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Jet Airways Labour Dispute: Trade Unions and Indias Labour Conundrum
According to the government data, the number of strikes in 2008 was almost double that recorded in the previous year. 1
st Business Standard, October 1 2009
A more flexible and transparent regime of laws, including labour laws, will in fact contribute to increased employment. Appropriate and relevant labour legislation are, therefore, in the interests of labour and in the interests of the nation as a whole, 2 Dr. Manmohan Singh, Prime Minister of India
On September 8th2009, around 650 pilots of JetAirways, Indias largest private airline company, took a mass sick leave as a protest against the management that sacked two of its pilots for joining a union. The pilots union named National Aviators Guild (NAG), was formed in August 2009. Thousands of passengers were stranded because of the flash strike which lasted 5 days and forced the management to cancel around 900 flights. The strike is an added woe to the already ailing Indian aviation industry. But surprisingly, aviation industry is not the only industry which suffered from labour discontent in recent times. Multinational companies in India Nestle, Hyundai and others also suffered from similar labour disputes adversely affecting their operations. As Indian economy bets heavily on labour intensive service industry, Indias age old labour laws might need a modification.
Majumdar Shyamal, India Incs Labour Pains, http://www.business -standard.com/india/news/shyamal-majumdar-india-incslabour-pains/371797/, October 1 st 2 00 9 Prime Ministers Address to the 40th Indian Labour conference, http://labour.nic.in/lc/40ilc/40ilcpmspeech.doc, December 9th 2 0 0 5
This case study was written by Vivek M.V. under the direction of Dr. Nagendra V. Chowdary, IBSCDC. It is intended to be used as the basis for class discussion rather than to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of a management situation. The case was compiled from published sources. 2009, IBSCDC. No part of this publication may be copied, stored, transmitted, reproduced or distributed in any form or medium whatsoever without the permission of the copyright owner.
HRM0049 Jet Airways Labour Dispute: Trade Unions and Indias Labour Conundrum
Bhasin Lalit, Employment and Labour Laws in India, http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/ UNPAN029043.pdf, August 24 th 2 00 7 All-India Trade Union Congress (AITUC), http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/15873/All -India-Trade-Union-Congress Crouch Harold, AITUC and the Split in the Communist Party, http://www.jstor.org/pss/4356954, 1966
4 5
HRM0049 Jet Airways Labour Dispute: Trade Unions and Indias Labour Conundrum
The next milestone in the Indian trade union history was the passing of the Indian Trade Union Act in 1926. Giving a legal status to the trade unions, the Trade Union Act enhanced the status of working class in India. The trade union act gives the employees the right to form unions. The act, which describes trade union as the most suitable organisation for balancing and improving the relations between the employer and employees, also says that unions are formed to inculcate the sense of discipline and responsibility (Exhibit I).
Source: Industrial Acts and Legislation: The Trade Union Act, http://business.gov.in/legal_aspects/trade_unions.php
There were no major labour activities till 1947. The Industrial Disputes Act was passed in 1947 6 and still continues to be Indias central piece of labour legislation. Thrilled in the new found independence, India was preparing for major changes in legal, economical and social developmental processes. Indian government sought support of trade unions in the planned developmental processes. The working class movements were soon politicised. Indian National Congress formed a seperate, Congress-controlled trade union, Indian National Trade Union Congress (INTUC) and moved out of AITUC. The Congress Socialist Party also left AITUC to form Hindu Mazdoor Sabha, followed by Marxist idealists forming United Trade Union Congress (UTUC) and by 1948, AITUC became 7 an arm of Communist Party of India (CPI). By 1949, there were four central trade unions in the country; AITUC, INTUC, Hindu Mazdoor Sabha and UTUC. The Trade union Act, Indias central piece of labour legislation has undergone many overhauls. 9 The principal act has been amended 34 times. 8Acts that are more than 100 years old are retained in Indian central labour laws. Even after the years of amendments and state reforms, the laws are highly protective of the workers.
6
Beseley Timothy and Burgess Robin, Can Labour Regulation Hinder Economic performance? Evidence from India, http://econ.lse.ac.uk/staff/rburgess/wp/indreg.pdf, 2004 AITUC and the Split in the Communist Party, op.cit. The Industrial Dispute Act, 1947, http://labour.delhigovt.nic.in/act/html_ida/introduction/introduction.html The Fatal Accidents Act 1855
7 8 9
HRM0049 Jet Airways Labour Dispute: Trade Unions and Indias Labour Conundrum
The period after independence witnessed rapid unionisation. During 19471965 there was rapid growth of unionisation. The membership in the unions was also trebled and public sector emerged as a major hub of unionisation. This period was comparatively a peaceful period as there was a dip in the level of industrial disputes. 19661977 was characterised by low employment levels and stagnation of industrial activities. There was a dramatic increase in the levels of Industrial disputes following the lesser demand in the labour markets. In 1980s, independent, industry-based unions started forming, in spite of the prolonged existence of political party based unions (Exhibit II). In India, political parties play very important roles in the formation and functioning of the trade unions. In many of the cases, the union leaders are often outsiders and are affiliated to the political parties. Number of disputes, however, kept increasing during the decade. In 1989, Indian Chief Justice A. M. Ahmadis ruling that The right to strike is an important weapon in the armoury of workers, recognised by almost all democratic countries as a mode of redress,10 supported employees right to strike.
United Trade Union Congress- Lenin Sarani Communist Party of India (Marxist) National Federation of IndianTrade Unions Naren Sen (Former Indian National Congresspolitician) National Labour Coordination Committee (West Bengal centre formerly affiliated to INTUC) Centre for Indian Trade Unions
1969 1970
Compiled by the author from Christopher Candland, The Cost of Incorporation : Labour Institutions, Industrial Restructuring, and New Trade Union Strategies in India and Pakistan, http://www.candland.info/incorp.pdf and Crouch Harold , AITUC and the Split in the Communist Party, http://www.jstor.org/pss/4356954, 1966
10
HRM0049 Jet Airways Labour Dispute: Trade Unions and Indias Labour Conundrum
In June 1991, Indian Government decided to implement the International Monetary Funds (IMF) stabilisation and structural adjustment programme. Reduced involvement of government in dispute settlement and increased flexibility in labour front reduced conflicts during 1990s (Exhibit III).
10
Source: Christopher Candland, The Cost of Incorporation : Labour Institutions, Industrial Restructuring, and New Trade Union Strategies in India and Pakistan, http://www.candland.info/incorp.pdf
Reduced employment generation remained a stumbling block in Indias way to development and this was majorly caused by the archaic labour laws of India. A recent study estimated that in 1997, India could have had more than 1 million more jobs in the textiles and clothing sector alone if its labor regulations had been less restrictive. 11 Overall the country could have had 2.8 million more good quality formal sector jobs a startling 45% of existing employment in the organised manufacturing sector on that date. 12
11
Devarajan Shantayanan and Ahmed Sadiq, Labour Laws, To create Good Jobs, Reform Labour Regulations, http:// www.worldbank.org.in/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/INDIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:21235163~ th menuPK:295589~pagePK:2865066~piPK:2865079~theSitePK:295584,00.html, February 20 2 00 7 Ibid.
12
HRM0049 Jet Airways Labour Dispute: Trade Unions and Indias Labour Conundrum
By 2000, besides workers, supervisors, managers, bank employees and white-collar employees also formed unions to protect their interests. There were both registered and unregistered unions and the existence of more than one union in an establishment was common. Union rivalry was an expected consequence of this. Protecting the interests of the union members was the priority for the union than the protection of organisational interests. However, the membership significantly reduced from 1990s to early 2000s. But still, according to the rights of trade unions, the members could indulge in strike and there by affect the operations of the organisation. In 2003, Supreme Court ruled that government employees have no right to indulge in strikes 3 since it inconvenienced citizens and cost the state money .1The essential Service Maintenance Act passed back in1968 had already banned strikes in essential services. Though there were a few disputes in certain sectors, the number had gone down and was relatively low. Since 2008, the disputes were relatively low. 2008, the year marked with global financial crisis and head count reductions gave a new found enthusiasm to the labour union activities. However, what motivates individuals decision to unionise is still unknown, but it is sure that various factors affect the decision (Exhibit IV).
Industrial Level Variables Personal Industrial Characteristics Establishment size Sector- public or private Type of industry
Not only are the workers from the lower income strata earning meagre sums attracted to unionism of the modern era, nevertheless employees from financially well-to-do industrial sectors are also finding the trend of unionisation interesting and necessary. Even the IT and ITES industry, mainly the Business Process Outsourcing (BPO), which never had any unions, are waking up to the realities.
13
Annual Survey of Violations and Trade Union Rights, http://survey08.ituc-csi.org/survey.php?IDContinent=3&IDCountry= IND&Lang=EN, 2008
HRM0049 Jet Airways Labour Dispute: Trade Unions and Indias Labour Conundrum
As BPO industry becomes one of the largest employment providers, protecting the democratic rights of the employees demanded attention. With some critics charging that the young workforce of BPO industry is often treated as indigent workers, the need of unionisation in the industry gained momentum. Though the industry lobbies fear that the unionisation in the industry might be counter productive, Indian BPO industry alreadyhas enough unions. When industrial relations become fragile, protecting the workmens interest becomes the priority of the unions. Trade unions roles are often interpreted and understood in different ways by different interest groups. While many think a union has no morality but only exhibits brutal power, some think it is the workersright to form union and protect their interests. Atrade union is a continuous association of the wage earners to maintain a healthy relationship between the management and the working class. Trade unions try to restrain labour abuse and establish necessary economic and legal conditions by industrial (strikes andprotests) and political (influencinggovernment policies) actions. Mismanagement of workers can often lead to a rift between the management and union. However, whether the growing labour unrest in India can be termed as militancy is altogether another question. Militancy means extremism. But in the context of unions, it means struggle, not extremism.14 However, the recent developments in the Indian trade union front would leave no doubt about the meaning of extremities (Exhibit V). The fighting for right kind of labour unions have given way to more strong, politically flavoured battalions that can act on impulse and even murder someone as an evidence of the power. The murder of a CEO of Italian MNC Graziano Transmissionis unit in Noida and murder of auto parts manufacturer Pricols vice president (HR) in Coimbatore might be indicating the increased adoption of violence as a tool of protest.
September 24th Bank employees strike against privatisation and M&As September 28th CEO of GrazionoTransmissioni, an Italian auto parts firm, killed by sacked workers at Delhi plant October 1st December Strike by CineworkersAssociation Jute workers of West Bengal goes on a strike for unpaid compensation Contd...
14
Pandhe M.K., Have trade unions become more militant?, http://business.rediff.com/report/2009/oct/07/have -trade-unionsbecome-more-militant.htm, October 7
th
20 09
HRM0049 Jet Airways Labour Dispute: Trade Unions and Indias Labour Conundrum
20 09 January 5th January 6th January 7th February 25th April 30th
th April 20
Coal workers demand higher wages Truckers demand lower diesel prices and tax cuts Oil workers at IOC, BPCL, HPCL and GAIL strike for higher wages NTPC stir for better pay packages Airport workers threaten strike against transfer of 4,000 workers from Mumbai and Delhi CITU-led workers at Hyundai strike demanding union rights Nestle workers at Pantnagar strike after removal of probationers 10-day tool-down strike at M&M in Nashik Sit-in strike at MRF Two-day strike by workers of JNPT. Strike at Paradip and Cochin Port
May 19 th 20 th MTNL employees demand wage hike May 20 th 21 st Mine workers strike at Bailadila mines May 25th May 28th June 12th August Goa PWD workers demand wage hike Bharat Electronics employees call for strike on wage issue Bank employees to go on strike Go-slow strike at Honda Plant Gurgaon causes productivity fall 50%
September 8th JetAirways pilots Strike causing much inconvenience to passengers September 23rd HR head of Pricol, auto parts manufacturer, killed at Coimbatore plant
Compiled by the author from Singh Gurbir, The Summer Of Discontent, http://www.businessworld.in/index.php/
h Corporate/The-Summer-Of-Discontent.html, June t5 2009
Year 2008 meant disastrous fear for employees across the world, with US financial crisis forcing the companies to downsize and India was not spared. Especially, the airline sector was terribly affected with immediate slash down in air travel, both from corporate executives and leisure travellers. Many airlines downsized their workforce, increasing labour discontent in the whole aviation sector. Could unions have saved the jobs put on block? The pilots strike at Jet Airways seems to be a genuine case of mismanagement of a consequential labour issue and the labour reaction.
HRM0049 Jet Airways Labour Dispute: Trade Unions and Indias Labour Conundrum
end of July 2009. NAG said the termination was only because of the pilots active participation in the formation of the union. On August 22 nd 2009, the management received a strike notice from the union, NAG. The same notice was also sent to the labour commissioner. The pilots were sacked because they formed the guild. The guild is not illegal and is registered with the labor commissioners 15 office. Our only demand is they take the two pilots back. Otherwise there will be indefinite strike, said Captain Girish Kaushik, president of NAG. But the management remained undeterred about their decision. The labour commissioner, who received the strike notice, called both the parties for a conciliation meeting onAugust 31st2009. The labour Commissioner asked the management to come with a satisfactory reply for terminating th the services of the pilots by September 7 2009. The Commissioner also directed the NAG not to go on strike while the hearing was on. However, the NAG was persisting they get a satisfactory reply, th possibly that favours them, by September 7 else they would continue with their plan to go on strike, though it is illegal to go on strike when the talks are on. When there was no favourable move from the management, the pilots went on with the strike, but in a legally acceptable way. The pilots went on a massive sick leave, which led to high chaos in airports especially in Delhi and Mumbai. The chairman of Jet Airways, Naresh Goyal (Goyal) said he was open to talks but blamed pilots for the massive troubles the airlines caused passengers. They are behaving like terrorists. They cannot hold the country, passengers and the airline hostage, 16 said Goyal. The management sacked two more pilots. On September 9 th 2009, nine central trade unions Hindu Mazdoor Sabha, Centre for Indian Trade Unions, Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh, AITUC, INTUC, All India United Trade Union Centre, United Trade Union Congress, All India Central Council of Trade Unions and Self Employed Womens Association extended their support to the striking Jet Airways pilots. In a letter to Jet Airways CEO, Wolfgang Prock Schauer, the unions said, By preventing the pilots to form a union, you are violating their legal right to pursue legitimate trade union activities and infringing their fundamental right to freedom of association guaranteed to them and all citizens of India by the Constitution. 17 The mass sick leave continued till the management and the NAG reached an agreement on late night of September 12 th 2009. The management agreed to take back the dismissed pilots on board and a consultative group was formed to resolve the issues. Though the strike ended, it left the ailing airline with more damages. Cancellation of the scheduled flights led to massive loss. Even after the flights were resumed, a reduction in the average daily revenue and the number of passengers clearly indicated that the damage was difficult to repair. The company lost INR 20 crore ($4.5 million) on an average on the days of strike owing to the cancellation
15
Chowdhuri Anirban, Jet Airways Faces Pilot Strike Threat, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB12511890787 6356279.html, August 25 th 2009 Jet pilots behaving like terrorists: Naresh Goyal, http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/Politics/Nation/Jet -pilotsth behaving-like-terrorists-Naresh-Goyal/articleshow/4990346.cms, September 9 20 0 9 Jet Air-pilots standoff continues; passengers suffer, http://business.rediff.com/report/2009/sep/11/jet -airways-pilots-maycall-off-strike-today.htm, September 11 th 2 0 0 9
16
17
HRM0049 Jet Airways Labour Dispute: Trade Unions and Indias Labour Conundrum
(Exhibit VI) and a drop of 30% in the ticket bookings. 18 The developments were deepening the trouble as the company had lost INR 225.3 crore in the quarter ending June 2009.19 Indias largest private sector airline also has a debt of INR 16,000 crore. 20 After the 5-daydispute, Jet Airwaysdaily revenue of $8 million reduced considerably and the number of passengers dropped from 23,000 per day to 7,500. 21 The 5-day long protest of pilots has created new problems for the struggling company. All that Jet Airways got was bad publicity, cancelled flights, angry and upset passengers and a deep hole in the already draining pocket.
The strange fact is that even after repeated advice and appeal to not to go on strike, both from the labour commissioner and the management, even after an order from the Mumbai high court calling the strike illegal, the pilots have not retreated from their stand. They continued to be on sick leave, leaving no chances for the management or government to claim it to be a strike. No law could blame the pilots as they were doing nothing against the law and still it was a strike and everyone including the legislatingbodies, the management, and the pilots participating in the strike knew it, still there was nothing that the legislation could do (Exhibit VII).
Exhibit VII An Excerpt of the Interaction between Management and Sacked Pilot
Q: Let me ask you a simple direct question: 360 pilots absented themselves yesterday, 432 have absented themselves from work today claiming sickness. Is this a strike or an epidemic?
Thomas: Probably an epidemic. We are not on strike. I reiterate the fact that we are not on strike. Q: If it is an epidemic, dont youthinkyou should be urgently seekingmedical attention?After all, something like 60% of your colleagues have fallen mysteriouslyill.Your lives could be at threat? Contd...
18
Bhas Ramiya, Jet Airways in losing Rs 20 Cr revenue daily, http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_jet -airways-is-losingrs20-cr-revenue-daily_1288909, September 10
th
2009
19 20
Ibid. Phukan Sandeep and Chopra Shaili, Financial Cost of Jet Pilots Strike, http://www.ndtv.com/news/india/ th financial_cost_of_jet_pilots_strike.php, September 8 2009 Jet Airways pilots end strike, flights to resume immediately, http://beta.thehindu.com/business/companies/article19498.ece, September 13 th 2 00 9
21
10
HRM0049 Jet Airways Labour Dispute: Trade Unions and Indias Labour Conundrum
Thomas: We are very thankful to the company. They are taking care of it. They are sending doctors to everybodys house. Q: And you are refusing to see the doctor, which makes it rather strange doesnt it?
Thomas: Yes. They are coming at 2 and 3 in the morning. So, that is going to be a problem. Q: So you mean to say you will onlysee a doctor during visiting hours and daylight regardless of the fact that you are so sick that 432 of your colleagues out of 760 cannot go to work? Are you fooling the country by trying to suggest that this mass sickness is a reality and not a strike? Are you trying to make forgive my colloquialism an ass out of the rest of us?
Thomas: The issue is very clear that there are laws in the country. The law tells us when a pilot is capable of flying and when he is not. What we are saying here is that a constitutional right to form a union cannot be trampled upon. As far as the passengers are concerned, we apologise to them. Q: No one denies that you have a constitutional right to form a union. I am not suggesting by any means that you havent been stopped by the airline. The airline is suggesting they havent stopped you. You have been told by the Bombay High Court that you must not go on strike. You have tried to get around that by declaring mass sickness. You are really assuming that the judges of the court are forgive my colloquialism fools who wont see through your ploy. This is dangerous potential contempt of court. Is it mature for airline pilots to behave in this way?
Thomas: That is the way you look at it. The Federation of Indian Airlines, which our management was a part of, also did the same thing and issued a strike notice. But as far as we are concerned, we are going by the law. What is more pertinent here is that it has been 14 days.We have tried every possible avenue. We have contacted the CivilAviation Minister, anybody who is even remotely connected. It is not that we went on strike overnight. Q: When you talk about waiting 14 days and when you suddenly absent yourself, you are clearly suggesting byyour language that this is a strike. Everythingsuggests this is a strike except for the fact that you insist on calling it mass sickness?
Thomas: No, I think you are putting words in my mouth. We have very clearly withdrawn the strike notice. Now if you want to come and visit the pilots yourself or when the pilots en masse individually stood up for, I dont think that you could term it as a strike. By terming it as a strike, it is misrepresentingthe issue. There has been gross injustice. Would you not like it if you had been done the same?
Source: Pilots union, Jet slug it out on live TV, http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/exclusive -pilots-unionh jet-slug-it-outlive-tv_414865-0.html, September t9 2009
But whether the problem lies with pilots alone is another question to be asked. Sam Thomas, in another interview pointed out the flaws of the management (Exhibit VIII).
11
HRM0049 Jet Airways Labour Dispute: Trade Unions and Indias Labour Conundrum
12
HRM0049 Jet Airways Labour Dispute: Trade Unions and Indias Labour Conundrum
Whether the public are made fools or the management is taught a lesson, the strike could only bring dissonance. Both the sides were trying to prove their power and the ones who suffered were the customers. Though the pilots were disrupting an essential service, there was no action taken against them. Though the management is accused of discrimination, no action was taken. Even while a strike during conciliation process is a punishable offense, masking their protest in mass sickness, pilots used the loopholes of Indian labour laws well.
13
HRM0049 Jet Airways Labour Dispute: Trade Unions and Indias Labour Conundrum
Indian labour market is known for its inflexibility that arises from the nature of the labour laws in India. Counting to more than 50 central acts and more than 150 state variances that affect the labour market, Indian scenario of labour remains rigid (Annexure I). It is to be noted that these laws overlap many a times. Many common items like workman, wages, employee and factory are defined differently in differentActs pertaining to the same sector. Provisions under the FactoriesAct, do not match with provisions under the Minimum WagesAct. Provisions under the BeediAct are at variance with those under the Contract Labour Abolition Act, 23 said Dr. Manmohan Singh, Indian Prime Minister and well known economist, citing the flaws of labour laws. The intervening and overlapping labour laws that have no standard definitions and terms remains the major problem of Indian labour front. Even the major acts on the labour regulations have flaws that would harm the over all growth prospects of the country (Exhibit IX).
23 24
Prime Ministers Address to the 40th Indian Labour conference, op.cit. Datta R.C. and Sil Milly, Contemporary Issues on Labour Law Reform in India, http://atlmri.googlepages.com/RCD_MILI.pdf, 2007
14
HRM0049 Jet Airways Labour Dispute: Trade Unions and Indias Labour Conundrum
Trade Union Act (1926) The Trade Union Act, which allows outsiders to be the office bearers and members, is heavily criticised. Through this, employees who are not directly working under the company would also turn against the company when disputes arise. An act that allows outsiders to intervene in the company 25 matters does not exist in any other countries in the world. Lack of democracy in the unions is also a problem in India. While trade union policies in countries like Singapore aims at the overall 26 development of the country, in India, these policies restrict the economic growth and productivity.
Compiled by the author
Problems are many for the Indian labour sector; growth of unorganised sector, alarming increase in lost workdays, tensedrelation betweenemployers and employees, lackof trust, political intervention, overlapping labour acts, lack of proper enforcing bodies, increasing labour unrest, jobless economic growth and many more. It can be easily observed that the plethora of problems stem majorly from the labour relations and the governing labour legislation. For example, while there are only a handful of inspections in factories of China, often not more than five, Indian factories are inspected by 30 inspectors on an average, under various laws and rules and regulations. 27 The inspector raj should end if the industries are to prosper. It is not that the Indian government is unaware of the problems. the time has come for us to take stock of our labour laws and see how best we can in fact serve the interests of our working people, especially the vast mass of low-skilled, unemployed youth 28 th who are looking for jobs in the manufacturing sector, said Dr. Manmohan Singh on the 40 Indian Labour Conference, 2005. After 4 years, India is nowhere near the reforms that it intended to make. The situation in India is more challenging as the political interests and bureaucracy are intimately related and a major reformof an important legislation can become deadly.There is little doubt about the negative effect of labour laws on growth and development, including employment creation. However, an immediate take on labour reforms would be out of question as there are several factors that determine the kind of reform the country is intending to take. Creating awareness about the benefits of labour reforms is one option, but is a herculean task in a country like India. Moreover, effectiveness of such an awareness programme would be questionable as it is the decisive factor of its success. Labour reforms are happening, but not in the expected scale and level. In September 2009, IT 29 and ITES establishments were exempted from the provisions of Industrial employment act (1946). But until the parts of labour legislation that actually hurt the working class interests are changed, investments in labour-intensive sectors would be discouraged. With Indias labour force growing at a rate of 2.5%, and an employment growth of only 2.3%, leaving 1million million jobless every year, India would struggle to find the growth of if it does not give importance to labour reforms.
25 26 27 28 29
Contemporary Issues on Labour Law Reform in India, op.cit. Ibid. Prime Ministers Address to the 40th Indian Labour conference, op.cit. Ibid. Kumar Anil M., IT companies free of Labour Laws for two Years, http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/Business/ st India-Business/IT-companies-free-of-labour-laws-for-2-years/articleshow/4957075.cms, September 1 20 0 9
15
16
Accident
Social Security
The Workmens Compensation Act 1923 Provide for the payment by certain classes of employers to their workmen of compensation for injury by accident 1926 Provide for the registration of Trade Unions and in certain espects to define the law relating to registered Trade Unions
Industrial relations
The Children (Pledging Labor ) Act 1933 Prohibit pledging of the labour of children 1936 Regulate the payment of wages to certain classes of employed persons 1942 Grant of weekly holidays to persons employed in shops, restaurants and theatres 1943 Employers liability to pay compensation to workmen sustaining war injuries and to provide for the insurance of employers against such liability 1943 Compensation to workmen sustaining war injuries and to provide for insurance of employers against such liability C ontd ...
Wages
Others
War Injuries
War Injuries
Jet Airways Labour Dispute: Trade Unions and Indias Labour Conundrum
HRM0049
17 1946 Require employers in industrial establishments formally to define conditions of employment under them 1946 Constitute a fund for the financing of activities to promote the welfare of labour employed in the mica mining industry 1947 Investigation and settlement of industrial disputes 1948 provide for fixing minimum rates of wages in certain employments 1948 Consolidate and amend the law regulating labour in factories 1948 Regulating the employment of dock workers 1948 Provide certain benefits to the employees in case of sickness, maternity and employment injury 1948 Registration of the establishment and employment conditions 1951 Welfare of labour, and to regulate the condition of work, in plantations 1952 Amend and consolidate the law relating to the regulation of labour and safety in mines 1952 Institution of provident funds (family pension fund and deposit-linked insurance fund) for employees in factories and other establishments C on t d .. .
Industrial relations
10
Social Security
11
Industrial Relations
12
Wages
13
Conditions of Service The Dock Workers and Employment (Regulation and Employment)Act
14
Social Security
15
16
17
18
Social Security
HRM0049
Jet Airways Labour Dispute: Trade Unions and Indias Labour Conundrum
18 1958 Fixation of rates of wages in respect of working journalists 1958 Foster the development and ensure the efficient maintenance of an Indian mercantile marine in a manner best suited to serve the national interests, establish a national Shipping board to provide for the registration of Indian ships, tamend and consolidate the law relating to merchant shipping 1959 Compulsory notification of vacancies to employment exchange 1961 For welfare of motor transport workers and to regulate the conditions of their work 1961 Regulate the employment of women in certain establishments for certain periods before child birth and to provide maternity benefit and certain other benefits 1961 Regulation and control of training of apprentice 1963 Employers liability to pay workmen sustaining personal Injuries and to provide insurance of employers against such liability C on t d .. .
19
Conditions of Service The working Journalists and Other 1955 Regulate certain conditions of service of working journalists and and Employment Newspaper Employees (Conditions other persons employed in newspaper establishments of service and misc. provisions) Act
20
Wages
21
22
23
24
25
26
Personal Injuries
The Personal Injuries (Emergency) 1962 Grant of relief in respect of certain personal injuries sustained Provisions Act during the period of emergency
27
Personal Injuries
Jet Airways Labour Dispute: Trade Unions and Indias Labour Conundrum
HRM0049
19 1965 Payment of bonus to persons employed in certain establishments on the basis of profits or on the basis of production or productivity 1966 Provide for the welfare of the workers in beedi and cigar establishments and to regulate the conditions of their work 1970 Prohibit the employment of contract labour and wherever this is not possible, to improve the conditions of work of contract labour 1972 Scheme for the payment of gratuity to employees engaged in factories , mines, oil fields, plantations, ports , railway companies, shops or other establishments 1972 Constitution of fund for financing of activities to promote the welfare of labour employed in the mica mining industry 1974 Conservation of Coal and development of coal mines 1976 Regulate certain conditions of service of sales promotion employees in certain establishments 1976 Payment of equal remuneration to men and women workers and for prevention of discrimination , on the ground of sex , against women in the matter of employment 1976 Abolition of bonded labour system with a view to preventing the economic and physical exploitation of the weaker sections of the people 1976 Financing of measures to promote the welfare of persons engaged in beedi establishments C on t d .. .
28
Wages
29
Conditions of Service The Beedi and Cigar Workers and Employment (Conditions of Employment) Act
30
Conditions of Service The Contract Labor and Employment (Regulation and Abolition) Act
31
Social Security
32
Social Security
33
Others
34
Conditions of Service The Sales Promotion Employees and Employment (Conditions of Service) Act
35
36
Jet Airways Labour Dispute: Trade Unions and Indias Labour Conundrum
37
Social Security
HRM0049
20 1976 Provide for the levy and collection, by way of cess, a duty of excise on manufactured beedis 1976 Provide for the financing of activities to promote the welfare of persons employed in iron ore mines (Manganese ore mines and Chrome ore mines) 1976 Provide for the financing of activities to promote the welfare of persons employed in iron ore mines (Manganese ore mines and Chrome ore mines) 1979 Regulation of the employment and conditions of service of inter-state migrant workmen 1981 Regulation of the conditions of employment of certain cine workers and cinema theatre workers 1981 Provide for the financing of activities to promote the welfare of certain cine workers 1986 Safety , health and welfare of Dock workers 1986 Prohibition of engagement of children in certain employments and to regulate the conditions of work of children in certain other employments C on t d .. .
38
Social Security
39
Social Security
The Iron Ore Mines, Manganese Ore Mines & Chrome Ore Mines Labor Welfare Fund Act
40
Social Security
The Iron Ore Mines, Manganese Ore Mines & Chrome Ore Mines Labor Welfare Cess Act
41
Conditions of Service The Inter State Migrant Workmen and Employment (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act
42
Conditions of Service The Cinema Workers and and Employment Cinema Theatre Workers (Regulation of Employment) Act
43
Social Security
The Cine Workers Welfare Fund Act, 1981The Cine Workers Welfare Cess Act
44
Conditions of Service The Dock Workers and Employment (Safety, Health & Welfare) Act
45
HRM0049
Jet Airways Labour Dispute: Trade Unions and Indias Labour Conundrum
21 1988 Exemption of employers in relation to establishmentsemploying a small number of persons from furnishing returns and maintaining registers under certain labour laws 1991 Immediate relief to persons affected by accident 1993 Prohibition of employment of manual scavengers and as well as construction or continuance of dry latrines and for the regulation of construction and maintenance of water seal latrines 1997 To provide for inapplicability of the Dock Workers (Regulation of Employment) Act, 1948 to Dock workers of Major Port Trusts 2008 Social security and welfare of unorganised workers
46
Others
The Labour Laws (Exemption from Furnishing Returns and Maintaining Register by Certain Establishments) Act
47
Others
48
Social Security
The Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry latrines Prohibition Act,
49
Conditions of Service The Building & Other Construction 1996 Regulate the employment and conditions of service of building and and Employment Workers (Regulations of other construction workers and to provide for their safety health Employment & Conditions and welfare measures of Service)
50
Conditions of Service The Dock workers (Regulation of and Employment Employment) (inapplicability to Major Ports) Act
51
Social Security
HRM0049
Jet Airways Labour Dispute: Trade Unions and Indias Labour Conundrum
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