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So lng mau =
1. CHON MAU NGAU NHIEN N GIAN
11/11/2009 39
9Lay mau khong lap. Moi phan t cua tong
the ch c chon mot lan.
9Lay mau lap. Moi phan t cua tong the co
the c chon nhieu lan.
1. CHON MAU NGAU NHIEN N GIAN
11/11/2009 40
Lay mau t tong the vo han
Mot mau ngau nhien n gian t mot tong the vo han la
mot mau c chon sao cho thoa man cac ieu kien sau
ay :
9 Moi phan t c chon eu xuat phat t mot tong the
giong nhau.
9 Moi phan t c chon la oc lap.
1. CHON MAU NGAU NHIEN N GIAN
11/11/2009 41
2. Mau he thong (Systematic Sampling)
Mot phng phap chon mau trong o trc het
chung ta chon 1 phan t nao o theo chu quan
va sau o chon phan t khac sau moi k phan t
hoac sau mot khoang cach nhat nh (S, m).
CAC PHNG PHAP LAY MAU
11/11/2009 42
Nhng kieu rut mau he thong
9Rut mau theo nhng so nh trc
9Rut mau theo mot c ly nhat nh
9Rut mau theo mat li
CAC PHNG PHAP LAY MAU
11/11/2009 43
Hnh 2.1a. Rut mau theo nhng so nh trc
1 3 5 7
9 11 13
15 17 19 21
23 25 27
29 35
43 49
11/11/2009 44
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
Hnh 2.1b. Rut mau theo mot c ly nhat nh
s
i
= S/n
11/11/2009 45
1 2 3
4
Hnh 2.1c. Rut mau theo mat li
11/11/2009 46
3. Mau ngau nhien - he thong
Mot phng phap chon mau, trong o trc
het chung ta chon ngau nhien 1 phan t va
sau o chon phan t khac sau moi k phan t.
11/11/2009 47
+ +
+ + +
+ + +
+ +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
O c chon theo phng phap ngau nhien
+ Nhng o c chon theo phng phap he thong
Rut mau theo phng phap
ngau nhien - he thong
11/11/2009 48
PhL0X0 PhAP LAY HAL KhAC
1. Lay mau agau ah|ea phaa |aag (||ci)
Hc| j|acag j|aj c|ca maa |rcag 1c aaa ||c |racc |c|
1acc c|ia ||aa| a|ica a|cm ||aaa a|a| (lcj) \a saa 1c
\icc c|ca maa 1acc ||ac |ica |rcag mci a|cm.
11/11/2009 49
Ra| maa ||cc ||ci (cam)
K|ci
K|ci 1
K|ci
K|ci I
11/11/2009 50
PhL0X0 PhAP LAY HAL KhAC
i. Lay maa agaa a|ica ||cc cam (Clas|cr Samjliag)
Hc| j|acag j|aj c|ca maa |rcag 1c aaa ||c |racc |c|
1acc c|ia ||aa| a|ica cam |ay ||ci (||cc 1ac |raag aac
1c) \a saa 1c mc| |cac a|ica cam 1acc 1aa \ac c|ca
maa.
11/11/2009 51
. Lay maa ||cc lci ic| (Cca\caicacc Samjliag)
Hc| j|acag j|aj c|ca maa |rcag 1c j|aa |a 1acc
c|ca Jaa |rca lci ic| aac 1c.
PhL0X0 PhAP LAY HAL KhAC
11/11/2009 52
!. Lay maa ||cc j|aa 1caa |ay 1ica |la| (IaJgmca|
Samjliag)
Hc| j|acag j|aj c|ca maa |rcag 1c j|aa |a 1acc
c|ca Jaa |rca sa j|aa 1caa c|a aaa caa a|a ag|ica
caa.
PhL0X0 PhAP LAY HAL KhAC
11/11/2009 53
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Phn tch s liu bao gm nhng hot
ng sau y:
1. Kim tra d liu. l th tc xc nh
cht lng ca nhng d liu.
y cn phi lm r:
9 Nhng s ngoi lai no xut hin?
9 C nhng tng sai s no?
9 C nhng s liu no b tht lc?
9 C cn phi o c b sung hay khng?
11/11/2009 54
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
2. Kim tra (bng th hoc kim nh)
nhng gi nh m phng php x l i
hi.
9S liu c tun theo lut phn b chun
hay khng?
9S liu c cn thit phi bin i hay
khng (ly log, cn bc hai)?
11/11/2009 55
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
3. Chun b dung lng mu cho qu trnh
x l bng my tnh hoc phn tch.
4. Xc nh phng php x l c
chn la trong khi thit k nghin cu.
5. Cch trnh by kt qu (bng th, biu
, bng).
11/11/2009 56
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Nhng chng sau s xem xt nhng
phng php x l s liu.
Phn di y ch trnh by mt s kha
cnh sau y:
9Nhng thang o
9Bin i d liu
9Lp bng tn s cho cc bin phn
tch
11/11/2009 57
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
2.4.2. Thang o
d dng thu thp, tnh ton, phn tch
v trnh by kt qu nghin cu, trc ht
nh lm hc cn phi nh ngha r rng
nhng thut ng c s dng trong
nghin cu lm hc.
11/11/2009 58
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
(1) Cc quan st
Thut ng ny biu th cc trng hp hay
ch th nghin cu.
Mt trng hp bao gm nhiu thng tin ca
mt i lng nghin cu.
V d:
9 D
1.3
, cm;
9 H, m;
9 M, m
3
/ha;
9 Tnh trng sinh lc ca cy
11/11/2009 59
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
(2) Cc bin hay tiu thc
Thut ng ny biu th cc thng tin hay
c im ca tng trng hp hay ch
th.
V d: D
1.3
(cm), H (m), M (m3/ha), tnh
trng sinh lc ca cy l nhng bin s.
Mi bin c t mt tn bin c th.
11/11/2009 60
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
m t tn y ca mt bin, ngi
ta dng nhn bin.
V d:
9 che ph ca thm c l mt bin s.
9Gi s bin s ny c tn l CP.
9Bin s ny c nhn y l che
ph ca thm c.
11/11/2009 61
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Mi gi tr ca mt
bin cng c th
c t mt nhn
gi tr.
V d: Mi bin CP
c th c ch nh
bng mt gi tr bin
nh sau:
CP M s
Soc 1
Cop
3
2
Cop
2
3
Cop
1
4
Sol 5
Sp 6
Un 7
11/11/2009 62
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Ti sao phi quy nh t tn bin, nhn
bin v nhn gi tr?
9Vic lm ny nhm to thun li cho vic
ghi chp, x l s liu v bo co kt qu.
11/11/2009 63
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
(3) Thang o
Trong pha lp k hoch nghin cu, nh
sinh thi hc phi quyt nh thang o nh
th no.
Khi o phong ph ca loi hoc trng
thi ca cc yu t mi trng, s trung
bnh ch nh cho mi n v thu mu.
11/11/2009 64
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Cc gi tr c th c lin quan vi nhau
theo cch thc no .
Cc thang o biu th nhng gi tr c lin
quan vi nhau theo cch thc no .
11/11/2009 65
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Trong sinh thi hc ngi ta thng s
dng 4 thang o khc nhau:
9nh danh
9Th bc
9Khong
9T l
11/11/2009 66
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Thang o nh danh biu th cho nhng
bin s nh tnh.
Thang o th bc v thang o khong
biu th cho nhng bin s nh lng.
11/11/2009 67
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
(a)Thang o nh danh
Thang o nh danh biu th cho nhng bin
m cc gi tr khng c lin h vi nhau.
Nhng tr s ca bin nh danh ch th hin
cc nhm phn loi khng c th bc hn km.
Nhng gi tr o c biu th bng cp; trong
mi cp c nh s (s nguyn) hay gn
chui dng ngn gn cho nhng biu hin ca
mt bin s.
11/11/2009 68
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
V d: Kiu t c chia thnh nhiu cp: t
ct, t tht, t st.
Ba kiu t ny c m ha bng ba s 10,
11 v 17.
Nhng gi tr m ha ny khng sp xp theo
th bc m ch biu th cho tn cp. Do ,
chng khng c quan h vi nhau hay khng
th m t bng mt hm s.
V th, nh lm hc khng th x l cc bin
nh danh bng cc php tnh i s.
11/11/2009 69
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
(b) Thang o th bc
Thang o th bc l mt thang o nh
danh, nhng cc tr s ca bin s c th
bc hn km.
Nhng bin nh danh c th bc cn
c gi l cc bin phn loi hay bin
lp nhm.
11/11/2009 70
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
V d 1:
Mt loi bnh cy no c th c
phn loi theo 5 cp nh sau:
91 = bnh rt nng
92 = bnh nng
93 = bnh trung bnh
94 = bnh nh
95 = khng c bnh.
11/11/2009 71
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
V d 2:
Khi nghin cu quan h gia nng sut rng
trng vi 5 cp t, th cc biu hin ca bin
cp t c th c ghi bng 5 tr s sau y:
1 = cp t I
2 = cp t II
3 = cp t III
4 = cp t IV
5 = cp t V.
11/11/2009 72
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Trong sinh thi rng, nhng bin no l nhng
bin nh danh khng c th bc hn km v
nhng bin nh danh no c th bc hn km?
Cp t hay cp nng sut, cp bnh cy, cp
chy rng, cp lp a, cp sinh trng cy
rngl nhng bin nh danh khng c th
bc hn km hay l nhng bin nh danh c
th bc hn km?
11/11/2009 73
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Nhng iu cn lu
Trong thang o th bc hn km, nhng
con s c tr s cao hn khng c ngha l
chng lun bc cao hn v ngc li.
Vic gn nhng con s cho mi du hiu
ca bin ch mang ngha quy c nhm
to thun li cho vic x l s liu.
11/11/2009 74
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
V d, Braun Blanquet phn chia
phong ph ca thm c thnh 5 cp (bng
2.1).
11/11/2009 75
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
11/11/2009 76
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Braun Blanquet m ho che ph
ca thm c bng nhng con s t thp
n cao, nhng s khc bit gia nhng
con s y th khng ging nhau.
Chng hn, s khc bit gia che ph
c m ho bng s 1 v 2 th nh hn
hoc ln hn s khc bit gia s 4 v 5.
11/11/2009 77
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Bi vy, theo cch o c ca Braun
Blanquet, gi tr trung bnh v sai tiu
chun ca che ph l nhng s b sai
lch.
11/11/2009 78
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
(c) Thang o khong
l thang o th bc c khong cch
u nhau.
Thang o khong c chia theo mt n
v n nh.
Do , s khc bit gia gi tr ny vi gi
tr khc c th xc nh c.
11/11/2009 79
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
V d:
ng knh thn cy c chia theo
khong cch 2 cm; do gia cc con s
khc nhau 2 cm.
T s o khong, chng ta c th tnh
c gi tr trung bnh v sai tiu chun.
11/11/2009 80
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
(d) Thang o t l
l thang o khong vi mt in zero ly lm
gc so snh.
V d:
9o s khc bit gia hai kiu rng bng vic s
dng tr lng g thn cy so snh.
9 phong ph ca loi thng c o bng s
o t l vi n v o l phn trm hoc phn
mi.
11/11/2009 81
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Cn nhn thy rng, trc khi chn mt
thang o no , nh lm hc cn phi
lu n phng php x l s liu.
Mt s phng php x l s liu ch thch
hp vi nhng thang o di, cn s khc
li thch hp vi thang o ngn.
11/11/2009 82
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Ngoi cch phn bit cc bin v thang o
trn y, trong lm hc ngi ta cn phn
bit cc bin thnh bin nh tnh v bin
nh lng.
11/11/2009 83
Bica 1ia| |ia|
9Kica raag
9Sc la |rca cay
9Caj 1a|
9Caj 1c Jay |aag 1a|
9Caj |ca| |ai...
11/11/2009 84
I. 0ac |ia| 1ia| lacag.
X|aag 1ac |ia| 1c 1ac 1acc |aag 1ca \i \a| ly ca ||c.
- \i Ja. 0, h, 0, \...
- Cc |ai |ica |ica 1ia| lacag.
9Bica 1ia| lacag rci rac
9Bica 1ia| lacag lica |ac
11/11/2009 85
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
c tnh nh lng ri rc l nhng i
lng ca mt c tnh c biu th
bng nhng con s nguyn.
Chng hn:
9S cy trn mt mu.
9S cy g mang bnh.
9S cy ti sinh trn mt n v din tch...
11/11/2009 86
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
c tnh nh lng ri rc c m t
nh th no?
Trong bng thng k, chng ta ghi trong
mt ct (hoc mt hng) cc tr s 0, 1,
2... n ca c tnh, cn ct bn cnh (hoc
hng di) ghi nhn cc tn s, tn sut
hoc t l phn trm tng ng vi chng
(bng 2.4a).
11/11/2009 87
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
11/11/2009 88
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
11/11/2009 89
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
11/11/2009 90
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
c tnh nh lng lin tc l nhng c
tnh nh lng ly bt k gi tr no nm
trong mt khong no .
V d:
9Chiu cao v ng knh thn cy;
9Tit din ngang thn cy
9Tr lng rng...
11/11/2009 91
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Tuy nhin, trong thc t, do nhng gii hn ca
cc cng c o c, mt s c tnh nh lng
lin tc vn ch nhn c cc gi tr khng lin
tc.
V d:
9V thc o chiu cao Blume -Leiss c chnh
xc l 0,5 m, nn trong khong chiu cao cy g
t 20 n 22 m chng ta ch nhn c 3 gi tr
l 20,5; 21,0 v 21,5 m.
11/11/2009 92
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Cch trnh by s liu nh lng lin tc:
Bng bng v biu .
9Khi lp bng, trc ht phn chia cc bin
nh lng thnh t hay cp theo mt c
ly (hay khong cch) nht nh.
9Sau tnh tn s, tn sut v t l ca
cc nhm.
11/11/2009 93
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Theo Brooks v Carruther, s nhm (m)
v c ly gia cc nhm (k) c tnh theo
cng thc:
11/11/2009 94
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Hoppman ngh tnh c ly gia cc
nhm (t) theo cng thc:
11/11/2009 95
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
11/11/2009 96
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
2.4.3. Phn b tn s
Trong phn tch thng k, iu quan trng
l phi bit s liu c phn b nh th
no.
11/11/2009 97
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
S liu thng phn b theo hai kiu:
9Phn b lin tc
9Phn b t qung
11/11/2009 98
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Phn b chun c trng cho nhng bin
phn b lin tc.
Phn b nh thc v phn b Poisson c
trng cho phn b t qung.
11/11/2009 99
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Trong phn tch thng k, phn b chun
c ngha ln.
Khi lp biu m t mt i lng, v d
t l loi trong tiu chun, biu c th
sai lch vi phn b chun, ngha l biu
b lch sang phi hoc sang tri so vi
gi tr trung bnh.
11/11/2009 100
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Loi phn b lch c trng l phn b
log-normal (hnh 2.2b).
Mt bin c phn b log-normal, nu
logarit ca n c phn b chun.
11/11/2009 101
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
11/11/2009 102
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Khi mt bin s c phn b lch, chng ta
c th bin i n v phn b chun bng
cch ly logarit thp phn hoc logarit t
nhin.
Vic bin i s liu nh trn s khng
lm sai lch kt qu, bi v gi tr trung
bnh ca bin s bin i c th nhn
c bng cch ly i log
e
, ngha l
exp(x).
11/11/2009 103
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Tr trung bnh l mt c lng ca trung
v ca phn b log-normal.
Mt bin s c phn b log-normal, nu
sai tiu chun ln hn gi tr trung bnh,
hoc gi tr ln nht ln hn 20 ln gi tr
nh nht.
11/11/2009 104
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Trong lm hc, phn b chun v phn b
log-normal thng c ng dng m
t phn b s cy theo cp ng knh.
Phn b nh thc v phn b Poisson
thng c ng dng m t phn b
cy trn mt t.
11/11/2009 105
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
2.4.4. Bin i, chun ho v ly trng s
(1)Bin i s liu
Bin i s liu l thay th s o ny
bng s o khc.
11/11/2009 106
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Khi no cn phi bin i s liu?
9 Khi cc bin s khng c quan h tuyn
tnh vi nhau.
9 Kt qu ca bin i lm cho nhng
thnh phn no ca thang o i vi
cc bin b co li, cn thnh phn khc b
dn ra.
11/11/2009 107
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
C hai nhm bin i s liu
(a) Nhm th nht bao gm nhng bin i
s liu theo kiu nh tm v kiu chun
ho nhm to ra nhng bin so snh.
Chng hn, phong ph ca loi trong
dng bn, gi tr ca cc yu t mi
trng.
11/11/2009 108
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
(b) Nhm th hai bao gm nhng bin i
s liu nhm pht hin quy lut phn b
hay m hnh nht nh.
Nhm th hai p dng thch hp cho vic
xy dng cc m hnh hi quy, sau s
s dng cho cc mc ch phn tch khc.
11/11/2009 109
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
(a) Bin i s liu theo kiu nh tm v
kiu chun ho
l vic thay th gi tr y
ki
bng gi tr y
ki*
theo cch bin i nh sau:
11/11/2009 110
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Khi no cn bin i s liu theo kiu nh
tm?
9Khi chng ta cn so snh s khc bit
gia s o ca mt mu vi s trung bnh
ca tt c cc mu.
11/11/2009 111
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
(b) Bin i s liu i vi nhng gi tr
phn b theo quy lut hay m hnh nht
nh.
C ba cch bin i
11/11/2009 112
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Cch th nht. Bin i logarit
11/11/2009 113
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Dng bin i logarit thng c s
dng cho nhng mc ch no?
9 Thu c c tnh hp dn v mt thng k
ca phn b chun i vi nhng bin phn
b log-normal.
9 Nhn c trng s nh hn i vi loi u
th.
9 Xc nh phn hi ca nhiu loi i vi
nhng tc nhn c hi hoc vi hm lng
cht khong.
11/11/2009 114
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Cch th hai. Bin i cn bc hai
Hai mc ch:
(1) Trc khi phn tch
nhng bin s c dng
phn b Poisson.
(2) Nhn c trng s nh
hn i vi loi u th.
11/11/2009 115
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Cch th ba. Bin i dng m
Khi s liu phong ph ca loi trong qun x
c bin i theo dng m, th nhng loi u th s
ni bt.
11/11/2009 116
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
(c) Bin i s liu thnh thang nh danh c
th bc
Cch bin i ny c th p dng cho
trng hp phong ph ca loi c
tp hp thnh cp hay nhm.
11/11/2009 117
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
V d:
Nng sut rng c phn theo cp
dy tng t.
9 y dy tng t v nng sut rng
u c bin i thnh cp c th bc
hn km.
11/11/2009 118
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
dy tng t Nng sut rng
< 30 cm = 1 Rt thp (< 50 m
3
/ha) = 1
31-60 cm = 2 Thp (51-100 m
3
/ha) = 2
61-90 cm = 3 Trung bnh (101-150 m
3
/ha)
= 3
91-120 cm = 4 Cao (151 200 m
3
/ha) = 4
> 120 cm = 5 Rt cao (> 200 m
3
/ha) = 5
11/11/2009 119
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Nhng iu cn lu khi m ha:
1. Khi m s cp (th bc) cng cao, th m s
u th cng cao, nhng s cp bng nhau
khng c ngha phong ph bng nhau.
y khong cch gia cc cp hu nh v
ngha.
2. Gii hn cp c th nh hng n kt qu
phn loi; c bit l khi phong ph bin i
thnh thang bt gp v khng bt gp (1/0).
11/11/2009 120
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
3. Bin i s liu thnh thang th bc lun
lun lm mt i nhng thng tin hu ch.
Tuy vy, trong mt s trng hp, vic
bin i s liu thnh thang th bc l rt
hu ch. Ti sao?
Bi v n cho php lm gim khi lng
cng vic trong nhng nghin cu thm
thc vt theo trng phi Zurich
Montpellier (Php Thy S).
11/11/2009 121
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
4. Nu i lng ly gi tr lin tc, th s
bin i thnh thang th bc l cn thit.
11/11/2009 122
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
(2) Chun ho s liu
Chun ho l p dng tiu chun no cho tt
c cc bin hoc i tng (im thu mu)
trc khi tnh s tng ng hoc p dng
phn tch nhm sinh thi.
Chun ho s liu thch hp vi mc ch so
snh hoc m t mi quan h gia nhng bin
s c o bng nhng n v khc nhau.
Nhng bin chun ho c trung bnh bng zero
v phng sai bng 1.
11/11/2009 123
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Chng hn:
(a) Khi nghin cu quan h gia sinh
trng ca cy g vi pH v phosphate.
y sai lch ca s o pH khc vi sai
lch ca s o phosphate (g).
(b) Y = a
0
+ a
1
X
1
+ a
2
X
2
+...+ a
k
X
k
11/11/2009 124
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Khi chun ho s liu, gi tr y
ki
c thay
th bng:
11/11/2009 125
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Trong sinh thi hc v lm hc, chun
ho s liu c th c thc hin theo
bn cch thc sau y:
(1) Chun ho i vi ton b im thu mu
(2) Chun ho i vi ton b cc loi
(3) Chun ho theo im thu mu ln nht
(4) Chun ho theo tr s ln nht ca loi
11/11/2009 126
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
(1) Chun ho i vi ton b im thu
mu
o iu kin p dng:
9 phong ph ca loi c thu thp trn
nhng mu c kch thc khc nhau.
9Bi v nhng loi him gp c khuynh
hng xut hin nhng thng k ln,
nn s o s tng ng c th b sai
lch.
11/11/2009 127
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Cch thc bin i nh sau:
9Trc ht, tp hp phong ph ca
tng loi trong mt im thu mu.
9K n, tnh tng phong ph ca tt c
cc loi.
9Sau tnh phong ph tng i ca
mi loi bng cch chia phong ph ca
loi cho tng phong ph ca cc loi.
11/11/2009 128
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
(2) Chun ho i vi ton b cc loi
iu kin p dng:
9S loi cc im thu mu khng khc
bit nhau qu nhiu.
9Cc loi c phong ph khc nhau.
Phng php ny lm tng phong ph
ca loi him gp, nhng lm gim
phong ph ca loi thng gp.
11/11/2009 129
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Cch thc bin i nh sau:
Trc ht, tng hp phong ph ca
mi loi trong tt c cc im thu mu.
K n tnh phong ph tng i (theo
n v phn mi hoc phn trm) ca
mi loi bng cch chia phong ph ca
mi loi trong mt im thu mu cho tng
phong ph ca tt c cc loi.
11/11/2009 130
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
(3) Chun ho theo im thu mu ln nht
9Khi s dng kch thc mu ln, th
phong ph ca nhng loi thng gp c
th nhn gi tr ln.
11/11/2009 131
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
9Nu mt ch s c s dng vi trng s
phong ph ln, th nhng im thu
mu c nhiu im s bng nhau s tr
nn khc nhau rt ln so vi nhng im
c phm vi im s ln.
V th, xc nh ng phong ph
ca cc loi, chng ta c th chun ho s
liu theo im thu mu ln nht.
11/11/2009 132
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Phng php x l
9Chia phong ph ca mi loi cho
phong ph ln nht ca loi no .
11/11/2009 133
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
iu kin p dng
9Khi nh lm hc cn ch n s phong
ph thnh phn loi v kch thc mu.
11/11/2009 134
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
(4) Chun ho theo tr s ln nht ca loi
Theo quan im ca nhiu nh sinh thi hc,
nhng loi c phong ph nh thng c t
trng ging nhau.
Cch chun ho ny to ra dy s liu mi t
ph thuc vo kiu s liu (sinh khi hoc s
lng c th hoc che ph...).
iu kin p dng
9Tnh phong ph cho nhiu bc dinh dng
khc nhau.
11/11/2009 135
2.5. CCH TRNH BY S LIU
C hai cch trnh by s liu v kt qu
nghin cu:
9Bng bng biu
9Bng biu v th
11/11/2009 136
2.5. CCH TRNH BY S LIU
(1) Trnh by s liu bng bng biu
Tt c nhng s liu bo co kt qu cn
phi tp hp li theo nhng bng biu.
Tc dng ca bng biu
9Nhn ra r rng c trng ca chui s liu
9Thy r khuynh hng bin i ca s liu
9Trnh phi din gii s liu bng li di dng
950% s thnh cng ca bo co kt qu thuc
v cch lp bng biu.
11/11/2009 137
2.5. CCH TRNH BY S LIU
Yu cu ca bng s liu
9Tn bng v cc tiu phi ngn gn, r rng
v phn nh ng ni dung ca bng.
9Kt cu (hng, ct) phi r rng
9Ni dung ca bng biu phi phn nh r iu
mun bo co.
9S liu trnh by y , ngn gn, r rng.
9Ch a vo bng nhng c trng thng k
quan trng nht ca chui s liu nghin cu.
11/11/2009 138
2.5. CCH TRNH BY S LIU
V d 1. Ch trnh by th t ct
11/11/2009 139
2.5. CCH TRNH BY S LIU
V d 2. Trnh by c th t ct v hng
11/11/2009 140
0 1
0 30 68 98
39.6 58.4 98
1 71 81 152
61.4 90.6 152
101 149 250
101 149 250
Ha nu
Trac
Tong
Tong
Bang 4.3. S ket nhom gia cac loai cay
11/11/2009 141
2.5. CCH TRNH BY S LIU
(2) Trnh by s liu bng biu v th
u im ca biu v th
9Cho ci nhn khi qut v s liu
9M t s liu ngn gn v kh r rng
9Mi ngi nhn bit s liu d dng
11/11/2009 142
2.5. CCH TRNH BY S LIU
Nhc im ca biu v th
9Phn nh thiu r rng kt qu nghin
cu.
9V th, mt bn bo co khoa hc khng
nn s dng nhiu biu , m nn s
dng nhiu bng biu.
11/11/2009 143
2.5. CCH TRNH BY S LIU
(3) Trnh by s liu bng biu v th
Yu cu ca biu v th
9Tiu ngn gn, r rng v ng ni
dung
9S dng loi biu thch hp
11/11/2009 144
2.5. CCH TRNH BY S LIU
Biu hnh ch nht
11/11/2009 145
Trla| |ay sc lica |aag |ica 1c
11/11/2009 146
D, cm
Tong sinh khoi ti, kg
0 2 4 6 8 10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Hnh 4.1. Quan he TSK(t) - D
1.3
(cm) cua cay Tram hng
th m t quan h gia hai bin s
11/11/2009 147
2.6. GII THCH KT QU
V mt l thuyt, c c nhng kt
lun r rng v tng th v cung cp c
s khoa hc cho vic gii thch nguyn
nhn v nhng khc bit (hay nhng nh
hng) v mi lin h gia cc bin s,
th mt nghin cu phi tun th nhng
th tc nghim ngt no?
11/11/2009 148
2.6. GII THCH KT QU
Tr li: Mt nghin cu phi tun th
nhng th tc nghim ngt sau y:
9C mc tiu nghin cu r rng;
9C i tng nghin cu r rng;
9Qu trnh thu mu tt;
9Gi thuyt kim nh v nhng tham s
c lng r rng;
11/11/2009 149
2.6. GII THCH KT QU
9Rt mu ngu nhin hoc thit k nghim thc
ngu nhin;
9Mc sai s ca quyt nh sai thch hp;
9Thit k nghin cu da trn nhng th tc cht
ch;
9S dng nhng phng php nghin cu thch
hp;
9Nhng kt lun phi r rng v ch lin quan
n nhng mc tiu (hay cu hi) t ra
trong nghin cu.
11/11/2009 150
2.6. GII THCH KT QU
Nhng iu cn lu :
9Bng chng ca quan h nhn qu ch c
tnh thuyt phc cao khi cc nghim thc
c p dng cho i tng nghin cu.
9Nu ch thc hin iu tra quan st, th
quan h nhn qu s kh c gii thch
r rng.
11/11/2009 151
2.6. GII THCH KT QU
V d:
gii quyt vn v nh hng ca
hm lng nit n sinh trng ca rng
sao en, ngi ta thc hin hai cch
nghin cu sau y:
Mt l b tr th nghim vi nhng nghim
thc r rng.
Hai l iu tra quan st trong t nhin.
11/11/2009 152
2.6. GII THCH KT QU
phng php 1, nh nghin cu thit
k cc l th nghim ngu nhin trn nn
t ng nht, trong cc l th nghim
c bn N theo mc tng dn.
T s liu ca th nghim ny, qua phn
tch mi lin h gia sinh khi sao en vi
hm lng m trong t, nh nghin cu
nhn thy:
11/11/2009 153
2.6. GII THCH KT QU
9 gii hn thp ca hm lng m, sinh khi
sao en tng dn nhng tng rt chm.
9K n khi tng hm lng m tip theo, th
sinh khi sao en tng ln rt nhanh v t cc
i mc m no .
9Khi tip tc gia tng hm lng m ln mc rt
cao, th sinh khi sao en li gim dn.
Nh vy, kt qu phn tch hi quy ch ra nh
hng r rng ca m n sinh trng sao
en.
11/11/2009 154
2.6. GII THCH KT QU
Bng thc nghim nghim ngt, nh lm
hc c th xc nh c ti u v bin
sinh thi ca loi.
11/11/2009 155
2.6. GII THCH KT QU
V d:
9 xc nh ti u v bin sinh thi ca
g 6 thng tui i vi hm lng phn
NPK, V Th Lan (2007) b tr 7 nghim
thc: 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5% v 6%
NPK so vi trng lng rut bu.
11/11/2009 156
2.6. GII THCH KT QU
Kt qu xc nh c quan h gia D
NPK theo m hnh bc 2 nh sau:
D = 8,00869 + 0,40029*X - 0,02026*X
2
vi R
2
= 25%; S = 0,998 mm
T m hnh ny c th xc nh c ti
u v bin NPK m bo cho g
sinh trng tt.
11/11/2009 157
2.6. GII THCH KT QU
11/11/2009 158
2.7. NHNG NGUN KHNG TH GII THCH
V sao c nhng kt lun khng ph hp?
Nguyn nhn:
Ly s khm ph lm chng c
Ly mu trch (mu in hnh)
t sai gi thuyt
S dng khng ng phn tch thng k
S dng khng ph hp mc ngha ca
thng k...
11/11/2009 159
2.8. TNH PHC TP CA NGHIN CU SINH THI
Tnh phc tp ca nghin cu sinh thi
hc biu hin ch no?
9Nhng bin nghin cu thng c bin
ng mnh
9S tng tc phc tp gia cc bin s
9Thiu chc chn v nguyn nhn ca
nhng mi lin h
11/11/2009 160
2.8. TNH PHC TP CA NGHIN CU SINH THI
Bng cch no nh nghin cu c th lm
gim nhng sai st trong nghin cu?
9 l nh nghin cu phi tun th ng
nhng yu cu ca thit k nghin cu.
11/11/2009 161
2.8. TNH PHC TP CA NGHIN CU SINH THI
Mt trong nhng cch thc phn tch ti
liu sinh thi l s dng phng php
phn tch a bin.
Nhng mun p dng tt k thut phn
tch a bin, th vic thit k th nghim v
o c s liu phi m bo ng nhng
th tc ca thng k ton hc.
11/11/2009 162
Ht chng 2
Cu hi