Anti nationalism Liberal and Pacifist In the liberal political tradition there is widespread criticism of nationalism as a dangerous force

and a cause of conflict and war between nation-states. Nation alism has often been exploited to encourage citizens to partake in the nations' conflicts. Such examples include The Two World Wars, where nationalism was a key component of propaganda material. Liberals do not generally dispute the existen ce of the nation-states. The liberal critique also emphasizes individual freedom as opposed to national identity, which is by definition collective. The pacifist critique of nationalism also concentrates on the violence of nation alist movements, the associated militarism, and on conflicts between nations ins pired by jingoism or chauvinism. National symbols and patriotic assertiveness ar e in some countries discredited by their historical link with past wars, especia lly in Germany. Famous pacifist Bertrand Russell criticizes nationalism for dimi nishing the individual's capacity to judge his or her fatherland's foreign polic y.[57] Albert Einstein stated that "Nationalism is an infantile disease... It is the measles of mankind."[58]