ANGLICK GRAMATIKA

ROZDL MEZI ANGLIINOU A ETINOU (FLEXE OHBN SLOV) - v etin mme mnoho tvar sloves anglitina to vyrovnv podkem slov ve vt - stejnou vc se e rozliovn slovnch druh v anglitin - nepravideln slovesa jsou pozstatek po dobch kdy se anglitina skloovala

SYSTM SLOVESNCH AS
Time vs. Tense (as jako kategorie reln, to co plyne x tense je gramatick verze) Tense zarazuje dej z hlediska mluvciho a vyjadruje take casove vztahy mezi jednotlivymi deji asy maj dva sety ( perfektn perfect a standartn ) jako pedminul(past perfect) prbhov doasnost dje, prbh (proces) dje a aktualizace ne vdy jsou vechny kategorie naplnny ... plat pro vechny prbhov asy

PTOMN ASY PRESENT SIMPLE (PTOMN AS PROST) Tvar: I like, he works (ve tet osob jednotnho sla se pidv s) v 3. tvaru pokud je ped Y samohlska tak se mn na i dvat si pozor i na dal zmny: say says givegives teachteaches Otzka:- pomoc slovesa DO - W-otzky: Who likes you? Zpor: dont, doesnt Pouit: 1) PODVME OBECNOU CHARAKTERISTIKU Doctors cure pacients 2) OBVYKL OPAKOVAN DJ V PTOMNOSTI S DAJEM FREKVENTNOSTI: My mum teaches in school three times weekly. 3) POKUD NEKDO NECO DELA OBVYKLE, POKUD NECO NEKDO DELA PRAVIDELNE (bez udani delky) I play the guitar. 4) TIMELESS PRESENT = pouv se tehdy kdy nezle na ase v nvodech instrukcch 5) GENERAL STATEMENTS vrok se veobecnou platnost ( zem se ot ) Seznam pslovench uren: Often, ussually, sometimes, never, allways, rarely, all (on Sundays apod.) vechy co uruj frekventnost neni pravidlo, e to mus bt present simple pokud se tam to slovicko vyskytuje PRESENT CONTINUOUS (PTOMN AS PRBHOV)

Tvar: pomocn sloveso be + ing - pokud kon sloveso na ie tak se mn na y a pid se ing lie lying, diedying, lielying - pokud je sloveso ukoneno uzavenou slabikou (je na n draz) tak se vyskytuje zdvojen put -> putting, sitsitting, shopshopping, get getting - (plat u vech jednoslabinch + dvojslabin kte vyhovuj podmnce) begin -> beginning, permitpermitting, regretregretting Otzka: otoen slovosledu: Are you dancing? Are you sleeping? Zpor: You arent, I am not Pouit: 1) VYJADUJE DJ, KTER SE ODEHRV ZROVNA KDY MLUV VYJADUJE CO SE DJE. She is making notes. 2) POKUD MLUVIME O CASE KDYZ JSME ZROVNA MLUVILI 3) AROUND TIME OF SPEAKING- dle trvajc ptomnost - pokud rikam ctu zajimavou knihu i kdy ji zrovna nectu(im reading wonderful book) pokud chci poukazat na jeji jedinecnost - We are buying a new house. 4) AKTUALIZACE: pro oznaceni deje, ktery se odehrava v casove periodicite v niz je zarazen okamzik promluvy (pokud chci odlisit pritomnost od budoucnosti) Im not playing tennis this season 5) CHANGING SITUATION - rozvijejici se dej, nejaky prosec prubehu You are getting better and better, Your english is improving Seznam pslovench uren: now, just, now, at present He is always coming late. moje hodnoceni ze me to stve (aktualizace) nkter slovesa se vyskytuj v prbhovch asech ( velmi vyjmen ): smyslov slovesa smell, see, hear, hurt emocionln slovesa like, hate, dislike, want, wish myslenkov pohled na situaci think, believe, understand, mind vyjadrujici vztahy own, have , belong , consist, exclude, include sloveso be (ve vznamu bti existovat) pokud mluvim o svem pocitu (hurt) It hurts me. pokud je nekdo strujcem deje ( hurting) You are hurting me. Dynamika ( -ing) x statika ( bez ing) What are you thinking about?

VYJADOVN BUDOUCHO ASU

PRBHOVM ASEM(CONTINUOUS) jeho konn bylo rozhodnuto v minulosti ARRAGEMENT What are you doing tommorow? She is comming to lunch at two. ( dj je soucasti planu ktery uz byl ucinen)

PTOMN AS PROST pokud je konn pedem ureno njakm PROGRAMEM, TIMETABLE This lecture ends at 10.45. ASOV VTY PEDPTOMNM ASEM You can have the book when I have read it. pujcim ti tu knihu az ji budu mit prectenou dej vety vedlejsi bude dokoncen drive nez dej vety hlavni I will prepare diner after I have finished this work. (Veee bude JEN tehdy, jakmile dodlm tohle.) PTOMNM PROSTM po WHEN, AFTER, je vdy as prost. I will do it after(when) he arrives. PODMINKOVE VETY IF,UNLESS,SUPOSSE podminkove vety se ridi stejnymi pravidly budouci cas je vyjadren pritomnym nezamenovat if a when (jako v cestine) i. if se pouziva pro hypoteticke deje ktere se mozna ani neodehraji ii. when se pravdepodobne a to velmi pravdepodobne odehraje Let me know when he will come ( pokud neni vztah casovy tady neni tak muzu pouzit will jinak se cas za temito spojkami vyjadruje pomoci pritomneho casu) v teto vete se neptam na to kdy ale na nco U prubehoveho zalezi na mem rozhodnuti(nebo na nekoho) u prosteho potom na vuli jine nez objektu ktery kona Pozn. Platnost celehosouveti je dano hlavni vetou V ANGLICTINE JEN JEDEN SIGNAL NIC SE NERIKA DVAKRAT(NELZE LAHVOVE PIVO VE FLASCE) BE GOING TO Ze jde o blizkou budoucnost je povera timing je irelevantni INTENTION - vyjadruje umysl (zamer ) subjetku vykonat nejakou cinnost. Im going to visit my granny. CONSEQUENCE There is so hot here, Im going to faint. je tu takove vedro ze asi omdlim (nechci omdlit ale je to neco co vyplyva z nejakych okolnosti v pritomnosti) Look at the sky. It is going to rain. Pozn. minulost I was going to do ... pokud jsem neco chtel udelat, ale neudelal. Vyjadreni budoucnosti pomoci regulernich budoucich casu WILL FUTURE SIMPLE (BUDOUC PROST) Tvar: I WILL go. Otzka: Will you go? POZOR NA OTAZKU VE DRUHE OSOBE !!!

Will you do something? je to vdy dost je vyzadovano nejake sorry apod. Zpor: I will not / I wont Pouit: 1) NEUTRLN BUDOUCNOST jen hol asov informace It will happen tommorow. 2) SLIBY - please help me I will, 3) NABIDKY I will lend you 4) ROZHODNUT PROBHLO HNED : I will help you. 5) VERIM, SLIBUJU, MYSLIM SI , DOUFAM + budouci dej, Nepouzivame pro vyjadreni deju, ktere jsou soucasti planu z pritomnosti(minulosti) pokud je ucineno rozhodnuti pred okamzikem promluvy tak going to a pokud je rozhodnuti ucineno v okamziku promluvy tak will !!! Seznam pslovench uren: definitely,probably,possibly, undoubtably SHALL Shall se nepouziva drive pro vyjadrovani budouciho casu v 1. osob FUTURE CONTINUOUS (PRBHOV BUDOUC) Tvar: BE + ING Otzka: Will you be coming? Will you be doing it? Will you be coming? - urcitou moznosti je to jen pouha otazka X ale je tu dost velk pravdpodobnost opt k njak dosti - Will you be using your car today? Nejde ani o to jestli ho budu moci pouzivat ale o to jestli ho nekomu pujcim Zpor: I will be not coming. Pouit: 1) DJ AKTULN PROBHAJC V URIT DOB 2) NAPED MM VYDEFINOVAN AS V BUDOUCNOSTI (ODPOV NA OTZKU WHEN) A DJ TAM SKUTEN BUDE PROBHAT (ne co zacne nebo skonci ale co projede celym tim casem) I will preparing dinner tommorow at 8. 3) MUSI BT UREN AS 4) PEVN ROZHODNUT VC: I will be calling tonight. I will be comming with you. Tommorow at 8 I will drive somewhere Popisuji zatek dje. Ztra ve dv vyjedu. Tommorow at 8 I will be driving to somewhere. k, ze v ten casovy udaj uz bude cinnost probihat (Zejtra ve dv budu sedt v aut a u pojedu nkam =budu na cest) FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE (PREDBUDOUCI CAS PROSTY) Tvar: I WILL HAVE DONE it. Otzka: Will you have done it?

Zpor: I will not have done it. ???????????????????????? Pouit: 1) NJAKY DJ, KTER SE BUDE ODEHRAVAT V BUDOUCNOSTI A BUDE DOKONEN DO NJAKHO OKAMIKU V ASE NEBO NE ZANE JINY DJ BUDOUC (zajm m vsledek a doba, kdy bude hotov) I will have translated the text BY 8. Do osmi to budu mit prelozene(ne primo v osm, ale do osmi) by je deadline I will have done it by the time you come. Budu to mit hotove nez prijdes. BY THE TIME, BY THE END : casova spojka nesmme pout WILL 2) HOW LONG?? Next year we will have been married 2 years. (jedn se hlavn o slovesa, kter moc netvo prbh) FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS (PEDBUDOUC AS PRBHOV) Tvar: WILL HAVE BEEN -ING Otzka: Zpor: Pouit: 1. M BUDOUCNOST ROZFZOVANOU JAKO PEDBUDOUC PROST 2. JDE O UKONEN ASOV PERIODY, NE DJE 3. J ZANU NCO DLAT ( V BUDOUCNU) A TEN DJ SE BUDE ODEHRVAT PO URITOU DOBU By the time you come I will have been working on it for 5 hours. Az ty prijdes budu na tom mit odpracovano uz 5 hodin V bezne mluvene anglictine to neni moc pouzivane charakteristicke pro odborny jazyk ( musi tam byt ten fazovaci faktor a to jak dlouho se to dej) BE ABOUT TO, BE ON THE VERGE OF, BE ON THE POINT OF be about ot verge (uz pujdeme - oznameni) BE TO The prime minister is to meet chinese president. posila dej do budoucnosti, premier se ma setkat s cinskym prezidentem (pry se to stane) je tam vyjadrena odtazitost (nejsem autorem te myslenky) formalita, pouvno v urnalistice a pozvnkch formlnch Pozn. Velmi casto se pomoci pritomneho modalniho slovesa vyjadruje i budoucnost

MINUL ASY
dlen dle toho k jak dob se orientuj : i. minul - minulost je vidna z pohledu ptomnosti ii. pedminul orientuje se vi jin dob minul PAST SIMPLE (MINUL AS PROST) Tvar: It happened. I did it. Otzka: Did you do it? Zpor: I didnt make it. You didnt speak. Pouit:

1. ODKAZUJE NA NJAKOU URITOU DOBU V MINULOSTI => jde odpovdt na otzku WHEN 2. VZTAH PRITOMNOSTI NENI DULEZITY (neni to soucast sdeleni) 3. DOKONCENY DEJ 4. Nkdy me odkazovat na nespecifikovanou dobu v minulosti I thought, you could be interested. (Ne jsem ti to ekla, myslela jsem si, e by t to zajmalo) (bylo u nen) 5. VYPRVN. KDE JE POUZE JEDEN AS Once upon the time..past simple Let me tell you what happened yesterday.. past simple 6. ITS IS HIGH TIME its time he went home mluvm ke konkrtnm lidem (Je as, aby el dom.) to go home meme pout, kdy je podmt obecn (Pojme dom.) for us to go home 7. PODMNKOV A PAC VTY minul as vyjaduje ptomnou nerelnou vtu I would go there if they invited me. I wish I lived in Prague. 8. MODLN SLOVESA She must be there. V-verbln vznam slovesa must: Pro tam mus bt? m povinnost - Minulost: musm v minulosti pout opis: SHE HAD TO BE THERE. A-adverbln vznam slovesa must: Kde je? Sem si jist, e je tam. - Minulost: minul infinitiv: SHE MUST HAVE BEEN THERE. Seznam pslovench uren: yesterday, last monday, once, in 1991, today morning, 2years ago, date, the other day (vse co dokaze identifikovat casovy usek i kdysi apod.) Its 5 years since I saw him. Recently, just vetsinou predpritomny, ale pokud je vyznam just = pouze, jen tak muze byt klidne minuly. PAST CONTINOUS (MINUL AS PRBHOV) Tvar: I was doing it. Otzka: Was you driving yesterday at five? Zpor: You werent sleeping last night at 3. Pouit: 1. DJ DOASNHO TRVN, KTER PROBHAL VE ZNM DOB MINUL (oclock time, neurit uveden doba) What were you doing last night? probh to v uritm asovm obdob, na kter se ptm 2. Yesterday at 7 I a) drove to...(vyjizdel jsem) b) was driving to ...(zrovna v tu dobu jsem dila) 3. Yesterday a) I prepared a dinner (pipravil jsem obd byl hotov)

b) I was preparing dinner (pipravoval jsem obd, ale jestli jsem to dokonil to se nev) nen komentovno dokonen dje 4. Last night the door a) banged (dvee bouchly jednou) b) was banging (dvee bouchaly vcekrt) 5. KOMBINACE MINULEHO A MINULEHO PRUBEHOVEHO I came and they were watching Tv. 6. POUZITI PO BECAUSE I didnt come because I was feeling miserable. 7. PLAN, EXPECT, INTEND, HOPE I was planning to be there by time, but I wont be able to. (mysl, pln v minulosti pravdpodobn nebyl/nen/nebude realizovn. I was hoping to finished it, but I would be able to. 8. AKTUALIZACE DJE (EMOCE) - hlavnm dvodem je zdraznn prbh, as, upoutvm pozornost k dji - I was waiting for him 2hours until he came. (emoce: *hajzl nechal m ekat) NEPOUIT Pokud je clem nevyjden dje a nedvme najevo emoce (clem je neutrln sdlen) PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE (PEDPTOMN AS) Tvar: I have done it. Otzka: Zpor: Pouit: 1) MINUL AS BYL UKONEN V NEURITM ASE V MINULOSTI, KTER M RELEVANTN VZTAH K MINULOSTI DOB (neni dana odpoved na otazku when, obsahem sdlen je hlavn dj) 2) RELEVANTNI SEPJETI S PRITOMNOSTI (ten vliv na pritomnost je uveden a je obsahem nebo dokonce ucelem sdeleni) 3) You look worried. What happened? Jde do kratsi (zname doby minule) co se ted stalo(v blizke minulosti) What has happened? (ptam se co se stalo kdykoliv v minulosti) 4) HOVOM O NEM, CO SE STALO, ALE PODVM TU INFORMACI O PTOMNOSTI I have read the book. podstata je, e jsem te ve fzi ze u jsem ji peetl a nejde o to jestli vera nebo ped rokem 5) V pripade ze oznamim neco prepritomnym casem a zacnu to komentovat tak uz nejde o neznamy cas a zacnu vypravet stalo se to a to zacnu pouzivat minuly 6) I have never seen him. Pokud ukonceny dej se odehral v neukoncene casove periode. I have had two cups of cofee.(Uz jsem mel do ted dve kafe ale ocekava se ze jeste pokracuju), I have visited three countries. 7) PO SUPERLATIVU (3. stupen pridavnych jmen) This is the most boring film I have ever seen. She is the most beautiful girl I have met. 8) VE FRAZICH TYPU POPRVE , PODRUHE ... This is the first time I have driven such a nice car. (Znamena to od ty doby co jsem zacal ridit tak tohle bylo to nejlepsi auto) PREDPRITOMNY CAS VS MINUL AS when (minuly cas) X how long (prepritomny I have known him for 2 years) pokud tvorite otazku do minulosti tak pokud when (tak minuly)

 I lost the key (komentuje minulost neresi pritomnost, mozna uz jsem ho zase nasel a mozna ne) X I have lost the key (klic jsem ztratil v minulosti, ale do pritomnosti podava informaci, ze ho nemam) Nikdy nepouzivame predpritomny cas pokud komentujeme obdobi kdy byl dej odehran (yesterday, two years ago...) ale taky muze vyplyvat z predchozi vety nebo z vedlejsi (proste vyplyva z kontextu) Vzdy pouziju minuly cas pokud popisuji neco co je v podvedomi lidi spojeno s minulosti (historicke udalosti,nekdo neco napsal apod.) PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS (PEDPTOMN AS PRBHOV) Tvar: I have been +ING Otzka: Zpor: Pouit: 1) PRUBEH, DOCASNOST, AKTUALIZACE (zakladni aspekty prubehove casu) 2) V NEDAVNE DOBE SE ODEHRAVAL DEJ A TED M N SLEDEK I have been drinking a ted nemuzu ridit) velmi kratky casovy odstup 3) PRBEHOVY TVAR SE DA POUZIT VZDY (kdyz ho pouziju uplne zbytecne tak je tam ve funkci zdurazneni) 4) Ann has lived with us since her ... Betty has been living with us since ... Ann s nami zije dele nez Betty (samostatne lze pouzit prubehovy pro obe ale timto vyjadruji tu informaci ze Ann zije s nami dele) 5) PRUBEHOVY TVAR V ZAPORU NENI resp. v kladu prosty Seznam pslovench uren: Since, for, how long(v otzce) PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE VS. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS postup deje (continuous) X vysledky deje (simple) SIMPLE (all my life, allways, for ages) I have allways lived in Prague (je tam sice prubeh ale dlouhodoby a chybi aktualizace ) !!! NIKDY JINY CAS NEZ PRUBEHOVY PRO CEKAM UZ TRI HODINY, MYSLIM NA TO UZ PET MINUT!!! PAST PERFECT (PEDMINUL AS) Tvar: minul perfektum Otzka: Zpor: Pouit: 1) PEDASNOST PED JINM DJEM A DOKONEN 2) je mozno pouzit pro urceni ze se udalost stala dve ne jina v minulosti a je dokonen (ale nesmi tam byt jine naznaky) pozn. Hlavne pokud je prohozene poradi vet 3) mus tam bt souvt, kde u je nco minulho a k nmu se ve pedminul as (minulost me bt vyjdena exkplicitn i implicitn, p. datum) I had just finished it, when he came. By the years 2000 he translated over 20 000 books. I didnt know you had been working on it.

We were very happy when spring came. The winter had been very cold. 4) peklad: voln, v etin jde o to, e pedminul as pevedeme na dokonav dj 5) nejde ani tak o to e se minuly dej odehral pred nejakym v minulosti, ale o to ze se prolina minuly dej s jinym (blizsim minulym) pozn. pokud bych v ty chvili pouzil predpritomny tak ted (s odstupem casu kdyz o tom mluvim jako o minulosti) tak pouziju predpritomny 6) v podstate stejne jako u pritomneho prefecta ale posunute do minulosti 7) plati pro past prefect continuous i past prefect continuous 8) V NKTERCH PPADECH NEN DLEIT POUVAT PAST PERFECT. (logika: prvn vstanu z postele a pak uvaim, take nemusm ukazovat, jak dj byl ped kterm He showed met he place when it happened. (Zde je jasn, e se to prvn muselo stt,a by mi to mohl ukzat, tak nepouvm pedminul.) vznam vty je jasn 9) She was pale. Because, she was ill. Ona byla nemocn v tu dobu, kdy jsme s n hovoila. Because she had been ill. Byla nemocn v pedminulosti (ne jsem s n mluvila) a ted je stle bled. 10) I left room after I made all things. (SPOJOVAC VRAZ BEROFE, AFTER(POUVM MINUL) BECAUSE, AND (SPECIFIKUJI PEDMINULM) 11) BEFORE, AS SOON AS, UNTIL: nkdy pedminul: pokud chci zdraznit dokonenost prvnho dje a to, e a po nm piel jev druh. I didnt move until he had finished it. (prost sem mu nevila, tak jsem si pokala, e to DOKON) 12) NO SOONER THAN (sotva jsem udlala nco, nastalo nco jinho) VDY PEDMINUL No sooner had I entered the room, than he left. No sooner had i taken my seat, the curtain opened. 13) HARDLY WHEN I had hadrly taken my seat, when the present started. 14) PODNMKA, PAC VTA ( PO PODMNKOV SPOJCE) je pedminul dj jako minul irel (= dj kter se v minulosti neuskutenil) I would have done it if you have asked me. If only I hadnt done it. (Kdybych to tak bvala neudlala.) 15) SLOVESA MYSLU, PLNU, HOPE, MEAN OPT MINUL IREL I had meant to do it, but I didnt make it. (Chtla jsem to udlat, ale neudlala.) 16) SOUSLEDNOST ASOV: He said he had been ill. 17) PEDMINUL AS JE VLASTN MINULM ASEM V ASU PEDPTOMNM: PERFEKTUM ZNAMEN PROPOJEN DVOU ASOVCH SLOEK (MINULOST A PEDMINULOST) posunut z ptomnch jev do minulosti: (obdoba asov souslednosti) zadala jsme nkam peklad a jdu si pro nj a vidm, e on nen pipraven: I am really angry with youIt hasnt been done it. A za tden o tom hovom,(u peklad mm): Byla jsem pkn natvan, nebylo to pipraven: I was very angry with you. It hadnt been done it. Nemm hlad, zrovna jsem jedla. I am not hungry. I have just had a lunch.

Ver o tom, doma s nkm mluv a km: la jsem k nim a oni mi nabdli obd a j jsem ekla, e nemm hlad, e sem prv jedla: I was not hungry. I had just had a lunch. Vidla jsem se rno se mvoj kamardkou a ver to vyprvm manelovi: We were so happy to meet each other, we hadnt seen each other for two monhts. I had been waiting 20minutes before the bus came. Vyprvm nkomu jak jsem ekala dvacet minut ne ten autobus pijel Mma pjde dom z prc a seve kluky a ver se o tom bavj a mamka k: I was really so angry, you hadnt cleaned for ages. PAST PERFECT SIMPLE X PAST PERFECT CONTINOUS He complained, somebody had been thouring roks on the window ( neustle hzel) somebody had throught roks on the window (jedenkrt) When peter came i had been working on it for three hours. (ver mluvm o tom, co jsem dlala pedtm a kdy peter piel tak jsem zrovna pracovala na nem. I had been waiting for two hours before the bus came. (nkomu vyprvm, e jsme ekala cel dv hodiny ne ten autobus pijel)

PODSTATN JMNO
ETINA.: A. Rod uml B. slo C. pd D. vzor ANGLITINA: A. rod pirozen (she- iv ena, he- iv mu, it-vechno i zvata, dt(ale je to neslun)) o lodi teba spisovatel mluv jako she (ale ted u asi ne ) B. singulr X plur (plus zbytky dulu) o asto zkratky: 5 MPs o dostala jsem pt osmiek: I got five 8s o nepravideln tvorby pluru: child- children o bacha na pejat slova: slova se sna zachovat sklonovn pvodnho jazyk: hledat ve slovnku o njak slovka pouze maj plurrn forma, pouze singulrn forma C. 2pdy: pd obecn : student look X pd pivlastnovac: students book (studentova kniha) D. Neskloujeme E. URENOST LEN 1) pouky!(nauit sami) 2) musm se kouknout na jedno konkrtn pout podstatnho jmna ve vt 3) ti druhy lenu: urit, neurit, nulov(= plur obecn jako tda: Dogs are the best friends.) F. POITATELNOST kategorie, kterou podceujeme 1) Poitateln rozliuje protiklad singulru a pluru a lot of/plenty of/lots of apples are all/each students(jeden vedel druhho)

 some: buy some eggs A glass sklenice, a pair of glasses-brle There are hairs ( jednotliv vlasy, kter popadaly na vanu) A coal uhlk A lamb , 5lambs 2) Nepoitateln oznauje podstatn jmno jako entitu nemu ho dt do mnonho sla The most inportatn new is neme ped tm bt slovka u ltkovch podstatnch jmeny a bottle of water nememe pouvat len neurit a lot of/plenty of/lots of milk is all bread (cel kvantita) some msto lenu neuritho : buy some bread emoce: love, abstrakta: beauty glass jako materil: We need some glass to fix the window, glass is hair, my hair is coal uhl lamb jehn maso much many little milk is X few apples (asov souslednost)

PM A NEPMN E
pokud je v angl. promluva rozdlena na nkolik odstavc me (bv) vce uvozovek, ale to neznamen zmnu mluvho(nemus znamenat) uvozovky pouze nahoe a jednoduch i uvozovac vta je vta a je u ni nutn dodrovat slovosled ( vjimen me dojt k inverzi = prohozen pedmtu a psudku) ( ale zklad je stavba oznamovac vty) inverze se d pout, kdy je uvozovac vta veprosted nebo na konci pm ei a pokud tam nen zjmeno v uvozovac vt je naznaena technika ei: she said, a nebo prvodn okolnost: she shaked head

E PMOU PEVEDU DO EI NEPM 6) vznikne nm souvt, kter m vtu hlavn a vedlej 7) jsem reprodukujc mluv (km, co nkdo ekl nebo udlal) 8) zmn se as, msto a mm jin vztahy k objektm a lidem posuny: I. POSUN V ZJMENECH (PRONOUNS): She said: I like you brother. She told me she loved my brother. II. ADVERBIALS: (u veho co m njak odkaz) place: I like it here. She said she liked it there. I must stay here. She said she must stay there. I like this room She sais she liked that room

III. o o o o o

today (this day) that day yesterday the previous day tommorow the following day (leny jsou velmi dleit, aby se pochopilo e to m vztah k tomu datu o em vyprvm a ne k dnenmu dni) neplat, kdy interpretujeme nco, jet tent den (nedolo ke zmn asu) POSUN V ASECH tady se vztahy uruj k okamiku promluvy a vi sob navzjem a jsou vztaeny k aktulnmu mluvmu Vera piel a ekl mi, e m hlad. He told me that he was hungry Vera mi ekla, e si pedevrem koupila auto. She told me last night, that she bought a new car the previous day. Pm e: ptomn as nepm e: minul as I will she would

time:

(these those) Nemn se to, kdy se nachzme ve stejn mstnosti teba za tden

Pozn. Tyto zmeny nastavaji pouze za predpokladu ze ty zmeny opravdu nastaly ne pokazde Pozn. Pokud ma veta predmet tak tell pokud ne tak say Pozn. Plati pouze pokud je v uvozovac vt minul as a minul perfektum
IV. OTZKA
!!!!INTERPRETOVANA OTAZKA UZ NENI OTAZKA TIM PADEM UZ MA SLOVOSLED OZNAMOVAC VETY!!!!

1) W-QUESTION The question is, she asked, he wannts to know, he is wondering He said: Where is Jane? He wants to know where she is. (V thle vt se na nic neptm.) Are you wondering where Jane is? Is he asking where she is? Ask them where Jane is! (Sice je to tzac vta, ale ten slovosled je u na zatku.) (Can you tell what you name is?) 2) ZJIOVAC OTZKY: DO YOU LIKE IT? She wants to know if/whether you like it. WHETHER Whether pouzivame tehdy jestlize nasledujici vetu zkratime infinitivem She wants to know whether to do it. /whether to live. Whether pouziju pokud tam je OR NOT -> Hes asking whether she likes it or not (ptam se na ano ne). IF If a whether stejny vyznam (musim davat pozor, aby se if nezamnilo s podminkovou vetou v pripade ze tam podminku davat nechci) Let me know if you are in doubt. Tell me if they are in trouble. nepm e: ekni mi, zda maj njak problmy podmnkov souvt: Dej mi vdt, jestlie budou mt njak problmy

 Kdy si nejsem jist pouiju whether. V. V nepm ei neni mon pout njak prostedky, kter pouvm v pm reci (tzac dovtky a dal) eenm je pidat dal vtu nebo dodat ty informace jinou formou (gerundia, pechodnky)

VI. SOUSLEDNOST CASOVA SE NEUPLATNUJE POKUD: pokud to technicky nejde nebo by nastala zmena vyznamu pokud je ve vt minuly kondicional (izolovan kondicionl) nebo pedminul as Oh My god i had completely forgoten She said she had completely forgotten. pokud by to znamenalo zmenu ve vynamu zmena minulych modalnich sloves (ty se neposouvaji) u minuleho kondicionalu ale jen u samotneho(neplati na souveti) tady se pouv: I will do it if you help me. She said she would do it if he helped her. nektera slovesa modalni nepodlehaji ani v pritomnem tvaru (need jako modl, must, dare) NOBODY TOLD ME THAT YOU ARE ILL, John told me that she is ill. neni uplatnena souslednost, ja jsem tam a nikdo mi nerekl, ze ty ted jsi nemocny They told me the result will be published. Nepouvme v nadasovm presentu. Kdy je pedastnost zcela evidentn z kontextu nebo promluvy: She told me she moved to our city in 1998. My students are ready for final test. She told me her student were ready for final test. Peter: My son is a genious. Peter told me that his son was genious. They tol dme the weather would get better. Poznmka: Normalne by tam byl pritomny misto were ale tohle vyjadruje zabarveni ze tomu moc neveri, ze to rika ona ale ja se za to nepostavim jde o to ze mluvci se k tomu nehlasi.

MODLN SLOVESA
SLOVESA (DELENI): lexical(lexikalni) to sou ty co maji semanticky vyznam auximiliary(pomocna) ty co nemaji samy o sobe vyznam ale jen gramaticky modal sou nositeli lexiklnho semantickeho vyznamu ale ne samostatne mn vznam jinch sloves !! modalni slovesa nemohou stat samostatne (vyjimky u zkracenych vet ale stejne se vazou na jine sloveso: Can you speak English? Yes, I can.) MODLN SLOVESA can, may, must will, shell ought to, need where, used to

!!! NIKDY S MODALNI SLOVESEM NIC NEDELEJTE - NETVORIT PASIVUM, NEPRIDAVAT S !!! !!! ZA MODALNIM SLOVESEM VZDYCKY NASLEDUJE INFINITIV BEZ TO, TEN UZ MA RUZNE TVARY. !!! Otzka: prost inverze Kdy potebuju vytvoit jin tvar ne ptomn nebo minul: OPIS nevytvo imperatim netvo pasivum: He must be interwied. Netvo prbh: He must be working on it just now. Zpor: NOT Modalita: a) dispozicni - oznauje nzor pvodce dje na moznost uskutenn (realizovatelnost) dje (mozny, nemozny, vhodny nevhodny...) VEBRLN VZNAM b) jistotn modalita: vyjadruje svuj nazor (presvedceni) o faktivnosti(reln platnosti) dje (jisty, mon, pravdpodobn ...) ADVERBLN VZNAM

WILL, WOULD (pitomn a minuly tvar - formln)

- podobn jako can could, may-might a) WILLINGNESS ochota k necemu, projevuje ochotu nco udlat (I will look at it. Jsem ochotny se na to podivat.) Will you do it? o WILL neni primo oznaceni deje ale je to modalni sloveso je mozno ho pouzit v podminkovych souvetich I`ll do it if you will overlook... = podivam se na to pokud budes ochoten prehlednout... will je tady modalni sloveso Ill join if you will tolerate my \(something). = j se k vm pidm, pokus jste ochotn tolerovat(nco) I will play it for you if you will overlook wrong note sometimes. o WOULD tak jestli jsi ochoten neco udelat ale mene prime, zdvorilejsi vyjadreni, hlavn v otzce (minulost se tu projevuje ve vznamu zdvoilosti) b) VYJADEN PRAVDPODOBNOSTI= probability You will be Jane. (Ty jsi urite Jane,) ekm na nkoho a myslm, e to je urit ona (nco jako You are probably Jane.) - usuzujeme na zklad zkuenosti a vlastnho sudku - ei: Nkdo zazvon. To asi bude tta. je to posun jako v anglitin (posun do budoucho asu) c) Would jako modalni sloveso tot jako kdybych pouzil used to opakovan dj v minulosti, kter u se nekon He would go to dinner with us. Chodival s nami na obed. d) I would rather go home. spojeni s rather radsi bych sel domu I would rather finis hit today. - !! infintiv bez to !!

MAY, MIGHT (formalni vztah: pritomny minuly]

a) MOZNOST - rozdil mezi nimi je pritomnost minulost ale rozlisujeme je dle pravdepodobnosti may X might (vyssi X nizsi pravdepodobnost) nemusim to resit je to jedno ktere pouziju -> dulezite je abych nemixoval dohromady pokud budou v jedne vete tak may je pravdepodobnostne silnejsi This may be his new wife, althrougt this might be his daughter as well. je vce pravdpodobn, e je to jeho nov manelka May se me vztahovat jak k ptomnosti tak budoucnosti. It may hapened. It may be. MAY v otzkch se nahrazuje modalnim slovesem CAN might se klidne me do otazky dat: Might this be true? Kdy potebujeme dt MAY, do minulosti: It may have done it. It may have hapenned. Pokud dam MIGHT do minulosti tak se to pouziva ve smyslu mohlo to byt horsi, mohlo te prejet auto .. It might be worse ... mohl si to udelat X ale neudelal Look out. You might have been run over. Kdy pedpokldm, e byla nevyuita monost: might It might have been worse. Kdy pouze konstatuji: Mon jo/mon ne: may b) DOVOLENI (nkdo jin dv povolen ne pvodce modality = nkdo jin mi dv dovolen) You may go in. to nm ekne sekretka ve velice luxusn firm Visitors may enter the room. = nvstevnici mohou vstoupi do mistnosti je to velmi formalni, jen v psan form v bnm jazyce can a cant nebo mustnt: We can enter only with the quide. jedinn mon pouit may v otzce: May I come in? May I leave now? pouze na otzku v prvn osob = dost o dovolen MAY NOT = nemm dovoleno: CAN NOT, MUST NOT = nesmm

CAN, COULD, BE ABLE TO moci, smt

a) MOZNOST (could mn pravdpodobn ve srovnn s can) CAN - podobne jako may (jsou velmi casto zamenitelna) pokud se to vztahuje k jednomu pripadu tak may a pokud neco obecneho tak can, ale toto se resit v normalni zivote nemusi The weather can change.(obecn jen, kter nikdo neme zmnit,jeden konkrtn ppad The weather may change.(varianta, me to bt) Minulost: minul infinitiv: Pouv se v zpornch vtch: He cant have forgotten. (nemohl zapomenout Kladn vty: He may have forgott. slovesa smyslovho vnmn: Where are you? I can see you now I can hear you now. VYJADUJE PRBH COULD se neuplatnuje v casove rovine ale take jako moznost

He could come tommorow. (mozna zitra prijde nevyjadruje minuly cas) Pokud chci do minulosti tak It could have happened. (mohlo se to stat) velmi casto se tim vyjadruje ze se to mohlo stat ale nestalo Vskyt i v kladnch vtch, ale opt velmi asto se pouv v kontextu, kdy byla njak monost, kter nebyla vyuita: You could have stayed with us. Mohl si zstat u ns (ale nebydlel.) So, you couldnt stayed with us anyway. - Stejn by to bvalo nelo(doma jsme nkoho u mli) slovesy smysloveho vnimani: ma can/could funkci pritomneho a minuleho I could see him. (videla jsem ho ale uz ho nevidim)- VYJADUJE PRBH V MINULM ASE b) SCHOPNOST CAN: The match can be win. Zapas se d vyhrt, monost i schopnost mme na to. Tady se da can a could pouzit jako nositel casu. (The match may be won. monost, Me se to stt, je to mon, nevyluujeme) I cant speak Chinesse.(neumm) X I may not speak Chinesse(nesmm) BE ABLE TO Pozn. Pokud potrebuju nejaky jiny tvar pouziju opisny tvar be able to Pozn. Pokud pouziju be able to misto can maji stejny vyznam ale pokud pouziju misto can tak be able to ma silnejsi vyznam pridava tomu dulezitost I can do it. X I am able to do it. zdraznn vznam! !!Minulost!! I could do it. - pouv se pro obecnou schopnost. I could swin when I was three. - Ve stejnm kontextu: lo to, mla jsme na to, ale nevme jestli jsem to dokzala I was able to do it. - specifick pklad. I was able to croos the channel. - Mla jsem na to, a j jsme to dokzala: I managed! The prisoner to escaped. X The prisonar was able to escape. (druh 100% utekl, u prvnho nevme) ZPOR: I couldn t do it (TO ABLE TO se moc nepouv) - be able to pouze u ivotnch substantiv COULD I could do it byl jsem to schopny udelat a nevim jestli jsem to udelal X I was able to do it (byl jsem to schopny udelat a udelal jsem to) Pozn. V zaporu se be able to nepouziva jen vyjimecne zase pro zdurazneni c) DOVOLENI jako can, v prvn osobe may a v ostatnich osobach can

MUST, MUSTNT, NEEDNT, HAVE TO

NUTNOST MUST : nutnost neco udelat (must) : It is necesarry, you must do it. MUST NOT: nutnost neco neudelat (mustnt) : nevyjaduje faktick zpor, ale nutnost nco neudlat zkaz:prakticky zpor k MAY NEEDNT - nemusim - neni to nutne(neednt) tady je moznost nahradit dont need to nebo dont have to It neednt be there (nemusi to tu byt). ZPOR K MUST - Need you work soo much? Je tak nutn abys tolik pracoval? - I need to go there. Potebuji tam jt PTOMNOST: I neednt go there.

I dont have to go there. Vechny ti jsou to sam I dont need to go there. MINULOST: I neednt have gone there. Modln varianta: nebylo nutno nco udlat, ale v okamiku konn dje tato skutenost nebyla znma. I didnt have to go there. I didnt need to go there. Lexikln varianta:Nebylo nutno nco dlat a vichni to vdli, v okamiku konn dje tato skutenost byla znma JISTOTA (MUST VYJADUJC JISTOTU- VYSOKOU MRU PRAVDPODOBNOSTI) - zaloeno na logice, objektivnch fakt I. I brought two dictionaries: One must be there.(jeden tu mus bt) - It neednt be there (nemusi to tu byt ale muze) II. It must be true! X It cant be true. (zcela jist ne) III. What must they think about me? HAVE TO MUST vyjaduje mluv subjektivn potebu nutnosti, nevyhnutelnosti I must go home. I must write (musim protoze chci) I must write a letter pu super babice a enchci j nechat ekat HAVE TO: interprekuji njak fakta I have to write (musim to udelat nutnost) I have to were glasses. Obecn poteba nutnost, vnj okol m nut nosit brle I have to write a letter. kdy sem sekretka Pozn. Nepouzivat must spis have to must neni moc zdvorile a je natlakove Zpor: I dont have to do it nemusm I musnt do it. Nesmm ODKAZUJ NA BUDOUCNOST: I have to b ethere in 20 minutes. I must lie in bed for couple days. MINULOST: had to were glasses , didnt have to BOND TO = MUST: He is bond to lose. / Something is bond to hapenned. nezpochybniteln jistota

SHELL, SHOULD
SHELL zdurazneni: ID shell be worn (psan projev, oficialne, zdvorile Id musi byt nosena), The customers shell sign the bill. What shell I do? Shell I do it? - Mluv se zavazuje k tomu, e o em hovo se opravdu stane: I shell never do it again. vraznj ne I will You shell regret this. Mla bys toho litovat. SHOULD zhodnost: Znamen to sma co must, ale should je jemnj: should = dj nen nutn, ale ml bys ho realizovat You must go there (musis tam jit) X You should do there (Mel bys tam jit)

You should know the results tomorrow. Mli byste ty vsledky znt nebo buedete mt problm. MINULOST: You should have done it. Nco si ml udlat,a le neudlal si to a je to ted chyba/koda It shouldnt had hapenned. To se nemlo stt, ted je to chybou. Pravdpodobnost: The meeting should be over now. bte dl s nejvt pravdpodobnost u mting skonil You should know the results tomorrow S nejvt pravdpodobnost ty vsledky dostanete Jistota se zmn v pravdpodobnost. He should be there. (dovnmm se e tam je) DOST, NVRH I recomend you should do it. Navrhuju abys to udlal. It strange they should be late. Je divn e by oni pili pozd. It is funny they shoudl join us. Je vtipn e by nm IF If you should manage = you see, ale vyaduji e nejsem pesvden o tom, e k tomu dojde Peloeno: kdybys ho nhodou vidl: If you should see him If you should manage kdybys to nhodou zvldl VHODNOST DJE K REALIZACI: TO BE You should see the boss. j jsem pesvden, e byste to mli udlat You are to see the boss. - bylo mi eeno, e bys mla jt k fovi, nen to moje rada We are to meet at 5. Jsme domluven, sesvali ns na 5 OUGH TO = SHOULD : You ought to do it. Ml bys to udlat We oughnt to have any problems. Nejsp nebudeme mt njak problmy

DARE
Dispozin modalita Peloeno: troufnu si, mm na to dost odvahy kure v otzce, zporu How dare you say things like that? Jak sis to mohl dovolit ct takov vci? I wanted to joint hem, but i dare not joint hem. Chtla jsem se pipojit ale nemla jsem na to odvahu. modl What I dare not do it? I didnt dare do it pouvme jako lexikln(didnt) i jako modl (bez pedloky to) = sloveso nen ukotveno Pozn. Neni uplne bezne v bezne mluve

USED TO
I used to do it. dlvala jsme to, ale u nedlm dj opakovan v minulosti, kter u se neodehrv WOULD: We would talk about - ve smyslu used to vvdycky jsme si povdali a u ne !! We are used to doing it. Jsme zvykl to dlat. X We used to do it. !!

INFINITIV
Zkladn tvar TO SLEEP, v tomto tvaru me fungovat jako samostatn vtn len - Pedloka me bt od slovesa oddlen adverbiem (I would like to trully understatnt it.) II. Infinitiv bez TO osust sloench slovesnch tvar po modlnch slovesech Ptomn minul Aktivn Simple to write Aktvn To have ed To be ing To have been ing Pasivn Continous to be ed pasivn To Have been ed To being ed To have been being ing - Zporka stoj ped celm tvarem: TRY NOT TO BE LATE - Infinitiv nen psudek ve vt (psudek m tvar asu) - Ptomn X minul se vztahuje k vztahu vyjdenho infinitivem k tomu asu vyjdenm psudkem = relan vztah PTOMN inn (prost to write,prbhov to be writing) Trpn (to be ed, to be being ed) Pozn. Ptomn trpn prbhov je sp formalita ve skutenosti se nepouv) Souasnost - He is glad to be there. (psudek: ptomn as, infinitiv ptomn infinitiv vyjaduje souasnost s djem) - He will beg lad to be there. (psudek: budouc as, infinitiv je infinitiv ptomn dj b ethere se odehrv souasn s will be : on tak pojede a a tam bude, bude nakonec rd) - He was glad to be there. (= vznam, on nkde byl, kam se mu vbec nechtlo, ale pak se mu to tam lbilo: byl rd, e tam je) peklad: byl rd, e tam byl je jin situace Nslednost - He except to b ethere in time. NSLEDNOST souasnost oekvn - He will want to start. MINUL inn (to have ed, to have been ing) Vyjaduje pedasnost, dje vyjdenho infinitivem, ped psudkem Pozn. Zporka not stoj ped celm tvarem not to have ... - He is glad to have been there.: on je rd, e tam nkdy pedtm byl - He was glad to have been there. (minul as x dj pedasn: byl rd, e tam nkdy pedtm byl) In 2009 he atended the course, so he was glad to havve been atended the similar course in 2005 - He will be glad to have been there. (nowglad, ted je nkde a nelb s emu toam ale my vme, e ve zkoukovym obdob, bude rd, e tam byl) - You will be glad to have been there. Bude rd, es tam byl. I meant to have done it. I planned to have done it. Nic se nestalo. neuskutenn dj = MINUL IREL PTOMN VS. MINUL A) Infinitiv ptomn vyjaduje dj souasn probhajc s jinm djem. I.

He was glad to be there. (Byl rad ze tam byl.) He will glad to be there (Bude rad ze tam je) He is glad to be there (Je rad ze tam je) orientuje se dle jin vty (slovesa) B) Vyjadruje dej ktery se teprve ocekava I will want to start immediatelly. C) Dj vyjden infinitivem se odehrl dv ne jin dj (minul infinitiv) He is glad to have been there. (Je rd e tam byl) He was glad to have been there. (Byl rd e tam byl byl tam pedtm ne byl rd) Pozn. Obecne vyjadruje dej ktery se odehral pred dejem hlavnim SIPMLE X COUNTINOUS: (souasnost X pedasnost) He seems to be enjoying the meeting. X He enjoy to have good health. He is sure to be waiting.- zcela nepochybn ek na chodb X He is sure to wait. urit na ns pok. She appeared to have stolen some money. Ukzalo se, e ukladla njak penze. X SHE appeared to have been stealing the money. opakovan proces She appeared to have tol dus the lie. X She appeared to have been telling us the lies. AKTIVN X PASIVN - pasivum je v anglitin neutrlnj, pouv s eastji ne v etin - I am called to attend. Jsem volna, abych pila. (Zavolali m) POUIT: 1) INFINITIV VE FORM PODMTU nepouv se je to zastaral konstrukce To play chess is fun. The make mistakes is human. j.: chybovat je lidsk NHRADA: IT is easy to play chess. IT is nice to be with you. Making mistakes is easy and human. 2) IT IS EASY, DIFFICULT, WISE, SILLY, POSSIBLE, IT IS TROUBLE, IT IS A PLEASURE, IT IS THE PROBLEM TO GET THERE IN TIME obecn hodnotc element It is a problem where to go. It is possible to do it. I tis kind to to things in this way. Im ready to go there apod. (nen podmtem ale je vc o kterou se jedn) Its problem how to get there. (je mozno pred indinitiv dat tazaci slovicko) toto se pouziva vetsinou pri nejakem obecnem hodnoceni OF:It nice of you to do it. PODMT: Mary was curles to leave the kids home alone. ne vdy je to mon FOR: It was impossible for him to do it.It was unfortuned for us to do it. nekme nic o vlastnostech konatele 3) INFINITIV VE FORME PRISUDKU (je soucasti prisudku) A. INFINITIV + BE The task was to complete the project. The plan was to do it. The plan is to get there by five. The plan for u sis to do it. B. SEEM, APPEAR, HAPPEN

He seems to be there. He seems to have been there. I happened to read the articles. X IT happened that I saw him. He seems to be sitting there. He seems to have studyed hard. It seems he had studyed hard. I seems that C. SURE + LIKELY He is likely to come. They are sure to done it. D. PASSIVE + INFINITIV (BELIEVE, KNOW, FIND, SUPPOSE, REPORT, ANNOUNCE) He is believed to have done it. (vsichni veri ze on to udelal) She is supposed to be home now. Somebody is reported to have dome it. - It is believed that the picture was destoyed. - Tyto slovesa mohou vytvoit vtu i v aktivu: They (OUR company) reported him to have been killed.(chci zdraznit, e zle na konateli) X He was repoted to have been killed. ASK, HELP, INVITE, FORCE, PRESS: I was asked to do it. mohou vytvoit i aktivn vazbu: They asked me to write a report. Nemohou jt do anticipanho IT SAY He is said to be good teacher. (pry je dobry ucitel rika se to o nem) tato frze se ned pevst do aktiva aktivn vta: They say that he is a good teacher. 4) ve funkci pedmtu (rozvj sloveso, vztahuje se ke slovesu) transitivn sloveso - v pedmt intransitivn sloveso (sleep, fail) - nkter slovesa nemohou dret pedmt = intransitivn - sleep: nememe pout s nm dn pedmt sloveso + infinitiv He agreed to do it. slov. + (somebody or something) + inf (want) me bt somebody nebo something I want a new car. I want to drive this new car. I want you to drive this new car. slov. + somebody or something + inf mus bt somebody nebo something I required somebody to do it. Pn, rozkaz, vybdnut, dovolen (wise, instruct, license, allow) Slovesa vyjadujc pedpoklad formalita: believe, consider: They are believed to bet he best posible candidet. The jude declared them to be quilty. Minul infinitiv zde pedstavuje pedasn dj: I believe him to have done it. Slovesa s obligatorn pedlokou: insisct on, rely on, object to, depend on, pray for They prayed for the crises to end. (Modlili se aby krize skoncila). Can we rely on you to do it. I count on them to do it.

 Slovesa smyslovho vnmn slovesa smyslovho vnmn: let, make, have, bid, felt V aktivu nez TO I heard the door bang. - jendorzov I heard the door banging. opakovan dj I had them do it. nechala jsem to udlat V pasivn vt jsou nsledovny plnm infinitivem s to : HAVE - He was seen to leave. - They made me do it. X I was made to do it. - She felt her hand to be kissed. I need to meal to be served by 10. je mi pln jedno, kdo to udl I asked for the dinner to be served at 9. I saw him leave. I saw it happen (videla jsem ja se to stalo) X I saw it happening (videla jsem jak se to delo) vazba 4.pdu s pedmtem: I advised him to do it. I supposed him to be inteligent. subjektivn nzor vazba 1. Pdu s infinitived(pevedu vazbu se 4. Pdem do pasiva): He was advised to do it. He was supposed to be inteligent. obecn prohlne HELP Help me do it. infinitiv bez to What, where 5) Infinitiv po itranzitivnm slovesu: - She failed to tell them. Nepodailo se mi jim to ct. - I failed to do it. Nepodailo s emi to udlat.

6) INFINITIV PO PRIDAVNEM JMENE

He is proud to have X He is proud of having Vyznamovy rozdil He was afraid to wake them (Bal se je probudit) X He was afraid of waking him Bl se, e by ho mohl probudit. X He was afraid that he might wake... I am afraid of doing it. Bla jsem e, e bych to mohla udlat I am afraid to do it. Bla jsem se to udlat. I was ashamed of doing it . stydla jsem se protoe jsem to udlala a pak jsem se stydla I was ashamed to do it. Sytdla jsem se, neudlala jsem to. inn infinitiv vyjaduje pasivum Grammar is easy to learn vznamov pasivum, ale inn sloveso They are easy to please. Je snadn je potit. Vznam pasivum, ale inn sloveso They are eager to please. Oni vemi rdi dlaj nkomu radost. Pokud je konatel jin ne podmt ve vt:FOR She is eager for me to come. - je natesena abych prisel. X She is eager to come. - je natesena aby ona prisla. I am proud to be here. I am proud of being here. z tchto t si meme vybrat I ma proud that I can be here.

I am glad to meet you. I am happy to see you. I am fit to do it. TOO X ENOUGHT She is too tired to come (moc unavena aby prisla pred pridavnzm jmenem)- dj se nerealizuje She is strong enough to go out (ma pozici za adjektivem je dost silny na to aby sel ven)- dj se realizuje The suitcase is too heavy for me to lift. (na konci nen IT) 7) INFINITIV PO SUPERLATIVECH: (zkracuje vtu vztanou) - She is the best person to win the price. - He is the older winner to win (je nejstarsi kdo vyhral) - He was the first person to climb mount everest. (Je prvni kdo tam vylezl) - po superlativech, cislovkach (prvni apod.)a kvantifiktorech... 8) INFINITIV PO PRISLOVCICH INFINITV ELOV, ktery plni fci prislovecneho urceni:pekldme aby I have sit down to rest (sedla jsem si, abych si odpocinula) To switch the lights on press this button (navody, abys rozsvitil svetlo zmackni tenhle cudlik) To sum up, To conclude, To be short, pro zrcen, strun eeno The lady to judged for her appearance have to be model. je mozno vlozit so as (abych), in order (aby) (bud trosku formalnejsi nebo pomuze zprehlednit vetu) , pokud je tam statick slovso nebo komplikovan vta, nebo zpor I get up early in order to get time, v kratkych vetach zbytecne hodne se pouzivaji pred statickymu slovesy (know, understand). I attend the meeting in order to know more details. I have read the book so as i know all the details a velmi casto pred zapornym infinitivem plati pokud je konatel deje stale stejny jako mluvci Pokud se lisi konatel od mluvciho tak predlozka for I open the door for him to enter the room. INFINITIV CLOV- NEPOUV SE in order, so as z 99 procentech se vyskytuje po slovesech pohybu: He left me to think about it. She has gone to see her sister. VYJDEN ZJITN, ODHALEN NEHO: I arrived at his home to find that nobody is in. - cel nen, ze jsem tam jel abych to zjistil ale prijel jsem k nemu domu a zjistil jsem ze nikdo neni doma pouziva se pokud je zaver prekvapivy a necekany 9) VE SPOJENI S PODSTATNYMI JMENY - vetsinou podstatna jmena vytvorena ze sloves vyse uvedenych I have got his promise to come He promised to come)

The plan to do it. Pleasure to do it. The idea how to do it. The discussion what to do next. Refusal to do it. Desicion to do it. There is some hope to.. - Able to abbility, decide decision ... - ve spojeni s kvantifikatorem casto se inf. vyskytuje pri zapornem kvatntifikatoru. There is no time to waste. I have nothing to fear. I need someone to lean on. There was nowhere to sit. - VYJADUJE NUTNOST, POADAVEK, MONOST There are to difficulties to be overcome. jsou tu dve tkosti, kter je nutno pekonat. The only sound to be heart is ticking of the clock. jedinn zvuk kter bylo monos slyet je tikn hodin Is there anything to drink? I need something to stop my headache.

GERUNDIUM ing
Aktivn Pasivn ptomn minul Not using/writting Having ed/having written Being ed/being written Having been ed ZAPOR STOJI VZDY PRED VYRAZEM JAKO PRI INFINITIVU

CO JE GERUNDIUM
problem = nelze vyjadrit (zaradit) v cestine (v nasem chapani jazyka) to read the book reading the book rely on relying on je rozvjeno pslovcem stoj po pedloce stoj po pivlastnovacm zjmenu: I rely on your comming (on your sister) stoj po pivlastnovavcc pdu podstatnho jmna: I hate my sisters being late. Me bt v vt podmtem, pedmtem, jmenou st psudku, ale zrove me vyjdit slovesn dj, ale NEME STT JAKO PSUDEK

PRITOMNY VS. MINULY (SOUASN A PEDASN)

PRITOMNA GERUNDIA soucasny nebo nasledujici dej I like being here. Jsem rada ze tu jsem. I liked being here (byla jsem tam a libilo s emi tam, libilo se mi tam I will like being here.- budouci vyznam bude se mi tu libit MINULE GERUNDIA. vyjadruje stav predcasnosti I rely on his posting the letter. I rely on having posted the letter. (prvni se odehral drive nez ten druhy proto ten 2. je minule gerundium)

I remember having told you the detail. draz e si to prost pamauje! I remenber saying you. -logicky

AKTIVN GERUNDIUM x PASIVN GERUNDUM

Need, deserve, require, want Aktivn maj pasivn vznam: You shoes need cleaning. boty potebuj bti vyitny. My car wants cleaning. Ne kazde ing slovicko je gerundiem (prestoze je pro nej charakteristicke) TRI ZAKLADNI INGOVE TVARY V ANGLICTINE: 1) gerundium: sleeping pills (prasky na spani), working conditions 2) slovesne participium pest (p.: prechodnik): slovesn tvar sleeping child (pdavn jmno), working people, tam kde etin pouvala pechodnky 3) slovesne podstatne jmeno (je tvoeno od slovesa, ale je to podstatn jmno) HIS DRAWING FASCINATED ME. nekolik vyznamu: a) fascinovala me ta kresba (slovesn podstatn jmno) b) nebo jeho kresleni (podstatn jmno, kter vyjaduje innost) c) nebo ten fakt ze kreslil me fascinovalo (gerundium) - v okamiku, kdy z toho budu dlat del vtu: a) His (nice)drawnings fascinated me- mu dt mnon b) His rapid drawing fascinated me. rozvinut ppadvnm jmnem c) His drawing the picture so rapily fascinated me. To e tak rychle kreslil, m fascinovalo. OZNACENI KONATELE: a) his driving (zajmenem) makes me nervous b) Johns driving (jmenem) c) Havig an accident told him to drive slowly (predmetem)

GERUNDIUM VE FUNKCI PODMETU

Konstrukce: - His driving makes me nervous - Pivlastovac pd: My brothers driving makes me upset. gerundium jako podstatn jmno - Konatel se stane pedmtem ve vt: Having an acident tought him to drive carefuly. Not having money tought her to saving. - It is nice being here with you. - je nutn pout it pokud nsleduj vrazy: good, use, worth: It is no use going there. It is no good..

GERUNDIUM VE FUNKCI PREDMETU

1) GERUNDIUM: keep smiling, going home earlier, you shoudlnt risk doing it - slovesa vyjadujc citov postoj (vtinou ano, ale neplat to stoprocentn) - nauit se gramatick apart u slovesa - pravidlo: gerundium vdy meme pout po frzovm slovesu a pedloce

2) GERUNDIUM, THAT - He admited doing it. X He admited that he did it. - Musme se soustedit na as, jak bychom mli pout 3) GERUNDIUM, INFINITIV - V nkterch ppadech je to upln jedno jestli gerundium nebo infinitiv: start, begin, intend, sees, I cant stand - Ale vtinou me bt infinitiv nebo gerundium: rozdl ve vznamu VZNAMOV ROZDL remember to do it (zapamatovat si) X remember doing something (vzpomenout si) stop: I stopped to do it.- Zastavil, aby to udlal. X It stopped doing it.- pestal to dlat dont forget meeting him (nezapomen ze jsi ho potkal)X forget to meet him (nezapomen ho potkat) i cant remember locking the door- nepamatuju si jestli jsem zamkla She started takling about it X She started to talk about it. rozdl nen znateln try to do something (zkus to bud to dopadne nebo ne) X try doing it (vykonej nejakou cinnnost neni dulezite jestli se to povede, ale ja to dopadne udelej to a uvidime jestli je to to spravne reseni jestli to povede k tomu spravnemu cili)

GERUNDIUM A SLOVESA SMYSLOVEHO VNIMANI

KONSTRUKCE: - konatel nemus bt vyjden - jin konatel ne podmt: 1) I hate his being late every day. pivlastnovac zjmeno 2) I hate my daughters being late every day 3) I hate him being late every day. osobn pd 4) Podstatn jmno: I hate my brother being late every day. Podmentem muze byt take there There were a few people in the hall. I am unhappy there is no drikn for me. 1, 2 : Privlastnovaci tvary (1+2) jsou spravnejsi, ale v bezne mluve se prosazuji ty neprivlastnovaci tvary. 3,4: - pozivam u mnozneho cisla. I hate my students being late. - u nezivotnych podmetu ... spend time working. - u vceslovnch I heart him enter the room (slysel jsem ho vstoupit so mistnosti- jednorzov dj) X I heart him crying (slysela jsem ho plakat-del dobu) dokonavy a nedokonavy I mean to wait (Hodlam si pockat. Mam v umyslu si pockat.) X It means waiting (S nezivotnym podmetem Budu si muset pockat. Znamena to ze si pockam.)- it means doing something = zmanen to I regret to have to tell ... ( Je mi lito, ze ti to musim rict.) X I regret telling ... ( Lituju ze jsem to rekl minuly- pouijeme pouze kdy chce zdraznit ten minul as, ale nepouv se asto) I cant help you to do it (Nemuzu ti pomoct to udelat) X I couldnt help laughing (nemohl jsem si pomoct a musel jsem se smat) odpovida slovesu resist I cant help doing it. (nemu si pomoct a musm to dlat) I would like to (rad bych, nemm nic proti, v konkrtn situaci) I like to ski (delam to nemam to rad ale je to spravna vec a melo by to tak byt)

I like to clean the kitchen every day. nemm rda uklzen kuchyn, ale mm rda, kdy je uklizeno I like to go for a walk in every weather. nemm to rda, ale je to sprvn vc I like skiing (rad lyzuju) He is keen on watching TV. (ma rad divani se na televizi) X He is keen to do it (moc se tesi na to az to bude delat). He is anxious about doing something (boji se to delat) X She is anxious to go there (moc tam chce jit moc se na to tesi) Im interested in doing something ( zajima me to) X Im interest to do (Jsem na to zvedavy) I saw it happened vidla jsem jak se to stalo. X I saw it happening- vidla jsem jak s eto dlo

DO PLUS ING (SOME, A LOT OF, MUCH)

Vyjaduju dj kter trv uritou dobu a opakuje se a dvm tam mnostv innosti. I do a lot of reading these days ( V tehle dnech si dost ctu). do lot of ing these days - budu neco hodne delat po urcitou dobu hodne se pouzivaji kvantifiktory do a little do some swimming I did a lot of reading. X I watched TV nesm tam mt pedmt

Po predlozce vzdycky gerundium ( u frazovych sloves). I suffer from his.. I have to object to you looking like this Pozn. Pokud neni jednatel uveden je to mineno vseobecne I hate smoking ( nesnasim koreni u kohokoliv)

GERUNDIUM ROZVIJEJICI ADJEKTIVUM

He is proud of being there.(Je hrdy na to ze tu je) You are clever at making ...(je dost chytry na to aby delal...) Im capable of doing it.(Jsem schopny to udelat) He is charged with doing it You are clever at reading. I am sorry for doing it. Whats wrong with going there. Co je na tom patnho tam jt. Pozn. Nutnost znat predlozky

GERUNDIUM ROZVIJEJICI PODSTATNE JMENO

1) pred podstatnym jmenem working conditions,sleeping pills, living standart, chewing gum, seling price je to jeden pojem (jeden hlavni prizvuk) 2) za podstatnym jmenem advantage of gettin there in time(vyhoda v necem) make habbit of being late(zvykl si na neco) interest in have difficulty in (potiz v necem)

reason for (neni duvod) take pleasure in going there no good going there (neni dobre tam chodit)

GERUNDIUM JAKO PRISLOVECNE URCENI NEBO VEDLEJSI VETY

Vyskytuje se vetsinou s pedlokou Go shopping, take somebody haunting (vzit nekoho na lov) u sloves pohybu casto bez predlozek jinak s pedlokami Working on it I came across this material. kdy jsem pracovala na projektu prola jsem tyhle materily. Casova After preparing dinner I left. (Pote co jsem pripravila veceri jsem odesla. After uz udava casovou slozku.) Before leaving I finished the task., Since... On my entering the room they stopped talking. Pozn. Porad plati ty ctyri body (mine,Jims ...) By: Im making money by teaching English. I can help you by providing you some money. mu ti pomoct tak, e ti an to dm penze. I make living through/by teaching English. Dalsi (pruvodni okolnosti) In spite of being late... (prestoze jsem se opozdil) I addition to being late he do... (nejenze prisel pozde ale jeste ...) She left without saying goodbye. She left without him notising. ona odela, on si neviml Instead of helping us she left. For,because of - Vyjadreni priciny I need something for killikng the insect. She shouted at me for being late ( kricela na me protoze jsem se opozdila)

PRECHODNIKY
Aktivn pasivn Ptomn Calling Being called Minul Having called Having been called - Dal dj v souvt, kter s eodehrv souasn nebo pedasn ne hlavn vta - Doplnk se vztahujejak k podstatnmu jmnu tak ke slovesu She entered the room smiling. = She did it smilling. (She entered the room and smilling at me.) I met her going shopping. (potkala jsme j jak nakupuje) I cought them doing nothing. He capt me waiting. (nechala m ekat)

SEND, GET, SET

kauzativn vznam zpsobit aby se nco odehrlo, jsme hybatelem dje, ne konatelem: have somtehing done And that remakr set me thinking. Tato poznmka m donutila s enad tm zamyslet.

The pain sen dme crying. Bolest m donutila peet/pimla. What set the kid cryinig? Co rozbreelo to dt? Get moving pohni se Get packing vypadni

ZKRCEN VZTAN VTY

People who learn English do something. People learning English do something There is some girl, who is waiting for you. There is some girl waiting for you.

ZKRCEN VEDLEJCH VT
Vta asov: nepouvm peloky: Walking along the street I met him. Potkala jsme ho, kdy jsem la po ulici Having read the whole text I was ready to answer the questions. (dj pedminula dj minul) Havinh read the whole text I will be ready to answer th question. (budouc vyjden) -pokud nemaj dje stejnho konatele, tak ho musme vyjdit: dn pivlastnovac zjmena Ale: The lecture having finished we disccusted all things.

ZKRCEN VTY PINN

Protoe jsem byla unaven, tka jsme nela: Being very tired I did join them Dva podmty: He taxi being there we had to hurry up. We couldnt go on because the situation changed. The sitution having changed we couldnt go on. With you asking so many question we will never finish on time. (vzhledem k tomu e nkdo nco dl, nen/je nco mon)

VTY S HODNOTCM VZNAMEM - Regarding, concerning, generaly spealking, supposing(pedpokldejme) DAL PKLADY Altrough speaking Weather working or not she is always without money. Dont speak unless being asked.

KONDICIONLY
Klov slovko would (should, might, ought to) Aktivn Ptomn Would call Would be ing Minul Would have ed Would have been -ing PTOMN i. aktivni would do it (would be doing it) ii. pasivni would be done (would beeing done) MINULY iii. aktivni would have done (would have been doing) iv. pasivni would have been done (would have beeing done) pasivn Would be ed Would being ed Would have been ed Would have been ing

Pozn. V zavorce jsou prubehove Should puvodne se pouzival should v prvni osobe ted uz jen would Podminka se vyjadruje vetsinou pomoci vedlejsi vety pokud pouziju kondicional mel bych pouzit vedlejsi vetu (ve vetsine pripadu se to pouziva) vyhybat se pouziti izolovanych kondicionalu !!! I will do it when you come. udlm o ale a pjde I will do it if you come. Udlm to kdy pijde, mon

VYJADRENI PODMINKY-aktivn kondicionl:

1) pomoci vedlejsi vety 2) pomoci prislovce Without your help, it wouldnt be managable. Chapeme jako kdybys nam nepomohl 3) pomoci indikativu (would misto nej) would misto oznameni pouzijeme pokud chceme zmirnit to vyjadreni (zdvorilost, zmirnit rozkaz...) typicke uziti v otazkach. Would you sign the bill. 4) 90 procent pouziti je I would like to tady je izolovanost na miste. I`d like je I want like v kondicionalu (I want nepouzivat)

KONDICIONL V MINULOSTI:
Vzdycky to znamena neco nerealneho ze se to nestalo!!!

PODMINKOVA SOUVETI:
- jsou uvozeny podminkovami vyrazy IF jestlize li kdyby UNLESS je to zapor tudiz tam zadny zapor byt nesmi nepouzivat unless a) v nerealnych podmnkch b) v otzce c) pokud jsou pritomna slovesa nebo fraze s emocnim hodnocenim vyznam unless exkluzivni podminka (vyjadruje jedinou moznost) jediny podminkovy vyraz ve spojeni ze some (something, somebody) jinak se pouziva any (anynody, anything) GIVEN THAT IN CASE (pro pripad, kdyby se mohlo stat) neznamena to v pripade!!!! dej je hypoteticky dopredu: Take a coat in case it rains. (vemte si kabat mozna bude prset). Existuje fraze in case of (v pripade) In case of fire leave the building. to je pedlokov vazba SUPPOSE/PROVIDED(PROVIDING) Suppose na zatku vty, provided v prostedku ON CONDITION THAT (pod podmnkou, e) I will tell you story on condition that you dont tell anybody else.

CO KONDICIONL VYJADUJE
1) If present + present (pokud je podminka splnena neco se stane obecna podminka) If it rains payments are wet. It yu put salt on eyes it melts.

2) If present + future vyjadruje moznou (realnou) podminku, realn v ptomnosti nebo budoucnosti, If I leave now I will miss rush hour. If=jestlie If I leave now i will manage it. If you come on time than we will manage. 3) If past + would do hypoteticka nerealna podminka (neuskutecnena) v pritomnosti nebu budoucnosti (misto would muze byt should, might...) If she lived in Prague we will see each other often. If I lived somewhere else I would be healthier. IF WERE PRO VECHNY OSOBY. MINUL AS JE PTOMN IREL If - kdyby (pokud by bydlela v Praze videli by jsme se casteji) jakmile je podminka v minulosti tak je to automaticky nereal FRAZE : If it werent for (but for) kdyby nebylo If it werent for this lecture we ..... (kdyby nebylo teto hodiny ...) je to zase nereal FRAZE: were to If he were to come earlier... (kdyby prisel driv) je to jako if ale nepocitam s tim FRAZE: as if AS IF jako kdyby Well, you look as if you were ill. ptomn irel. Ty vypad jako, kdybys byl nemocn. (hypotza, uvdm to I kdy vm, e nemocn nebyl) X Well, you look as if you are ill. mon je prv ted nemocn X Well, you look as if you had been ill. BUT FOR = if it nebt (neho) But for him I wouldnt know about it. Kdyby nebylo jeho tak bycho tom nevdla. Ptomn irel 4) If past perfect + would have done neuskutecnena minula podminka If she had come I would have explained it her. (kdyby prisla vysvetlil bych ji to) If I have invited them they would have attended Kdybych je bvala pozvala, oni by urit pili. Realita: j jsme je nepozvala tak nepili. MINUL IREL

KOMBINACE PREDESLYCH TYPU:

3 + 2 (neskuten minul podmnka a nerelnm souasnm vsledkem) If I have studie this book carefully I would know this problem. (kdybych si tu knihi precetl poradne neco bych o tom problemu vedela) If I had studied properly last night I would know the answer to the question. realita: j jsme se vera neuila a dnes nevm odpovd na otzka. 2 + 3 (vsledek do minulost) If I spoke Japanese I would have been send there. (kdybych umla mluvit japonsky poslali by me tam)

SHRNUT
po will a jinych podminkovych spojkach nebude pouzito will, should a would (ale pouze pokud je to ve vyznamu podminky)

 will a would muzu pouzit v modalnm pouit=willigness (zdvorilost, formalita, ochota) If you will filling the form I will do the rest. If it would be conviniet I would leave earlier. should znamena ze dej neni moc pravdepodobny (pokud je za if), nepouvat pro nereln podmnky! If you should meet her. (kdybys ji nahodou potkal) dj je mlo pravdpodobn =If you happened to meet her. If you should need any help, contact me. 2+3 Should you need any help, contact them. = If you should need nay help contact then. Had I been there, I wouldnt have done it. = If I had been there I wouldnt have done it. If se muze na zacatku vety vynechy pokud tam je nejaka emoce: You touch me again, I will kick your teeth in. If you want to get in, you have to pay .= you want to get in, you have to pay. INTERPUNKCE pokud veta zacina vetou vedlejsi (If) napiste carku pokud souveti zacina hlavni vetou nepiste carku. Pokud bych neco rad delal nebo pokud by to bylo lepsi zapomenou na souveti a pouzivat fraze I would rather do it(radsi bych) I would rather you did it ( radsi bych abys to udelal veta vzdy v minulem) Id better bylo by lep z objektivn danch dvod. + infinitiv bez TO I had better do it/go home (bylo by lepsi obecne, ne muj nazor)

PRACI VETY=WISH CLAUSES

Zacina bud I wish nebo If only jsou zamenitelne a muzu si mezi nimi libovolne vybrat - vzdy se vztahuji k nerealnym situacim !!!!!!!!!!!!!! - vyjaduj nespokojenost, ltost nad situac vztahuj se k nerelnm, neskutenm, nesplnitelnm situacm I WISH + PAST (you did it) I wish I spoke English. (Rad bych mluvil anglicky, nemluvim a je mi to lito) If only I were some where else. (nejsem jinde a mrz m to., nespokojenost se souasnou situac) I wish I were better looking. Could you wish you can speak French. They all wish you were not leaving now. I WISH + PAST PERFECT to samy akorat do minulosti (you had done it) I wish you had told it. (Mrz m to, es to ekl.) I WISH + WOULD (would) - nejde o prani v budoucnosti!!!!!! smeruje to sice do budoucnosti ale jde hlavne o to ze je treba vule k tomu aby se to stalo - pouv se pro dje ( ne stavy: I wish you would attend.)

I wish you would stop smoking. (Preji si abys prestal kourit abys to dokazal) Everybody wishes you would go home. Vichni chtj, abys el dom. I wish you would keep interupting me. Chci abys m pestal peruovat. I wish you woudl come on time. Chtla bych abys alespon jendou piel vas dost, rozkaz, kritika: I wish you would be quiet. I wish you wouldnt drive that fast. Personifikace: I wish the weather would be better. PN NESPOJEN S VL I wish I could I wish I could (nepise se would pokud jde o me neni to spojeno s vuli) I wish I could get there on time. I wish I would I wish you would stop smoking. X I wish I could stop smoking. Jedinn monost, kdy by to lo: I wish I would be promoted K by ti tak zejtra bylo dobe. I hope you will be better soon. kdy je reln situace, splniteln pn, tak pouvat HOPE WISH = pt si nco, velmi nco chtt 1) Wish + infinitiv: wish to do : I wish to talk with you chief. 2) Wish object to do: Do you wish me to do it now? 3) NEPOUV SE BEZ INFINITIVU: WISH SOMETHING I wish to meet a manager. I want to meet a manager.

VZTAZNE VETY (RELATIVE CLAUSES)

CHARAKTERISTIKA
podava informaci o nekom nebo necem co je zmineno ve vete hlavni (vztahuje se k podstatnemu jmenu a rozviji je) odpovdaj vztanm vtm v etin uvozeny vztaznymi vyrazy vztazna zajmena (who, whom, which, that, whose) nese vznam ve vt prislovce (where, why... )

DRUHY
rozeznavame dva typy: - li se psemn i intonan I. NEVYPUSTITELNE nevypustitelna pokud ji vypustim ta veta ztraci cast sveho smyslu (tu dulezitou) nejsou oddeleny carkami a neni zde pauza ve vyslovnost klicem je identifikovat podstatne jmeno, k nmu se vztahuje Voditko ma smysl polozit si otazku ktery?(na tu vztaznou vetu) Pokud ano je nevypustitelna. The man who is sitting next to you is my husband. II. VYPUSTITELNE podstatn jmno definovano samo o sobe a neni treba dodavat dalsi informace (fci vztazne vety neni dodat identifikujici informace, ale neco navic -> vypustitelna

This desk, which is in the front, is very nice. My father, who is 70, still goes to work. (clen neni indikatorem ze vztazne vety jsem se dozvedel dulezitou informaci jeji muz je ten co sedi vedle tebe). neorientovat se dle clenu Vypustitelne vztazne vety se oddeluji carkami!!!!!!!!! (pri vyslovnosti se oddeluji kratkou pomlkou)

I. NEVYPUSTITELNE VZTAZNE VETY:

2 varianty 1) rozviji se podstatne jmeno zivotne tak who nebo whom 2) pokud rozviji nezivotne (veci) tak which that se muze pouzit pro oboji (ne vsak vzdy) vztazne zajmeno je soucasti vety a ma nejakou fci: a)SUBJEKT (podmet) The man who/that lives next door is my brother. - nasleduje sloveso. - (podmet) se vypustit neda plati pravidlo v anglicke vete musi byt vzdy podmet!!!! b) OBJEKT (predmet) The man who/that/-/whom you want to see is my brother. - nasleduje podmet a prisudek. - pokud je ve fci prisudku je mozno pouzit WHOM (nepouziva se v bezne anglictine) nebo that - pokud je to tento pripad (predmet) je mozno vypustit to vztazne zajmeno THAT se pouziva vyhradne v nevypustitelnych vztaznych vetach (je vhodnejsi nez which) v praxi THAT JE TREBA POUZIT POKUD: a) pokud rozviji podstatne jmeno se some nebo any Is there anything that needs your detention. b) dale po kvantifikatorech only, all .... This is all that remains the story. c) Po superlativech She is the most beautiful girl that I know. He is the kidness person who I ever met. d) nikdy nepouvme po pedloce

II. VZTAZNE VETY VYPUSTITELNE

U vypustitelnych nepouzivat zajmeno that!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ivotne who, whom nezivotne which Ve vypustitelnych nelze vypustit zajmeno! My father ,who is 65, jogging everyday. Predlozky jako u vypustitelnch Nezapominat na carky , which muze byt navic pouzito pokud uvozuje vedlejsi vetu (ne jen slovo, ale celou vetu), obdoba ceskeho coz , a to (loni se ozenil coz nas vsechny prekvapilo). He got married last year, which suprised us a lot. I have to leave now ,which means that I wont be able to finish my project.

I have studies many english book many of which was written by him. I have plenty of friends, many of them lives in Prague I have read many grammar books, the of which is

PEDLOKA VE VZTAN VTE

2 pozice: a) pred vztaznym zajmenem nepouziva se v beznem projevu (cesi casto pouzivaji) nelze pouzit ani that ani who jen which nebo whom nkdy podoba vty podmnkov: pravidla podmnkovch souvt: A man who marries her will be very happy. (lovk, kter si j vezme, bude velmi tastn.) hypotetick mylenka (mon si j nikdo neveme) The man who would marry her will be very happy. A man who had married her would have been very happy. (kdyby byl bval nkdo kdo by si j vzal, by by bval moc stastn) nepouvat WHAT,nen vztan zjmeno, what je slovo, kter m vznam podstatnho jmna (ten, kter, ti, kte) Tell me what hapenned. Show me what you have bought. He was respected by the people with whom he worked. This is the room in which I was born. The room about which you are talking is my office. nemu pout that, nemu vynechat which, The man about whom you are talking is my brother. (nesm bt that) b) za vztaznym zajmenem v anglictine mnohem prirozenejsi (na konec vety) He was respected by the people that he worked with (mozno i who...) The room which/that you are talking about is my office The man who/that/- you are talking about is my brother. (mu pout that nebo vypustit pln)

Pozn. Vztazne zajmeno ma svou fci (necpat tam dalsi zajmeno apod.) Pozn. That nezamenovat za what!!! What neni vztazne zajmeno!!! DALSI SPOJOVACI VYRAZY PRO OBA TYPY VZTAN VTY VETY: a) slozene vyrazy (predlozak + podst. Jmeno) in which case by which time during which time at which point (v tom okamziku) by which time We will meet next week by which time I will have made it ready. I will study the material at which point I will be able to make some judgement. It might rain tommorow in which case I wont go out. (Ztra bude pret a v tom ppad nepjdu ven.) b) JEHOZ ,CI APOD. WHOSE (stoji jako privlastnovaci zajmeno) mozno pouzivat v obou tyech vet John, whose mother is teacher, lives next door. The girl whose pen you have borrowed. o Muze byt predmetem i podmetem. I saw a girl whose beauty took my breath away.(podmet)

It was a meeting whose purpose I didnt understand. (predmet) Pouziti: (pro nazvy zemi, organizaci, mesta) whose, pro nezivotne se nekdy pouziva - OF WHICH Prague, whose citizens is nice, is the capital city of CR. The book, whose title I forgot, was nice. c) THAT......OF velmi neformalni (nepouzivat) He has written a book that I cant remember name of. d) PRISLOVCE (pouzito misto predlozky plus zajmena) WHERE, WHEN, WHY The place where I was born. (where nahrazuje in which = formln) I will never forget the day when I met him. (the day on which = formln) I dont know the reason why he did it. (the reason for which = formln) e) KOMBINACE WHICH,WHO,WHAT A EVER(=koli) pokud hovorime o vecech nebo lidech, kteri nejsou presne definovani (odpovida ceskemu kdekoliv, cokoliv, kterykoliv apod.) Take whatever you need.(tak anything that you like.) Whenever you want to come(any day that siuts you) Whoever is willing to go is welcome. I will enjoy eating whatever you cook. (bude mi chutnat cokoliv udl.)

ZKRACOVANI VZTAZNYCH VET PRO OBA TYPY

I) PARTICIPIUM (-ING) nahrazuji vztaznou vetu ktera vyjadruje cinnost, ktera je dana casem slovesa ve vete hlavni The man sitting next to you is my husband. The man talking to you is my brother. I was woken up by a bell ringing. (musi byt stejne casy v obou vetach dej se odehrava ve stejnou dobu nebo pokud vyjadruje dlouhodoby stav) u neivotnch podstatnch jmen: The land streching to the right belongs to me. (the land which strechs) II) MINULE PARTICIPIUM (-ED) pokud vztazna veta vyjadruje myslenku pasivniho deje His book published last week... The man injired in the accident was taken to the hospital. The car parked in front od house is mine. Tohle zkraceni nejcasteji po frazi there is a there are There is somedbody waiting for you. Is there anybody (that is) waiting for me. Po vrazech possible, available: Send me all the information available. III) POMOCI PREDLOZKY S WITH David with his hands in his pockets left his room. She married the man over there with blue eyes. (,whose eyes are blue) The house with open windows belong to mr. Grunt.