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Li : a11 x1 + a12 x2 + ... + ain xn = b1
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xi + x2 + 4 x3 + 3x4 = 5

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xi + 2 x2 5 x3 + 4 x4 = 3

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16 18 1 2 1
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L .
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L .
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2
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4

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L L2 L L3 -2 3 4
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1

3L1 : 3x1 + 3x2 + 12 x3 + 9 x4 = 15

2 L2 : 4 x1 6 x2 2 x3 + 4 x4 = 2
4 L1 : 4 x1 + 8 x2 20 x3 + 16 X 4 = 12

) L : 3x1 + 5x2 10 x3 + 29 x4 = 25(

L L2 L L3 . )6 1 1
(-8 L . x3 = 1 x2 = 6 x1 = 8 x4 = 1 L

3 8
5 6
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29 1
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24 30 10 29 25
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14

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1
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5
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b2c1 b1c2

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15

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x y a1b1 a2b1 0.
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L1 -3 L2 2 .
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6 x + 8 y = 10
17 y = 34

2 1

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2x-3.2=-8

16

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1
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L1 2 L2
L = 2 L1 + L2
L .
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13
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 11.3 .

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20


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a1 x = +b1 y = c1
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 .4
(1 .
5x + 7 y 8 yz = 16 (a
x + y + ez = log 5 (b
3x + ky 8z = 16 (c
(2 x1 + 2 x2 4 x3 + 3x4 = 15

u=(3 2 1 4) (a

v=(1 2 4 5) (b

(3 .
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7 + 2 x 4 = 3 x + 3 x (c

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ex + 3 y =
2 x 3 y + kz = 4

(9 .
3y 8 (b
2
5
11 (a
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6
3
4
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1
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5

(12 ) (
x1 = 3x2 + 2 x3 x4 + 2 x5 = 2

(a

3x1 9 x2 + 7 x3 x4 + 3x5 = 7
2 x1 6 x2 + 7 x3 + 4 x4 5 x5 = 7

(b

x1 + 2 x2 3x3 + 4 x4 = 2

2 x1 + 5 x 2 x3 + x4 = 1
5 x1 + 12 x2 7 x3 + 6 x4 = 3

(13
3
4
3
35
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3
8

(14 .
x + 2y + z = 3
ay + 5 z = 10
2 x + 7 y + az = b

(a a .
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(15 .

25

2 x + 3 y z = 3
x + y + 2z = 2
2 x 2 y + 3z = 10

(16 .
1
x1 + 2 x2 x3 = y1
2
x1 + x2 + 2 x3 = y2
2 x1 + x2 3x3 = y3

(17 .
x + 2 y 3z = 4
3 y 4z + 7x = 5
6z + 4x 9 y = 1

(18 2 2
.
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5 x + 7 y = 3
6 x + 3 y = 1
2 x 4 y = 10

(d
3 x 6 y = 15

2x 4 = 3y
(c
dy x = 5

(19 .
x + y + 2z = 4

2 x + 3 y + 6 z = 10 (a
3 x + 6 y + 10 z = 14

x 2 y + 3z = 2
2 x 3 y + 8 z = 7 (b
3x 4 y + 13 z = 8

x + 2 y + 3z = 3

2 x + 3 y + 8 z = 4 (c
5 x + 8 y + 19 z = 11

(20 .
26

x 2y = 5

x + 2 y 3 z + 2t = 2

x + 2 y 5t = 3

2 x + 3 y = 3 (a
3x + 2 y = 7

2 x + 5 y 8 z + 6t = 5 (b
3x + 4 y 5 z + 2t = 4

3x y + 5 z + 2t = 4 (c
5 x 4 y 6 z + 9t = 2

(21 .
2x y 4z = 2

x + 2 y z + 3t = 3

4 x 2 y 6 z = 5 (a
6 x 3 y 8z = 8

2 x + 4 y + 4 z + 3t = 9 (b
3x + 6 y z + 8t = 10

(22
x ) (a,b
b
.
x 2y =1

x + 2 y + 2z = 1

x + y + az = 1

x y + a = 2 (a
ay + 4 z = b

x + ay + 3z = 3 (b
x + 11y + az = b

x + ay + z = 4 (c
ax + y + z = b

.
(23
2 x1 3 x2 + 4 x3 = 12

x1 2 x2 + x3 = 5
3x1 + x2 + 2 x3 = 1

(24
3 x1 = 2 x2 + x3 = 2
4 x1 + 2 x2 + 2 x3 = 8

x1 x2 + x3 = 4

(25
2 x1 + 4 x2 + 6 x3 = 12
2 x1 3x2 4 x3 = 15
3x1 + 4 x2 + 5 x3 = 8
27

(26
x1 + 4 x2 x3 = 12
3 x1 + 8 x2 2 x3 = 4

(27
3 x1 + 4 x2 x3 = 8
6 x1 + 8 x2 2 x3 = 3

(28
x1 + x2 = 1
2 x1 x2 = 5
3 x1 + 2 x2 = 27

(29
2 x1 + 3 x2 = 13

x1 2 x2 = 3
5 x1 + 2 x2 = 27

(30
x1 + 5 x2 = 6
3x1 + 2 x2 = 1
5 x1 + 2 x2 = 1

(31 ) (23
x1 2 x2 + x3 = 5
2 x1 3 x2 + 4 x3 = 12
3x1 + x2 + 2 x3 = 1

.
(32

28

6 x1 9 x2 + 12 x3 = 36

x1 2 x2 + x3 = 5
3x1 + x2 + 2 x3 = 1

) (23 .
(33
2 x1 3 x2 + 4 x3 = 12

x1 2 x2 + x3 = 5
5 x1 3x2 + 4 x3 = 9

29


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3 5 7
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0 + B = B + 0 = .

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43

 X .
2.3
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x1 + x2 + 4 x3 + 3x4 = 5
2 x1 + 3x2 + x3 2 x4 = 1

x1 + 2 x2 5 x3 + 4 x4 = 3

3 5
2 1
4 3

4
1
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4
1
0

1
0
4

44

3
0
2

2
2
3


1 5
0 7
4 3

3
0
2

4
1
0

2
2
3

.3
2
1 3 4
|
3
0 2 5

4
5

2
2

.4
.A
1.4

B A C ) ( k
K
)
.i
(
) 0
0 0
.ii
(
)
0 .iii
(
.iv
) (

45

.v

)
(

.vi

)
(

.vii
.viii

)
(
1

" "0 ) (ii ) (iii ) (i ) (iv

.
A1 + A2 + ... + An

.
2 ,
3
.
)-(ij .

) (i B = bij A = aij C = cij

, . -ij bij aij cij

1 i m . 1 j n -ij

-ij
. -ij
-ij

) (aij + bij ) + cij = aij + (bij + cij

1 i m 1 j n . -ij

.
46

) (ii .

" "0 .
) (iii A = aij mn
. -ij A

(aij ) + (aij ) = 0ij (aij ) + aij = 0ij -ij
.

A + A = A + ( A) = 0ij = 0

) (iv A = aij B = bij

. -ij

aij + bij = bij + aij

1 i m 1 j n
aij + bij = bij + aij

B = bij A = aij.
) (v A B
.
K (aij + bij ) = Kaij + Kbij

1 i m .1 j n

K aij + bij = K aij + K bij

47

) (vi ) (v ) (vi .
.
k
) (vii A = aij
. .
-ij A aij
1 i m .1 j n
)( K K ) A = K ( K A

) (viii .
2.4
.1

0 2 1
4 6 1
2 3 5

1
2
3

3
5
0
1
3
2
2
5
1

4
2
7
3
0
2

48

2
1
6
3 4
2 1
4 3

 2 4
3
5
2
1 0 2 1 3 4 3

( A + B ) + C = 1 2
0 1 + 2
4 6 1 2 1
0
5
6 7 3 2
3 2 3 5 4 3 2 1

5 + 1 3 4 3
2

( 1 ) + 1 + 2 1
0
5
2 + 5 4 3 2 1

3+2
2 + 1 4 + 0

0 +6
= 1 2 2 + 4
6 3 7 2 3 + 3

6 3 4 3
2

0 + 2 1
0
5
3 4 3 2 1
8
5
2

3 4 5
= 1 6 6
3 5 0
2
6 8

= 1 7
6
7 8 2

3
5 1
0 2 1 3 4 3
2
2 4

A + ( B + C ) = 1 2
0 1 + 2
4 6 1 + 2 1
0
5
6 7 3 2 3 2 3 5 4 3 2 1
3
5 4 4 1 3
2 4

= 1 2
0 1 + 0 5 6 6
6 7 3 2 1 1 1 4
2 8
6 8

= 1 7
6 5
7 8 2 2

.2 A .

49

3
5 0 0 0 0 2 + 0 4 + 0
3+0
5 + 0
2 4

A + 0 = 1 2
0 1 + 0 0 0 0 = 1 + 0 2 + 0
0 + 0 1 + 0
6 7 3 2 0 0 0 0 6 + 0 7 + 0 3 + 0 2 + 0
3
5
2 4

= 1 2
0 1 = A
6 7 3 2

A .3
3
5 2 4 3 5
2 4

A + ( A ) = 1 2
0 1 + 1 2
0 + 1
6 7 3 2 6 7 + 3 + 2

0 0 0 0
= 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0

.4 A B .
0 2 1
4 6 1
2 3 5
1 2 4
3
5
1 + 1 2
0 1
5 6 7 3 2

3
5 1
2 4

0 1 + 2
A + B = 1 2
6 7 3 2 3
0 2
3 4 5 6 1
= 1 6 6 0 = 2
4 6
3 5 0 3 3 2 3
= B+ A

50

 .5
3

0 2 1
3
5
1
2 4

A = 1 2 B = 2 4 6 1
0 1
6 7 3 2
3 2 3 5

2 4
3
5 1
0 2 1

3( A + B ) = 3 1 2
0 1 + 2
4 6 1
6 7 3 2 3 2 3 5

3 4 5 6 9 12 15 18
= 3 1 6 6 0 = 3 18 18 0
3 5 0 3 9 15 0
9
3
5
0 2 1
2 4
1

3 A + 3 B = 3 1 2
0 1 + 3 2
4 6 1
6 7 3 2
3 2 3 5
0 6 3 9 12 15 18
12 9 15 3
6

12 18 3 = 3 18 18 0
= 3
6
0 3 + 6
18 21 9 6 9 6
9 15 9 15 0
9

3( A + B) = 3 A + 3B
3
5
2 4

k ' = 2
A = 1 2 3
.6 0 1
6 7 3 2

51

3
5
2 4

( k + k ') A = ( 3 + 2 ) A = 5 1 2
0 1
6 7 3 2
15 25
10 20

10
0 5
= 5
30 35 15 10

3
5
2 4
2 4 3 5

k A + k ' A = 3 A + 2 A = 3 1 2
0 1 + 2 1 2 0 1
6 7 3 2
6 7 3 2
12
9 15 4
6
8
10
6

= 3 6
0 3 + 2
4
0 2
18 21 9 6 12 14 6 4
10
= 5
30

20 15 25
10 0 5
35 15

.7

( k k ') A = k ( k ' A )
3
5
2 4

( 3.2 ) A = 6 A = 6 1 2
0 1
6 7 3 2
12
= 6
36

24
18
12
0
42 18

52

30
6
12

 2 4
3
5

k .( k ' A) = 3( 2 A ) = 3 2 1 2
0 1
6 7 3 2

10
2
14

8
6
4

4
0
= 3 2
12 14 6

.8
2 4 3 5
2 4 3 5

1 A = 1. 1 2 0 1 = 1 2 0 1 = A
6 7 3 2 6 7 3 2

.B .
3.4 : B,A C
:

) (
. .
. .
(i
)
.
.
(ii
)
(
(
) (.
.
(iii
) 0. K
)0 (iv
(
53

 0. 0 .
) . 0 0 (v 0
. .

(i

.

.

n

dij = aik bkj , A B = dij

, B C = eij

k =1
p

eij = bir crj

A( B C ) = gij

bkr )c rj

ik

) (b kr c rj

k =1
n

ik

k =1

r =1

( A B ) C = fij

(a

A B
p

= f ij = d ir c rj = ( aik b kr )c rj
r =1

r =1

r =1 k =1

=
r =1
n

= aik bkr c rj
k =1 r =1

b kr c rj

ik

r =1

k =1

r =1

k =1

k =1

= ) g ij = aik e kj = aik ( bkr c rj

1,2, ,

1,2, ,9

(ii

54

] eij = aik ckj , AC = [ eij

k =1
n

] f ij = bik c kj , BC = [f ij
k =1

k =1

k =1

) g ij = d ik c kj = (aik + bik )C kj = (aik c kj + bik c kj

k =1

k =1

k =1

= aik c kj + bik c kj = e ij + f ij

i=1,2,,m j=1,2,,p

.
(iii

c ij = aik bkj
k =1

k =1

k =1

) .cij = ( aik bkj ) = ( aik bkj

p

= ( aik ).bkj
k =1
p

) = aik ( bkj
k =1

1,2, ,

1,2, ,

K .

55

 (iv
K .
0.
0
0

.

(v

0 0 ... ... 0 0 0 ... ... 0

0 0 ... ... 0 = 0 0 ... ... 0 = 0

0 0 ... ... 0 0 0 ... ... 0

0.

0.
.

a12 ... ... a1n

a22 ... ... a2 n

am 2 ... ... amn

a
11
a21

am1

.


0
0

a12 ... ... a1n 0 0 ... ... 0

a22 ... ... a2 n = 0 0 ... ... 0 = 0

am 2 ... ... amn 0 0 ... ... 0

4.4
.1
], A = [ 2 x 3

x
1 2
= c = ,B

3
3 0
56

a
11
a21

am1

0 0 ... ... 0

0 0 ... ... 0

0 0 ... ... 0


1 2 x
=0
3 0 3

] [ 2 x 3 x .

1 2 x
x
= [ 2x 9 4x ] = 0
]3

3 0 3
3

.2

[ 2x

12

9
0
3
2

2 2
3

2 2

x =

1 0
3 2 1
2 1 3

= C
, B = 2 1 , A = 0 2 1

0
3
1

2 3
3 1 2

3 2 1 1 0

2 1 3
(A .B )C = 0 2 1 2 1

3 1 2 2 3 0 3 1

3+ 4 2 23
2 1 3
= 4 + 2
2 + 3
0 3 1

3 2 + 4 1 + 6
5 1
10 2 16
2 1 3

= 6 5
= 12 21 13

0 3 1
1 5
2 14 8
57

 1 1 0

2 1 3

1 2 1
0 3 1
2 2 3

1 2
1
3

1 4
5
5
2 4 11 3

3 2
A .(B .C ) = 0 2
3 1
3 2
= 0 2
3 1

6 + 8 4 3 + 10 11 9 + 10 3
= 8 + 4
10 + 11
10 3
6 4 + 8 3 5 + 22 9 5 + 6
10 2 16
= 12 21 13
2 14 8

.3
1
1
2

1
4
3

2 1
1 0
3 2

C = 2 3 , B = 2 1 , A = 0 2
4 6
2 3
3 1
3
B + C = 0
2

3+8+3
3 2 1 3 1 9 + 0 + 2

A(B+C)= 0 2 -1 0 4 = 0 + 0 2
0 + 8 3
-3 -1 -2 2 3 9 + 0 4 3 4 6

58

 11 14
= 2
5
13 13

1 2 1
1 2 3
2 4 6
3+ 6+ 6
6 6
3 3 12

3 2 1 1 0 3 2
A .B + A .C = 0 2 1 . 2 1 + 0 2
3 1 2 2 3 3 1
3 + 4 2 0 + 2 3 6 4 + 4
= 0 + 4 + 2 0 + 2 + 3 + 0 4 4
3 2 + 4 1 + 6 6 + 2 8

15 11 14
5 1 6

= 6 5 + 8
0 = 2
5
1 5 12 18 13 13

.4
2
2 1 3 4
0
, A = 3 2 5 0
3

1 2 3 5
1

1 2
3 2
= B
2 1

1 2

59

 2 2
2 0
1 3

2 1
2.(2) + (1)2 + 3.1 + 4.2 2.2 + (1).0 + 3.3 + 4.1
3(2) + (2).2 + 5.1 + 0.2 3.2 + (2).0 + 5.3 + 0.1
1(2) + 2.2 + 3.1 + 5.2
1.2 + 2.0 + 3.3 + 5.1
2 3 + 6 4 4 2 + 3 + 8 4 + 9 + 4 1 5 17
= 3 6 + 10
6 4 + 5
6 + 15 = 7 5 21
1 + 6 + 6 5 2 + 4 + 3 + 10 2 + 9 + 5 8 15 16

1
2 1 3 4
3
AB = 3 2 5 0
2
1 2 3 5
1
2.1 + (1) + 3.2 + (1).4
)= 3.1 + (2)3 + 5.2 + 0(1
) 1.1 + 2.3 + 3.2 + 5(1

1 5 17 3 15 51
K .(A B ) = 3 7 5 21 = 21 15 63
8 15 16 24 45 48
1 2 2
2 1 3 4

3 2 0

= (3.A ).B = 3 3 2 5 0
1 2 3 5 2 1 3


1 2 1
1 2 2
6 3 9 12
3 2 0

= 9 6 15 0
2 1 3
3 6 9 15

1 2 1

6 9 + 18 12 12 6 + 9 + 24 12 + 27 + 12
= 9 18 + 30
18 12 + 15
18 + 45
3 + 18 + 18 15 6 + 12 + 9 + 30 6 + 27 + 15

3 15 51
= 21 15 63
24 45 48

.
60


1 2 2
2 1 3 4
3 2 0

A.( kB ) = 3 2 5 0 .3
2 1 3
1 2 3 5

1 2 1
3 6 6
2 1 3 4
9 6 0

= 3 2 5 0
6 3 9
1 2 3 5

3 6 3

6 9 + 18 12 12 6 + 9 + 24 12 + 27 + 12
= 9 18 + 30
18 12 + 15
18 + 45
3 + 18 + 18 15 6 + 12 + 9 + 30 6 + 27 + 15
3 15 51
= 21 15 63
24 45 48

.5
2 3 1 0.2 0.3 0.1 0 0 0
0. 1 0 2 = 0(1) 0.0 0.2 = 0 0 0 = 0
4 5 2 0.4 0.5 0(2) 0 0 0

) Trace(

5.4 .
A ) tr(A
A.
n

tr (A ) = a11 + a22 + a33 + ... + ann = aij

i =1

61

 6.4 .
2 3
2 5 1
1
B = 0 3 2 , A = 4 4 4
1 2 4
5 6 7

7.4 .



A Transpose
.
A
.

.
8.4 .
3
.1
6
a13 a14
.2 a23 a24
a33 a34

1 4
1 2
= A A = A 2 5
4 5
3 6
a11 a21 a31
a11 a12
a
a22 a32
t
' 12
A = a21 a22
A =A
a13 a23 a33
a31 a32

a14 a24 a34

2 3 5
2 2 1

.3 A = 2 3 5 A = 3 3 1
5 5 4
1 1 4
'

62

 .4 2 3 5 7

2
3

= B
5

7

9.4 . A B

(3

( A' )' = A

(1
(2

( K .A ) = K .A

'

'

'( A + B )' = A' + B

. .
(1

(A' )' = [a ' ji ] ' mn = [a ' ji ] ' n.m= [a ij ] m.n = A
) (i,j A
,
.

'
=A
[a ij ] ' m.n = [a ' ij ] m.n = [a ji ] n.m

'
'
( k .A )' = k .aij = ( k .aij ) = ka ji = k a ji = k .A' (2
m .n
n .m
n .m

n .m

'
= ( aij + bij ) = a ji + b ji
(3
n m

mn

'
m n

= aij + bij

= A' + B '

n m

][ A + B

'

+ b ji

n m

= a ji

10.4 . ) (3 n
.
B

11.4 : A

63

 .
.
AB = c ji pn , B = b ji n p , A = aij mn
B ' = bij m p , A' = a ji nm ( AB )' = cij pm

ij
p

c ij = ai 1b1 j + ai 2b 2 j + ... + aipb pj = aik bkj

k =1

k =1

k =1

c ji = aki b jk = b jk aki

12.4 .
1 3
1 2 5

= 'A
.1 A = 2 6

3
6
3

5 3
1 3
( A')' = 2 6 = A

5 3
1 2 3
3
1 2
.2
= A 2 3 B = 2 4 5
7 8 7

3 5 6

3
5
6

1 7
3x3 A' = 2 8 2
3 9
1 2
B ' = 2 4 3 3 .
3 5

64

6
9
1 2 3 3
( ( 3 ) A )' = ( 3 ) 7 8 9 = 21 24 27

3 21
1 7

= 6 24 = ( 3 ) 2 8 = ( 3 ) A
9 27
3 9

3
5 = B
6
10 15
20 25
25 30
2 3
4 5
5 6

1 2 3 1 2
( B ) = 2 4 5 = 2 4
3 5 6 3 5
1 2 3 5

( 5.B ) = 5 2 4 5 = 10
3 5 6 15


5 10 15
1

= 10 20 25 = 5 2
15 25 30
3

= 5 B

.3
6
7
4

1
2 1

3 2
3
= ,A
5 1
6

1
1 6

65

0
4
5
2

3
2
= B
1

6
6 6 8
10 10 8
4

2 1 7
4 5 2
3 6 1

7
5
6 10
= 1
6 10
7
8 8
3 5 1 3
2 1 6 + 0
7 4 7 1

1 5

4 3 5
=
5 6 4

2 1 6
2
= 1
6

6 3
7 2
+
4 1

7 7

2 1

3 2
= ( A + B )
5 1

1 6

= A + B
1 2 3
.4
8 9

= A
7

22

2 1
B = 0 2
1 3

3.

1 7
2 0 1
A = 2 8
= B

1 2 3
3 9

33

2 1
1 4 + 9
1 2 3
2+0 +3

= ( A.B )
= 0 2

7 8 9 1 3 14 + 0 9 7 + 16 27

5 4 5 5
=
=

5 18 4 18
7
1
14 + 0 9
2 0 1
= 2+0 +3
= B A
2
8

1 4 + 9 7 + 16 27
1 2 3

3
9

5 5
=

4 18
66

( A B ) = B A

1.5 ) ( .

i j
0
.
.

2 0
=B
] , A = [5
0 3

5 0 0
C = 0 1 0
0 0 6

. 3,2,1.
n .

A .
,,
,
A .
2 3 1
A = 5 6 2
3 2 3

A 3,6,2
2.5 ) ( . A
1 A
. ] A[aij )
(
1 i = j
= aij
0 i j

n
. I.

67

 .
], [1

1 0
,

0 1

1 0 0
0 1 0

0 0 1

2,1 3.
3.5 ) ( .

.
. ] A=[aij

= aij
0

, i= j
, i j

4.5 ,[ 2 ] .

5 0 0
1 0
0 5 0
0 1

0 0 5

2,1 3.
5.5 . A ) (Symmetric
.
6.5 .
.1

c
e
f

a b
A = b d
c e

68

.2

c
e = A
f

b
d
e

a
A = b
c
1
B = 2 .
3

2 3

4 5
5 6
1 2 3
B = 2 4 5 = B
3 5 6

7.5 :
) (Skewsymmetric
b
8.5 . c
0
a b
0 c = A
c 0

a
0

A = a 0 .
b c
0 a b
0

A = a 0 c = a
b c
b
0

9.5 . A
A .
.

i j

2 0
0
.

. i

69

 10.5 .
. .

.

)( 1

i j

A
) (2

i j

) (1 ) (2
i j

2 i j
0

i j
0
A A .
11.5 . A
.

.

.
.

.
70

 12.5 . A
.

. ) ( 11.5
.
A + A A A
=
2
2

= A

K A
A A
A + A

2
2

.


.
2 4 6
13.5 . A = 7 3 5
1 2 4

.
2 4 6
2 7 1

A = 7 3
5 A = 4 3 2
1 2 4
6 5 4

71

11
5

2
2
2
4 11 5

11
3
A + A 1

3
= = 11 6 3
2
2
2
2
5 3 8

5 3
4
2 2

3
7

2
2
0 3 7

A A 1
3
7

= 7
0
= 3 0
2
2
2
2
7 7 0

7 7 0

2
2

7

2

7
2

3
2

0
7
2

11
5
0
2
2

3 3
3
+
2 2
7
3
4
2
2

2
2 4 6
11
A = 7 3
= 5
2
1 2 4
5
2

.
14.5 . A .
.

0.......... 0ann
a1n
a2 n
a3n

a13 ........
a23 ........
a33 ........

72

a11 a12
0 a
22

0
A =0

0
0

 15.5 . ) ( .
1 1 3 4 0 1
2 1

0 3 , 0 1 2 , 0 1 5

0 0 4 0 0 0

16.5 ) ( . A
.
0
0........... 0
a33 ........ 0

an 3 ........ ann
0...........

a11 0
a
21 a22
A = a31 a32

an 1 an 2

.17 .
.1 .
1 0 0 2 0 0
2 0

1 3 , 2 4 0 , 1 0 0

1 1 3 0 3 1

.2
.

100
200
= A
80
180

73

 800
800

800
1000

500
= B
800

200 100 500 800 800

= A .B

180 80 800 1000 800

180000 260000 240000
=

154000 224000 208000

.


=200.500=100000
=100.800=80000
=100000+80000=180000

180000

.

1540000
.
260000
.
18.5 . A
A .

k.

A = 1 , A = A , A2 = A.A , A3 = A2 .A,..., An+1 = An .A

2

= A
.
3 4
74

 2 7 6
=
4 9 22
6 1 2 11 38
=
22 3 4 57 106

1 2 1
= A2

3 4 3
7
= A 3 = A 2 .A
9

. K.

19.5 . A
A

20.5 .
2 2 3
5 .1
A

10

letA = a11a22 a12 a21

1 2
= A
.2
0 1

.
1 2

= A .
.
0 1
.

1 2.2
0 1
3.2
1

1
0

6
1

1 4
0 1
1
0

2
1

2
1
1
0
75

1
0
1 4
0 1


1 2.n 1 2n
= An
=

0 1 0 1

.21.5 ):(Blockscells
A
.
22.5 .
.1

a15
a25
a35

a45

a14

a13

a12

a22 a23 a24

a32 a33 a34
a42 a43 a44

a11
a
21
a31

a41

76

...., A11 .
.2
| ..
B .

B 12
B 22
B 33

b14
b 24 B 11
b34 = B 21

b 44 B 31
b54

b13
b 23
b33
b 43
b53

b12
b 22
b32
b 42
b52

b11

b 21
B = b31

b 41
b51

B 12
B 22
B 32

B
A13 11
. B
A 23 21
B 31

A12
A 22

A
A .B = 11
A 21

) (A B + A12 B 12 + A13 B 13 ) (A11B 12 + A12 B 22 + A13 B 32

= 11 11

) (A 21B 11 + A 22 B 21 + A 23 B 31 ) (A 21B 12 + A 22 B 22 + A 23B 32

.3
A12
A 22

0 1 0
2 3 1 A11
=
0 4 0 A 21

1 0 3

77

1
0

=A
2

 B 12
B 22

1 1
2 2 A11
=
1 0 B 21

0 1

0 1
1 1
0 0
2 1

2 0
0 1

= B
1 3

3 1

A12 B 11 B 12
A
A .B = 11

A 21 A 22 B 21 B 22
A B + A12 B 21 A11B 12 + A12 B 22 C 11 C 12
= 11 11
=

A 21B 11 + A 22 B 21 A 21B 12 + A 22 B 22 C 21 C 22
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116

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2 x + 5 y 9 z = 10

(a

3x 2 y + 3z = 11

x + 2 y 3z = 1

3x + y 2 z = 7

(b

5x + 3 y 4 z = 2

122

x + 2 y 3z = 1

(c

2 x + 5 y 8z = 4
3 x + 8 y 13 z = 7

) (24 .
x1 3x2 + 2 x3 x4 + 2 x5 = 2

(a

3x1 9 x2 + 7 x3 x4 + 3x5 = 7
2 x1 6 x2 + 7 x3 + 4 x4 5 x5 = 7

(b

x1 + 2 x2 3x3 + 4 x4 = 2
2 x1 + 5 x2 2 x3 + x4 = 1
5 x1 + 12 x2 7 x3 + 6 x4 = 7

) (25 .
2 y + 3z = 3
x+ y+z =4
4 x + 8 y 3z = 35

) (26 .
x + 2y + z = 3
ay + 5 z = 10
2 x + 7 y + az = b

) (a a .
,
) (b
.
) (27
123

2
0
10

1
1
2

2
3
1

2
6
7

6 0
5 10
0 6

3
0
0

.
) (28

1 6
4
1 10 13
1 26 19

2 2
4 4
8 8

1 1 0 0
0 0 1 0 2
0 0 0 1

5
9 6

0
) (29 2 3
0
0 7
. B
.
) (30 A .
2
3
8

1
1
2

3
4
9

1
1
2

2
1
5

- .
) (31 echelon .
3 0
2 2
4 3

2
4
6

1
2
3

124

6
5
4

4 1
1 2
6 3

) (32
.
x + 2 y 3z = 4

3 y 4z + 7 x = 5
6 x + 8x 9 y = 1

) (33 - .
x + 2y z = 3

(a

x 2 y + 4z = 2

(b x + 3 y + z = 5
3x + 8 y + 4 z = 17

2 x 3 y + 5z = 3
3x 4 y + 6 z = 7

x + y + 3z = 1

(c

2x + 3y z = 3
5 x + 7 y + z = 7

) (34 .
x1 + 2 x2 3x3 2 x4 + 4 x5 = 1
2 x1 + 5 x2 8 x3 x4 + 6 x5 = 4
x1 + 4 x2 7 x3 + 5 x4 + 2 x5 = 8

125

.1 .Determinants


.
.


.
.

)( .
] A = [ a11 A
detA
.
a

A = 11 12
a21 a22
.
A .

126

 1.1 . A a11
|

a21 a22

| |
| |

a12

a11

.
3

a11 a12 a13

A = a21 a22 a23

a31 a32 a33

detA .

A = 11 12
a21 a22

127


a22 = a22 .


| | .
a

det 11 12 .
a21 a22
|

33
a11 a12 a13

A = a21 a22 a23

a31 a32 a33

.
a22
a32

a21
a
31

) (Minor A .

128

 A12 = (1)1+ 2 det M12 A11 = (1)1+1 det M11 A13 = (1)1+3 det M13
.
)-11 (Cofactors-13

A .
.
det A = a11 det M 11 a12 det M 12 + a13 det M 13
= (1)1+1 a11 det M 11 + ()1+ 2 a12 det M 12 + (1)1+3 a13 det M 13
= a11 A11 + a12 A12 + a13 A13

det A = a11 A11 + a12 A12 + a13 A13

2.1 .
5 2
.1 2 3
2 4

3
4
1

3.

3
4
3
4 2
5
+2
1 4
1 2
4

3 5 2
2
det A = 4 2 3 = 3
2
1 2 4

)= 3(2 4 2 3) 5(4 4 (1) 3) + 2(4 2 (1)2

= 3 2 5 19 + 2 10 = 6 95 + 20 = 69

2 3

2 4
4 2

1 2

129

4 3

1 4
2 3
1
2 4

3
4
.

4
1

5
.2 4
9

3
0
3

4
1

2
1
3

0
3

1
3

0
1 4
0 4
= M 12
= M 11

3 9
3 9
3

5
1
3

= M 13 A.

.
A12 = (1)1+ 2 M 12 A11 = (1)1+1 M 12 M13 = (1)1+3 M13
.
det A = a11 A11 + a12 A12 + a13 A13
A

3.1 . A
-i -j A .
.
1
1
)-ij (Minor A .
4.1 . A nn
1 A
1

130

 Aij = (1)i + j det M ij

A

4
5.1 . 5
4

-ij Cofactor

= M 23

0 5
|
|
1

1
1
3

2
0
6

0 1
= M 13

6 3

A13 = ( 1)1+ 3 M 13

6.1 . | | 2 2 3
.

A = [ a11 ] det A = A = a11

a12
a
A = 11
det A = A = a11 a22 a12 a21
a21 a22
= a11 (1)1+1 a22 + a12 (1)1+ 2 a21
= a11 A11 + a12 A12
a22

a21

a32

a31

+ a13 (1)1+3

a23

a21

a33

a31

+ a12 (1)1+ 2

a23
a33

A 1

131

a11 a12 a13

a22
A = a21 a22 a23 = a11 (1)1+1
a31
a31 a32 a33
= a11 A11 + a12 A12 + a13 A13

7.1 . A n n
n 1 . :
n 1
1

11 11

12 12

| |

8.1 .
a1n,, a12,a11

.
) ( .
2
.9.1 3
4

4 3
1
det
1 4
69

3 5
4 2
1 2

A .

2 3
5
2 4
4 2
det
1 2

det

| |

detA

.
2
3

3
4

5
2
2

2
3

5
2

3 5
4 2
3 2
3
2
4
4 3
4
4 6

2 9
132

1
1

4
2
3
4

5
2
15

detA

69

56

11

A
.

.

.
. ) ( A .
detA 0
A
. - i A aij=0 j=1,2,,n

a A
a A
detA a A
0 0
0 0
) -j A detA=0(
3
0
2

5
11.1 . 0
4

3 5
2 5
0
1
0
2 4
1 4
2 3
0
1
1
2

3 5
0 0
2 4

2
0
1

133

detA

2
0
1

detA

1 3 0 1
4 2 0 5

1 6 0 4
2 1 0 1

0

A .

1
5
4
1

0
0
0
0

1 3
4 2
1 6
2 1

detA

12.2 . -i ) -j( A
C B

CER debt -i .

134

(
2
13.1 . 4
5

1
3
0

1
1
2

16
A 4
2
16
5
4

1
4
2

1
12
0

4 16

64

. 2
A,
a

2
15.1 . 4
5
432

1
1
2

1
3
0

A=3
3

27 16

16.1 . A B
.
-j
c -j -j A B
A B .

135

C . -j

.
2
17.1 . 4
5

1
1
2

1
3
0

2
4
5

7
3
2

1
3
0

6
2
4

1
3
0

2
4
5

1 6 2
1 2 4
4 2 5

1
3
0

136

2
4
5

6
2
4

2
4
5

1
3
0
124
2
4
5

124

1
1
2

108
7
3
2

1
3
0
16

1
3
0

. A B

. A n )( .
2

A 2

2.

A .

137

1
.

A B
-i A .

-i

-i
1,2, ,
.
1

1,2, ,

,
B

138

.
1
1 2
A
19.1 . 3 1 4
0
2 5
0
2 5
A
3 1 4
1
1 2
1 1 2

1 3 4
2 0 5
. 16

16

20.1 . A )(

0
A

. -i -j
. -i -j A B

. -i -j A

2
0

139

1
5
3

1
7
1

2
21.1 . 3
2
5
2
2
0
0
3
1
1
2 4
4

.
.

22.1 . ) ( A
)( ) ( .
.

140

) . (
23.1 .
2
3
5
.
1
7
.1 2
4 6
10

2 .
1 12
.2 0 3
9
3
6 9

2
1
0
7

4
1
1
3
0

.
24.1 . ) ( A
)( A

141

142

2
.25.1 4
5

2
2
2

1
3
0

16

A 4 B

2
24
5

1
3
0

1
7
2
16

2
4 5
5
2
24
5

1
2

1
7
2

1
3 40
0

1
3
0

. ) (7 )(
.
) (7 . )(
. )(
. )( )( .
143

 . .
.
26.1 .
.1
5 2
3 4
9 6
4 8

3
1
1
2

1
0
2
3

.
.
.
A -2 -3

5 2
3 4
1 2
11 2

3
1
5
7

1
0
0
0

-5 -7

1
3
5
2
0
1
3
4

0
0
16
18
0
0
32
26

1
3
5
2
0
1
3
4
16

0
0
1
0
0
32
26
144

3
1
0
0

5 2
3 4

1
0 10
160

1
0
0
0

1 1 10
0
5
3
2

4
.2 2
1
5

1
1
7
7

16

16
2
3
2
3

. .
.
.
A 2 -4

0
6
27
33

1
1
7
7

0
5
3
2

0
1
12
11

0
6
27
33

0
5
3
2

0
1
12
11

1
1
7
7

6-5

145

0
0
99
99

0
0
57
57

1
1
7
7

0
1
12
11

)
.

0
.3
7
6
4
3
9

5
5
9
2
7

2
0
7
1
1

3
1
3
2
3

1
2
4
3
5

detA .
.

1
2
3 5 7
2
0
1
5 6
7
4
3
9 4

3
1
2
2 3
0
0
0
0 0

.
27.1.

A

.
146

0
A

A A.

A B

28.1 .
1 2
.1 1 4
2 5

1
3
0

1 2
2 5

1 1
1 2

0 5

1 5
0

1 2
.2 1 4
2 5
16
2

1
5

1
3
0

1
1
2

1
5

147

0
2
5
3

1
0

1 5

1 3
1 1
2 4

16

13

A
2
.3 4
5
5
5
18

1
7
2

1
1
2

1
3
0

3
4
2
3
4
2

5
11
10
16

2
1
0

2
1
0
2 1
4 0
5 2

1
0
2
1
1
2

8 ,
8

16

1
3
0

128

.2 .
.
1.2 . A 0

. A 0

2.2 . A
A.

148

B B ) (Adjoint A .
.

3.2 .
4
1
5

3
.1 1
7

2
0
3

.
12

1
7

13

1
5

1
7

3,
2 ,

5 ,

0
3

,
7 ,

2 ,

2
3
2
2

3
5
2
7
2
2

12
13
7

13
5
2

12
3
3
149

2
.2 6
5
3

3
2
3
12
6
10
5

1
3
2

2
2
5
3

.3

3
3
2,
2
1

2
6
1
2
5
1
3

2
2
3
2

3
12
10
6

0
2
2
1

1
3
2
1

0
2
3
3

3 .
1
3 0
2 10 2
1
6 1

1
1
10
6

0
1
2
1
1
1
1
2

0
1
0
1
0
1
0
2

4.2 . A

150

0
0

0
0
0

Cij = ai1 Aj1 + ai 2 Aj 2 + ... + ain Ajn

i = j .
Cij = ai1 Ai1 + ai 2 Ai 2 + ... + ain Ain = det A

detA i A ij
Cij = ai1 Aj1 + ai 2 Aj 2 + ... + ain Ajn = 0

151

,
0,

.
.
. A
5.2 . A
det A 0 det A 0

1
= A1
adjA
det A
. .
det A 0
1
1
1

)( A
= iadjA
det A In = In
= ][ A adjA
det A
det A
det A

A B = In . B = A1
1
1

( adjA ) = A
det A

6.2 .
3
2 4

.1 A = 0 1 1 A

7
3 5
A A1 .
7

. det A=3 0 A 2
2
152

12 13

adjA 3 5

3 2

 7
3

2
3
2

13

3
7 4

5
2 = 1
3

2 1
2

12 13

1
A1 = 3 5
3
3 2

6
.2
5
3

2
2
1

12
10
6

3
2
1

= A

A .

. A .

3 2
.

2
6

0
= 1
1

2
2
1

0
2
2
1
3
4
3

3
12
10
6

1
3
2
1

3
0
= det
4
1

1
3

0
2
2
1

det A = 1 0 A1 .
153

det A=det

0
3
4
3

1
3
= det
2

2
2

0
2
3
3

2
2
3
2
1
1
1
2

1
1
1
2

0
2
3
3
0
1
0
2

2
2
3
2

0
1
0
2
0
2
3
3

. A
.
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6

= adjA

1
1
1
2

0
1
0
2

1
= A
1

A .
0
0
.

A In.
A .
0

.3 17041752GabrielCrammer

.
.
n n .
154

a x +a x + +a x =b
11 1 12 2
1n n 1
a x +a x + +a x =b
21 1 22 2
2n n
2
+a x =b
nn n
n

a x +a x +
n1 1 n2 2

0

.

a1n
a2 n

a12
a22

b1
b2

ann

an 2

bn

= A1

an 3
ann
)a1 (n 1

)a2 (n 1

an ( n 1)bn
a1n
a2 n

a13
a23

b1
b2

a11
a21

bn

an1

a12
a22

a11
a21

an 2

an1

= A2

= An

Ai i B

, .. ,

1.3 . A nxn detA0

Ax=B
155

xn =

Dn
,
D

, xi =

Di
,
D

, x2 =

D2
D
, x1 = 1
D
D

X = AB AX=B .
A 1 =

1
1
adjA = adjA
D
det A

A
11
A
12
1 1
1
AB = (adjA) B =
D
D A1 j

A
1n
b A +b A +
1 11 2 21
b A + b A +
2 22
1 12
1
=
D b A +b A +
1 1j 2 2 j

b A + b A +
1 1n
2 2n

A
21
A
22
A
2j

A
2n
+ bn A
n1
+ bn A
n2

+ bn Anj

+ bn Ann

A
n1
b1
A
n2 b2

Anj

bn
Ann

-j

j
b
1

b2
A
A
A
1 j 2 j
nj = b1Ai j + B2 A2 j + + bn Anj

b
n

Aj

156

ann

ain
a
2n

b
1
b
2
bi

a
a
11 12
a
a
21 22

bn

n2

n1

= Aj

Aj -j
)() +.+bn)+b2 (b2 Dj=b1 (b1
+

a
2n

a
)2( j +1

a
)2( j 1

a
a
21 22

a
3n

a
)3( j +1

a
)3( j 1

a
a
D j = b (1)1+ j 31 32
1

anj
a
1n

an
an
)( j 1
)( j +1
a
a
)1( j 1
)1( j +1

a
3n +

a
)3( j +1

a
)3( j 1

a
a
+b (1)2+ j 31 32
2

ann

an
)( j +1
a
)1( j 1

an
)( j 1
a
12

a
a
n1 n2
a
11

a
22

a
1n

a
)1( j +1

a
1n

a
)2( j +1

a
)2( j 1

a
(n1)n

a
)(n1)( j +1

a
)(n1)( j 1

an
an
1
2
a
a
11 12

a
21

bn (1)n+ j

a
a
(n1)1 (n1)2

b1 -i -j Aj
) b1 -j Aj( -j Aj B .
-i -j Mij

157

 bj Aij = (1)i + j M ij = A j )(

D j = b A + b A + + bn Anj
1 1j 2 2 j
)**( -i (adjA)B Di

D1
D
x1
D1
x 1
D D2
1
= 2
D
= x = 2 = AB

x
D
n
n Dn

D1
D

D2
,
D

= x1

Dn
,
D

= x2

= x n

2.3 .
.1 .
2 x1 + 4 x 2 + 6 x 3 = 1 8
4 x1 + 5 x 2 + 6 x 3 = 2 4
3 x1 + x 2 2 x 3 = 4

.
= 6

D = det 4

158

18

6 = 24
2

5
1

D1 24
4

2 18

6 = 12,
2

4 18

D2 = 4
3

24
4

24 = 18,
4

5
1

2
D3 = 4
3

D1 24
=
= 4
D
6

D
12
, x2 = 2 = = 2,
D
6

= x1

D 18
= x3 = 3
= 3
D
6

.2 .
x1 + 3 x 2 + 5 x 3 + 2 x 4 = 2
x2 = 3 x3 = 4 x4 = 0
2 x1 + x 2 + 9 x 3 + 6 x 4 = 3
3 x1 + 2 x 2 + 4 x 3 + 8 x 4 = 1

.
2
4
= 160 0
6
8

3
1
1
2

5
3
9
4

1
0
= det A
2
3

D1 464
=
160
D

= x1

D2 280
=
D 160

= x2

D3 56
,
=
D 160
D 112
= x4 = 4
D 160
= x3

D1 = 464

D2 = 280

.
159

D3 = 56

D4 = 112 ,

3.3.
(1 .

0 3

0 0
2 1
0 1
2 3

1 0

4 , A = 0

6
2

1 4

1 0
2
1

2
1
= F
5
3

0
4

0
1
0
2

3
4
1
3

8 2

1 5

7
2

1
0

2 8

(2 A B

3 B = 2

4
1

1
5
2
0 0

0 0
0
= ,D
1 0
0

0 6
1

3 1

3 1

G = 0

160

C= 6

0
1
3 0

4 7
=E
5 8

3
2

det( A B) = det A det B

(3
det( A + B) = det A + det B .

(4 A . det A 0
.
(5

1 3

2 1

1 2

A = 3

2 1 3

B = 3 2 1 .

1 3 4
0 0 0 3

0 0 4 0
= C .
(6
0 2 0 0

6 0 0 0

(7
0

2
0
0
0

0
3
0
0

0
= D
3 6

4 5

6 2

0 3

= 0

D
2

0 0

3 0 ,

0 4

D = 0
1
0

(8 .
161

1 1

2 0

1 6

D = 3

0 2

1 4 ,

0 6

1 2
3 5
4 0
5 6

1 2 1

3 1 2

0 2 3

4
=
1

0
=G
1

6 8 0

7 6 0

0 4 0

1
0

5 1

3 0

(9

= 1

3
=
2

0 0 0 0
,

0 b 0
0 0 0
0 0 d
e 0 0

P = 0

3 1 4

2 0 0
,
7 1 2

1
,

detA .

162

E= 1

2 4

1 2 ,

4 0

0 3 0
0 a 0 0

b 0 0 0
=L
,
0 0 0 c

0 0 d 0

Q = 0

1
,
3

1 3

2 3 ,

0 5

1 1 0

4 6 0
,
5 1 0

2 5 2
a b 0
0

0
c d 0
= M

0 0 a b
0

C= 3

4
=B
0

5
,
6

3
=A
2

0
=
3

1 3 8
1
2 0 0

3 2 0 0

= K

1 5

7 2

0
0

2
5

1
2

1
2

= 3

 a
33
a
23

a
13
a
13
2a
23

a
33

a
12
2a
22
a
32

a
31
i) det a
21

a11

a
32
a
22
a
12

a
11
iii) det 2a
21

a31

2a 3a
12
23

33

23

a
33

a
32

a
13

a
23

3a
13
2a
23

5a
33

a
12
a
22

3a
12
2a
22
5a
32

a
31
ii) det a
11

a21

3a
11

iv) det 2a
21

5a31

2a 3a
21
12

v) det
a
31

21

2a 3a
12
22
a
32
a
22

(10
adj .

3 6
,
4 8

1 2

=A

1 4

0 5

7 3

= 1

19

3
=
2

12 2 6

=B

2
1

10
6

2
1

163

1 1

E = 0

D = 0

1
H

1 1

2 3 ,

5 1

C = 0

2
3

1
3

1
0

1
=G
1

 (11
' A .
(12
(13

1 1
2 5

3
5
2

1
1
0

=A
1
4
2

A ,

a 3
. 4 1 a

1

det A

= det A1

.
(14 a
4 1 a
.
(15

2 x1 + 2 x 2 = 1
x1 + 4 x 2 = 4 7

(16

3x1 x2 = 0
4 x1 + 2 x2 = 5

(17
2 x1 + x2 + x3 = 6
3x1 2 x2 3x3 = 5
8 x1 2 x2 + 5 x3

(18
x1 + x2 + x3 = 8
4 x2 x3 = 12

3x1 x2 + 2 x3 = 0
164

2 x1 + 5 x 2 x 3 = 1

(19

4 x1 + x 2 + 3 x 3 = 3
2 x1 + 2 x 2 = 0

(20
x1 + x 2 + x 3 + x 4 = 6
2 x1 x 3 x 4 = 4
3 x3 + 6 x4 = 3
x4 = 5

x1

(21
x1

x4 = 7
2 x 2 + x3

4 x1 x 2

=2
= 3

(22
2 x + y + 3z = 7
3x 2 y z = 3
3 y 3 z = 1

(23
x 5y = 8
2 x + 3 y = 10

(24

165

x1 = x2 x3 = x4 = 3
x1 = 2 x2 = 2 x3 x4 = 3
2 x1 x2 = 3x3 2 x4 = 4
3x1 4 x2 + x3 3 x4 = 2

(1 ) (
.1372
(2 " " .1385
(3 ) (
.1370
(4 ) ( .1382
(5 .1383
(6 ) (
.1385
(7 ) - (
. .1382
(8 .1382

166

3 2 Shamus out line (9

.1385
10) Anuprajput,Hokumsingmathematicstextbookfor
class IIX ,nationalcouncilofeducationresearchand
training2005.
11) SergeLang,linearalgebraathirdeditionSpringer
velayNewYorkInc1987.
12) Shamsoutline,linearalgebra(thirdedition)mc
grawHilf2001.

167