Human Health and Diseases

HEALTH

Defined as a state of complete physical, mental and social well- being of a person. Healthy people are efficient at work. This increases productivity and economic prosperity.

FACTORS THAT AFFECT HEALTH

Balanced diet Personal hygiene Regular exercise Good habits

HOW TO ACHIEVE GOOD HEALTH ?

Knowledge about diseases, their cause and effect Vaccination/ immunisation Control of vectors Proper disposal of waste Consumption of clean food and water Maintenance of hygiene

INFECTIOUS DISEASE TYPES

INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Sl. No. Causal agent 1 virus Diseases Common cold, polio, measles

2
3

bacteria
protozoa

Typhoid, pneumonia, plague, diphtheria, tetanus Malaria, amoebiasis ringworm Ascariasis, filariasis, taeniasis

4 5

fungi helminthes

LIFE CYCLE OF PLASMODIUM

LIFE CYCLE OF PLASMODIUM

IMMUNITY
IMMUNITY

INNATE

ACQUIRED

ACTIVE

PASSIVE

INNATE IMMUNITY BARRIERS

PHYSICAL

CYTOKININ

BARRIER

PHYSIO LOGICAL

CELLULAR

ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
Acquired after birth Pathogen specific Present only in vertebrates

ACQUIRED IMMUNITY

Specificity- ability to distinguished many different foreign molecule Memory Capacity to distinguish self and nonself molecules/ cells

ACQUIRED IMMUNITY

Acquired immunity

Humoral / antibody mediated immunity

Cell mediated immunity

HUMORAL IMMUNITY

Consists of antibodies in body fluids. Produced by B- lymphocytes in response to antigen. Collectively antibodies called immunoglobulins. Types of immunoglobulins- Ig A, Ig D, Ig E, Ig M, Ig G.

ANTIBODY

Has 4 polypeptide chains Held together in the form of Y Tips of upper 2 arms bind to antigen and form antigen-antibody complex. Two chains are long (heavy or H) and 2 are short Light or L) chains. So the antibody referred to as H2L2.

AN ANTIBODY MOLECULE

ANTIBODY MOLECULE

ANTIBODY MOLECULE

CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY

Mediated by T lymphocytes Two groups of lymphocytes- cytotoxic/ killer T cells and helper T cells. Killer T cells kill specific target cell by various mechanisms.

CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY

Helper T cells activate specific B cells to produce antibodies. T lymphocytes responsible for graft rejection.

ACTIVE VS PASIVE IMMUNITY

ACTIVE PASSIVE Antibodies develop by our Antibodies develop in own cells. other vertebrates and injected into our body. Takes time to develop Response is faster. immunity. Stays for longer period. Stays for short period. E.g. immunity developed E.g. immunity to infants in due to natural exposure to colostrums, tetanus antigen or by vaccination. antitoxin

IMMUNE RESPONSE
Primary immune response Immunity developed in the body due to first encounter with an antigen. Takes longer time to develop It is feeble and declines rapidly. Secondary immune response Produced by memory cells, formed during primary response. Heightened immune response in a shorter time. Stays for longer time.

VACCINATION AND IMMUNISATION

Based on memory of immune system. Generates antibodies that neutralise toxin or pathogen. Produce memory cells.

ALLERGY

Hypersensitive reaction of the immune system to certain antigens of environment. Allergen is the substance that cause allergy. The antibodies produced in response to allergen is Ig E type. Common symptoms- sneezing, watery eyes, rashes, running nose, difficulty in breathing.

LYMPHOID ORGAN
Lymphoid organ

primary

secondary

Bone marrow thymus

Spleen Lymph nodes, tonsils

AIDS-TRANSMISSION

By sexual contact with the infected person. Transfusion of contaminated blood. Sharing infected needles. Infected mother to child through placenta.

HIGH RISK INDIVIDUALS

Who multiple sexual partner Drug addict (taking drugs intravenously) Repeated blood transfusion persons Children born to an infected woman

LIFE CYCLE OF HIV

LIFE CYCLE OF HIV

LIFE CYCLE OF HIV

Virus enters into the body, enters macrophages. RNA of virus replicates into DNA by reverse transcriptage. Viral DNA incorporates with cell DNA. Infected macrophage cell produce virus particles.

LIFE CYCLE OF HIV

Virus then enters helper T cells, replicates and form progeny viruses. Progeny viruses attack other T cells, thus no. of T cells decrease in blood. The person is unable to protect himself/herself from infection.

PREVENTION OF AIDS

NACO and NGO are trying to educate people about AIDS. Steps taken by WHO Use of disposal needles Checking blood for HIV Free distribution of condoms and advocating safe sex

PREVENTION OF AIDS
Controlling drug abuse Regular checkup for HIV in susceptible populations Diagnosing AIDS by ELISA test Treatment with anti- retroviral drugs( partially effective)

CANCER- CAUSES

Due to physical, chemical and biological agents which bring about uncontrolled proliferation of cells. Physical carcinogen UV ray, X ray, gamma ray Chemical carcinogen aniline rays, chemicals of tobacco Tumor viruses (oncogenic virus)

CHARACTERISTICS OF CANCER CELLS

Breaking down of regulatory mechanism which control normal cell growth. So, uncontrolled cell division and differention. Do not show contact inhibition. Show metastasis

TYPES OF TUMOUR
BENIGN Remain confined in their original location Do not spread Cause little damage MALIGNANT Proliferating cells, grow rapidly. Cells show metastasis Cause more damage

DIAGNOSIS OF CANCER

Biopsy and histopathological studies of tissue Blood and bone marrow test (for leukemia) MRI, CT scan or radiography Use of antibodies against cancer specific antigen

TREATMENT OF CANCER

Surgery Radio therapy Chemotherapy Immunotherapy

DRUGS

Kinds of drugs Opioids Cannabinoids Coca-alkanoids Barbiturates Amphetamines Benzodiazepines LSD

PREVENTION OF DRUGS

Avoid undue peer pressure Educating and counseling to face problems, stress, to accept failure etc Help from parents and peers Professional and medical help

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