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Name the monomers and polymers of carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids
An atom comprises a nucleus (with protons and neutrons) plus orbiting electrons
Elements differ from one another, by the addition of a proton, an electron, and (usually) a neutron
Protons and neutrons are added to the nucleus, electrons are added to electron orbits or shells
The Periodic Table; atoms of the elements differ by progressive addition of a proton and an electron, and often a neutron
Types of bonding: a) ionic bondswhen one atom donates (or receives) one or more electrons resulting in a complete electron shell and an ion
The +ve and -ve charged ions formed attract each other; Result- the substance is usually crystalline, soluble in water, conducts electricity and has a high melting point
Covalent bonds involve a sharing of electrons, but this sharing may be equal, or uneven; if it is unequal, the result is a molecule with weak + and - charges
an equal sharing of electrons; Result - no overall charge.
the shared electrons are attracted more closely by the oxygen; Result - weak polar charges Attractions between these weak
Fig. 5-2a
HO
2
Short polymer
HO
Unlinked monomer
H2O
HO
Longer polymer
(a) Condensation reaction in the synthesis of a polymer
Fig. 5-2b
HO
H2O
HO (b)
HO
Hydrolysis of a polymer
Carbon can make up to four possible bonds with other atoms - it has a valency of four