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11/11/2009 1

Chng II. THU THP S LIU


2.1. THU THP D LIU
Chng 2 gii thiu mt s phng php thng k
c vn dng trong nghin cu sinh thi hc.
Thm thc vt rng cha ng rt nhiu thng tin v kt
cu v cu trc ca h thc vt v ng vt.
0 Bica scaa. P0S. TS. Xgayca \aa T|cm
11/11/2009 2
Chng II. THU THP S LIU
Nhng thng tin y rt phc tp v ln xn.
Chng ta khng hy vng bit c mi thng tin ca
thm thc vt, m ch mun khm ph mt s thng tin
hu ch nht cho vic khai thc v qun l c hiu qu
thm thc vt.
11/11/2009 3
Nu nh nghin cu c mong mun xc nh nhng gi
tr bn cht ca thm thc vt mt vng nht nh, th
nhng n v mu phi c chn nh th no?
Tr li:
9 Chn mu theo khng gian v thi gian.
9 Chn mu ngu nhin t khu vc nghin cu.
11/11/2009 4
Nu mu c thu thp t thm thc vt xc nh
nh hng ca mt phng thc kinh doanh no ,
th cc n v thu mu phi c chn nh th no?
Tr li:
9 Chn ngu nhin theo tng nghim thc.
11/11/2009 5
Chng II. THU THP S LIU
Mc tiu nghin cu c xc nh ty thuc vo
phng php thu thp d liu.
Tp hp d liu c th ph hp vi mc tiu ny, nhng
li khng ph hp vi mc tiu khc.
Ngun ti liu thu thp cho php xc nh nhng cu hi
cn phi tr li v bn cht ca nhng cu tr li pht
sinh t nhng cu hi ny.
11/11/2009 6
Trong nhng nghin cu thc nghim, hai hot ng
suy lun l thuyt v thu thp d liu c quan h cht
ch vi nhau.
9 Nhng gi nh ban u (m hnh, l thuyt, phng
on) c th c h qu logic m c th em so snh vi
s liu thc t.
9 Khi l thuyt v thc hnh khc nhau, th nh nghin
cu cn phi iu chnh li gi thuyt.
11/11/2009 7
9 Vic thu thp d liu nghin cu phi theo mt nh
hng c th v r rng.
9 Trong s tng tc gia l thuyt v thc hnh, phng
php thng k ng vai tr quan trng.
11/11/2009 8
Trong mt d n nghin cu, nh nghin cu
cn quan tm n nhng vn no?
Tr li:
9 C ba vn cn quan tm sau y:
11/11/2009 9
1. Tnh trng vn v mc tiu nghin cu (phn 2.2).
2. Lp k hoch thu thp d liu (phn 2.3).
3. Phn tch s liu thu thp v gii thch kt qu (phn
2.4 & 2.5).
11/11/2009 10
Chng II. THU THP S LIU
2.2. MC TIU NGHIN CU V THU THP D LIU
Trong bt k cuc iu tra no, nh nghin cu cn
phi lm r 4 vn sau y:
1. nh ngha r rng mc tiu cn phi lm ca mt d
n nghin cu.
2. Phi m bo rng mi thnh vin tham gia u ng
vi nhng mc tiu ca d n.
11/11/2009 11
3. Nhng tiu chun xc nh mc tiu nghin cu.
4. Khi mc tiu thay i, phi m bo rng nhng thnh
vin nghin cu u ng xy dng li nhng mc
tiu mi v nhng tiu chun nh gi mi.
11/11/2009 12
Ni chung, trc khi nghin cu nh khoa hc phi xc
nh tht r rng v chnh xc 2 vn sau y:
9 Mc tiu nghin cu
9 Cch thc hay phng php thu thp d liu
11/11/2009 13
Chng II. THU THP S LIU
2.3. LP K HOCH THU THP D LIU
2.3.1. Thit k nghin cu
Sau khi xc nh r vn v mc tiu nghin cu,
nh nghin cu phi xy dng s tm tt qu trnh
nghin cu (hay thit k th nghim, thit k nghin cu)
t lc bt u cho ti khi kt thc.
11/11/2009 14
S nghin cu cho bit tt c cc chui hot ng.
S nghin cu bao gm 10 vn ch yu sau y:
11/11/2009 15
1. Xc nh nhng cu hi cn phi lm r hay gii hn
vn nghin cu.
Chng hn:
Tng th no s a vo nghin cu?
Nhng gi thuyt no c a ra kim nh?
Nhng tham s no mun c lng?...
11/11/2009 16
Chng II. THU THP S LIU
2. Xc nh chnh xc i tng nghin cu (n v th
nghin hay n v thu mu).
3. Xc nh bin phn hi (ph thuc), bin gii thch (c
lp) v cc nghim thc (yu t v cc mc ca yu
t).
11/11/2009 17
4. Thit k th tc phn phi cc nghim thc (ngu nhin,
h thng) vo cc n v th nghim (l) hoc n v
thu mu.
5. Xc nh nhng bin s cn phi thu thp, phng php
thu mu v t l mu.
6. Xc nh chnh xc mong mun ca cc php o v
tnh ng n ca phng php thu thp mu (dng c
o c).
11/11/2009 18
7. Lp k hoch thi gian v quy m (s i tng) nghin
cu.
8. Xc nh phng php ton thng k s p dng x
l s liu.
9. Lp s phn tch v cch thc m t kt qu (bng,
biu , th).
10. nh gi cc mc tiu v tiu chun lm r nhng hot
ng trn y.
11/11/2009 19
Chng II. THU THP S LIU
2.3.2. Kiu nghin cu
Sau khi thit k s nghin cu, mt
nhim v quan trng khc l xc nh kiu
nghin cu.
Cc nghin cu trong sinh thi hc c th
c phn chia theo mc ch nghin
cu.
11/11/2009 20
Chng II. THU THP S LIU
Cox v Snell (1981) phn chia hai
nhm nghin cu.
9Nhm 1 l nhng nghin cu gii thch
hay hng n thu thp c mt hay
nhiu hin tng.
9Nhm 2 l nhng nghin cu vi mc
ch thc hnh hay k thut.
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Chng II. THU THP S LIU
Mt s nh nghin cu khc cng phn
chia cc nghin cu thnh hai nhm.
Nhm 1 l nhng nghin cu gii thch
hay hng n thu thp c mt hay
nhiu hin tng.
9Mc tiu l khm ph nhng mi lin h
m nhng nghin cu trc (l khi
u cho nghin cu k tip) pht hin
ra bng vic kim nh cc gi thuyt.
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Chng II. THU THP S LIU
Nhm 2 l nhng nghin cu hng n
mc tiu xc nhn li mt nghin cu.
9Mc tiu nghin cu y l tm ra nhng
chng c bng vic p dng kim nh gi
thuyt v c lng cc tham s.
11/11/2009 23
Chng II. THU THP S LIU
Theo mc ch nghin cu, Box v Snell
(1981) phn chia nhng kiu nghin
cu sau y:
(1) Nhng nghin cu thc nghim
Nh nghin cu xy dng v kim tra h
thng nghin cu v xc nh nh hng
ca nhng yu t th nghim (bin c
lp) n bin phn hi (ph thuc).
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Chng II. THU THP S LIU
(2) Nhng nghin cu thu thp s liu thun ty
Bng cch nghin cu ny, nh nghin
cu c th khm ph v xc nh c
mi lin h gia cc bin s.
Tuy nhin, nh nghin cu khng th kim
tra c vic thu thp s liu; do khi
gii thch kt qu i hi s thn trng.
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Chng II. THU THP S LIU
(3) iu tra mu
Bng vic ly mu t tng th, nh nghin
cu c th thu c mt kt qu tt v
xc nh c s sai khc gia cc tng
th.
Tuy vy, cng ging nh nghin cu thu
thp s liu thun ty, nh nghin cu rt
kh a ra li gii thch r rng cho mi
lin h gia cc bin s.
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Chng II. THU THP S LIU
(4) Nhng nghin cu c kh nng gii thch
Nh nghin cu chn la v o c nhng mu
cha nhng bin s cn xem xt tm ra li
gii thch.
T nhng mu o c, nh nghin cu nhn
thy mt s s kin nht nh xut hin.
Nu tt c nhng bin gii thch quan trng u
o c c, th kiu nghin cu ny cng c
th tm ra c tnh ca nhng bin gii thch.
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Chng II. THU THP S LIU
5. Nhng nghin cu hi tng gii thch
Mt bin phn hi c trng c ghi
nhn v sau n li xut hin nhng
n v ly mu khc khi pht hin c
bin gii thch lin quan.
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Chng II. THU THP S LIU
2.3.3. Chin lc thu mu
Chin lc thu mu trnh by mt khung
thit k nghin cu.
nhng du hiu m t thm thc vt
c th a vo x l thng k, nh lm
hc cn phi thu thp chng theo mt
phng php nht nh.
Phng php thu thp d liu phi c
lm r trc cc mc ch t ra.
11/11/2009 29
Chng II. THU THP S LIU
Mi thm thc vt c nhiu QXTV; mi
QXTV c nhiu du hiu khc nhau.
Vic m t tt c nhng du hiu ca
qun x trn mt lnh th rng ln l ht
sc kh khn, tn nhiu thi gian v nhn
lc.
11/11/2009 30
Chng II. THU THP S LIU
Thay v th, ngi ta ch thc hin m t
nhng du hiu c trng nht trn mt
b phn i din cho i tng nghin
cu, sau suy din nhng ti liu ny
cho ton b cc qun x ca thm thc
vt.
Phng php nghin cu nh th c
gi l phng php nghin cu mu.
11/11/2009 31
1aag |he |a g|!
9Tcag ||c la |aj |cj a|aag j|aa |a caa 1ci |acag ag|ica
caa.
Nau agh|ea cau |a g|!
9Hc| maa la mc| 1ai Jica caa |cag ||c.
Chng II. THU THP S LIU
11/11/2009 32
Nhim v c bn ca x l thng k l
trn c s nghin cu cc mu a ra
nhng nhn nh ng cho tng th.
CHNG VII. PHNG PHAP CHON MAU
11/11/2009 33
Mau ngau nhien
c lng
Kiem nh gia thuyet
Tong the
N (kch thc)
(Trung bnh)
(Sai tieu chuan)
p (Ty le)
Mau
n
s
x
p
0l0l ThlEL \AX 0E LAY HAL
11/11/2009 34
Chng II. THU THP S LIU
ieu kien cua mot mau o em tot?
ai dien tot cho tong the
Moi bo phan cua tong the phai co xac suat c
chon la nh nhau.
11/11/2009 35
Khi phan tch QXTV, nha nghien cu co the
chon nhng phng phap thu mau nao?
Chng II. THU THP S LIU
11/11/2009 36
NHNG PHNG PHAP CHON MAU
1. Chon mau ngau nhien
2. Chon mau he thong:
Theo nhng so nh trc
Theo mot c ly nhat nh
Theo mat li
3. Chon mau ngau nhien - he thong
4. Chon mau theo khoi (phan tang)
5. Chon mau ngau nhien theo cum
6. Chon mau theo li ch
7. Chon mau theo phan oan hay ien hnh
11/11/2009 37
1. CHON MAU NGAU NHIEN N GIAN
KHAI NIEM. Mau ngau nhien n gian va
qua trnh chon mau ngau nhien n gian phu
thuoc vao tong the hu han hay vo han.
Tong the hu han co the em c.
Tong the vo han khong the em c.
11/11/2009 38
aLay mau t tong the hu han
a Mot mau kch thc n t mot tong the hu han
vi kch thc N (N >> n) la mot mau c chon
sao cho moi mau kch thc n co xac suat c
chon nh nhau.
a So lng mau ngau nhien n gian tnh theo
cong thc:
)! n N ( ! n
! N

So lng mau =
1. CHON MAU NGAU NHIEN N GIAN
11/11/2009 39
9Lay mau khong lap. Moi phan t cua tong
the ch c chon mot lan.
9Lay mau lap. Moi phan t cua tong the co
the c chon nhieu lan.
1. CHON MAU NGAU NHIEN N GIAN
11/11/2009 40
Lay mau t tong the vo han
Mot mau ngau nhien n gian t mot tong the vo han la
mot mau c chon sao cho thoa man cac ieu kien sau
ay :
9 Moi phan t c chon eu xuat phat t mot tong the
giong nhau.
9 Moi phan t c chon la oc lap.
1. CHON MAU NGAU NHIEN N GIAN
11/11/2009 41
2. Mau he thong (Systematic Sampling)
Mot phng phap chon mau trong o trc het
chung ta chon 1 phan t nao o theo chu quan
va sau o chon phan t khac sau moi k phan t
hoac sau mot khoang cach nhat nh (S, m).
CAC PHNG PHAP LAY MAU
11/11/2009 42
Nhng kieu rut mau he thong
9Rut mau theo nhng so nh trc
9Rut mau theo mot c ly nhat nh
9Rut mau theo mat li
CAC PHNG PHAP LAY MAU
11/11/2009 43
Hnh 2.1a. Rut mau theo nhng so nh trc
1 3 5 7
9 11 13
15 17 19 21
23 25 27
29 35
43 49
11/11/2009 44
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
Hnh 2.1b. Rut mau theo mot c ly nhat nh
s
i
= S/n
11/11/2009 45
1 2 3
4
Hnh 2.1c. Rut mau theo mat li
11/11/2009 46
3. Mau ngau nhien - he thong
Mot phng phap chon mau, trong o trc
het chung ta chon ngau nhien 1 phan t va
sau o chon phan t khac sau moi k phan t.
11/11/2009 47

+ +
+ + +
+ + +
+ +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
O c chon theo phng phap ngau nhien
+ Nhng o c chon theo phng phap he thong
Rut mau theo phng phap
ngau nhien - he thong
11/11/2009 48
PhL0X0 PhAP LAY HAL KhAC
1. Lay mau agau ah|ea phaa |aag (||ci)
Hc| j|acag j|aj c|ca maa |rcag 1c aaa ||c |racc |c|
1acc c|ia ||aa| a|ica a|cm ||aaa a|a| (lcj) \a saa 1c
\icc c|ca maa 1acc ||ac |ica |rcag mci a|cm.
11/11/2009 49
Ra| maa ||cc ||ci (cam)
K|ci
K|ci 1
K|ci
K|ci I
11/11/2009 50
PhL0X0 PhAP LAY HAL KhAC
i. Lay maa agaa a|ica ||cc cam (Clas|cr Samjliag)
Hc| j|acag j|aj c|ca maa |rcag 1c aaa ||c |racc |c|
1acc c|ia ||aa| a|ica cam |ay ||ci (||cc 1ac |raag aac
1c) \a saa 1c mc| |cac a|ica cam 1acc 1aa \ac c|ca
maa.
11/11/2009 51
. Lay maa ||cc lci ic| (Cca\caicacc Samjliag)
Hc| j|acag j|aj c|ca maa |rcag 1c j|aa |a 1acc
c|ca Jaa |rca lci ic| aac 1c.
PhL0X0 PhAP LAY HAL KhAC
11/11/2009 52
!. Lay maa ||cc j|aa 1caa |ay 1ica |la| (IaJgmca|
Samjliag)
Hc| j|acag j|aj c|ca maa |rcag 1c j|aa |a 1acc
c|ca Jaa |rca sa j|aa 1caa c|a aaa caa a|a ag|ica
caa.
PhL0X0 PhAP LAY HAL KhAC
11/11/2009 53
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Phn tch s liu bao gm nhng hot
ng sau y:
1. Kim tra d liu. l th tc xc nh
cht lng ca nhng d liu.
y cn phi lm r:
9 Nhng s ngoi lai no xut hin?
9 C nhng tng sai s no?
9 C nhng s liu no b tht lc?
9 C cn phi o c b sung hay khng?
11/11/2009 54
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
2. Kim tra (bng th hoc kim nh)
nhng gi nh m phng php x l i
hi.
9S liu c tun theo lut phn b chun
hay khng?
9S liu c cn thit phi bin i hay
khng (ly log, cn bc hai)?
11/11/2009 55
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
3. Chun b dung lng mu cho qu trnh
x l bng my tnh hoc phn tch.
4. Xc nh phng php x l c
chn la trong khi thit k nghin cu.
5. Cch trnh by kt qu (bng th, biu
, bng).
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2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Nhng chng sau s xem xt nhng
phng php x l s liu.
Phn di y ch trnh by mt s kha
cnh sau y:
9Nhng thang o
9Bin i d liu
9Lp bng tn s cho cc bin phn
tch
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2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
2.4.2. Thang o
d dng thu thp, tnh ton, phn tch
v trnh by kt qu nghin cu, trc ht
nh lm hc cn phi nh ngha r rng
nhng thut ng c s dng trong
nghin cu lm hc.
11/11/2009 58
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
(1) Cc quan st
Thut ng ny biu th cc trng hp hay
ch th nghin cu.
Mt trng hp bao gm nhiu thng tin ca
mt i lng nghin cu.
V d:
9 D
1.3
, cm;
9 H, m;
9 M, m
3
/ha;
9 Tnh trng sinh lc ca cy
11/11/2009 59
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
(2) Cc bin hay tiu thc
Thut ng ny biu th cc thng tin hay
c im ca tng trng hp hay ch
th.
V d: D
1.3
(cm), H (m), M (m3/ha), tnh
trng sinh lc ca cy l nhng bin s.
Mi bin c t mt tn bin c th.
11/11/2009 60
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
m t tn y ca mt bin, ngi
ta dng nhn bin.
V d:
9 che ph ca thm c l mt bin s.
9Gi s bin s ny c tn l CP.
9Bin s ny c nhn y l che
ph ca thm c.
11/11/2009 61
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Mi gi tr ca mt
bin cng c th
c t mt nhn
gi tr.
V d: Mi bin CP
c th c ch nh
bng mt gi tr bin
nh sau:
CP M s
Soc 1
Cop
3
2
Cop
2
3
Cop
1
4
Sol 5
Sp 6
Un 7
11/11/2009 62
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Ti sao phi quy nh t tn bin, nhn
bin v nhn gi tr?
9Vic lm ny nhm to thun li cho vic
ghi chp, x l s liu v bo co kt qu.
11/11/2009 63
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
(3) Thang o
Trong pha lp k hoch nghin cu, nh
sinh thi hc phi quyt nh thang o nh
th no.
Khi o phong ph ca loi hoc trng
thi ca cc yu t mi trng, s trung
bnh ch nh cho mi n v thu mu.
11/11/2009 64
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Cc gi tr c th c lin quan vi nhau
theo cch thc no .
Cc thang o biu th nhng gi tr c lin
quan vi nhau theo cch thc no .
11/11/2009 65
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Trong sinh thi hc ngi ta thng s
dng 4 thang o khc nhau:
9nh danh
9Th bc
9Khong
9T l
11/11/2009 66
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Thang o nh danh biu th cho nhng
bin s nh tnh.
Thang o th bc v thang o khong
biu th cho nhng bin s nh lng.
11/11/2009 67
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
(a)Thang o nh danh
Thang o nh danh biu th cho nhng bin
m cc gi tr khng c lin h vi nhau.
Nhng tr s ca bin nh danh ch th hin
cc nhm phn loi khng c th bc hn km.
Nhng gi tr o c biu th bng cp; trong
mi cp c nh s (s nguyn) hay gn
chui dng ngn gn cho nhng biu hin ca
mt bin s.
11/11/2009 68
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
V d: Kiu t c chia thnh nhiu cp: t
ct, t tht, t st.
Ba kiu t ny c m ha bng ba s 10,
11 v 17.
Nhng gi tr m ha ny khng sp xp theo
th bc m ch biu th cho tn cp. Do ,
chng khng c quan h vi nhau hay khng
th m t bng mt hm s.
V th, nh lm hc khng th x l cc bin
nh danh bng cc php tnh i s.
11/11/2009 69
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
(b) Thang o th bc
Thang o th bc l mt thang o nh
danh, nhng cc tr s ca bin s c th
bc hn km.
Nhng bin nh danh c th bc cn
c gi l cc bin phn loi hay bin
lp nhm.
11/11/2009 70
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
V d 1:
Mt loi bnh cy no c th c
phn loi theo 5 cp nh sau:
91 = bnh rt nng
92 = bnh nng
93 = bnh trung bnh
94 = bnh nh
95 = khng c bnh.
11/11/2009 71
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
V d 2:
Khi nghin cu quan h gia nng sut rng
trng vi 5 cp t, th cc biu hin ca bin
cp t c th c ghi bng 5 tr s sau y:
1 = cp t I
2 = cp t II
3 = cp t III
4 = cp t IV
5 = cp t V.
11/11/2009 72
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Trong sinh thi rng, nhng bin no l nhng
bin nh danh khng c th bc hn km v
nhng bin nh danh no c th bc hn km?
Cp t hay cp nng sut, cp bnh cy, cp
chy rng, cp lp a, cp sinh trng cy
rngl nhng bin nh danh khng c th
bc hn km hay l nhng bin nh danh c
th bc hn km?
11/11/2009 73
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Nhng iu cn lu
Trong thang o th bc hn km, nhng
con s c tr s cao hn khng c ngha l
chng lun bc cao hn v ngc li.
Vic gn nhng con s cho mi du hiu
ca bin ch mang ngha quy c nhm
to thun li cho vic x l s liu.
11/11/2009 74
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
V d, Braun Blanquet phn chia
phong ph ca thm c thnh 5 cp (bng
2.1).
11/11/2009 75
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
11/11/2009 76
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Braun Blanquet m ho che ph
ca thm c bng nhng con s t thp
n cao, nhng s khc bit gia nhng
con s y th khng ging nhau.
Chng hn, s khc bit gia che ph
c m ho bng s 1 v 2 th nh hn
hoc ln hn s khc bit gia s 4 v 5.
11/11/2009 77
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Bi vy, theo cch o c ca Braun
Blanquet, gi tr trung bnh v sai tiu
chun ca che ph l nhng s b sai
lch.
11/11/2009 78
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
(c) Thang o khong
l thang o th bc c khong cch
u nhau.
Thang o khong c chia theo mt n
v n nh.
Do , s khc bit gia gi tr ny vi gi
tr khc c th xc nh c.
11/11/2009 79
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
V d:
ng knh thn cy c chia theo
khong cch 2 cm; do gia cc con s
khc nhau 2 cm.
T s o khong, chng ta c th tnh
c gi tr trung bnh v sai tiu chun.
11/11/2009 80
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
(d) Thang o t l
l thang o khong vi mt in zero ly lm
gc so snh.
V d:
9o s khc bit gia hai kiu rng bng vic s
dng tr lng g thn cy so snh.
9 phong ph ca loi thng c o bng s
o t l vi n v o l phn trm hoc phn
mi.
11/11/2009 81
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Cn nhn thy rng, trc khi chn mt
thang o no , nh lm hc cn phi
lu n phng php x l s liu.
Mt s phng php x l s liu ch thch
hp vi nhng thang o di, cn s khc
li thch hp vi thang o ngn.
11/11/2009 82
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Ngoi cch phn bit cc bin v thang o
trn y, trong lm hc ngi ta cn phn
bit cc bin thnh bin nh tnh v bin
nh lng.
11/11/2009 83
Bica 1ia| |ia|
9Kica raag
9Sc la |rca cay
9Caj 1a|
9Caj 1c Jay |aag 1a|
9Caj |ca| |ai...
11/11/2009 84
I. 0ac |ia| 1ia| lacag.
X|aag 1ac |ia| 1c 1ac 1acc |aag 1ca \i \a| ly ca ||c.
- \i Ja. 0, h, 0, \...
- Cc |ai |ica |ica 1ia| lacag.
9Bica 1ia| lacag rci rac
9Bica 1ia| lacag lica |ac
11/11/2009 85
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
c tnh nh lng ri rc l nhng i
lng ca mt c tnh c biu th
bng nhng con s nguyn.
Chng hn:
9S cy trn mt mu.
9S cy g mang bnh.
9S cy ti sinh trn mt n v din tch...
11/11/2009 86
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
c tnh nh lng ri rc c m t
nh th no?
Trong bng thng k, chng ta ghi trong
mt ct (hoc mt hng) cc tr s 0, 1,
2... n ca c tnh, cn ct bn cnh (hoc
hng di) ghi nhn cc tn s, tn sut
hoc t l phn trm tng ng vi chng
(bng 2.4a).
11/11/2009 87
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
11/11/2009 88
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
11/11/2009 89
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
11/11/2009 90
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
c tnh nh lng lin tc l nhng c
tnh nh lng ly bt k gi tr no nm
trong mt khong no .
V d:
9Chiu cao v ng knh thn cy;
9Tit din ngang thn cy
9Tr lng rng...
11/11/2009 91
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Tuy nhin, trong thc t, do nhng gii hn ca
cc cng c o c, mt s c tnh nh lng
lin tc vn ch nhn c cc gi tr khng lin
tc.
V d:
9V thc o chiu cao Blume -Leiss c chnh
xc l 0,5 m, nn trong khong chiu cao cy g
t 20 n 22 m chng ta ch nhn c 3 gi tr
l 20,5; 21,0 v 21,5 m.
11/11/2009 92
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Cch trnh by s liu nh lng lin tc:
Bng bng v biu .
9Khi lp bng, trc ht phn chia cc bin
nh lng thnh t hay cp theo mt c
ly (hay khong cch) nht nh.
9Sau tnh tn s, tn sut v t l ca
cc nhm.
11/11/2009 93
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Theo Brooks v Carruther, s nhm (m)
v c ly gia cc nhm (k) c tnh theo
cng thc:
11/11/2009 94
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Hoppman ngh tnh c ly gia cc
nhm (t) theo cng thc:
11/11/2009 95
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
11/11/2009 96
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
2.4.3. Phn b tn s
Trong phn tch thng k, iu quan trng
l phi bit s liu c phn b nh th
no.
11/11/2009 97
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
S liu thng phn b theo hai kiu:
9Phn b lin tc
9Phn b t qung
11/11/2009 98
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Phn b chun c trng cho nhng bin
phn b lin tc.
Phn b nh thc v phn b Poisson c
trng cho phn b t qung.
11/11/2009 99
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Trong phn tch thng k, phn b chun
c ngha ln.
Khi lp biu m t mt i lng, v d
t l loi trong tiu chun, biu c th
sai lch vi phn b chun, ngha l biu
b lch sang phi hoc sang tri so vi
gi tr trung bnh.
11/11/2009 100
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Loi phn b lch c trng l phn b
log-normal (hnh 2.2b).
Mt bin c phn b log-normal, nu
logarit ca n c phn b chun.
11/11/2009 101
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
11/11/2009 102
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Khi mt bin s c phn b lch, chng ta
c th bin i n v phn b chun bng
cch ly logarit thp phn hoc logarit t
nhin.
Vic bin i s liu nh trn s khng
lm sai lch kt qu, bi v gi tr trung
bnh ca bin s bin i c th nhn
c bng cch ly i log
e
, ngha l
exp(x).
11/11/2009 103
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Tr trung bnh l mt c lng ca trung
v ca phn b log-normal.
Mt bin s c phn b log-normal, nu
sai tiu chun ln hn gi tr trung bnh,
hoc gi tr ln nht ln hn 20 ln gi tr
nh nht.
11/11/2009 104
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Trong lm hc, phn b chun v phn b
log-normal thng c ng dng m
t phn b s cy theo cp ng knh.
Phn b nh thc v phn b Poisson
thng c ng dng m t phn b
cy trn mt t.
11/11/2009 105
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
2.4.4. Bin i, chun ho v ly trng s
(1)Bin i s liu
Bin i s liu l thay th s o ny
bng s o khc.
11/11/2009 106
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Khi no cn phi bin i s liu?
9 Khi cc bin s khng c quan h tuyn
tnh vi nhau.
9 Kt qu ca bin i lm cho nhng
thnh phn no ca thang o i vi
cc bin b co li, cn thnh phn khc b
dn ra.
11/11/2009 107
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
C hai nhm bin i s liu
(a) Nhm th nht bao gm nhng bin i
s liu theo kiu nh tm v kiu chun
ho nhm to ra nhng bin so snh.
Chng hn, phong ph ca loi trong
dng bn, gi tr ca cc yu t mi
trng.
11/11/2009 108
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
(b) Nhm th hai bao gm nhng bin i
s liu nhm pht hin quy lut phn b
hay m hnh nht nh.
Nhm th hai p dng thch hp cho vic
xy dng cc m hnh hi quy, sau s
s dng cho cc mc ch phn tch khc.
11/11/2009 109
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
(a) Bin i s liu theo kiu nh tm v
kiu chun ho
l vic thay th gi tr y
ki
bng gi tr y
ki*
theo cch bin i nh sau:
11/11/2009 110
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Khi no cn bin i s liu theo kiu nh
tm?
9Khi chng ta cn so snh s khc bit
gia s o ca mt mu vi s trung bnh
ca tt c cc mu.
11/11/2009 111
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
(b) Bin i s liu i vi nhng gi tr
phn b theo quy lut hay m hnh nht
nh.
C ba cch bin i
11/11/2009 112
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Cch th nht. Bin i logarit
11/11/2009 113
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Dng bin i logarit thng c s
dng cho nhng mc ch no?
9 Thu c c tnh hp dn v mt thng k
ca phn b chun i vi nhng bin phn
b log-normal.
9 Nhn c trng s nh hn i vi loi u
th.
9 Xc nh phn hi ca nhiu loi i vi
nhng tc nhn c hi hoc vi hm lng
cht khong.
11/11/2009 114
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Cch th hai. Bin i cn bc hai
Hai mc ch:
(1) Trc khi phn tch
nhng bin s c dng
phn b Poisson.
(2) Nhn c trng s nh
hn i vi loi u th.
11/11/2009 115
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Cch th ba. Bin i dng m
Khi s liu phong ph ca loi trong qun x
c bin i theo dng m, th nhng loi u th s
ni bt.
11/11/2009 116
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
(c) Bin i s liu thnh thang nh danh c
th bc
Cch bin i ny c th p dng cho
trng hp phong ph ca loi c
tp hp thnh cp hay nhm.
11/11/2009 117
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
V d:
Nng sut rng c phn theo cp
dy tng t.
9 y dy tng t v nng sut rng
u c bin i thnh cp c th bc
hn km.
11/11/2009 118
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
dy tng t Nng sut rng
< 30 cm = 1 Rt thp (< 50 m
3
/ha) = 1
31-60 cm = 2 Thp (51-100 m
3
/ha) = 2
61-90 cm = 3 Trung bnh (101-150 m
3
/ha)
= 3
91-120 cm = 4 Cao (151 200 m
3
/ha) = 4
> 120 cm = 5 Rt cao (> 200 m
3
/ha) = 5
11/11/2009 119
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Nhng iu cn lu khi m ha:
1. Khi m s cp (th bc) cng cao, th m s
u th cng cao, nhng s cp bng nhau
khng c ngha phong ph bng nhau.
y khong cch gia cc cp hu nh v
ngha.
2. Gii hn cp c th nh hng n kt qu
phn loi; c bit l khi phong ph bin i
thnh thang bt gp v khng bt gp (1/0).
11/11/2009 120
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
3. Bin i s liu thnh thang th bc lun
lun lm mt i nhng thng tin hu ch.
Tuy vy, trong mt s trng hp, vic
bin i s liu thnh thang th bc l rt
hu ch. Ti sao?
Bi v n cho php lm gim khi lng
cng vic trong nhng nghin cu thm
thc vt theo trng phi Zurich
Montpellier (Php Thy S).
11/11/2009 121
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
4. Nu i lng ly gi tr lin tc, th s
bin i thnh thang th bc l cn thit.
11/11/2009 122
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
(2) Chun ho s liu
Chun ho l p dng tiu chun no cho tt
c cc bin hoc i tng (im thu mu)
trc khi tnh s tng ng hoc p dng
phn tch nhm sinh thi.
Chun ho s liu thch hp vi mc ch so
snh hoc m t mi quan h gia nhng bin
s c o bng nhng n v khc nhau.
Nhng bin chun ho c trung bnh bng zero
v phng sai bng 1.
11/11/2009 123
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Chng hn:
(a) Khi nghin cu quan h gia sinh
trng ca cy g vi pH v phosphate.
y sai lch ca s o pH khc vi sai
lch ca s o phosphate (g).
(b) Y = a
0
+ a
1
X
1
+ a
2
X
2
+...+ a
k
X
k
11/11/2009 124
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Khi chun ho s liu, gi tr y
ki
c thay
th bng:
11/11/2009 125
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Trong sinh thi hc v lm hc, chun
ho s liu c th c thc hin theo
bn cch thc sau y:
(1) Chun ho i vi ton b im thu mu
(2) Chun ho i vi ton b cc loi
(3) Chun ho theo im thu mu ln nht
(4) Chun ho theo tr s ln nht ca loi
11/11/2009 126
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
(1) Chun ho i vi ton b im thu
mu
o iu kin p dng:
9 phong ph ca loi c thu thp trn
nhng mu c kch thc khc nhau.
9Bi v nhng loi him gp c khuynh
hng xut hin nhng thng k ln,
nn s o s tng ng c th b sai
lch.
11/11/2009 127
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Cch thc bin i nh sau:
9Trc ht, tp hp phong ph ca
tng loi trong mt im thu mu.
9K n, tnh tng phong ph ca tt c
cc loi.
9Sau tnh phong ph tng i ca
mi loi bng cch chia phong ph ca
loi cho tng phong ph ca cc loi.
11/11/2009 128
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
(2) Chun ho i vi ton b cc loi
iu kin p dng:
9S loi cc im thu mu khng khc
bit nhau qu nhiu.
9Cc loi c phong ph khc nhau.
Phng php ny lm tng phong ph
ca loi him gp, nhng lm gim
phong ph ca loi thng gp.
11/11/2009 129
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Cch thc bin i nh sau:
Trc ht, tng hp phong ph ca
mi loi trong tt c cc im thu mu.
K n tnh phong ph tng i (theo
n v phn mi hoc phn trm) ca
mi loi bng cch chia phong ph ca
mi loi trong mt im thu mu cho tng
phong ph ca tt c cc loi.
11/11/2009 130
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
(3) Chun ho theo im thu mu ln nht
9Khi s dng kch thc mu ln, th
phong ph ca nhng loi thng gp c
th nhn gi tr ln.
11/11/2009 131
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
9Nu mt ch s c s dng vi trng s
phong ph ln, th nhng im thu
mu c nhiu im s bng nhau s tr
nn khc nhau rt ln so vi nhng im
c phm vi im s ln.
V th, xc nh ng phong ph
ca cc loi, chng ta c th chun ho s
liu theo im thu mu ln nht.
11/11/2009 132
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
Phng php x l
9Chia phong ph ca mi loi cho
phong ph ln nht ca loi no .
11/11/2009 133
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
iu kin p dng
9Khi nh lm hc cn ch n s phong
ph thnh phn loi v kch thc mu.
11/11/2009 134
2.4. PHN TCH S LIU V THU THP D LIU
(4) Chun ho theo tr s ln nht ca loi
Theo quan im ca nhiu nh sinh thi hc,
nhng loi c phong ph nh thng c t
trng ging nhau.
Cch chun ho ny to ra dy s liu mi t
ph thuc vo kiu s liu (sinh khi hoc s
lng c th hoc che ph...).
iu kin p dng
9Tnh phong ph cho nhiu bc dinh dng
khc nhau.
11/11/2009 135
2.5. CCH TRNH BY S LIU
C hai cch trnh by s liu v kt qu
nghin cu:
9Bng bng biu
9Bng biu v th
11/11/2009 136
2.5. CCH TRNH BY S LIU
(1) Trnh by s liu bng bng biu
Tt c nhng s liu bo co kt qu cn
phi tp hp li theo nhng bng biu.
Tc dng ca bng biu
9Nhn ra r rng c trng ca chui s liu
9Thy r khuynh hng bin i ca s liu
9Trnh phi din gii s liu bng li di dng
950% s thnh cng ca bo co kt qu thuc
v cch lp bng biu.
11/11/2009 137
2.5. CCH TRNH BY S LIU
Yu cu ca bng s liu
9Tn bng v cc tiu phi ngn gn, r rng
v phn nh ng ni dung ca bng.
9Kt cu (hng, ct) phi r rng
9Ni dung ca bng biu phi phn nh r iu
mun bo co.
9S liu trnh by y , ngn gn, r rng.
9Ch a vo bng nhng c trng thng k
quan trng nht ca chui s liu nghin cu.
11/11/2009 138
2.5. CCH TRNH BY S LIU
V d 1. Ch trnh by th t ct
11/11/2009 139
2.5. CCH TRNH BY S LIU
V d 2. Trnh by c th t ct v hng
11/11/2009 140
0 1
0 30 68 98
39.6 58.4 98
1 71 81 152
61.4 90.6 152
101 149 250
101 149 250
Ha nu
Trac
Tong
Tong
Bang 4.3. S ket nhom gia cac loai cay
11/11/2009 141
2.5. CCH TRNH BY S LIU
(2) Trnh by s liu bng biu v th
u im ca biu v th
9Cho ci nhn khi qut v s liu
9M t s liu ngn gn v kh r rng
9Mi ngi nhn bit s liu d dng
11/11/2009 142
2.5. CCH TRNH BY S LIU
Nhc im ca biu v th
9Phn nh thiu r rng kt qu nghin
cu.
9V th, mt bn bo co khoa hc khng
nn s dng nhiu biu , m nn s
dng nhiu bng biu.
11/11/2009 143
2.5. CCH TRNH BY S LIU
(3) Trnh by s liu bng biu v th
Yu cu ca biu v th
9Tiu ngn gn, r rng v ng ni
dung
9S dng loi biu thch hp
11/11/2009 144
2.5. CCH TRNH BY S LIU
Biu hnh ch nht
11/11/2009 145
Trla| |ay sc lica |aag |ica 1c
11/11/2009 146
D, cm
Tong sinh khoi ti, kg
0 2 4 6 8 10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Hnh 4.1. Quan he TSK(t) - D
1.3
(cm) cua cay Tram hng
th m t quan h gia hai bin s
11/11/2009 147
2.6. GII THCH KT QU
V mt l thuyt, c c nhng kt
lun r rng v tng th v cung cp c
s khoa hc cho vic gii thch nguyn
nhn v nhng khc bit (hay nhng nh
hng) v mi lin h gia cc bin s,
th mt nghin cu phi tun th nhng
th tc nghim ngt no?
11/11/2009 148
2.6. GII THCH KT QU
Tr li: Mt nghin cu phi tun th
nhng th tc nghim ngt sau y:
9C mc tiu nghin cu r rng;
9C i tng nghin cu r rng;
9Qu trnh thu mu tt;
9Gi thuyt kim nh v nhng tham s
c lng r rng;
11/11/2009 149
2.6. GII THCH KT QU
9Rt mu ngu nhin hoc thit k nghim thc
ngu nhin;
9Mc sai s ca quyt nh sai thch hp;
9Thit k nghin cu da trn nhng th tc cht
ch;
9S dng nhng phng php nghin cu thch
hp;
9Nhng kt lun phi r rng v ch lin quan
n nhng mc tiu (hay cu hi) t ra
trong nghin cu.
11/11/2009 150
2.6. GII THCH KT QU
Nhng iu cn lu :
9Bng chng ca quan h nhn qu ch c
tnh thuyt phc cao khi cc nghim thc
c p dng cho i tng nghin cu.
9Nu ch thc hin iu tra quan st, th
quan h nhn qu s kh c gii thch
r rng.
11/11/2009 151
2.6. GII THCH KT QU
V d:
gii quyt vn v nh hng ca
hm lng nit n sinh trng ca rng
sao en, ngi ta thc hin hai cch
nghin cu sau y:
Mt l b tr th nghim vi nhng nghim
thc r rng.
Hai l iu tra quan st trong t nhin.
11/11/2009 152
2.6. GII THCH KT QU
phng php 1, nh nghin cu thit
k cc l th nghim ngu nhin trn nn
t ng nht, trong cc l th nghim
c bn N theo mc tng dn.
T s liu ca th nghim ny, qua phn
tch mi lin h gia sinh khi sao en vi
hm lng m trong t, nh nghin cu
nhn thy:
11/11/2009 153
2.6. GII THCH KT QU
9 gii hn thp ca hm lng m, sinh khi
sao en tng dn nhng tng rt chm.
9K n khi tng hm lng m tip theo, th
sinh khi sao en tng ln rt nhanh v t cc
i mc m no .
9Khi tip tc gia tng hm lng m ln mc rt
cao, th sinh khi sao en li gim dn.
Nh vy, kt qu phn tch hi quy ch ra nh
hng r rng ca m n sinh trng sao
en.
11/11/2009 154
2.6. GII THCH KT QU
Bng thc nghim nghim ngt, nh lm
hc c th xc nh c ti u v bin
sinh thi ca loi.
11/11/2009 155
2.6. GII THCH KT QU
V d:
9 xc nh ti u v bin sinh thi ca
g 6 thng tui i vi hm lng phn
NPK, V Th Lan (2007) b tr 7 nghim
thc: 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5% v 6%
NPK so vi trng lng rut bu.
11/11/2009 156
2.6. GII THCH KT QU
Kt qu xc nh c quan h gia D
NPK theo m hnh bc 2 nh sau:
D = 8,00869 + 0,40029*X - 0,02026*X
2
vi R
2
= 25%; S = 0,998 mm
T m hnh ny c th xc nh c ti
u v bin NPK m bo cho g
sinh trng tt.
11/11/2009 157
2.6. GII THCH KT QU
11/11/2009 158
2.7. NHNG NGUN KHNG TH GII THCH
V sao c nhng kt lun khng ph hp?
Nguyn nhn:
Ly s khm ph lm chng c
Ly mu trch (mu in hnh)
t sai gi thuyt
S dng khng ng phn tch thng k
S dng khng ph hp mc ngha ca
thng k...
11/11/2009 159
2.8. TNH PHC TP CA NGHIN CU SINH THI
Tnh phc tp ca nghin cu sinh thi
hc biu hin ch no?
9Nhng bin nghin cu thng c bin
ng mnh
9S tng tc phc tp gia cc bin s
9Thiu chc chn v nguyn nhn ca
nhng mi lin h
11/11/2009 160
2.8. TNH PHC TP CA NGHIN CU SINH THI
Bng cch no nh nghin cu c th lm
gim nhng sai st trong nghin cu?
9 l nh nghin cu phi tun th ng
nhng yu cu ca thit k nghin cu.
11/11/2009 161
2.8. TNH PHC TP CA NGHIN CU SINH THI
Mt trong nhng cch thc phn tch ti
liu sinh thi l s dng phng php
phn tch a bin.
Nhng mun p dng tt k thut phn
tch a bin, th vic thit k th nghim v
o c s liu phi m bo ng nhng
th tc ca thng k ton hc.
11/11/2009 162
Ht chng 2
Cu hi

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