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This is the authors version of a work that was submitted/accepted for publication in the following source:

Reiter, Sebastian, Stewart, Glenn, & Bruce, Christine S. (2011) A strategy


for delayed research method selection : deciding between grounded theory and phenomenology. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 9(1), pp. 35-46.
This file was downloaded from: http://eprints.qut.edu.au/48527/

c Copyright 2011 Academic Conferences Ltd


Notice: Changes introduced as a result of publishing processes such as


copy-editing and formatting may not be reflected in this document. For a
definitive version of this work, please refer to the published source:

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