvi mnvqZv Ki| ivMwU Kvb Kvb GjvKvq cuPvwb ivM bvgI cwiwPZ| cwZKvi 4 ivM `Lv w`j Rwgi cvwb wKq djyb 4 RwgZ mylg gvvq mvi eenvi Kib 4 LvUv RvZi cwieZ jv RvZi avb Pvl Kib 4 ivMvv Rwgi avb KvUvi ci bvov cywoq djyb 4 kl gB `qvi ci cvwbZ fvmgvb AveRbv PU ev Kvco w`q Ub AvBj Zyj djyb 4 ivMi jY `Lvgv cwZ weNvq 67 wgwj dwjKzi, KUvd ev bwUfv A_ev 133 wgwj nvKvbvRj cqvM Kib| cv 15

Kbv Rwg

Rwgi bvov cyovbv

12.4. evKvwb ivMi jY Ges `gb eev Kx?

evKvwb QvKRwbZ ivM| Avv Kzwk `Z eo Ab MvQi Zyjbvq jv I wjKwjK nq hvq Ges nvjKv meyR iOi nq| MvQi Mvovi w`K cvwbi Dcii wMuU _K wkKo ei nq| KLbI KLbI Avv MvQi Mvov cP hvq| axi axi Avv MvQ gi hvq|

cwZKvi
4 4 4

ivMvv Kzwk Zyj djyb G ivM exRevwnZ| ZvB exR kvab KiZ cvij fvj nq| G Rb KvevwRg Mci h Kvb QvKbvkKi wZb Mvg GK wjUvi cvwbZ wgwkq GK KwR exR mvivivZ wfwRq ivLj exR kvab nq hve ZvQvov GKB cwigvY QGvKbvkK w`q mvivivZ Pviv kvab KiI fvj dj cvIqv hvq|

12.5 exRevwnZ QvK ivM _K Kxfve dmj iv Kiv hvq?

exR kvabi gvag dmjK exRevwnZ QvK ivM _K iv Kiv hvq| avb Pvli wZb gmygB exR kvab Kiv DwPZ| Ze evQvBKZ exR `vMgy I cwicy nj mvaviYZ kvab bv KijI Pj|

cwZKvi
4 4 4 4

evQvBKZ exR Kvco ev PUi evM fi wXjv Ki eua wbb cwZ KwR exRi Rb GK wjUvi cvwbZ wZb Mvg ewfwb/bvBb/BfvwRg/Ucwmj cvm/ nWvwRg/mvbdvbU Gjvi h Kvb GKwU wgwkq wbb exRi cvUjvwU/_j 12 NUv wgwkZ cvwbZ wfRvbvi ci cybivq cwivi cvwbZ fvjfve ayq wbb exRi cvUjvwU cvwb _K Zyj BU ev KvVi Dci NUvLvbK iL cvwb SivZ ne|

12.6 Uysiv ivMi jY I cwZKvii Dcvq Kx?

Uysiv GKwU fvBivmRwbZ ivM| GwU meyR cvZvdwos viv msvwgZ nq| Pviv Aenv _K dzj dvUv ch mgqi ga G ivM `Lv w`Z cvi| KwP cvZvq wkiv eivei jvjw chvqg nvjKv meyR I nvjKv nj` iLv `Lv `q| ci mg cvZvi Dci w`K Kgjv iOi nq Ges Avv cvZv GKUy gyPo hvq| MvQi evo-evowZ I Kzwk Kg hvq| dj Avv MvQ my MvQi Zyjbvq LvUv nq| Avv MvQi wkKo `~ej nq hvq Ges Uvb w`j mnRB DV Avm|

cwZKvi
4 4 4

AvjvK duv` eenvi Ki ivMi evnK meyR cvZvdwos gi djyb ivMi cv_wgK Aevq ivMvv MvQ Zyj gvwUZ cyuZ djyb meyR cvZvdwos `gb wbavwiZ KxUbvkK cqvM Kib {cwZ weNvq 133 wgwj gvjvw_qb (57 Zij), dwbUvw_qb (50 Zij), dRvjvb (35 Zij) ev 150 wgwj WvBg_vqU (40 Zij), digvw_qb (25 Zij) A_ev 226 Mvg Kvievwij (85 cvDWvi)}|

cv 16

13. mP msv

Mfxi bjK~c

AMfxi bjK~c

AvBj eevcbv

13.1 f~Mf' cvwbi ii wZ bv Ki Kxfve avbi Pvl Kiv hvq?

avb Pvl Abvb dmj _K ewk cvwbi cqvRb nq| GK KwR avb Drcv`b 2500-4000 wjUvi cvwb jvM| wewfb KviY gmyg evivZ avbi djb ewk nIqvq cvwb mvkqx Abvb dmji Avev` bv Ki avb Pvl ewk KiQ| GZ f~-Dci cvwb eenvi Kiv nq mPi AvIZvaxb Rwgi gv 21%, Avi f~Mf cvwb eenvi Kiv nq evwK 79%| Gi ga Mfxi bjKc w`q 15% RwgZ mP `qv nq| cvq 64% RwgZ mP `qv nq AMfxi bjKc w`q| elvKvj cPyi ewcvZi dj f~Mfi AMfxi i cvwb cek Kivq, Dcii ii fvimvg wKQyUv eRvq _vK| wK Mfxi ii wZ c~iY nq bv| ZvB cvwbi i w`b w`b wbP bg hvQ| G Aev PjZ _vKj bjKcjv Avi cvwbB cve bv Ges AwPiB cwieki fvimvg nvwiq dje| ZvB mgq _vKZ Gi weK eevi wPv Kiv DwPZ|

eevcbv
4 4 4 4 4

weki Abvb `ki gZ G `k elvKvj A_vr Avgb gmyg avb Drcv`b ewk iZ w`Z ne eviv gmyg f~-Dci cvwb eenvi gvag avb Pvl mxgve ivLv DwPZ f~Mfi cvwbi eenvi avb Pvl mxwgZ Kiv DwPZ| myweavRbK cvwbi i (Recharagable aquifer) Kejgv AMfxi bjKc eenvii gvag eviv avb Pvl Kiv hZ cvi mPi cvwbi AcPq iva KiZ ne Kg cvwb eenvi Ki Kbv gmyg Abvb A_Kix dmj Pvl Kiv DwPZ hv GLb we`k _K Avg`vbx Ki cqvRb wgUvbv nQ|

13.2 Kxfve mPi cvwbi AcPq iva Kiv hvq?

eviv gmyg avbi RwgZ mvaviYZ gvwUi KvuPv bvjv w`q mP `qv nq| dj dmji Rwg I mPi cvwbi AcPq nq| A_P cvwbi Afve AbK Rwg mPi AvIZvq Avbv me nq bv| AZGe mPi cvwbi AcPq iva Kiv GKv Riwi|

eevcbv
4 4 4 4

Rwgi AcPq ivaK wcwfwm A_ev cvwK (wdZv) cvBc eenvi Kiv hvq G cwZZ mP w`j cvwbi AcPq Kgvbvi mv_ mv_ mPi LiPI Kgvbv hvq Mfxi ev AMfxi bjKc _K G cwZZ mP w`j GKB cwigvY cvwb w`q KuvPv bvjvi Zzjbvq kZKiv 40-42 fvM ewk RwgZ mP `qv hvq cvwK cvBc mP GQvov iwe dmj hgb Mg, fzUv, Avjy, gwiP BZvw` Ges Avgb gmyg hLb gvV KuvPv bvjv b nq hvq ZLb cvwK cvBc eenvi Ki AwZ mnR I A mgq Ges Kg LiP dmji RwgZ mP c`vb Kiv hvq|

13.3 avb Pvl memgq `uvovbv cvwb ivLvi cqvRb AvQ Kx? avb Pvl cvwbi cqvRbxqZv Abvb dmji _K ewk| GK KwR avb Drcv`b 2500-4000 wjUvi cvwbi cqvRb nq| Ze KvwZ djb cZ RwgZ me mgq `uvovbv cvwbi Kvb cqvRb bB| memgq `uvovbv cvwbZ Kzwki msLv Kg djb Kg hvq| ZvQvovI MK I `vi Afve `Lv `q Ges ivMevjvB I cvKvgvKoi AvgY eo hvq|

eevcbv
4 4

avbi RwgZ memgq `uvovbv cvwb bv iL chvqg 3 w`b Rwg Kvbvi ci cybivq mP w`j cvq kZKiv 30 fvM mPi cvwb mvkq nq Ges ZvZ djb Kvb cfve co bv Pviv ivcYi ci 10-15 w`b RwgZ wQcwQc cvwb ivLvi ci AWD cwZZ mP `qv hvq | cwZ mP 5-7 mwg mP w`Z ne| Zvici cvwbi i KgZ KgZ hLb cheY cvBci Zjvq cQ hve ZLb Avevi mP w`Z ne| Gfve _vo Avmv ch mP w`Z ne| _vo Aevq ci _K avbi `ya Aev ch RwgZ wQcwQc cvwb ivLZ ne| Ze avb KvUvi 2 mvn c~e _K mP e Ki w`Z ne| Gfve mP w`j kZKiv cvq 20-25 fvM cvwb Kg jvM Ges djb Kvb ZviZg nq bv| cv 17

13.4 m~iK mP Kx Ges Kxfve `qv hvq?

ew wbfi avb Pvl mvgwqKfve ewi Afve Liv `Lv w`j mP cqvM KivK mc~iK mP ej| ermii ewi evcKZv I elbi gvU mgqi Dci Livi cfve AbKvsk wbfikxj| ZvB Kvb Kvb ermi Avgb aygv GKwU mc~iK mPi gvag 60% ev Zvi ewk djb evovbv me|

eevcbv
4 4 4 4

mc~iK mP wbKU Mfxi A_ev AMfxi bjKzc _K `qv hZ cvi ZvQvov wbKU b`x, Lvj-wej, cyKzi ev Wvev _K Abvqvk GKwU ev `ywU mP `qv hvq| KviY ZLb cvwbi Kvb Afve _vK bv Ze Gi Rb c~e cZywZi cqvRb| hgb- mP hi eev, bvjv, Avw_K Ges gvbwmK cwZ BZvw` mc~iK mPi msLv I cqvMi mgq wbaviYi Rb ewcvZi Aenv I Livi cwZ wekl bRi ivLZ ne|

13.5 PK fvj Kx Ges Kb Gi eenvi Kiv nq?

PK fvj GK cKvi h hv AMfxi bjKzci cvwbK cv ch ai ivLvi Rb eenvi Kiv nq| evsjv`k mPKZ Rwgi kZKiv 60 fvM AMfxi bjK~ci gvag mP c`vb Kiv nq _vK| cwZevi GmKj AMfxi bjKc Pvjy Kivi mgq cvwb PvcKji gvag gvwUi wbP _K cvBc w`q cv ch Zzj AvbZ nq hv cvBwgs bvg cwiwPZ| ZvB cwZevi AMfxi bjKc Pvjy Kivi mgq cv PvjK cvBwgs mgmvi myLxb nq _vKb Ges GRb Kgc `yRbi kvixwiK cwikgmn 15-20 wgwbU mgq AcPq nq|

eevcbv
4 4

gvV chvq GmKj mgmvi mgvavbK evsjv`k avb MelYv BbwwUDU PK fvj Dveb KiQ GwU AMfxi bjKci cv Ges mvKkb cvBci mshvM 'j jvwMq w`j cvBwgs mgmvi mgvavbmn cv PvjK cv Pvjy Kivi weo^bv _K iv cvq|

PK fvj

14. Liv msv

Liv mnbkxj RvZ we avb56

Liv cwinviKvix RvZ we avb57

14.1 Avgb gmyg Liv mwny RvZ Kvbjv Ges Zv`i ewk Kx?
Avgb avb mvaviYZ ew wbfi dmj| ewi Afve Avgb dmj Livq Avv nj gywgq wKQy RwgZ gv m~iK mP `qv nq _vK| ZvB cvq ermiB Avgbi djb Livq evcK wZM nq _vK| evsjv`k avb MelYv BbwwUDU 2011 mvj `ywU Liv mnbkxj RvZ Dveb KiQ| Avgb RvZ `ywU Pvlvev` Ki AbKvsk Liv cwZiva Ki fvj djb cvIhv hvq|

RvZi ewk
4 we avb56 Liv mnbkxj RvZ| cRbb chvq 10-12 w`b ew bv njI djbi Zgb Kvb wZ nq bv| RvZwUi RxebKvj

105-110 w`b Ges 16.5-18.0 gY/weNv djb w`Z mg| Ze RvZwU LivKewjZ nj 13.0 gY/weNv djb w`Z cvi| Livi mgq f~Mf cvwbi i f~c _K 70-80 mwg wbP _vKj Ges gvwUi Av`Zv 14% Gi wbP njI G RvZwU weNv cwZ 11.0 gY djb w`Z mg| 4 we avb57 gag gvvi Liv cwinviKvix (Drought escaping) RvZ| cRbb chvq GKUvbv 8-10 w`b ew bv njI Gi djbi Zgb Kvb wZ nq bv| G RvZi RxebKvj 100-105 w`b Ges cwZ weNvq 16.5-18.0 gY djb w`q _vK| cv 18

15. ebv msv

^ RxebKvj RvZ we avb28

^ RxebKvj RvZ we avb45

15.1 eviv gmyg nvIo GjvKvq AvKwK ebv _K Kx Ki iv cvIqv hvq?

nvIo GjvKvq cvKv ev Avav cvKv avb AvKwK ebvq Zwjq hvq| mvaviYZ ekvL gvmi ZZxq mvn _K G ebv ev Xj i nq| ZvB cvKv avb ivi cqvRbxq eev wbZ ne|

eevcbv
4 4 4 4

Rwgi Aenvb I Xj Avmvi mgq eyS Dchy m gqvw` RvZ Pvl KiZ ne, hgb-we avb28, we avb45 mwVK mgq exRZjvq exR ecb Ki 35-40 w`bi Pviv ivcY KiZ ne mgqgZ BDwiqv mvi Dcwi cqvM I Abvb cwiPhv kl KiZ ne `wi bv Ki kZKiv 80 fvM avb cvKvi mv_ mv_ avb KU djZ ne|

15.2 Avgb AvKwK ebv ceY GjvKvq Kvb Kvb RvZ Pvl Kiv DwPZ?
`ki wewfb GjvKvq AvKwK ebv ceY Aj hLvb ivcv Avgb gmyg 14-16 w`bi ebvq RjgM nIqvi mvebv _vK, mLvb we avb51 Ges we avb52 Pvl Ki mvlRbK djb cZ cvib|

RvZi ewk
4 4 4 4 4 4

RjgM mnbkxj RvZ we avb51 we avb51 Ges we avb52 Gi exRZjv 2 mvn RjgM _vKjI Pviv gi bv Pviv ivcYi GK mvn ci 14-16 w`b cvwbZ Wye _vKjI Pviv wZM nq bv ebvgy cwiek RvZ `ywUi RxebKvj 140-145 w`b Ges 14 w`bi AvKwK ebv KewjZ nj RxebKvj 155-160 w`b Dchy cwiPhv cj AvKwK ebvq 14-16 w`b Wye _vKjI 15-17 gY/weNv djb w`Z mg ebvi cvwb mi hvIqvi 7 w`b ci cvwb Ki MvQi cvZv ayq cwivi Ki w`Z ne ebvi 7-10 w`b ci Rwg AvMvQv gy Ki BDwiqv Dcwi cqvM Ges 3 KwR GgIwc mvi cwZ weNvq cqvM KiZ ne|

15.3 Avgb ebv cieZx Kvb RvZwU Pvl Ki AwaK djb cvIqv hve?
evsjv`k cvq ermiB ebvq Avgb avbi evcK wZ nq _vK| Avgb avbi cvq 22% Rwg ebv ceY GjvKvi AvIZvf~| G mKj GjvKvq KlKiv mvaviYZ bvwe RvZ hgb- bvBRvikvBj Pvl Ki| G weAvi22, weAvi23 I we avb46 Pvl Ki bvBRvikvBji Pq weNv cwZ 4.0-5.5 gY AwaK djb cZ cvib|
bvwe RvZ weAvi 22

eevcbv
4 4 4 4

bvwei 40-50 w`bi Pviv fv` gvmi i _K kl ch (15 mi) ivcY Kiv hve bvwe ivcYi 5-7wU Ki Pviv ivcY KiZ ne bvweZ ivcY `~iZ 2015 mwg nIqv DwPZ Ze fv` gvmi ci Avi Kvb avb ivcY Kiv DwPZ bq|
bvwe RvZ weAvi 23

cv 19

15.4 Avgb gmyg avbi Pviv ebvq wZM nj weK Kx Kiv hvq? ebvq wZMn GjvKvq Pvwliv gmygi kl chvq bZyb Ki Pviv Zwi KiZ cvi bv weavq wZMn RwgZ c~bivq Pviv ivcY Kiv me nq bv| ebvgy GjvKvi avbi Rwgi gyj MvQv _K 2/3wU Kzwk f Avjv`v Kij djb Zgb Kvb wZ nq bv| Kzwk f jvMvbv RwgZ djb weNv cwZ 13-15 gY cvIqv hvq| Ze avb cvKZ mvaviYZ 3-12 w`b ewk mgq jvM|

eevcbv
4 4 4 4

h mKj Rwg ebvq wZM nqwb Ggb Rwg nZ 30-40 w`b eqmi avbi wQ _K 2-3wU Kzwk f Avjv`v KiZ ne bZyb RwgZ cwZ MvQvq 2-3wU Kzwk wbavwiZ `~iZ ivcY KiZ ne Rwgi DeiZv Ges avbi RvZi Kzwk MRvbvi gZvi Dci wfw Ki GKK GjvKvi fvv Kzwk w`q 4-8 Y bZyb Rwg jvMvbv hvq mvi cqvM, AvMvQv `gb, cvwb eenvcbv I Abvb cwiPhv mvfvweK fve jvMvbv Pvivi gZB KiZ ne|

15.5 fvmgvb exRZjv Kx Ges Kb Kiv nq?

ebvi cvwbZ Wye hvIqvi KviY exRZjv Kivi gZ DuPy Rwg cvIqv bv Mj A_ev cvwb bg hvIqvi ci Pviv Zwii Rb h_ mgq cvIqv bv Mj fvmgvb exRZjv Zwi Kiv hZ cvi|

fvmgvb exRZjv Zwi

fvmgvb exRZjv

Zwii cwZ
4 4 4 4 4

c_g ebvi cvwb, cyKzi, Wvev ev Lvji Dci evuki PvUvBqi gvPv ev KjvMvQi fjv Zwi KiZ ne Zvi Dci 2-3 mwUwgUvi cyi Kv`vi i w`q Kv`vgq exRZjv Zwi KiZ ne Gici mvfvweK wbqg AsKzwiZ exR H exRZjvq djZ ne exRZjv hvZ fm bv hvq mRb LuywUi mv_ uea ivLZ ne cvwbZ fvmgvb _vKvi KviY Gic exRZjvq mvaviYZ cvwb mPi `iKvi nq bv|

cv 20

16. jeYvZv msv

weAvi23

we avb40

we avb41

we avb53

16.1 jeYvZv avbi Kx wZ Ki Ges Gi cwZKvii Dcvq Kx?

ewk jeYvZvi Rb avb MvQi Dcii cvZv A_vr bZyb cvZv mv`vU weeY nq gyPo hvq Ges cyivZb cvZv njy` _K ev`vwg iO aviY Ki| MvQi evo-evowZ Amgvb, MvQ LvUv, Kzwk Kg nq, wkl mv`v nq hvq Ges Qov fvjfve ei nq bv, `vbv QvU nq I wPUv nq hvq Ges wkKo gviv hvq| jeYvZv RwbZ mgmv Avgv`i `k DcK~jeZx Aj eviv gmyg ewk Ges Avgb gmygI wKQz cwijwZ nq|

eevcbv
4 4 4 4 4

avb Pvli mgq RwgZ me mgq wKQz cvwb ai ivLZ ne ew ev wgVv cvwbi mvnvh mP w`Z ne wKQz w`b cici Rwgi cvwb cwieZb Ki w`Z ne jeY cwZiva gZvmb avbi RvZ hgb- eviv gmyg we avb47, Avgb gmyg weAvi23,we avb40, we avb41, we avb53 I we avb54 Pvl KiZ ne weNv cwZ 300-400 KwR QvB cqvM Kiv Dg|

16.2 evivZ jeYv Aji RvZ KvbwU?

avb mvaviYZ jeYvZv mse`kxj dmj| G KviY jeYv GjvKvq wekl Ki eviv gmyg Ddkx avb Pvlvev` evnZ nq| eviv gmyg avb MvQi cyiv RxebKvj jeYvZvi AvIZvq co|

jeY mnbkxj RvZ we avb47

RvZi ewk
4 4 4

we avb47 Gi cyiv RxebKvj gag gvvi (6 wWGm/wgUvi) jeY mnbkxj RvZwUi RxebKvj 152 w`b Ges jeYv cwiek weNv cwZ djb 22 gY AZGe jeYv GjvKvq we avb47 Pvl Ki ewk djb cvIqv hve|

16.3 Avgb jeYv Aji RvZ Kvbjv Ges G`i ewk Kx? evsjv`ki DcKjxq Aj cvq 8.5 jvL ni RwgZ wewfb gvvq jeYvZv iqQ| jeYvZvi Rb avbi Pvl wewNZ nq| Pviv I cRbb chvq we avb40, we avb41, we avb53 I we avb54 AZ 8-10 wWGm/wgUvi A_vr gag gvvq jeYvZv mn KiZ cvi| AZGe Gme Aj jeYmnbkxj avbi RvZ Pvl Ki nvbxq RvZi PvBZ AZ wY djb cvIqv me|

RvZi ewk
4 4

weAvi23, we avb40, we avb41, we avb53 I we avb54 gvSvwi wbPy Aji ivcv Avgb gmyg Pvlvev` DchvMx I jeY mnbkxj Dchy cwiPhvq Gme RvZi djb 17-20 gY/weNv cvIqv hvq| cv 21

16.4 jeYv GjvKvq jeYhy cvwb mP wnme eenvi Kiv hve Kx?
evsjv`ki DcK~jxq Aj cvq 8.5 j ni Rwg wewfb gvvi jeYvZv KewjZ| avb mvaviYZ jeYvZv mse`bkxj dmj| Gme Aji f~Mf Ges b`xi cvwb wewfb gvvq jeYvZv _vK| G KviY jeYv GjvKvq wekl Ki eviv gmyg Ddkx avb Pvlvev` evnZ nq|

eevcbv
4 4

hw` mPi cvwbi jeYvZv 3 wWGm/wgUvi ev Zvi Kg nq Zvnj f~Mf ev b`xi cvwb eenvi Ki hLvb gvwUi jeYvZv 5-6 wWGm/wgUvi AvQ mLvb mnRB we avb47 Pvl Kiv hve Ze 3 wWGm/wgUvi Gi Pq ewk gvvi jeYvZvhy cvwb KLbI mPi Rb eenvi Kiv hve bv| GZ gvwUi jeYvZv Aviv ew cve|

16.5 wPswoi Ni avb Pvl Kiv hve Kx?

DcK~jxq Aj avbx RwgK wPswoi Ni cwiYZ Kiv nq _vK| Ze eviv gmyg Ni gvQ Pvl nq bv weavq cwZZ _vK| ZvQvov wKQy Rwg bvbv KviY Nii evwni Pj AvmQ wK jeYvZvi Rb avb Pvl Kiv hvq bv|

eevcbv
4

hw` mPi cvwbi jeYvZv 1 wWGm/wgUvi Gi ga _vK Zvnj mPi cvwb (f~Mf A_ev b`xi cvwb) eenvi Ki wPswoi Ni hLvb gvwUi jeYvZv 10-12 wWGm/wgUvi nq mLvb we avb47 Pvl Kiv hvq Ze cwZ mvn Zi c~ei cvwb wbvkb KiZ ne Ges bZyb cvwb w`q mP w`Z ne|
wPswoi Ni

17. kxZ msv

kxZvv avbMvQ

17.1 eviv gmyg cP kxZ _K Kxfve Pviv iv Kiv hvq?

exRZjv cwiPhvi gvag cP kxZ _K Pviv iv Kiv hvq| kxZi Rb Pvivi evo-evowZ evnZ nq| GgbwK cP kxZ Pviv giI hZ cvi| GgZvevq exRZjvi cwiPhv AZvekK| eevcbv 4 cP kxZi ivZ exRZjv cwjw_b w`q XK ivLj VvvRwbZ wZ _K Pviv iv cvq 4 Zxe kxZ exRZjvq `vuovbv cvwb ivLj Pviv mZR _vK Ges Kg wZM nq 4 Pviv nj` nq Mj cwZ eMwgUvi 7 Mvg ev cwZ kZvsk 280 Mvg Ki BDwiqv mvi Dcwi cqvM KiZ ne|

17.2 evivZ Vvv mwny RvZ KvbwU?

AwZwi Vvv ceY GjvKvq kxZ MvQi evo-evowZ evnZ nq Ggb wK Pviv gi hvq| Gme G Vvv mwny RvZ hgb-we avb36 Pvlvev` Kiv DwPZ|

RvZi ewk
4 4

we avb36 GKwU AvMvg Ges Vvv mwny RvZ AwaK Vvvq GRvZi Pviv mnR gi bv| cv 22

Vvv mwn RvZ we avb36

18. avbi wPUv msv

18.1 eviv gmyg avb ewk wPUv nq Kb?
mvaviYZ avb kZKiv 15-20 fvM wPUv nZ cvi| wPUvi cwigvY Gi Pq ewk nj eySZ ne _vo _K dzj dvUv Aevq dmj Kvb bv Kvb cwZKjZvi wkKvi nqQ| hgb- Amnbxq Mig, Liv, So, ivM I cvKvgvKoi AvgY BZvw`| avb _vo _K dzj dvUv Aevq Kvb cwZKj Aenvi wkKvi nj gvGvwZwi wPUv nq hvq| KvBP_vo _K _vo Ae'vq ivZi Zvcgvv 12-13 wWwM mjwmqvm ev Gi bxP Ges w`bi Zvcgvv 28-29 wWwM mjwmqvm ev Gi bxP nq Zvnj avb wPUv nIqvi Rb `vqx| GgZvevq 5-6 w`b kZ cevn PjZ _vKj avbi AwZwi wPUv nIqvi Avkv _vK| ZvQvov Livi KviY wkl kvLv ew evnZ nq Ges weKZ I ev avbi Rb `qvq wPUvi msLv eo hvq|

eevcbv
4 4 4

dzj dvUvi mgq Zvcgvv 350 (wWwM) mjwmqvm ev Zvi Dci 1-2 NUv weivR Kij avb gvvwZwi wPUv nq hvq cP Sov evZvm MvQ _K cvwb cm`b cwqvq ewiq hvq, Avevi Sov evZvm civMvqY, MfaviY I Pvji ew evnZ Ki, dj avbi iO Lqwi ev Kvjv nq wPUv nq hvq eviv avb AMnvqYi iZ exR ecb Ki 40-45 w`bi Pviv ivcY Kij avbi _vo Ges dzj dvUvi mgq Amnbxq DP Zvcgvvq coe bv weavq wPUv _K iv cve|

18.2 Avgb gmyg avb wPUv nIqvi cavb KviY Kx?

Avgb gmyg Livi KviY wkl kvLv ew evnZ nq Ges weKZ I ev avbi Rb `qvq wPUvi msLv eo hvq|

eevcbv
4 4

ivcv Avgb avb kveYi iZ exR ecb Ki Dchy eqmi Pviv ivcY Kij avbi _vo Ges dzj dvUv Amnbxq wbg Zvcgvvq coe bv weavq wPUv Kg ne m AvjvK-mse`bkxj RvZ Ges AvjvK-Amse`bkxj RvZ KvbgB 31 fv`i ci ivcY Kiv DwPZ bq| Pvlvev` Gme wbqg cvjbi gvag avbi wPUv Kgvbv me|

avbi wPUv

19. avbMvQ njciv msv

njciv avbZ

njciv avbZ

19.1 avb MvQ nj co Kb Ges Gi cwZKvii Dcvq Kx?

avb MvQ mevP Kzwk Aev _K cvKv Aevq Sov nvIqv ev Abvb KviY nj coZ cvi| _vo Aevq MvQ co Mj wkl evwni nZ cvi bv, Avi evwni njI dzj dvUv Ges civMvqY wewNZ nq weavq AwZwi wPUv nq hvq| `ya Aevq, `vbv k nIqv Aevq ev cvKv chvq co MjI djbi h_ wZ nq| cvKv avb nj cvwbZ co Mj exRi YvY b nq hvq|

cwZKvi
4

4 4

mvaviYZ avb MvQi wbPi w`Ki Avce (Internode) jv LvUv Ges Dcii w`Ki jv jv nq _vK| hw` Kvb RvZi wbPi w`Ki Avce Kg cyi Ges jv nq Zvnj mnRB MvQ evZvm nj co| G KviY we avb32 Gi nj covi ceYZv ewk| Aci w`K weAvi11 I Abvb RvZi D mgmv bv _vKvq MvQ nj co bv nj cov cwZivax RvZ Pvl KiZ ne mylg mvi mwVK gvvq mwVK mgq cqvM KiZ ne| cv 23

njcov RvZ we avb32

20. kvIjv msv

20.1 eviv avb Z kvIjv Kxfve wZ Ki Ges Gi cwZKvii eev Kx?
kvIjv bvBUvRb mvi MnY cwZhvwMZv Ki avbi Pvivi evo-evowZ Kwgq `q| AvgY ewk nj h_vmgq `gb eev bv wbj Kzwk dvKvm nq djb Kg hvq|

cwZKvi
4 4 4 4

kvIjv nIqvi mvebv _vKj evmvj bvBUvRb bv w`q ivcYi 10 w`b ci Dcwi cqvM KiZ ne Pvivi wkKo MRvbv ch Kg DPZvq (wQcwQc) cvwb ivLZ ne ewk Avv RwgZ 150-250 Mvg ZzZ (Kcvi mvjdU) evwji mv_ wgwkq cwZ weNvq wQwUq w`Z ne AWD cwZZ mP w`j kvIjv nIqvi mvebv Kg hvq|
kvIjv Avv Z

21. fvZ msv

21.1 weAvi26 Gi fvZ big nq hvq Kb Ges Gi cwZKvi Kxfve Kiv hvq?
weAvi26 ivcv AvDki RvZ| GwU eviv gmyg AvMvg RvZ wnmveI Pvl Kiv hvq| Gi Pvj mv`v, jv, wPKb Ges fvZ big I wKQyUv AvVvjv| Gi KviY weAvi26-G GvgvBjvRi cwigvY 23%| hme RvZ GvgvBjvR 25-30% mjvi fvZ k Ges SiSi nq| GvgvBjvRi cwivgY 20-25% nj fvZ big Ges wKQyUv AvVvjv nq| hw` GvgvBjvRi cwigvY LyeB Kg (2-10%) nq Ze fvZ ewk AvVvjv nq hvq, hgb weiBb (8.0% GvgvBjvR)| ZvB weiBbi fvZ fvc ivbv KiZ nq|

cwZKvi
4 4

weAvi26

weAvi26 Gi avb ev Pvj wKQy w`b (2-3 gvm) Ni ivLvi ci ivbv Kij fvZ SiSi nq Ges AvVvjv fve _vK bv cvwb dvUvbvi ci ZvZ PvDj Qo w`q ivbv Kij D mgmv nq bv|

22.2 fvZi gvo Kx cwigvY cyw _vK Ges Zv Kxfve iv Kiv hvq ?
cywmZ fvZ ivbvi cwZ mK vb bv _vKvq `k cwZeQi wecyj cwigvY Lv`i AcPq nQ| ay fvZi gvoi mv_ 10-15% cyw Pj hvq| gvo bv dj fvZ ivbv Kij GB AcPq iva Kiv hvq| GZ Ki eQi 40-50 j Ub mgcwigvY Pvji AcPq iva Kiv me|

cwZKvi
4

ewU ev emv fvZ A_vr fvZi gvo bv dj ivbvi mgq cvwb wKq dj GB AcPq iva Kiv hvq|

fvZ I gvo

cv 24

22. Avgb Pvl msv

we avb33

we avb39

we avb56

we avb57

22.1 Avgb mvweK djb Kxfve ew Kiv hvq?

ivcv Avgb g~jZ ewwbfi dmj| AvenvIqvi cwieZbi dj mviv `k ewcvZi cwigvY Ges Gi i I kli ga weivU cv_K cwijwZ nQ| h_vmgq ewcvZ bv nIqv Ges mP myweav we`gvb _vKv mI mgqgZ eenvi bv Kivi dj mwVK mgq mwVK eqmi Pviv ivcY Kiv me nq bv| djkwZZ cieZx chvq A_vr KvBP_vo _K `vbv cy nIqv ch Livi cfve djb `viYfve wZM nq|

cwZKvi
4

h_vh_ eev MnYi gvag we`gvb mP eev mPj iL ivcv Avgb gmyg mgqgZ ivcY I cqvRb dmji cieZx chvq m~iK mP c`vbi gvag `k avbi Drcv`b ew Kiv me|

22.2 iwe dmji weN bv NwUq Kxfve Avgb Pvl Kiv hvq? Dchy ^ RxebKvji RvZ Pvl Ki Avgb dmj KvwZKi gvSvgvwS KU mgqgZ iwe dmj hgb- Wvj, Zj, Mg Avev` Kiv hvq| ZvZ D dmjmg~ni djbi Zgb Kvb Amyweav nq bv|

cwZKvi
GB me we avb33, we avb39, we avb56 I we avb57 Pvl Kib|

23. avbi djb msv

23.1 avbi djb Kg nIqvi KviYmg~n Kx Ges Gjvi cwZKvii eev Kx?
wewfb KviY avbi KvwZ djb ARb Kiv me nq bv| Zvi ga avb Drcv`b cwZi mwVK eevcbvi Afve, ivMevjvB I cvKwZK wechq cavb| ZvB my eevcbvi gvag avbi djb AbKvsk evovbv me|

cwZKvi
4 4 4 4 4

4 4 4

gmyg I Ajf` mwVK RvZ wbevPbt gmyg I cwiek DchvMx avbi RvZ Ges avb Drcv`b ewi Rb dmj, gvwU, cvwb, mvi BZvw` welqK KjvKkj mwVK fve cqvM KiZ ne avb MvQi evo-evowZ mwVK chvq ivLvt wewfb Lv`vcv`vbi NvUwZ ev AvwaKZvi Rb avb MvQi ewZ weic cwZwqv mw nq| KvwZ djb cZ nj mylg gvvq mwVK mvi cqvM KiZ ne mgqgZ mvi Dcwi cqvMt Kzwk MRvbvi c_g I gvSvgvwS chvq Ges KvBP_vo Avmvi mgq MvQ ewk cwigvY bvBUvRb mvi MnY Ki _vK, ZvB mgqgZ Dcwi cqvM KiZ ne mwVK mgq Pviv ivcYt mgqi AvM ev ci avb Pvl Kij gmygf` avbi djb weNv cwZ 4-8 gY Kg hZ cvi, myZivs AwaK djb cZ nj mwVK mgq avb ivcY KiZ ne mwVK `~iZ Pviv ivcYt Pviv ivcYi `~iZi eeavbi Rb avbi djbi cv_K nq _vK, hgb- avbi RvZ, Pviv ivcYi mgq, Pvivi eqm Ges gvwUi DeiZvi ZviZgi Rb Pviv ivcYi `yiZ Kg ewk KiZ nq| mwVK `~iZ Pviv ivcY Kiv nj ewk cwigvY Kzwk I Qov cvIqv hvq weavq djb evo| ivcYi Rb mvwi _K mvwii 20-25 mwUwgUvi Ges wQ _K wQi 15-20 mwUwgUvi `~iZ w`Z ne mwVK Mfxi Pviv ivcYt gvwUi 2-3 mwUwgUvi MfxiZvq Pviv ivcY Kiv Dg| mwVK MfxiZvq Pviv ivcY Kij Pvivi evo-evowZ `Z i nq Ges Kzwki msLv evo hvq weavq djbI evo RwgZ cwiwgZ mPi cvwb ivLvt RwgZ AwZwi `vouvbv cvwb _vKj Kzwki msLv Kg hvq| RwgZ 4-10 mwg cvwb ivLj djb evo Ges AvMvQv `gb mvnvh Ki evjvB eevcbvt mwVK mgq mwVK eevcbvi gvag ivM I cvKv `gb Ki KvwZ djb cvIqv me| cv 25

24. avb KvUv msv

avb KZb

24.1 avb KvUvi Dchy mgq KLb?

RwgZ avb cK Mj KvUZ gvUB wej Kiv DwPZ bq| AwaK cvKv Aevq dmj KvUj AbK avb Si co, wkl f hvq Ges cvwLi I Bu`yii AvgY nZ cvi| GZ djb Kg hvq| ZvB cvKvi ci `wi bv Ki h_vmgq avb KvUv DwPZ|

cwZKvi
4

wkli AMfvM _K avb cvKv i nq| ZvB Rwgbi ewki fvM wkli AMfvMi kZKiv 80 fvM avbi Pvj k nj Ges wbPi Ask kZKiv 20 fvM avbi Pvj AvswkK k I mQ njB avb wVKgZv cKQ ej ai wbZ ne Ges `wi bv Ki avb KU djZ ne|

80 fvM cvKv avb

25. avb exR msv

fvj exR

Lvivc exR

25.1 exR avb Drcv`bi mnR Dcvq Kx?

fvj exR fvj djb| AwaK djb cZ nj fvj exRi cqvRb| YMZ exR bv nj KvwZ djb Avkv Kiv hvq bv|

eevcbv
4 4

4 4

h Rwgi avb fvj nqQ, ivM I cvKvgvKoi AvgY nqwb Ges AvMvQvgy m me Rwgi avb exR wnmve ivLvi wmv wbZ ne avb KvUvi AvMB weRvZxq (Off type) MvQ KU djZ ne| hme MvQi AvKvi AvKwZ, wkli aib, avbi AvKvi-AvKwZ, iO I O Ges avb cvKvi mgq Rwgi AwaKvsk MvQ _K GKUy Avjv`v mwjB weRvZxq MvQ exR avbi wbavwiZ vb mKj ivMvv MvQ AcmviY KiZ ne Gici dmj KZb Ges Avjv`v fve gvovB, SvovB Ki fvjfve iv` wKq msiY KiZ ne|

25.2 ev`jv w`b Kxfve exR avb Kvbv hvq?

ewi w`b exR avb gvovB Kiv I Kvbv KKi| GgZvevq exR avb cvjv w`q iL w`j exRi YMZ gvb b nq hvq| ZvB mvgwqK fve exR wKQzUv Kvbvi eev KiZ ne|

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4 4 4

wkl KU QvU QvU AvuwU Ki Nii wfZi Szwjq KvZ ne| ci iv` fvj Ki wKq wbZ ne ev`jv w`b exR Wvqvi Kvbv DwPZ Ni e`ywZK dvbi evZvmi mvnvhI exR Kvbv hZ cvi| cv 26

25.3 avb KvUvi mv_ mv_ H avb exR wnmve cieZx dmji Rb eenvi Kiv hve Kx?
Kvb Kvb avbi RvZ c~Y Rxewbkw (Viability) _vKv mI AsKziv`Mgbi AbyKj cwiek cj exR AsKzwiZ nq bv| exRi G ewkK myZv ev Nyg Aev ej| exRi myZvK 4 fvM fvM Kiv nq, hgb `xN gqv`x, gag gqv`x, `yej I myZvwenxb exR| cvKwZK fve exRi myZv 2-12 mvni ga KU hvq| myZv bv KvUv ev fvv ch exR avb MRve bv| DjL, Ddkx RvZmg~n gag ev `yej myZv mb Ges vbxq AvDk RvZjv myZvwenxb ejv Pj| eevcbv 4 Kbv avb GKvavi 4-5 w`b Kov iv` (50 wWwM mwUMW Zvcgvvq) Kvj AwaKvsk exRi myZv f hvq| Ze `xN gqv`x myZv fvZ 7-10 w`b fvj Ki KvZ ne 4 ivmvqwbK Dcvq 0.1% bvBwUK GwmW `eY 24 NUv wfwRq iL exRi myZv fvvbv hvq 4 vbxq AvDk avbi RvZjv KvUvi ci ciB exR wnmve eenvi Kiv hvq hnZz RvZjv myZvwenxb 4 exRi myZv bv fvv ch m avb exR wnmve eenvi Kiv hve bv|

25.4 ev`jv w`b wKfve exRi AsKziv`Mg iva Kiv hvq?

mvaviYZ `yej ev myZvwenxb RvZjv AwaK mgq ai ewi cvwb cj cvKv avb gvV ev DVvb cvjv Aevq MwRq hvq| ZLb GmKj avb exR wnmve eenvi Kiv hvq bv GgbwK avbi YvYI b nq hvq|

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4 4 4

avb cK Mj Avi `wi bv Ki ewi AvMB KU mv_ mv_ gvovB-SvovB Ki iv` wKq wbZ ne ev`jv w`b exR avb Wvqvi Kvbvi eev KiZ ne ev`jv w`b cvKv avb gvV wfR Mj `wi bv Ki gvovB-SvovB Ki evZvm ev dvbi evZvm mvgwqK wKQzUv Kvbvi eev KiZ ne Ges ci iv` fvj Ki KvZ ne|

25.5 gwkb gvovB Kij exR avbi wZ nq Kx?

exR avb mwVK mgq gvovB I SvovB Kiv GKwU iZc~Y KvR| Mii gjb w`q, MvQi wo ev Wvg wcwUq avb gvovB Kiv nq, hv kvixwiK fve K`vqK Ges mgq ewk jvM Avi GZ avbi wZi cwigvYI ewk| ZvB AvovB evwo ev cvq gvovbvi K_v ejv nq _vK| wK exR Drcv`b dvg ev eo Pvwli c GB chyw AbymiY Kiv me bq|

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4

Gme we km gvovB h (Icb Wvg _mvi I KvIR Wvg _mvi) exR avb gvovB Gi Rb DchvMx| Ze Kvb AevZB gwkbi AviwcGg (RPM) 700 Gi ewk `qv hve bv| Gfve gvovB Kij exR avbi Kvb wZ ne bv|

25.6 exR avb msiYi cwZ mg~n Kx?

exRavb gvovB

exR msiYi Dci exRi YMZ gvb AbKvsk wbfikxj| ZvB Av`k exR msiYi KjvKkj gb exRi YMZ gvb eRvq ivLZ ne| cwZmg~n 4 avb gvovB Kivi ci iv` 5-6 w`b fvjfve wKq wbZ ne hb exRi Av`Zv kZKiv 12 fvMi wbP _vK 4 `uvZ w`q exR KvUj hw` KU Ki k nq Zvnj eySZ ne exR wVKgZ wKqQ 4 cy avb evQvB KiZ Kzjv w`q Kgc `yevi So wbZ ne

wewfb cwZZ exRavb msiY

cv 27

4evqyivax cv exR ivLv DwPZ| exR ivLvi Rb Wvg, wezU ev Kivwmbi wUb eenvi Kiv fvj 4 gvwUi gUKv ev Kjm exR ivLj Zvi Mvq `yevi AvjKvZivi cjc w`q wKq evq~ivax Ki wbZ ne 4 Av`ZvivaK gvUv cwjw_bI exR msiY Kiv hZ cvi 4 iv` Kvbv exR Vvv Ki cv fiZ ne 4 cyiv cvwU exR w`q fi ivLZ ne| hw` exR cv bv fi Ze exRi Dci KvMR wewQq Zvi Dci Kbv evwj w`q 4 4 4

cv cwic~Y KiZ ne cvi gyL fvjfve e KiZ ne hb evZvm XyKZ bv ci Ggb RvqMvq exR ivLZ ne hb cvi Zjv gvwUi msk bv Avm cwZ gY avb 120 Mvg wbg, wbwk`v ev wekKvUvwji cvZvi uov wgwkq MvjvRvZ Kij cvKvi AvgY nq bv|

25.7 exR avbi AsKziv`Mg gZv 80% ev Zvi ewk nZ ne Kb ?

Dchy cwiek exRi Y _K h cqvRbxq Ask AsKzwiZ I ewaZ nq GKwU ^vfvweK Pvivi mwi BswMZ `q ZvK AsKziv`Mg ej Ges exRi AsKzwiZ nIqvi gZvK exRi AsKziv`Mg gZv ej| fvj exRi Rb AsKziv`Mg gZv 80% ev Zvi ewk nZ ne|

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4 4

exRi mwVKgvb eRvq AvQ Kx bv A_vr exR _K myv Pvivi gvag ^vfvweK MvQ cwiYZ ne Kx bv Zv Rvbvi Rb exRi AsKziv`Mg gZv Rvbv wekl cqvRb exRi 80% AsKziv`Mg gZv, gvbmb exRi GKwU cavb ewk| exR AZ 80% AsKziv`Mg gZv bv _vKj ZvK fvj exR ejv nq bv, GgbwK Zv exR wnmve MY Kiv nq bv

AsKziv`Mg gZv 80% Gi wbPi exR eenvi Kijt 4 cqvRbxq msLK Pviv cvIqv hvq bv 4 my mej Pviv Drcvw`Z nq bv 4 dmj ewk ivMvv nq Ges djb Kg hvq| 25.8 fvj exR Kv_vq, Kxfve cvIqv hve? fvj exR fvj dmj| dmj Drcv`b ewi g~j DcKiYB nQ DbZgvbi exR| gvb mb fvj exR eenvii gvag avbi djb 10-15% ew Kiv me| `ki gvU exR Pvwn`vi gv 20% DbZgvbi exR miKvwi I emiKvwi msv KZK mieivn Kiv nq _vK| Gi ga miKvwi eevcbvq weGwWwm 10% exR mieivn Ki _vK| ewk djbi Rb fvj exR eenvi Kiv Riwi|

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4 4

weGwWwmi mKj iwRvW jvBmcv wWjvi`i wbKU _K exR msMn Kib| mviv `k Zv`i wWjvi wbqvwRZ AvQ| wewfb emiKvwi cwZvb we _K weWvi mxW wbq fvj exR Drcv`b Ki _vK| Gme cwZvb _KI exR msMn Kiv hZ cvi| DjLhvM cwZvbjv nj- evK, c`c, hgybv Mc, nxW (evsjv`k), cwkKv, AviwWAviGm, mykxjb, wmbRUv (evsjv`k), GbvwRcvK GMv, mycxg mxW Kvvbx, GwmAvB wjt, bvBKj, MUKv, GMv wfkb, Kwlwe` wmW wjwgUW, Bvnvwb GMv, b_-mvD_ mxW, mRvM, cvwRqv mgvR Kjvb msv BZvw`| ZvQvov, ewMZ D`vM KqKkZ msv we _K weWvi mxW wbq avbi exR Drcv`b Ki _vK| Zv`i mv_ hvMvhvM

fvj exR AwaK djb

cv 29