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VIRUS VECTOR

RELATIONSHIP&
MITES AS VECTORS OF
PLANT DISEASES

S.KALIYAMOORTHY
08-602-006
Vir use s

"Noncellular, sub microscopic, obligatory


intracellular parasites composed of a
proteinaceous covering around central
nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) and
capable of self--replication within the living
host cells."
ve ctor

An organism, usually an insect, that


carries and/or transmits disease
causing viruses.
FACTS of Transmission of
Plant Viruses
• Plant viruses do not penetrate the intact
plant cuticle.

• Not disseminated as such by wind or


water, and even when they are carried in
plant sap or debris

• Generally do not cause infections unless


they come in contact with the contents of
wounded living cell

1. Mechanical contact
2. Grafting
3. Vegetative propagation
4. Botanical (sexual) seed
5. Pollen
Virus-Vector
Relationship
During feeding and transmission, there
is a relationship is established
between the vector and the virus
which is referred to as
‘virus-vector relationship’.
Classification of Plant
Viruses
1. Tobravirus group 9. Nepovirus group
2. Tobamovirus group 10. Bromovirus group
3. Potexvirus group 11. Tombusvirus group
4. Carlavirus group 12. Caulimovirus group
5. Potyvirus group 13. Alfalfa mosaic virus
6. Cucumovirus 14. Pea enation mosaic virus
group 15. Tobacco necrosis virus
7. Tymovirus group 16. Tomato spotted wilt virus
8. Comovirus group

 Monotypic groups Harrison et. al,


Definitions
• Acquisition access period (AAP):
The period of time given for the
vector to acquire the virus.
• Inoculation access period (IAP):
The period of time given for the
vector to transmit the virus
• Retention:
The length of time after virus
acquisition that the vector
Contd..,
• Latent period:
• Time interval between the AAP
& the vector become
viruliferous.
Terminologies

(l) Stylet-borne viruses (non-


persistent)
(2) Circulative viruses (semi-
persistent)
(3) Propagative viruses
(persistent)
St yle t-b orne vir use s.
• Transmitted by aphids.
• The acquisition period : few minutes to
many hours and during this period they
remain 'viruliferous'.
• After transmitting the viruses, aphids
become virus-free or 'aviruliferous'.
• 'Non-persistent' viruses.
• Transmission : mechanical process.
• Induce mosaic symptoms &
saptransmissible.
• Cucumoviruses, carlaviruses and
potyviruses

Light micrograph of a LS
through an aphid head and leaf
(A) The aphid stylet
protrudes from the
proboscis

(C) Penetrates
intracellularly through
the mesophyll cells.

(C) penetrates
into the vascular
bundle.
stylets of Myzus persicae given acquisition
access to 125I-labeled tobacco etch potyvirus
Stylets of an aphid that virions
Stylets of an aphid that
has not fed acquired labeled virus
on an infected plant through a plastic membrane.
• Distribution of label
in stylets that have
separated, showing
label associated
only with the food
canal formed by
the maxillary
stylets
Ci rculative vi ruse s
• Circulate through the tissues of the vectors
• Not transmitted immediately after the
acquisition but the vectors have to wait several
hours
• 'semi-persistent' viruses.
• Circulative viruses are mainly transmitted by
aphids.
• Maize chlorotic dwarf virus,
• rice tungro virus,
• pea enation mosaic virus,
• potato leaf-roll virus,
• lettuce mosaic yellow virus etc.
Circulative route of barley yellow dwarf
luteoviruses (BYDVs)
through aphids .
Propagative viruses
• viruses start multiplying within their vectors
and establish a biological relationship.
• viruses possess an incubation period(To Reach
Specific Conc)

• Four aphid-transmitted viruses and almost


all leafhopper transmitted viruses are
propagative.
• Vector remain viruliferous throughout their
life
• 'Persistent' viruses.
• Wheat striate mosaic virus,
• TSWV
• potato yellow dwarf virus,
conclusion
• Virus-vector relationship
Idea about type of transmission.

• Type of transmission
decision of control measures.
References
• Annual Review of Phytopathology
Vol. 44: 183-212 (2006)
• MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR
BIOLOGY REVIEWS, 1999, p. 128–148
Vol. 63, No. 1.
• Advances in Virus Research By
Karl Maramorosch, Kenneth Manley
Smith, Max A. Lauffer
• http://arab2000.forumpro.fr
Mit e transmissi on of
pla nt d ise ase s
• Black currant reversion disease
by Cecidophyopsis ribis (Amos et
al. 1927)

• Eriophyidae – major role in


transmission of plant diseases.
Eriophyid mites as vectors
of plant diseases
• Extremely small(150µ-225µ
length).
• Living in concealed places
• Spread through the drift.
• very less chance of spread &
multiplication off virus in the
ecosystem.
Virus transmission by
Eriophyid mites
1. Currant reversion virus
Infect only woody
2. Fig mosaic virus plants &
Artificial transmission
3. Peach mosaic virus by grafting

• Wheat streak mosaic virus


• Wheat spot mosaic virus Infect only
• Ryegrass mosaic virus grasses

Manual transmission by leaf rubbing


Currant reversion virus(CRV)
Cecidophyopsis ribis
• First evidence (Amos et al.
1927).
• Massee 1952 confirmed the
transmission by mites
• Reversion- characteristic change
of leaves and bushes.
Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV)
Aceria tulipae

• First reported in Kansas 1932


• Serious and widely distributed
disease of winter wheat.
• also occurs on spring wheat and
barley, corn, rye, oats, and a
number of annual and perennial
grasses
• Damage to winter wheat is most
severe.
Sy mp toms
• Blotches and discontinuous dashes In
leaves or streaks that are light green to a
yellow.
• These areas are parallel to the veins
• Later leaves show a general yellow
mottling symptom.
• Infected plants tend to spread out more
than normal ones, frequently developing
an abnormally large number of tillers.
• Partial sterility and shriveled kernels.
Only young (nymphal) mites can acquire the
virus.
15 min AFP
No transovarial transmission
Mites become aviruliferous after 7-9 days.
Wheat spot mosaic virus(WSpMV )
Aceria tulipae
• Aceria tulipae proved as vector – 1956 by
slykhuis.
• Frequently associated with WSMV
• Chlorotic spots on the leaves.
• Except egg stage all the stages can transmit
virus .
Fig mosaic virus (FMV)
Aceria fici
• Different patterns of chlorotic to
yellowish mottling and deformation
of leaves .
• Leaves and fruits may be dwarfed
and some leaves may be malformed.
• On leaves, mosaic spots will appear
yellow and may cover large areas of
the leaf.
• In some cultivars, premature
defoliation and fruit drop can occur.
• A. greenhouse-grown
rooted cutting from a
FMD-affected Mexican
fig accession

• B. A group of double-
membrane bodies
(DMB) in a
parenchyma cell

• C. Very flexuous
filamentous particles
(V)

• D. semi-rigid virus-like
particles (V) et al. 2007
Castellano
surrounding
Peach mosaic virus (PMV)
Eriophyes insidiosus
• Reported at Texas by Hutchins
in 1932

Symptoms:

• Shortening of internodes.
• Profuse growth in leaf axil buds.
• Mosaic pattern on leaves.
Ryegrass mosaic virus (RMV)
Abacarus hystrix

• In 1958 Abacarus hystrix –


identified as vector.

• Light green to yellow colour


spots or streaks on the leaf.
• virus causes pale green streaks
in the leaf lamina and in severe
cases, the leaf may show yellow
flecking which is followed by
Pigeonpea sterility mosaic virus (PPSMV)
Aceria cajani
• Chlorotic patches on leaf.
• Reduction in leaf size.
• SMD inhibits flower production
and renders plants sterile.
• Early infection leads to complete
sterility.
• Later stage : sterility in some
branches only.
Cherry mottle leaf virus
Eriophyes inaequalis
• Terminal leaves develop irregular
chlorotic mottle and distortion.
• Puckering, shot-hole on the leaf.
• Reduced leaf size.
• Dieback of shoot ends and leaf fall
does not occur.
• Infected trees can appear rosetted.
• Delayed ripening of fruits.
James 1992
Cadang-cadang disease( CCCVd)
Notostra antennuata
Early stage (lasting 2-4 years):
– Yellow leaf spots appearing water-
soaked in reflected light

Medium stage:
– Leaf spots become numerous
– Lower two-thirds of the crown a
yellowish appearance.
– Inflorescences become necrotic,
infertile and nut production ceases.
– Frond production and size decline.
Contd..,
Late stage (>5 years):

Whole crown yellow/bronze-


coloured .

Reduced in size and number of


fronds.

Leaflets become brittle and palm


dies.
Mango malformation
Aceria mangiferae
Tetranichid mites as vectors
of plant diseases

• Spider mites- able to spin web


over the leaves.

• Colour: yellow to greenish &


orange to red.

• 8 legged, medium sized(0.8mm)


and pear oval shaped body.
Potato virus Y
Tetrnychus urticae

•Mottling in top leaf later


spread to older leaf.

•Stunted plant growth.

•Shortening of internode

•Plant become resorted


appeareance
Mosaic disease in wheat, corn and rye
Tetranychus sinhai

• Yellowing and withering of


plants.

• Yellow patches along the midrib


References
• Advances in Virus Research By Karl
Maramorosch, Kenneth Manley Smith, Max
A. Lauffer
• Annual Review of Entomology1970:
Vol. 15: 343-380
• Journal of Plant Pathology (2007), 89 (3),
441-444
• J. gen. Virol. (I973), I8, 4o9-4II
• Annals of Applied Biology Volume 48 Issue
3, Pages 575 - 579
• Indian Journal of Virology Year : 2005,
Volume : 16, Issue : 1and2

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