Solutions GR Demystified

Lots of calculations: Relativity Demystified (David McMahon, McGraw-Hill, 2006)
Susan Larsen
Thursday, September 08, 2011
Contents
Chapter 2: Vectors, One Forms, and the metric................................................................................................ 4
P.36: The signature of a metric. ................................................................................................................ 4
P. 46, Quiz 2-5: Spherical coordinates and vector transformation ........................................................... 4
Chapter 4: Tensor Calculus ................................................................................................................................ 5
P. 74, Example 4-4: Find the Christoffel symbols of the 2-sphere with radius ...................................... 5
P. 75, Example 4-5, quiz 4-7: Find the Christoffel symbols of the Kahn-Penrose metric .......................... 5
P. 78, Example 4-7: Alternative solution: Show that ............................................................ 6

P.80: One-forms: why .................................................................................................................. 6
P. 83, Example 4-9: Find the geodesic equations for cylindrical coordinates ........................................... 6
P. 84, Example 4-10: Use the geodesic equations to find the Christoffel symbols for the Rindler metric.
................................................................................................................................................................... 7
New - P. 86: The Riemann tensor eq. (4.42), (4.43) and (4.44) ................................................................. 8
NEW - Chapter 4 - page 87: Independent elements in the Riemann, Ricci and Weyl tensor ................. 10
P.87, Example 4-11: Compute the components of the Riemann tensor for the unit 2-sphere .............. 11
P.89, Example 4-12: Show that the Ricci scalar
for the unit 2-sphere ......................................... 11
P.91 Quiz 4-2, Quiz 4-3: Calculate the Christoffel symbols for the spherical metric............................... 12
P.91 Quiz 4-4: The Riemann tensor of the spherical metric.................................................................... 12
P.91 Quiz 4-6: A Lie derivative in the spherical metric ............................................................................ 13
P.92, Quiz 4-8: The Ricci scalar of the Penrose Kahn metric ................................................................... 14
P.92, Quiz 4-9: The Christoffel symbols of a metric example.................................................................. 14
P.92, Quiz 4-10: The Ricci scalar of a metric example ............................................................................. 15
Chapter 5: Cartans Structure Equations ......................................................................................................... 15

P. 106, Example 5-1: Ricci rotation coefficients for the Tolman-Bondi- de Sitter metric ....................... 15
P.113: The curvature two forms and the Riemann tensor ...................................................................... 18
P.113, Example 5-2: Find the Ricci scalar using Cartans structure equations of the 2-sphere .............. 19
P.116, Example 5-3: Find the components of the Riemann tensor of the Robertson-Walker metric using
Cartans structure equations ................................................................................................................... 19
P. 120, Quiz 5-1, and 5-2: Ricci rotation coefficients of the spherical polar metric ................................ 22
P. 120, Quiz 5-3: Transformation of the Ricci rotation coefficients into the Christoffel symbols
of the spherical polar metric ...................................................................................................... 23
P. 120, Quiz 5-4: Ricci rotation coefficients of the Rindler metric .......................................................... 23
http://physicssusan.mono.net/9035/General%20Relativity
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Susan Larsen
P. 121, Quiz 5-7: The Einstein tensor for the Tolman-Bondi- de Sitter metric ........................................ 24
Chapter 6: The Einstein Field Equations .......................................................................................................... 28
P.138: The vacuum Einstein equations.................................................................................................... 28
P.138: The vacuum Einstein equations with a cosmological constant .................................................... 28
P.139, example 6-2: Find the components of the curvature tensor for the metric in 2+1 dimensions
using Cartans structure equations.......................................................................................................... 29
P.139, Example 6-2: Find the components of the curvature tensor for the metric in 2+1 dimensions
using Cartans structure equations alternative solution ...................................................................... 31
P.147, Example 6-3: Find the components of the Einstein tensor in the coordinate basis for the metric
in 2+1 dimensions. ................................................................................................................................... 32
P.150, Example 6-4: The Einstein equations of the metric in 2+1 dimensions. ...................................... 34
P. 152, Quiz 6-1: Using the contracted Bianchi identities, prove that: .............................. 35
P.153-54, Quiz 6-5, Quiz 6-6, Quiz 6-7 and Quiz 6-8: Ricci rotation coefficients, Ricci scalar and Einstein
equations for a general 4-dimensional metric. ....................................................................................... 35
Chapter 7: The Energy-Momentum Tensor..................................................................................................... 40
P.160: Perfect Fluids Alternative derivation ......................................................................................... 40
P.161, Example 7-2: The Einstein tensor and Friedmann-equations for the Robertson Walker metric . 41
P.161, Example 7-2: The Einstein tensor for the Robertson Walker metric Alternative version. ........ 43
P. 165, Quiz 7-3: Manipulating the Friedmann equations. ..................................................................... 44
Chapter 8: Killing Vectors ................................................................................................................................ 44
P.168, Example 8-1: Show that if the Lie derivative of the metric tensor with respect to vector X
vanishes ( ), the vector X satisfies the Killing equation. - Alternative version .................... 44
P.177, equation (8.7): Prove that

........................................................................... 45
P.178: Constructing a Conserved Current with Killing Vectors Alternative version: ............................ 45
P.179, Quiz 8-3: Given a Killing vector the Ricci scalar satisfies
:...................................... 45
Chapter 9: Null Tetrads and the Petrov Classification..................................................................................... 45

P.186, Example 9-3, and 9-4: Construct a null tetrad for the flat space Minkowski metric ................... 45
P.195, Example 9-5: The Brinkmann metric ............................................................................................ 47
Chapter 10: The Schwarzschild Solution ......................................................................................................... 57
P.204: The Riemann and Ricci tensor of the general Schwarzschild metric............................................ 57
P.215: The Riemann tensor of the Schwarzschild metric ........................................................................ 60
P.216: Calculation of the scalar

in the Schwarzschild metric......................................... 60
P.216: Geodesics in the Schwarzschild Spacetime .................................................................................. 61
P.218: The meaning of the integration constant: The choice of ...................................................... 62
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Susan Larsen
P.229: Time Delay .................................................................................................................................... 63

P. 230, Quiz 10-1: Use the geodesic equations to find the Christoffel symbols for the general
Schwarzschild metric. .............................................................................................................................. 64
P.231, Quiz 10-2: The Ricci tensor for the general time dependent Schwarzschild metric. ................... 66
P.231-32, Quiz 10-3, and 10-4: The Ricci rotation coefficients and Ricci tensor for the Schwarzschild
metric with nonzero cosmological constant. .......................................................................................... 70
P.232, Quiz 10-5: The Petrov type of the Schwarzschild spacetime ....................................................... 72
Chapter 11: Black Holes ................................................................................................................................... 77
NEW - P.238: The Path of a Radially Infalling Particle ............................................................................. 77
P. 242: The Schwarzschild metric in Kruskal Coordinates. ...................................................................... 79
P.246: The inverse metric of the Kerr Spinning Black Hole ..................................................................... 81
Chapter 12: Cosmology ................................................................................................................................... 83
P. 262: Spaces of Positive, Negative, and Zero Curvature ....................................................................... 83
P.277, Quiz 12-1: The general Schwarzschild metric in vacuum with a cosmological constant: The Ricci
scalar ........................................................................................................................................................ 84
P.277, Quiz 12-2, Quiz 12-3: The general Schwarzschild metric in vacuum with a cosmological constant:
Integration constants .............................................................................................................................. 85
P.277, Quiz 12-4: The general Schwarzschild metric in vacuum with a cosmological constant: The
spatial part of the line element. .............................................................................................................. 86
P.278, Quiz 12-6: Parameters in an flat universe with positive cosmological constant: Starting with
use a change of variables .................................................................. 86
Chapter 13: Gravitational Waves .................................................................................................................... 87
P.286: Gauge transformation - The Einstein Gauge ................................................................................ 87

P.288 l.13: The Riemann tensor of a plane wave .................................................................................... 89
Page 290 l.12: The line element of a plane wave in the Einstein gauge ................................................. 93
P. 291: The line element of a plane wave ............................................................................................... 94
P.298: The Rosen line element ................................................................................................................ 94
P.304: Colliding gravity waves - coordinate transformation ................................................................... 98
P.304: The delta and heavy-side functions: prove that ................................... 99
P.305: Example 13-1: Impulsive gravitational wave Region III .............................................................. 100
P.313: Example 13-2: Two interacting waves ........................................................................................ 105
P.318, Example 13-3: The Nariai spacetime .......................................................................................... 110
New - P.322: Quiz 13-1: Collision of a gravitational wave with an electromagnetic wave The non-zero
spin coefficients ..................................................................................................................................... 122
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Susan Larsen
New - P.322,Quiz 13-2: The Aichelburg-Sexl Solution The passing of a black hole ............................ 128
Final Exam...................................................................................................................................................... 128
P.323 FE-1: ...................................................................................................................................... 128
P.324 FE-4: ........................................................................................................................... 129
P.324 FE-6: and in a diagonal metric ................................................................................ 129

P.324 FE-7: Calculate the Christoffel symbols for a metric example .................................................... 129
P.325 FE-8: Calculate the Riemann tensor of metric example .............................................................. 130
New - P.325 FE-8: Calculate the Riemann tensor of metric example Alternative version ................. 130
New - P.325 FE-9: Calculate the Christoffel symbols for a metric example .......................................... 131
New - P.325 FE-10: Calculate the Ricci rotation coefficients for a metric example .............................. 132
NEW - P.325, FE-12: The non-zero Weyl scalars of the Reissner-Nordstrm spacetime ...................... 133
Bibliografi....................................................................................................................................................... 141
Chapter 2: Vectors, One Forms, and the metric

P.36: The signature of a metric.
Here we are going to investigate what happens to various quantities when a metric, !" ,changes signature.
1 !' ) '" ) '$ ) "$
No change
! "$
Christoffel symbols
( $
+
,
2
)*
)* "
)* '
No change
- !"$' )$ !"' + )' !"$ ."' !.$ + ."$ !.'
Riemann tensor
$
No change
Ricci tensor
-!" - !$"
Changes sign
Ricci scalar
- !" -!"
1
No change
Einstein tensor
/!" -!" +
2 !"
No change
Energy tensor
81/2!" /!"
1
Changes sign
/!" -!" +
Cosmological constant
- !"
2 !"
P. 46, Quiz 2-5: Spherical coordinates and vector transformation
45 6 47 6 7 6 48 6 7 6 sin6 8 4< 6
The line element
1
The metric tensor:

=
>
76
!"
6
6
7 sin 8
?!
?E
Given

!
!" ?
E
EE ?
?!
(7,
1 7
1
1
,
, calculate ?! .
rsin 8 cos6 8
7
(2.17)
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Susan Larsen
?F
?G
FF ?
1
7 6 (
,
rsin 8
7
sin 8
1
7 6 sin6 8 ( 6 , 7 6 tan6 8
cos 8
Which means the answer to the quiz 2-5 is (c)
GG ?
Chapter 4: Tensor Calculus
P. 74, Example 4-4: Find the Christoffel symbols of the 2-sphere with radius
The line element:
45 6 J6 48 6 J6 sin6 8 4< 6
The metric tensor and its inverse:
We have:
FGG
GFG GGF
!"$
!"$
1
)$ !" )"
2
!' '"$
!"
!$
KJ
+ )!
J6 sin6 8
"$
!"
1
6
MJ
1
6
J sin6 8
(4.15)
(4.16)
1
FGG
+ )F J6 sin6 8 +J6 sin 8 cos 8 O
2
1
G
G
)F J6 sin6 8 J6 sin 8 cos 8 O FG GF
2
FF
FGG + sin 8 cos 8
GG
GFG cot 8
P. 75, Example 4-5, quiz 4-7: Find the Christoffel symbols of the Kahn-Penrose metric
The line element:
45 6 24P4Q + 1 + P6 4* 6 + 1 P6 4R 6
1
1
The metric tensor:
N
!" M
+1 + P6
+1 P6
1
V1
Y
T
T
+1
!"

and its inverse:
1 + P6
U
X
+1 T
T
S
1 P6 W
1
)$ !" )" !$ + )! "$
2
1
Z[[
+ )Z +1 + P6 +1 + P
2
1
1 + P
[Z[ [[Z )Z +1 + P6
2
1
Z]]
+ )Z +1 P6 1 P
2
1
]Z] ]]Z )Z +1 P6
+1 P
2
Which means the answer to quiz 4-7 is (b)
!"$
(4.15)
!"$
\Z
Z[[
\]]
\Z
Z]]
[[Z
'"$
[Z[
]
Z]
!'
\[[
O
O
]
]Z

[[
]]
[Z[
]Z]
(4.16)
+1 + P
+1
1+P
1 P

1
1P
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Susan Larsen
P. 78, Example 4-7: Alternative solution: Show that

p.69: ^$ !" )$ !" + '" '!$ + !' '$"
If '" "' :
)$ !" + "' ' !$ + !' '$"
)$ !" + "!$ + !$"
since !$" !"$ 4.14:
)$ !" + "!$ !"$
and "!$ !"$ )$ !" p. 73:
)$ !" + )$ !"
0
Q.E.D.
P.80: One-forms: why
For general forms, let d be a e-form and f be a g-form, we have
d h f +1ij f h d
For one-forms this means
d h f +f h d
O
d h d +d h d 0
This also holds for 4k l[ n 4* ! because 4k is a one-form as well.

lm
P. 83, Example 4-9: Find the geodesic equations for cylindrical coordinates
The line element:
45 6 47 6 7 6 4< 6 4o 6
!"$
GEG

1
)$
2
EGG
GGE
!"
)"
!$
+ )!
* ! <:
O
O
(4.15) !"$
1
+ )E 7 6 +7 O
2
1
G
7
O EG
)E 7 6
2
The geodesics equation:
* ! 7:
"$
!"
=

!'
EGG
G
GE
46 * !
4* " 4* $
!
"$
45 6
45 45
46 7
4* " 4* $
E
"$
45 6
45 45
46 7
4< 6
+7( ,
45 6
45
6
"
4 <
4*
4* $
G

"$
45 6
45 45
6
4 <
47 4<
4< 47
G
G
EG
GE
6
45
45 45
45 45
46 < 2 47 4<

45 6 7 45 45
76
'"$

>
!"
M
1
76
(4.16)
EE
EGG
GG
GEG
0 (4.33)
+7

1
7
0
0
0
0
0
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Susan Larsen
* ! o:
O
46 o
4* " 4* $
p
0
"$
45 6
45 45
46 o
0
45 6
The Christoffel symbols from the geodesic equations
We have
Now we need
* ! 7:
* ! <:
0
0
1
1 6 1 6
1 6
! "
r 6
!" *r *r 7r 7 s< t or
2
2
2
2
4 )q
)q

(
,
45 )*r !
)* !
4 )q
)q

( ,
45 )7r
)7
4
7<r 6
7r 7v
45
0
7v + 7<r 6
)q
4 )q

x y
)<
45 )<r
4 6
0

s7 <rt 277r <r 7 6 <v
45
1
1
0
<v 7r <r <r7r
7
7
4 )q
)q

( ,
45 )or
)o
4
0
or ov
45
q
w
w
* ! o:
(4.35)
(4.36)
Collecting the results

7v + 7<r 6
1
1
<v 7r <r <r7r
7
7
ov
We can now find the Christoffel symbols from the geodesic equation :
E GG +7
1
1
G
G
EG
GE
7
7
P. 84, Example 4-10: Use the geodesic equations to find the Christoffel symbols for the Rindler
metric.
The line element:
45 6 z 6 4{ 6 + 4z 6
z6
The metric tensor:
L
!" K
+1
We have
1
2
!" *r
1
1
*r z 6 {r 6 + zr 6
2
2
! "
(4.35)
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Susan Larsen

)q
)* !
)q
* ! z:
)z
Now we need
* {:
!
w
0
0
z{r 6
0
)q
){
0
0
4 )q
(
,
45 )*r !
4 )q

x y
45 )zr
4

s+zr t +zv
45
zv z{r 6
4 )q

( ,
45 ){r
4 6
z {r 2zzr {r z 6 {v

45
1
1
{v zr {r {r zr
z
z

(4.36)

zv z{r 6
2zzr {r z 6 {v
We can now find the Christoffel symbols from the geodesic equation:
}
|| z
1
1
|}|
||}
z
z
New - P. 86: The Riemann tensor eq. (4.42), (4.43) and (4.44)
Prove (4.42)
First we need
^$ !" )$ !" + '!$ '" + '$" !' )$ !" + "!$ + !"$ 0
-!"$'
!. - ."$'
!. s)$ ."' + )' ."$ m "' . m$ + m "$ . m' t
!. )$ ."' + !. )' ."$ !. m "' . m$ + !. m "$ . m'
)$ !. ."' + )$ !. ."' + )' !. ."$ )' !. ."$ m "' !. . m$
+ m "$ !. . m'
)$ !"' + .!$ !.$ ."' + )' !"$ .!' !.' ."$ m "' !m$
+ m "$ !m'
)$ !"' + )' !"$ + .!$ !.$ ."' .!' !.' ."$ . "' !.$
+ ~ "$ !.'
)$ !"' + )' !"$ + .!$ ."' .!' ."$
(4.18)
(4.41)
(4.42)
Prove (4.43)
(4.42)
-!"$' )$ !"' + )' !"$ + .!$ ."' .!' ."$
1
) !" ) !' ) "'
1
) !" ) !$ ) "$
)$ ( '
+
, + )' ( $
+
, + .!$ ."' .!' ."$
2
)*
)* "
)* !
2
)*
)* "
)* !
1 ) !"
) !'
) "'
1 ) !"
) !$
) "$
( $ ' $ " + $ ! , + ( ' $ ' " + ' ! , + .!$ ."' .!' ."$
2 )* )*
)* )*
)* )*
2 )* )*
)* )*
)* )*
1 ) !'
) "$
) !$
) "'
(4.43)
( $ " ' ! + ' " + $ ! , + .!$ ."' .!' ."$
)* )*
)* )*
)* )*
2 )* )*
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Susan Larsen
Prove (4.44):-!"$' -$'!" +-!"'$ +-"!$' and -!"$' -!$'" -!'"$ 0

1 )
)
)
)
(4.43)
-!"$' ( $ !' " ' "$ ! + ' !$ " + $ "' ! , + .!$ ."' .!' ."$
)* )*
)* )*
)* )*
2 )* )*
1 )
)
)
)
-$'!" ( ! $" ' " '! $ + " $! ' + ! '" $ , + .$! .'" .$" .'!
2 )* )*
)* )*
)* )*
)* )*
1 ) $"
) '!
) $!
) '"
m
( ! ' " $ + " ' + ! $ , + .$! .'" .m $" .m m'!
2 )* )*
)* )*
)* )*
)* )*
1 ) $"
) '!
) $!
) '"
m
( ! ' " $ + " ' + ! $ , + .$! .'" s .m .m t $" m'!
)* )*
)* )*
)* )*
2 )* )*
1 ) $"
) '!
) $!
) '"
m
1 ( ! ' " $ + " ' + ! $ , + .$! .'" $" m'!
2 )* )*
)* )*
)* )*
)* )*
1 ) $"
) '!
) $!
) '"
( ! ' " $ + " ' + ! $ , + .$! .'" . $" .'! -!"$'
2 )* )*
)* )*
)* )*
)* )*
1 ) !$
) "'
) !'
)
-!"'$ ( ' " $ ! + $ " + ' "$ ! , + .!' ."$ .!$ ."' +-!"$'
2 )* )*
)* )*
)* )*
)* )*
1 ) "'
) !$
) "$
)
-"!$' ( $ ! ' " + ' ! + $ !' " , + ."$ .!' ."' .!$
)* )*
)* )*
)* )*
2 )* )*
1 ) "'
) !$
) "$
) !'
m
m
( $ ! ' " + ' ! + $ " , + .m "$ .m m!' .m "' .m m!$
2 )* )*
)* )*
)* )*
)* )*
1 ) "'
) !$
) "$
) !'
m
m
( $ ! ' " + ' ! + $ " , + .m .m "$ m!' .m .m "' m!$
2 )* )*
)* )*
)* )*
)* )*
1 ) "'
) !$
) "$
) !'
m
m
( $ ! ' " + ' ! + $ " , + "$ m!' "' m!$
2 )* )*
)* )*
)* )*
)* )*
1 ) "'
) !$
) "$
) !'
( $ ! ' " + ' ! + $ " , + . "$ .!' . "' .!$ +-!"$'
2 )* )*
)* )*
)* )*
)* )*
1 ) !"
) $'
) !'
)
-!$'" ( ' $ " ! + " $ + ' $" ! , + .!' .$" .!" .$'
2 )* )*
)* )*
)* )*
)* )*
1 ) !$
) '"
) !"
)
-!'"$ ( " ' $ ! + $ ' + " '$ ! , + .!" .'$ .!$ .'"
2 )* )*
)* )*
)* )*
)* )*
1 ) !"
) $'
) !'
) $"
-!$'"
( ' $ " ! + " $ + ' ! , + .!' .$" .!" .$'
-!'"$
2 )* )*
)* )*
)* )*
)* )*
1 ) !$
) '"
) !"
) '$
( " ' $ ! + $ ' + " ! , + .!" .'$ .!$ .'"
2 )* )*
)* )*
)* )*
)* )*
1 ) !$
) '"
) !'
) $"
( " ' $ ! + " $ + ' ! , + .!' .$" .!$ .'" +-!"$'
2 )* )*
)* )*
)* )*
)* )*
Also notice
- !!!! )$ !"' + )' !"$ + .!$ ."' .!' ."$
)! !!! + )! !!! + .!! .!! .!! .!!
0
"
- !!! )! "!! + )! "!! + ."! .!! ."! .!!
0
1 )
)
)
)
- !!"! ( $ !' " ' "$ ! + ' !$ " + $ "' ! , + .!$ ."' .!' ."$
2 )* )*
)* )*
)* )*
)* )*
1 ) !!
) !"
) !"
) !!
( " ! ! ! + ! ! + " ! , + .!" .!! .!! .!"
2 )* )*
)* )*
)* )*
)* )*
m
+ m. m !" m. m!! m!! !"
1
!"
"$
!$ if the metric is symmetric
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Susan Larsen
- !!""
- !!"$
- !"$$
+ m. m. m !" m!! m!! !"

0
1 ) !"
) !"
) !"
) !"
( " ! " ! + " ! + " ! , + .!" .!" .!" .!"
)* )*
)* )*
)* )*
2 )* )*
0
1 ) !$
) !"
) !"
) !$
( " ! $ ! + $ ! + " ! , + .!" .!$ .!$ .!"
)* )*
)* )*
)* )*
2 )* )*
0
1 ) !$
) "$
) !$
) "$
( $ " $ ! + $ " + $ ! , + .!$ ."$ .!$ ."$
2 )* )*
)* )*
)* )*
)* )*
0
m
NEW - Chapter 4 - page 87: Independent elements in the Riemann, Ricci and Weyl tensor
In dimensions, there are .! 6 6 + 1/12 independent elements in the Riemann tensor. In
the Ricci tensor there are $$ 1/2 independent elements, and in the Weyl tensor there are
.] 10 independent elements if 4, if 4 there are none. Summarized:
1
6 6 + 1
.]
$$
.!
2
12
1
3
0
2
-66
-
-6
-66
6
6
0
3
-66
-
-6
-66
-66
-6
-
-
-6
-6
-66
-
20
10
10
4
2
- -$
!"$'
-66
-6
-6
-66
-66
-6
-
-
-6
-6
-
-
-6 3
-6
-
-66
-66
!"
-
-66
-6
-6
-
-
-
-6
-
-
!$"
!"$'
66
66
6
6
6
6 4
6
6
6
The Weyl tensor possesses the same symmetries as the Riemann tensor: !"$' +!"'$ +"!$' $'!" and
!"$' !'"$ !$'" 0. It possesses an additional symmetry: $ !$" 0. It follows that the Weyl tensor is tracefree, in other words, it vanishes for any pair of contracted indices. One can think of the Weyl tensor as that part of the
curvature tensor for which all contractions vanish (d'Inverno, 1992, p. 88)
2
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Susan Larsen

-6
-66
-6
-
P.87, Example 4-11: Compute the components of the Riemann tensor for the unit 2-sphere
The number of independent elements in the Riemann tensor in a metric of dimension 2 is

s t
6
1 so we can choose to calculate - FGFG
- !"$' )$ !"' + )' !"$ ."' !.$ + ."$ !.'

The Riemann tensor
We choose J 8, and 4 <
- FGFG
(4.41)
)F FGG + )G FGF .GG F.F + .GF F.G

)F FGG .GG F.F + .GF F.G
Sum over : )F FGG FGG FFF + FGF FFG G FGF + G FGG

GG
GF
)F FGG + GF FGG
)F + sin 8 cos 8 + cot 8 + sin 8 cos 8
+ cos6 8 sin6 8 cos 6 8
sin6 8
G
P.89, Example 4-12: Show that the Ricci scalar

for the unit 2-sphere
The line element:
45 6 48 6 sin6 8 4< 6
The Ricci scalar:
Sum over a: Sum over b:
Sum over c
3
4

!"
!"
-!"
-F" G" -G"

FF
-FF FG -FG
FF
-FF GG -GG
FF $
- F$F GG - $G$G
F"
1
=
1 >
sin6 8
(4.47)
GF
-GF
GG
G
- FFFF FF - FGF GG - FGFG
FF G
- FGF GG - FGFG
FF GG
-GFGF GG FF -FGFG
FF GG
2
-FGFG
FF
sin6 8
!"
-GG
GG G
- GGG
FG
GF
0
G
- GGG
0
-!" - $ !$"
(4.46)
-GFGF -FGFG
(4.44)
- FFFF
Because: -!"$' -!$'" -!'"$ 0

Because: !"$' !$'" !'"$ 0
Page 11

Susan Larsen

2
GG F
- GFG
1
2 6 sin6 8
sin 8
2
Remark that
2
2
- FGFG sin6 8
GG F
- GFG
66
- 66
ex 4-11
is a general solution for a 2-dimensional diagonal metric if

we write:
(S1)
P.91 Quiz 4-2, Quiz 4-3: Calculate the Christoffel symbols for the spherical metric
The line element:
45 6 47 6 7 6 48 6 7 6 sin6 8 4< 6
1
V
1
1
T
!"
6

=
>
7
76
!"
U
6
6
7 sin 8
T
S
!"$
1
)$
2
!"
)"
!$
+ )!
"$
(4.15)
!"$
1
+7
+ )E 7 6
2
1
FEF FFE )E 7 6
7
2
1
EGG
+ )E 7 6 sin6 8 +7 sin6 8
2
1
GEG GGE )E 7 6 sin6 8
7 sin6 8
2
1
FGG + )F 7 6 sin6 8 +7 6 sin 8 cos 8
2
1
GFG GGF )F 7 6 sin6 8
7 6 sin 8 cos 8
2
So the answer to quiz 4-2 is (a) +7 6 sin 8 cos 8
And the answer to quiz 4-3 is (c) cot 8
EFF
!'
'"$
EFF
EE
EFF
+7
EGG
EE
EGG
+7 sin6 8
FFE
G
EG
G
GE
G
FG
G
GF
X
1
T
7 6 sin6 8 W
(4.16)
O FEF
O
Y
T
FGG

FF
FEF
1
7
1
7
+ sin 8 cos 8
GG
GEG
GG
GFG cot 8
FF
FGG
P.91 Quiz 4-4: The Riemann tensor of the spherical metric

The number of independent elements in the Riemann tensor in a metric of dimension 3 is

s t
6
6 and we have to calculate: - EFEF ; - EGEG ; - FGFG ; - EFEG ; - FEFG ; -
The Riemann tensor
J, 7, , 4 8:
7, 8, <:
J, 7, , 4 <:
- EFEF
- EGEG
- !"$'
)$ !"' + )' !"$ ."' !.$ + ."$ !.'
G
EGF
(4.41)
)E E FF + )F EFE .FF E.E + .FE E.F

1
)E E FF + FFE EFF +1 + ( , +7 0
7
)E E GG + )G EGE .GG E.E + .GE E.G
Page 12

Susan Larsen
7, 8, <:
- FGFG
J, 8, , 4 <:
7, 8, <:
1
G
E
6
6
GE GG + sin 8 + (7 , +7 sin 8
)G FGF .GG F.F + .GF F.G
G
EGG FEF + GF FGG
)E E GG +
)F F GG +
)F F GG
0
1
+ cos6 8 sin6 8 +7 sin6 8 ( , + cot 8+ sin 8 cos 8 0
7
J, 7, 8, 4 <: - EFEG )E EFG + )G EFE .FG E.E + .FE E.G
7, 8, <:
0
F
J, 8, 7, 4 <: - EFG )F FEG + )G FEF .EG F.F + .EF F.G
7, 8, <:
0
G
G
G
G
G
J, <, 7, 4 8: - EGF )G EF + )F EG .EF .G + .EG .F
1
1
7, 8, <:
( , cot 8 + ( , cot 8 0
7
7
-EFFG +-FEFG + FF -FEFG 0
We see that all the elements of the Riemann tensor equals 0, and the answer to quiz 4-4 is (d)
P.91 Quiz 4-6: A Lie derivative in the spherical metric
Let
! 7, sin 8 , sin 8 cos <
Calculate the Lie derivative
P \ Q " ^" + " ^" Q
)!
!
The covariant derivative:
^" " ! "$ $
)*
P
J 7:
7, 8, <:
J 8:
7, 8, <:
PE
PF
7, 8, <:
J <:
7, 8, <:
PG
and
Q ! 7, 7 6 cos 8 , sin <
(4.27)
(4.6)
) !
)Q !
!
$
"

y
x " ! "$ Q $ y
"$
)* "
)*
!
!
)
)Q
Q " " Q " ! "$ $ + " " + " ! "$ Q $
)*
)*
) !
)Q !
"
"
" !
Q
+
Q "$ $ + " ! "$ Q $
)* "E
)*E"
)
)Q
Q " " + " " Q " E "$ $ + " E "$ Q $
)*
)*
Q F E FF F + F E FF Q F Q G E GG G + G E GG Q G 0
) F
)Q F
Q " " + " " Q " F "$ $ + " F"$ Q $
)*
)*
F
F
)
)Q
)Q F
QF
+ E
+ F
Q E FE$ $ + E F E$ Q $ Q F FF$ $
)8
)7
)8
+ F FF$ Q $ Q G F G$ $ + G F G$ Q $
) F
)Q F
)Q F
QF
+ E
+ F
Q E FEF F + E F EF Q F Q F FFE E
)8
)7
)8
+ F FFE Q E Q G FGG G + G FG Q G
) F
)Q F
)Q F
F
E
F
Q
+
+
)8
)7
)8
6
7 cos 8cos 8 + 727 cos 8 + sin 8+7 6 sin 8 7 6 1 + 2 cos 8
) G
)Q G
G
G
"
Q"
+
Q " "$ $ + " "$ Q $

"
"
)*
)*
) G
) G
)Q G
G
G
G
F
G
G
Q

Q
+
Q E E$ $ + E E$ Q $ Q F F$ $
)* G
)* G
)* F
G
G
G
+ F F$ Q $ Q G G$ $ + G G$ Q $
Q " ^" ! + " ^" Q ! Q " x
Page 13

Susan Larsen
) G
) G
)Q G
G
G
G
G
G

Q
+
Q E EG G + E EG Q G Q F FG G
G
G
F
)*
)*
)*
G
G
G
G
G
+ F FG Q G Q G GE E + G GE Q E Q G GF F + G GF Q F
) G
) G
)Q G
G
G
QF

Q
+
)* G
)* G
)* F
6
7 cos 8cos 8 cos < sin < + sin 8 sin < + sin 8 cos < cos <
7 6 cos6 8 cos < + sin 8
So we can conclude:
0
PE
7 6 1 + 2 cos 8
P PF
6
6
G
7 cos 8 cos < + sin 8
P
And the answer to quiz 4-6 is (a)
7, 8, <:

QF
P.92, Quiz 4-8: The Ricci scalar of the Penrose Kahn metric
(4.47)
The Ricci scalar:
- !" -!"
$
(4.46)
The Ricci tensor
-!" - !$"
Sum over J P, Q, *, R:
Sum over P, Q, *, R:
Sum over P, Q, *, R:
Z\
\Z
-Z" \" -\" [" -[" ]" -]"

-Z\ \Z -\Z [[ -[[ ]] -]]
Z\ $
- Z$\ \Z -$ \$Z [[ -$ [$[ ]] - $ ]$]
Z"
Z\
- [Z[\
[[ ]
- [][
Z\
[[
]]
- Z]\
]] Z
- ]Z]
Z\
-[Z[\
Z\
-\[Z[
\Z
-Z]\]
Z\ [[
4
Z\ [[
- [\[Z
]] \
- ]\]
\Z
-]Z]\
\Z
-Z[\[
[[
-[][]
Z\ ]]
[[
]]
-[Z[\ 4
Z\ ]]
- \]Z
]] [
- ][]
\Z
[[
-]Z]\ 2
-Z[Z[
-[\[Z
]]
-][][
\Z [[
[[ ]]
-][][
-\ [\[
-]\]Z
-\]Z]
\Z ]]
]] Z\
[[
U
X
S
W
6
6
- 6 2 -
(S2)
We write
- 4 - 6 4
]
]
Now we need to calculate the three elements in the Riemann tensor: - [Z[\ ; - Z]\ ; - [][
- [Z[\ )[ [Z\ + )\ [Z[ .Z\ [.[ + .Z[ [.\ 0
]
]
]
]
]
- Z]\ )] Z\ + )\ Z] .Z\ .] + .Z] .\ 0
]
]
]
]
]
- [][ )] [[ + )[ [] .[[ .] + .[] .[ 0
So we can conclude
-0
P.92, Quiz 4-9: The Christoffel symbols of a metric example

The line element:
45 6 R 6 sin * 4* 6 * 6 tan R 4R 6
[[
4 Z\ - [Z[\ 4 Z\ - Z]\ 2 [[ - [][

Remark we can rewrite this into to a general expression for a non-diagonal metric of the type:
!"

-!"$' -$'!"
+-"!$' +-!"'$ :

!"
R sin *
K
6
* 6 tan R
!"
V
U
S
1
R 6 sin *
Y
X
* 6 tan RW
Page 14

Susan Larsen
!"$
[][
][]
][[
[[]
[[[
[]]
]][

1
(4.15)
!"$
)$ !" )" !$ + )! "$
2
1
]
[[
s+)] [[ t +R sin * O
2
1
O [][ [[]
R sin *
2
1
O
[[[
R 6 cos *
2
[]]
+* tan R
O
* tan R
1
O
* 6 1 tan6 R
2
Which means that the answer to quiz 4-9 is (c)
]]]
]
[]
]
][
]
]]
!'
]]
[[
'"$
][[
[[
[][
[[
[]]
]]
]]]
]]
[[[
][]
+
1
R
1
cot *
2
* tan R
+ 6
R sin *
1

*
1 tan6 R

2 tan R

P.92, Quiz 4-10: The Ricci scalar of a metric example

From example 4-12 we know that for a 2-dimensional diagonal metric: - 2
means we only have to calculate - [][]
- [][]
*, R:
R sin *
* 6 tan R
(4.16)
66
- 66
which
)[ []] + )] [][ .]] [.[ + .][ [.]

]
]
)[ []] + )] [][ []] [[[ + [][ [[] ]] [][ + ][ []]
)[ (+
* tan R
1
* tan R 1
1 6
1 tan6 R 1
1
* tan R
,
+
)
(
,

(+
,
(
cot
*,
+
(
,

x
y ( , + ( , (+ 6
,
]
6
6
R sin *
R
R sin * 2
R
2 tan R
R
*
R sin *
tan R 1
* cos *
1 6
1 * tan R cos *
1 6
1 tan6 R
tan R
(
+
,

(
,
+
(
,
+
(
,

,
x
y( 6
6
6
6
6
R
sin * sin *
R
2R
sin *
R
2R tan R
R sin *
*tan R cos *
1 * tan R cos *
1 tan6 R
( 6 6 ,+( 6
,

x
y
R sin *
2R
sin6 *
2R tan R
* cos * tan6 R R sin6 * R sin6 * tan6 R
x
y
2R 6 sin6 * tan R
1
O
2 ]] - [][] 2 ( 6
,x
y
* tan R
2R 6 sin6 * tan R
x
y
* 6 R 6 sin6 * tan6 R
And the answer to quiz 4-10 is (b)
+
Chapter 5: Cartans Structure Equations

P. 106, Example 5-1: Ricci rotation coefficients for the Tolman-Bondi- de Sitter metric
The line element:
45 6 4 6 + 6,E 47 6 + - 6 , 748 6 + - 6 , 7 sin6 8 4< 6
The Basis one forms
Page 15

Susan Larsen
4
,E 47
-, 748
-, 7 sin 8 4<
4!
4
4E
4F
4 G
47
48
4<
,E E
1

F
-, 7
1

G
-, 7 sin 8
M
+1
+1
+1
Cartans First Structure equation and the calculation of the Ricci rotation coefficients !"$ :
+ ! " h "
(5.9) !
"
!"$ $
(5.10)
0
4s ,E 47t +r ,E 4 h 47 +r h E
-r
-
4-, 748 -r 4 h 48 - 47 h 48 h F ,E E h F

4-, 7 sin 8 4< -r sin 8 4 h 4< - sin 8 47 h 4< -, 7 cos 8 48 h 4<
-r
-
cot 8 F
h G ,E E h G
h G
-
Summarizing the curvature one forms in a matrix:

-r F
-r G
V 0
Y
+rE
T
T
T
- ,E F - ,E G T
E
T+r
0
T
! "
-
cot 8 G X
U -r F
+ ,E F
0
TT
T r
T
cot
8
T
T
G
,E G
G
0
SW
Where J refers to column and to row.
E E
Now we can read off the Ricci rotation coefficients

-r
E E +r
+r
F F
- ,E
-
-r
E
F
FF +
E F ,E

cot 8
- ,E
-r
E
F
GG +
GG +

E G
-r
-
,E
cot 8

Transformation of the Ricci rotation coefficients !"$ into the Christoffel symbols !
Page 16

Susan Larsen
E E
We have the transformation !
E' '. m .
m
E
m
'
.
' . m E E
EE
!' '. m . "
+r 1
m
$
(5.14)
1s+rts
t
r
m
F F F' '. m . F FF
1
-r
6
m
'
.
FF ' . m F F FF F 1 - 6
- ,E ,E
m
F '
F
F
.
E
EF ' . m E F E F E

6
-
E FF E' '. m .F mF EE EFF FF ,E x+ ,E y - 6

r
G
G
G G' '. m . mG G
1
-r
6
'
G
.
GG ' . m G G 1 - 6 sin6 8
G
GG
- ,E ,E
G
G
G '
m
E
.
EG ' . m E G E G E

6
-
E GG E' '. m .G mG EE E G ,E x+ ,E y - 6 sin6 8

G
GG
cot
8
FG G' '. m .F mG GFG FF

1
cot 8 6 6
F GG F' '. m .G mG F F GG (+
, - sin 8
F GG
However by this method we do not obtain EEE +
EE
E E sE E t
,E 6
To check we calculate the Christoffel symbols directly from the metric
The line element:
The metric tensor
!"
and its inverse:
!"
!"$
1
)$
2
EEE
!"
)"
!$
45 6
+ )!
"$
+r
+r 6,E
-r

--r

-
-
+-- 6,E

-r
-
--r sin6 8

-
-
+-- 6,E sin6 8

cot 8
+ cos 8 sin 8
4 6 + 6,E 47 6 + - 6 , 748 6 + - 6 , 7 sin6 8 4< 6

1
0
0
0
0 + 6,E
0
0
M0
N
0
+- 6 , 7
0
0
0
0
+- 6 , 7 sin6 8
1
0
0
0
V0 + 6,E
Y
0
0
T
T
1
0
+ 6
0
0
- , 7
U
X
1
T0
T
0
0
+ 6
S
- , 7 sin6 8W
(4.15)
1
)E s+ 6,E t 6,E
2
!"$
!'
'"$
(4.16)
Page 17

Susan Larsen
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
EEE
EE
EE
EE
EE
FF
FF
FF
FF
EFF
EFF
FEF
FEF
GG
O GG
O
GG
G
G
EGG
O EGG
O
GEG
G
EG
FGG
O FGG
O
GFG
G
FG
EEE + 6,E 6,E

1
+ ) s+ 6,E t +r 6,E
2
EE 1s+r 6,E t
1
EE ) s+ 6,E t r 6,E
2
EE EE EE + 6,E r 6,E
1
+ ) s+-6 , 7t -r 2
FF 1 -r 1
FF ) s+-6 , 7t +-r2
1
F
F FF FF + 6 s+-r -t
1
+ )E s+-6 , 7t - 2
EE EFF
1
FFE )E s+- 6 , 7t +- 2
1
FFE FF FEF + 6 +- -
1
6
6
+ ) +- , 7 sin 8 -r - sin6 8
2
GG 1 -r - sin6 8
1
GG ) +-6 , 7 sin6 8 +-r - sin6 8
2
1
G
G GG GG (+ 6 6 , s+-r- sin6 8t
- sin 8
1
+ )E +-6 , 7 sin6 8 - - sin6 8
2
EE EGG
1
GGE )E +-6 , 7 sin6 8 +- - sin6 8
2
1
G
GE GG GEG (+ 6 6 , +- - sin6 8
- sin 8
1
6
6
+ )F +- , 7 sin 8 - 6 sin 8 cos 8
2
1
FF FGG + 6 - 6 sin 8 cos 8
1
GGF )F +- 6 , 7 sin6 8 +- 6 sin 8 cos 8
2
1
G
GF GG GFG + 6 6 +-6 sin 8 cos 8
- sin 8
EE
+
+r 6,E
+r
-r
-r
-
-
-
-r
-
-
-
+ 6,E - -
-r - sin6 8
+ 6,E - - sin6 8
+ sin 8 cos 8
cot 8
P.113: The curvature two forms and the Riemann tensor

To find the Riemann tensor from the curvature two forms, it can sometimes be more convenient to use the
following expression
1
(5.28)
! " - !"$' $ h '
2
- !"$' $ h ' no summations
Page 18

Susan Larsen
P.113, Example 5-2: Find the Ricci scalar using Cartans structure equations of the 2-sphere
The line element:
45 6 48 6 sin6 8 4< 6
The Basis one forms

48
sin 8 4<
4!
4F
4 G
! "
48
4<
F
1

G
sin 8
G
:
F
1
Cartans First Structure equation and the calculation of the curvature one forms:
+ ! " h "
0
(5.9)
4sin 8 4< cos 8 48 h 4< cot 8 F h G
cot 8 G
Curvature two forms:

4 ! " ! $ h $ "
G
$
h $ F
G
F
- !"$' $ h '
2
(5.27), (5.28)
4cot 8 G 4cos 8 4< + sin 8 48 h 4< +F h G

h FF
+F h G
0
From which we can identify the single independent element of the Riemann tensor
And the Ricci scalar
- FGFG
1
2 GG - FGFG 2
(S1)
P.116, Example 5-3: Find the components of the Riemann tensor of the Robertson-Walker metric using Cartans structure equations
J6
The metric: 45 6 +4 6
47 6 J6 7 6 48 6 J6 7 6 sin6 8 4< 6
1 + 7 6
The Basis one forms

4
Page 19

Susan Larsen

J
1 + 7 6
J748

47
J7 sin 8 4<
4!
4
4E
4F
4 G
! "
47
48
4<
1 + 7 6 E
J

F
J7

G
J7 sin 8
+1
M
Cartans First Structure equation and the calculation of the curvature one forms:
+ ! " h "
0
J
Jr
Jr
4x
47y
4 h 47 + E h
J
1 + 7 6
1 + 7 6
Jr
1 + 7 6 E
4J748 Jr 74 h 48 J47 h 48 h F
h F
J
J7
4J7 sin 8 4< Jr 7 sin 8 4 h 4< J sin 8 47 h 4< J7 cos 8 48 h 4<
1
1 + 7 6 E
1
1
1
Jr 7 sin 8 h
G J sin 8
h
G J7 cos 8 F h
G
J7 sin 8
J
J7 sin 8
J7
J7 sin 8
Jr
1 + 7 6 E
cot 8 F
h G
h G
h G
J
J7
J7
The curvature one-forms summerized in a matrix

Jr E
Jr F
Jr G
V 0
Y
J
J
J
T
T
T Jr E
1 + 7 6 F 1 + 7 6 G T
T
0
T
J
J7
J7

1 + 7 6 F
cot 8 G X
U Jr F
TJ
T
J7
J7
T
T
6
1 + 7 G
cot 8 G
TJr G
T
+
0
SJ
W
J7
J7
Where J refers to the column and the row
! "
Curvature two forms:

4 ! " ! $ h $ "
- !"$' $ h '
2
(5.27), (5.28)
Page 20

Susan Larsen
E :
4 E
E $ h $
F :
4 F
F$ h $
G
$
h $
FE :
4 F E
F $ h $ E
FE
E :
G
$
h $ E
G
E
Jr
Jr
J
Jr
Jv
4 ( E , 4 (
47, 4 (
47,
4 h 47
J
J 1 + 7 6
1 + 7 6
1 + 7 6
Jv
1 + 7 6 E Jv

h
h E
J
J
1 + 7 6
E h E E h E E F h F E G h 0
Jv
h E
J
Jr
Jr
4 ( F , 4 ( J748, 4Jr 748 Jv 74 h 48 Jr 47 h 48
J
J
1
1 + 7 6 E 1 F Jv
1 + 7 6 E
Jv 7 h F Jr
h h F Jr
h F
6
J7
J
J7
J
J 7
G
F h FE h E F F h F FG h FE h E
Jr 1 + 7 6 F
h E
J6 7
Jv
h F
J
!r
!r
4(! G 4 ! J7 sin 8 4< 4Jr 7 sin 8 4<

Jv 7 sin 8 4 h 4< Jr sin 8 47 h 4< Jr 7 cos 8 48 h 4<

Jv
1 + 7 6 E
cot 8
h G Jr
h G Jr 6 F h G
6
J
J 7
J 7
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
h E h E F h F G h E h E F h F
Jr 1 + 7 6 G
Jr cot 8
h E 6 G h F
6
J 7
J 7
Jv
G
h
J
1 + 7 6 F
1 + 7 6
4x
y 4x
J748y 4 1 + 7 6 48
J7
J7
+7
+

47 h 48 6 E h F
J
1 + 7 6

F E h E E F h E F F h FE F G h
G
E
F h E
Jr 6 F
( , h E
J
+Jr 6 E

h F
J6
1 + 7 6 G
4x
y 4 1 + 7 6 sin 8 4<
J7
+7

sin 8 47 h 4< 1 + 7 6 cos 8 48 h 4<
1 + 7 6
+7
1 + 7 6 cot 8 F
6 E h G
h G
J 7
J6 7 6
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
E h E E h E F h FE G h E h E F h FE
Jr 6 E
1 + 7 6 cot 8 F
h G +
h G
6
J
J6 7 6
+Jr 6 E

h G
J6
+
Page 21

Susan Larsen
G
:
F
G
$
h $ F
cot 8 G
cot 8
, 4(
J7 sin 8 4<, 4cos 8 4< + sin 8 48 h 4<
J7
J7
1
+ 6 6 F h G
J 7
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
h F E h E F F h F F G h F h F E h E F
4(
Jr 6
1 + 7 6 G
( , G h F +
h F
J76
J
Jr 6 G

h F
J6
Summarized in a matrix
Jv
Jv
Jv
h E
h F
h G
V0
Y
J
J
J
T
T
6
T
T
+Jr 6 E
+Jr E
F
G
!
"
J6
J6
U
X
6
Jr G
T
F
T
0
h T
T
J6
S
W
0
Now we can read off the elements in the Riemann tensor in the non-coordinate basis
Jv
Jv
Jv
G
- G +
- E E +
- FF +
J
J
J
Jr 6
Jr 6
G
F
- E GE
- E FE
J6
J6
6
Jr

G
FGF
J6
P. 120, Quiz 5-1, and 5-2: Ricci rotation coefficients of the spherical polar metric
The line element:
45 6 47 6 7 6 48 6 7 6 sin6 8 4< 6
The Basis one forms

47
47
748
7 sin 8 4<
48
4<
E
1
F
7
1

G
7 sin 8
=
>
We have:
4E
4F
0
4!
! "
+ ! " h "
!"$ $
(5.9)
(5.10)
4748 47 h 48 E h F
7
Page 22

Susan Larsen
4 G
1
cot 8 F
47 sin 8 4< sin 8 47 h 4< 7 cos 8 48 h 4< E h G

h G
7
7

1 F
1 G
Y
V 0
7
7
T
T
1 F
cot 8 G
!
" +
0
7
U 7
X
cot 8 G
T 1 G
T
+
0
S+ 7
W
7
E FF

1
1
G
E G
F E F
+
7
7
7
1
cot 8
cot 8
G
F
GG +
FG
+
7
7
7
So the answer to quiz 5-1 is (a) and to 5-2 is (c).
P. 120, Quiz 5-3: Transformation of the Ricci rotation coefficients into the Christoffel symbols of the spherical polar metric
F EF
E FF
G
EG
F' '. m .E
m
F
FE F E E
G
E
E
E G
G
F
G
F
F
E' '. m . F
' '. m . E
G
m
F
E GG
E' '. m . G
F GG
F' '. m . G
G
FG
We have the transformation
' '. m . F
G
!' '. m . "
EE EFF FF
EE EGG
G
G
FF FGG
So the answer to quiz 5-3 is E GG +7 sin6 8
1
1
7
m
$
(5.14)
1
1 (+ , 7 6
7
1
1
7
1
1 (+ , 7 6 sin6 8
7
cot 8

7
7
1
cot 8 6 6
(+
, 7 sin 8
7
7
1
7
+7

1
7
+7 sin6 8
cot 8
+ sin 8 cos 8
P. 120, Quiz 5-4: Ricci rotation coefficients of the Rindler metric

The line element:
45 6 P6 4Q 6 + 4P6
The Basis one forms

4P
4P
P4Q
4Q
Z
1
\
P
1
+1
Page 23

Susan Larsen
We have
4!
! "
0
Z \\
ZZ Z\\
O \ Z\
4Z
4\
We calculate
+ ! " h "
!"$ $
(5.9)
(5.10)
1
4P4Q 4P h 4Q Z h \
P
1

P
+ ZZ \Z\
+ ZZ \\ \ Z\
So the answer to quiz 5-4 is \ Z\ Z \\ Z
O \ Z

1
P
1 \
P. 121, Quiz 5-7: The Einstein tensor for the Tolman-Bondi- de Sitter metric
The curvature two forms:
! "
E :
O
F :
4 ! " ! $ h $ "
4 E
E $ h $
4 F
F $ h $
G
$
h $
- !"$' $ h '
2
(5.27), (5.28)
6
4s+rE t 4s+r ,E 47t +v ,E srt ,E 4 h 47
6
+v srt h E
E h E E h E E F h F E G h
0
+v srt h E
-r
4 x F y 4s-r , 748t -v 4 h 48 -r 47 h 48
-v
s-r t ,E E
F
h
h F
G
F h F E h E F F h F F G h F E h E
6
h s+rE t
-v
s-r t -r ,E E
F
h
h F
r
4( G 4s-r , 7 sin 8 4<t

,E F
-v sin 8 4 h 4< s-r t sin 8 47 h 4< -r cos 8 48 h 4<
-v
-r
s-r t ,E E
G
h
h G 6 cot 8 F h G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
h E h E F h F G h E h E F h F
-
cot 8 G -r F
,E G h s+rE t
h
r
r
-v

-
st
h G
,E E h G
Page 24

Susan Larsen
E :
FE
E :
G
$
G
:
F
G
$
G
E
h $ F
h $ E
- ,E sin 8 - ,E sin 847 h 4< - ,E cos 8 48 h 4<

s-r t -
! "
,E
6,E E
h F - -
h F
r
G
F h E FE h E E F F h F E F G h E F h E F h(+rE
,E
6,E -r r E
s-r t - r
h F - -

h F
- ,E G
4x
y 4s- ,E sin 8 4<t
s-r t ,E sin 8 - ,E sin 8 4 h 4<
s-r t - r
F $ h $ E
- ,E F
y 4s- ,E 48t
s-r t ,E - r ,E 4 h 48 - ,E - ,E 47 h 48

4x
,E
6,E E
-
h G - -
h G 6 ,E cot 8 F h G
Summarized in a matrix:

RE E
V0
T
T
T
U
T
T
T
S
h E E h E E F h F E G h E h E F h F E
-r
cot 8 G - ,E F
G h s+rE t
h
2,7
,E
-r r E

s-r t -
h G - -

h G
cot 8 G
1
4(
, 4cos 8 4< + sin 8 48 h 4< + 6 F h G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
h F E h E F F h F F G h F h F E h E F
-r -r -
-
G h F ,E G h x+ ,E F y
6
- 6
1 s-r t
6 6 + 6 6,E G h F
-
6
+v srt h E
-v
s-r t -r E
h F
h F
-r r E
s-r t - r
h F - -

h F
-
-v
s-r t -r E
Y
h G
h G
T
T
-r r E
T
s-r t - h G - -

h G
X
6
- 6
1 s-r t
T
6 6 + 6 6,E G h F
T
T
W
0
Now we can find the independent elements of the Riemann tensor in the non-coordinate basis:
6
v + srt
-FF
- FFE
- FE FE
+
-v
-
,E
6,E -r r

+ - -

+s-r t - r
Where A,B,C,D,E will be used later, to make the calculations easier
G

G
G
E
G
G
E
E G
G
G
F

F
+
-v
-
,E
6,E -r r

+ - -

6
- 6
1 s-r t
6 6 + 6 6,E
+s-r t - r
Page 25

Susan Larsen
-!"
The Ricci tensor:

- $ !$"
G
F
E

- E - F
G
G
G
- E G - FE F - E G
,E
r
r
- $ $ - - E E - FF -
-E
- $ E $ - E - E E E - FE F
- $ F$
-G
G
G
0
G
G
- FE FE - E GE +RE E
6,E -r r

- $ G$ - G - E GE - FGF -
-E E
- $ E $E - E E - E E EE
6
+ v + srt + 2 - -
-FF
- $ F$F - FF - E FE F - FFFF
-GG
G
G
F
F
- $ G$G - GG - E GE G - FGFG
v + srt + 2
6
- FE FE
+ 2
G
E
E G
+- FF - FE FE
-v
2
-
G
G
F
F
G
G
G
+-
G

G
-
G
E
E G
-
G
G
F
F
6
- 6 6,E
-v
6,E -r r
1 s-r t

+ - -

6 6 + 6
+ -FF
-
-v
Vv + srt6 + 2
T
T
T
T
U
T
T
T
T
S
+2 s-rt - r
6
+ v + srt + 2 - -
6 -rr

-
Where J refers to column and to row
G

G
6
- 6
-v
6,E -r r
1 s-r t

+ - -

6 6 + 6 6,E +
-
-!"
,E
,E
+ s-r t -
+2 s- t - r
2
G
- F - E FE - FFF - FG 0
+ s-rt - r
-F
(4.46)
6
- 6
-v
6 -rr
1 s-rt
6 6 + 6 6
+ - -

-
Y
T
T
T
T
X
0
T
T
6
6
6
r
v
r
r
- 6 T
-
1 s-t
6 6 + 6 T
+ - -

W
The Ricci scalar:
(4.47)
!" -!"

- E E -E E FF -FF GG -GG - + -E E + -FF + -GG
2 + + 2 + 2+ 2 4 + 4 + 2
2- E E 4- FF + 4- FE FE + 2
6
2 v + srt + 4
G
G
F
F
6
- 6
-v
6,E -r r
1 s-r t

4 - -

+ 2 6 6 + 6 6,E
-
Page 26

Susan Larsen
The Einstein tensor:
1
(4.48)
-!" + !" 2
1
1
1
G
- + - - + - 2 + 2 4 + 4 + 2 2 2-FE FE - FGF
2
2
2
6
6,E
r
r
- 6
-
1 s-r t

+2 - -

6 6 + 6 6,E
1
6
6 1 + 2--r r s-r t + 2-- 2-- - 6 6,E
1
,E
G
-E + E - -E - FE F - E G +2 s-r t - r
2
1
-F + F - 0
2
1
1
1
-E E + E E - -E E - + 2 2 4 + 4 + 2 2 +
2
2
2
6
v
r
- 6
1 s- t
G
2- FF + - FGF +2 + 6 6 + 6 6,E
1
6
6 - 6 6,E + 2--v + 1 + s-r t
1
1
1
-FF + FF - -FF - + 2 4 + 4 + 2 +
2
2
2
-v
6,E -r r
6
F
F
E
R E - F + - E FE v + srt + - -

1
6
v + srt - - 6,E -r r + -v
1
6
v
/FF + srt - - 6,E -r r + -v
-
/!"
/
/E
/F
/E E
/FF
/GG
/!"
1
V 1 + 2--r r s-r t6 + 2-- 2-- - 6 6
6
TT
T
U
T
T
T
S
/E
1
6
- 6 6 + 2--v + 1 + s-rt
-6
0
6
v + srt
1
- - 6 -r r + -v
0
6
v + srt
1
- - 6 -r r +
-
The Einstein tensor in the coordinate basis:
The transformation: /!"

/
+2 s-rt - r
$ ' /$'
$E ' /$'
$! '" /$'
s t /
E E /E
(6.34)
1
6
1 + 2--r r s-r t + 2-- 2-- - 6 6
6
s-r t - r
+2

Page 27

Susan Larsen
1
6
- 6 + 2--v 1 s-r t 6
6
1
6
6
$
'
F
/FF F F /$' F /FF - 6 (v + srt - - 6 -r r + -v ,
6
1
6
$
'
G
6
6
/GG G G /$' / - sin 8 (v + srt - - 6 -r r + -v ,
GG
G
Which means the answer to quiz 5-7 is (d), almost!
/EE
$E ' E /$'
sE E t /E E
6
/!"
V 1 1 + 2--r r s-r t6 + 2-- 2-- - 6 6

T- 6
T
T
U
T
T
T
S
+2
s-r t - r

-
1
6
- 6 + 2--v 1 s-r t 6
-6

0
6
-6 (v + srt
1
- - 6 -r r + -v ,
0
Y
T
T
T
6
- sin 8 (v + sr t
6
X
T
T
1
T
6
r
r
v
- - - + - ,W
0
Chapter 6: The Einstein Field Equations

P.138: The vacuum Einstein equations
Prove that the Einstein field equations /!" 2!" reduces to the vacuum Einstein equations
-!" 0 if we set 2!" 0
1
(4.48)
2 !"
Now setting /!" 2!" 0 and calculating
1
/!" -!" +
- 0
2 !"
1
w
-!"
2 !"
!"
Multiplying by
1 !"
!"
O
-!"
!" 2
using the definition
(4.47)
- !" -!"
and that in 4 dimensions !" !" 4
1
O
- 4 22
Now this can only be true if -!" 0
Q.E.D.
The Einstein tensor
/!"
-!" +
P.138: The vacuum Einstein equations with a cosmological constant

Prove that the Einstein field equations /!" 2!" reduces to -!" !" and - 4 for metrics
with positive signature and -!" + !" and - +4 for metrics with negative signature in vacuum with a cosmological constant.
The Einstein equation in vacuum with a cosmological constant and positive signature is
1
0 -!" +
- !"
2 !"
(6.6)
Page 28

Susan Larsen
1 !"
!"
-!" +
!" - !"
2
1
- + 4- 4
2
Q.E.D.
O
- 4
Next we rewrite the Einstein equation
1
0 -!" +
- !"
2 !"
1
4 !"
-!" +
2 !"
-!" + !"
Q.E.D.
O
-!" !"
In the non coordinate basis
-!" !"
In the case of metrics with negative signature the Einstein equation in vacuum with a cosmological constant
1
(6.6)
0 -!" +
- + !"
2 !"
and we can see that
Q.E.D.
- +4
Q.E.D.
-!" + !"
In the non coordinate basis
-!" +!"
O
0
!"
P.139, example 6-2: Find the components of the curvature tensor for the metric in 2+1 dimensions using Cartans structure equations
The line element:
45 6 +4 6 6",E 47 6 - 6 , 74< 6
The Basis one forms

4
",E 47
47
-, 74< 4<
4
4E
4 G
",E E
1

G
-, 7
+1
=
>
Cartans First Structure equation and the calculation of the curvature two-forms
4!
+ ! " h "
(5.9)
! "
!"$ $
(5.10)
0
4s ",E 47t r ",E 4 h 47 r h E
-r
-
4-, 74< -r 4 h 4< - 47 h 4< h G ",E E h G

Page 29

Susan Larsen
-r G
V 0
Y
rE
T
T
T
T
- ",E G
!
E
r
"
0
U
X
r
T
T
- ",E G
T- G
T
0
SW
! "

4 ! " ! $ h $ "
E :
O
4 E
E $ h $
G
$
! "
G
$
h $
E :
h $ E
G
E
- !"$' $ h '
2
6
4srE t 4sr ",E 47t v ",E srt ",E 4 h 47
6
+ v srt E h
E h E E h E E G h
U
T
S
0
+ v srt E h
-r
4 x G y 4s-r , 74<t -v 4 h 4< s-r t 47 h 4<
-v G
s-r t ",E G
+ h +
h E
-
G
G
G
G
G
h E h E G h E h E ",E G h rE
-v G
s-r t - r ",E G
+ h +
+
h E
-
4 x ",E G y 4s- ",E 4<t
r
s- t ",E + - r ",E 4 h 4< - ",E - ",E 47 h 4<
6
",E G
6",E G
h + - -
h E
-r r G
G
G
G
G
G
h E E h E E G h E h E
h E
",E G
6",E -r r
+ s-rt + - r
h + x- -
+ y G h E
+ s-rt + - r
V0
T
(5.27), (5.28)
+ v srt h E
6
+s-r t + - r
-v G
s-r t - r ",E G
h +
+
h E
-
Y
T
",E G
6",E -r r
h + x- -
+ y G h E X
T
W
0
Page 30

Susan Larsen
RE E + v srt E h
G

G
+
-v
-
",E
6",E
-r r
G
- E GE (D) + x- -
+ y
Where A, B, C and D will be used later to make the calculations easier
-
G
E (C)
G
+ s-rt - r
P.139, Example 6-2: Find the components of the curvature tensor for the metric in 2+1 dimensions using Cartans structure equations alternative solution
The line element:
45 6 +4 6 6",E 47 6 - 6 , 74< 6
Now we can compare with the Tolman-Bondi de Sitter line element, where the primes should not be mistaken for the derivative 4/47.

45 6 46 + 6 ,E 476 + - 6 , 7486 + - 6 , 7 sin6 8 4<6
And chose:
4 4
,E
47 ",E 47
48
- , 7
0

- , 7 sin 8 4< -, 74<
Comparing the two metrics we see: 4< 4<, 8 6 , - , 7 -, 7, 4 4

Next we can use the former calculations of the Tolman-Bondi de Sitter metric to find the Riemann and
Einstein tensor for the 2+1 metric.
But first we need to find
4 , 7
4
47 4
47
4, 7
s ,E t
s ,E t
",E
",E

+r, 7
s
t
x
y+
r
4
4
47 4
47
4
46 , 7 4
v
s+rt +v, 7
4
4 6
4 , 7
4
47 4
47
s ,E t
s ,E t
s ,E t
",E

s
t
x
y
47
47
47 47
47

+ s ,E t ",E , 7
4- , 7 4-, 7
-r

-r , 7
4
4
46 - , 7 46 -, 7
-v

-v , 7
4 6
4 6
4- , 7 47 4-, 7

-

s ,E t ",E - , 7
47
47
47
46 - , 7
4 4- , 7
47 4

x
y -r , 7 s ,E t ",E -r , 7
-r
4 47
47
4
47 47
The Riemann tensor
Page 31

Susan Larsen
Tolman Bondi de Sitter

6
RE v + srt
E
- FF
+
-v
-
6
RE E + v srt
2+1
,E
6,E
-r r
- FE FE + - -
-v
-v
G
G
- G +
O - G +
,E
",E
G
G
- GE + s-rt - r
O - GE + s-rt + - r
6,E
6",E
r
r
-r r
G
G
- E GE + - -

O - E GE + - + -
+
6
6
-
1 s-r t
G
- FGF 6 6 + 6 6,E
Where A, B, C and D will be used later to make the calculations easier
+ s-rt - r
- FFE
P.147, Example 6-3: Find the components of the Einstein tensor in the coordinate basis for the
metric in 2+1 dimensions.
The Ricci tensor:
-!"
- $ !$"
-E
- $ E $ - E - E E E -
-G
-E E
-GG
- $ $ - - E E

G

G
- E E -
G

G
(4.46)
6
+ v srt +
G
G
r
r
- E G
+ s- t + -
E G
G
- $ G$ - G - E GE - FGF - GG 0
G
G
- $ E $E - E E - E E EE - E GE +RE E - E GE
6",E -r r

v
r 6
st + - + -
- $ G$G - GG - E GE G +
G
G
G
+
+-
G

G
-
G
E
E G
",E
-v

-v
6",E -r r
+ - + -
+
-
Page 32

Susan Larsen
-!"
-v
6
V+ v srt +
T
T
U
T
T
"
6" -r r
6
v srt + - + -
+
+ s-r t + - r
0
S
Y
T
T
X
6"
r r T
-v
+ - + -
+ T
- W
The Ricci scalar:
(4.47)
!" -!"
G

E E
G
- -E E -GG +- -E E -GG + + +
+2 + 2 2 +2- E E + 2- G 2- E GE
-v
6",E -r r
6
2 v srt 2 + 2 - + -
+
/!"
/
/E
/F
/E E
/GG

1
(4.48)
-!" + !" 2
1
1
1
G
- + - - - +2 + 2 2 - E GE
2
2
2
6"
r r
+ - + -
+
1
"
G
-E + E - -E - E G + s-r t + - r
2
1
-F + F - 0
2
1
1
1
-v
G
-E E + E E - -E E + - + + +2 + 2 2 - G +
2
2
2
1
1
1
6
E
-GG + GG - -GG + - + + +2 + 2 2 R E + v srt
2
2
2
6" -r r
"
V+ - + -
+ + s-rt + - r
T
v
/!"
+
U
T
0
0
S

0
0
Y
T
X
6 T
+ v srt W
Page 33

Susan Larsen
The Einstein tensor in the coordinate basis:
The transformation: /!"
$! '" /$'
$ ' /$'
s t /
/EE
'
E E /$'
s E t /E E
/E
/GG
$
$
'
E /$'
$G ' G /$'
E /E
E
/GG
G
(6.34)
+ - + -
+
s-rt + - r
-v 6"
+
6
+- 6 v srt
6" -r r
+
-
s-rt + - r
6" -r r
V
Y

+ - + -
+ +
0
T
T
T
T
/!"
-v
U
X
+ 6"
0
T
T
T
T
6 v
r t6
0
0
+
s
S
W
P.150, Example 6-4: The Einstein equations of the metric in 2+1 dimensions.
Given the Einstein equation ( if / 1: /!" !" 2!"
(6.40)
with +6 you get
/!" + 6 !" 2!"
0 0
and the stress-energy tensor:
2!" =0 0 0>
0 0 0
You can find the Einstein equations
6" -r r
"
V+ - + -
+ + s-rt + - r
T
-v
+
U
T
0
0
S
/ :
/E :
/E E :
6" -r r
+ 6
"
+ s-r t + - r
r
s- t + - r
-v
+ + 6
-
+ - + -
0
0
Y
T
X
T
+ v srt W
6
+1
=0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0>
0
p.152
0
0
0
p.152
Page 34

Susan Larsen
/GG :

-v 6 6
+ v srt + 6
0
0
(6.41)
(6.42)
P. 152, Quiz 6-1: Using the contracted Bianchi identities, prove that:
Expressions needed:
Bianchi identity:
0 ^ -'."$ ^" -'.$! ^$ -'.!"
Proved page 78:
0 ^$ !"
0 ^$ !" w '! ." ^$ !" 0 w ^$ '! ." !" 0
w
0 ^$ '.
Riemann tensor:
-!"$' +-!"'$
Ricci tensor:
- $ !$" -!"
Ricci scalar:
- !" -!" - ! !
!. "
- .$! !. -. "!$ - !"!$ - "$
1
/!" -!" +
2 !"
!
!"
!
Kronecker delta
$
"$ $
1 !
1
!
!
^! / !$ ^! (- ! $ +
$ -, ^! - $ + ^!
$2
2
1 !
1 !
!
use (2.15)
^! - ! $ +
$ ^! - ^! - $ + $ ^! 2
2
1
!
^! - $ + ^$ 2
The proof:
'" ^
0
Multiply (4.45) by '" :
-'."$ ^" -'.$! ^$ -'.!"
'"
w (use (S3))
0 ^
-'."$ ^" '" -'.$! ^$ '" -'.!"
"
w
0 ^ - ."$ ^" -" .$! ^$ - " .!"
(use (4.44) and (4.46))
0 ^! -.$ ^" - " .$! + ^$ - " ."!
(use (4.46))
0 ^! -.$ ^" - " .$! + ^$ -.!
!.
!.
Multiply by
0
(^! -.$ ^" -" .$! + ^$ -.! )
0 ^! !. -.$ ^" !. -" .$! + ^$ !. -.!
0 ^! -! $ ^" !. - " .$! + ^$ -! !

(use (4.47))
0 ^! -! $ ^" !. - " .$! + ^$ (use (S4))
0 ^! -! $ ^" -"$ + ^$ 1
0 2 ^! - ! $ + ^$ -
2
(use (S5))
0 ^! / ! $
"$
Multiply by "$
0
^! / ! $ ^! "$ / ! $ ^! / !"
Which means the answer to quiz 6-1 is (c)
(4.45)
(S3)
(4.44)
(4.46)
(4.47)
(S4)
(4.48)
(2.15)
(S5)
P.153-54, Quiz 6-5, Quiz 6-6, Quiz 6-7 and Quiz 6-8: Ricci rotation coefficients, Ricci scalar and
Einstein equations for a general 4-dimensional metric.
The line element:
45 6 +4 6 6 (, 7)47 6 6 (, 7)4< 6 6 (, 7)4o 6
The Basis one forms

4
(, 7)47
47
1
E
(, 7)
+1
M
Page 35

Susan Larsen
(, 7)4<
(, 7)4o
4E
4 G
4 p

4<
4o
G
(, 7)
1

p
(, 7)

4!
0
+ ! " h "
! "
(5.9)
!"$ $
(5.10)
r
4((, 7)47) r4 h 47 h E
r
E
h G
h G
p
r
4((, 7)4o) 4 h 4o 47 h 4o h
h p
4((, 7)4<) r4 h 4< 47 h 4<

r E
r G
r p
V 0
T
T
T r
G p T
E
T
0

! "
G
Ur G
X
0
0 T
T
T r
T
p
T p
T
0
0 W
S +
E E
G
p p
! "
r
r
r
r
G
G
E E
p p

r
G
E
p

+

GG
E p
E G
r
E p p
+

Which means the answer to quiz 6-5 is (a) and quiz 6-6 is (c)
4 ! " ! $ h $ "
- !"$' $ h '
2
(5.27), (5.28)
Page 36

Susan Larsen
E :
O
:
O
p :
4 E
E $ h $
G
$
h $
4 p
p $ h $
p
E :
O
p E :
O
p G :
O
G
$
h $ E
G
E
4 p E
p $ h $ E
p E
4 p G
p G
r
v
4 x E y 4 r(, 7) 47 v4 h 47 r47 h 47 h E
E h E E h E E G h E p h p 0
v
+ E h
r
v
r E
4 x G y 4sr(, 7)4<t v4 h 4< r47 h 4< h G

h G
G r E
G
G
G
G
G
G
h E h E G h p h p E h E
h
r
r
v
h G
E h G
G h E
v G
r r
+ h x 6 + y G h E
r
v
r E
4 x p y 4sr(, 7)4ot v4 h 4o r47 h 4o h p
h p
p r E
G
p h p E h E p G h p p h p p E h E
h
v
r E
p r E
p
p
h
h
h
r
r
v p
+ h x 6 +
y p h E
r + r
+
4 ( G , 4 ( 4<,
4
h
4<

47 h 4<
6
6
r + r G
+ G

h E
6
rr G
G
G
G
G
G
G
E h E E h E G h E p h p E h E
h E
r + r G
+ G
rr G
E

h E
6
r + r G
+ rr

y G h E
x
6
r + r
+
4(
, 4 ( 4o,
4 h 4o
47 h 4o
6
6
r + r p
+ p

h
h E
6
rr p
p E h E E p h E p G h E p p h p E p h E
h E
r + r p
+ p
rr p
E

h E
6
r + r p
+ rr

h x

y p h E
6
0
p $ h $ G p h G p E h E G p G h G p p h p G
r p r G p
G
p
E
p
h G E h G h
h x+
y
Page 37

Susan Larsen

x
! "
v
V0 + E h
T
T
0

U
T
T
S
rr

+ 6
y p h G

v
r r
+ G h x 6 + y G h E
r r
+ r r
y G h E
x 6 + y G h x
v p
r r
Y
h x 6 +
y p h E
T
T
r
r
+ r r
p
p
E

x 6+
y h x
y h
X
r r

T
p
G
+
x
y
T
6
W
0
r
r
p
- p E ()
+
6
+ rr
- p E pE (/)

rr
p
- Gp G ()
+
6
Where A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H will be used later, to make the calculations easier
RE E () +
-!"
-
-E
-G
-p
-E E
-GG
-p p
r r
G
- GE ()
+
6
+ rr
G
- E GE ()

G
()
G
+
- p p ()
+
The Ricci tensor:

- $ !$"
-
G
- G
(4.46)
- - E E
- p p - E E - G - p p
v v v
+ + +

G
G
$
- E $ - E - E E E - E G - p E p - E G - p E p
r r r
r
6+

+

6
G
- $ G$ - G - E GE - GG - p Gp 0
$
G
p
- p p 0
p G
G
- E GE - p E pE +RE E
- $ p $ - p - E p E
- $ E $E - E E - E E EE
- E GE - p E pE
v + rr + rr

+ /
G
G
G
- $ G$G - GG - E GE G - GGG - p Gp G +- G - E GE - p Gp G
v + rr rr

+
+
G
- $ p $p - p p - E p Ep - p Gp - p p pp +- p p - p E pE - p Gp G
v + rr rr

+
+ /
Page 38

Susan Larsen
-!"
v v v
V+ + +
T
T
T
r r r r
+

+
6 6
v + rr + r r


U
T
T
T
S
v + rr rr

+
6
0
Y
T
T
T
X
T
T
v + r r rr
T

+ 6
W
0
The Ricci scalar:
(4.47)
!" -!"
F

E E
F
G
- -E E -FF -GG +- -E E -GG -p p
+( ) + / + + / +2 + 2 + 2 2 2/ 2
+2RE E + 2- G + 2- p p 2- E GE 2- p E pE 2- p Gp G
v v v + rr + rr rr

2x

+
y

6
/!"
/
/E
/G
/p
/E E
/GE
/p E
/GG

1
(4.48)
-!" + !" 2
1
1
1
- + - - - (+2 + 2 + 2 2 2/ 2) /
2
2
2
+ rr + rr rr

G
p
p
- E GE - E pE - Gp G

+
1
r r
r r
-E + E - -E 6 +

+
2
6
1
-G + G - 0
2
1
-p + p - 0
2
1
1
1
-E E + E E - -E E + - + / + (+2 + 2 + 2 2 2/ 2)
2
2
2
v v rr

G
p
p
- G - p - Gp G + +
+ 6

1
-GE + GE - 0
2
1
-p E + p E - 0
2
1
1
1
-GG + GG - -GG + - + + (+2 + 2 + 2 2 2/ 2)
2
2
2
Page 39

Susan Larsen
v v + rr
/ RE E - p p - p E pE + +

1
/p G -p G + p G - 0
2
1
1
1
/p p -p p + p p - -p p + - + / + (+2 + 2 + 2 2 2/ 2)
2
2
2
v v + rr
G
G
E
R E - G - E GE + +


+ rr + r r rr

V

+ 6
T
T
T
/!"
U
T
T
T
S
r r r r
+

+
6 6
v v rr

+ +
+
6
0
0
0
v v + r r
+ +

Y
T
T
T
X
T
T
v v + rrT
+ +
W
Chapter 7: The Energy-Momentum Tensor

P.160: Perfect Fluids Alternative derivation
The most general form of the stress energy tensor is
(7.8)
2 !" P! P" !"
In the local frame we know that
0 0 0
0 0 0
(7.6)
N
2 !" M
0 0 0
0 0 0
and
P! (1,0,0,0)
Then we choose the metric with negative signature
1 0
0
0
0 +1 0
0
N
!" M
0 0 +1 0
0 0
0 +1
This we can use to find the constants and
2 P P
k
2 P P +
k
0
O + and +
Which leaves us with the most general form of the stress energy tensor for a perfect fluid for a metric with
negative signature
(7.11)
2 !" ( )P! P" + !"
If we instead choose the metric with positive signature
+1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
N
!" M
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
Page 40

Susan Larsen
P P +
k
2 P P
k
0
O and
Which leaves us with the most general form of the stress energy tensor for a perfect fluid for a metric with
negative signature
(7.12)
2 !" ( )P! P" !"
P.161, Example 7-2: The Einstein tensor and Friedmann-equations for the Robertson Walker
metric
The Ricci scalar:
-
!" -!" +- -E E -FF -GG +- $ $ - $ E $E - $ F$F - $ G$G
+- E E + - FF + - FGFG
G

G
+2-E E + 2- FF + 2
- E E - FE FE
G

G
2- FE FE 2
G
E
E G
G
E
E G
- FF - E FE F -
2-
G
G
F
F
G
G
F
F
- GG - E GE G
(Jr 6 )
(Jr 6 )
(Jr 6 )
Jv
Jv
Jv
av Jr 6 k
2 2 2 2

2

2

x
y
J
J
J
J6
J6
J6
a
a6
/!"
/
/E
/F
/E E
/FF

1
-!" + !" 2
1
- + 2
(4.48)
1
G
G
G
+2-E E + 2- FF + 2- G 2- FE FE 2- E GE 2- FGF
2
Jr 6 k
G
- FGF 3 x
y
a6
- E E - FF
- FE FE
G
E
E G
G

G
1
-E + E - - $ E $ 0
2
/G /E /FE /GE /F /E F /GF /G /E G /FG 0
1
-E E + E E 2
1
G
G
G
G
- E E - FE FE - E GE + +2-E E + 2-FF + 2- G 2- FE FE 2- E GE 2- FGF
2
G
G
G
G
- E E - FE FE - E GE - E E - FF - G + - FE FE + - E GE + - FGF
- FF
G

G
1
-FF + FF 2
+-
G
G
F
F
G
G
G
F
F
E
+ 2- G
E 2- E G
G
+ +2- E + 2- F
F
2- E F
E
F
2
G
G
G
G
F
F
E
- FGF - E - F - G + - E FE + - E GE + - FGF
- FF - E FE F
- FF - E FE F
Jv Jv Jr 6
2Jv Jr 6
+ + +

+

x
y
J J
J6
J
J6
2-
G
G
F
F
Page 41

Susan Larsen
-

G
- G
1
-GG + GG 2
/GG
G
- E GE
Jv Jv Jr 6
2Jv Jr 6
+ + +
+x
y
J J
J6
J
J6
G
G
G
- GG - E GE G - FGFG + +2-E E + 2- FF + 2- G 2- FE FE 2- E GE 2- FGF
2
G
G
G
- GG - E GE G - FGFG - E E - FF - G + - FE FE + - E GE + - FGF
Jv Jv Jr 6
2Jv Jr 6
- E E - FF + - FE FE + + +

+

x
y
J J
J6
J
J6
(Jr 6 k)
V3 x
y
a6
T
T
2Jv
0
+x
T
J
/!" U
0
T
T
T
0
S
Jr 6
y
J6
+x
2Jv Jr 6

y
J6
J
0
2!"
and the stress-energy tensor:
Jr 6 k
V3 x
y
0
a6
T
T
2Jv Jr 6
y
0
+x
T
J
J6
You can find the Friedmann- equations
X
T
T
2Jv
Jr 6 T
+x
y
J
J6
W
0
The Friedmann equations:
Given the Einstein equation ( if / 1: /!" + !"
U
T
T
T
S
Y
T
T
T
2Jv Jr 6
y
+x
J
J6
0
Y
T
T
T
X
T
T
2Jv
Jr 6 T
y
+x
6
J
J
W
0
+1
+ M
812!"
0
81 M
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
N (7.16)
0
0
81 M
0
0
(7.14)
0
0
0
0
0
0
N
0
3
(7.17)
Jr 6 81
J6
Jv
1
2 6 Jr 6 +81 (8.18)
J J
Page 42

Susan Larsen
P.161, Example 7-2: The Einstein tensor for the Robertson Walker metric Alternative version.
J6 ()
The line element:
45 6 +4 6
47 6 J6 ()7 6 48 6 J6 ()7 6 sin6 8 4< 6
1 + 7 6
Now we can compare with the Tolman-Bondi de Sitter line element, where the primes should not be mistaken for the derivative 4/47.

45 6 46 + 6 ,E 476 + - 6 , 7486 + - 6 , 7 sin6 8 4<6
And chose:
4 4
J
47
s ,E t 47
1 + 7 6
- , 7 48 J748

- , 7 sin 8 4< J7 sin 8 4<
Comparing the two metrics we see: 4< 4<, 48 48, 8 8, - , 7 J7, 4 4
Next we can use the former calculations of the Tolman-Bondi de Sitter metric to find the Einstein tensor
for the Robertson-Walker metric.
But first we need to find
4 , 7
4
J 47 4 1 + 7 6 47
Jr
s ,E t
s ,E t
r

s
t
x
y+
6
4
4
J 47
J
1 + 7 47 4
6
4
Jr
4
Jr
Jr
Jv
sJv J + Jr Jr t
v x+
x
y x+
y+
y +
6
4
J
4
J
J
J
J

6
4 , 7
4
1 + 7 47

47 4

s ,E t s s ,E t t s ,E t x
y
47
47
47 47
J 47
7

+
s ,E t
J1 + 7 6

4-
,7
4J7
-r

Jr 7
4
4
4Jr 7 4Jr 7
-v

Jv 7
4
4
4- , 7 47 4
1 + 7 6 s ,E t

-
J7

J 1 + 7 6 s ,E t
47
47 47
J
4
47
4
J 47
- 1 + 7 6 s ,E t x1 + 7 6
y0
47
47 47
1 + 7 6 47
4
47 4
Jr 1 + 7 6 s ,E t
-r Jr 7 Jr 7
47
47 47
J
Tolman Bondi de Sitter

1
6
6 1 + 2--r r s-r t
/
+ 2-- 2-- - 6 6,E
Robertson-Walker
O
3
Jr 6
J6
Page 43

Susan Larsen
/E
/E E
/FF
/GG
+2 s-r t - r

(,E)
-
1
6
6 (- )6 6(,E) + 2--v + 1 + s-r t
1
6
v + srt (- - ) 6(,E) -r r + -v
1
6
v + srt (- - ) 6(,E) -r r + -v
-
P. 165, Quiz 7-3: Manipulating the Friedmann equations.

Show that the two Friedman equations
3
(7.17)
( Jr 6 ) 81
J6
Jv
1
(8.18)
2 6 ( Jr 6 ) +81
J J
can be manipulated into:
4
4
(J ) (J ) 0
4
4
O
O
O
O
/E
/E E
/FF
O /GG
0
Jv () Jr ()6

y
J()
J()6
Jv () Jr ()6
+ x2

y
J()
J()6
Jv () Jr ()6
+ x2

y
J()
J()6
+ x2
3
( Jr 6 )
J6
81J 3J( Jr 6 ) a
4
4
81 J 3J Jr 6 a 3Jr Jr 6 6JJr Jv 3J6 Jr
4
4
Rewriting (7.18):
Jv
1
+81 2 6 Jr 6
J J
4
Jv
1
4
Jv
1
+81 J (2 6 Jr 6 , J (2 6 Jr 6 , 3J6 Jr
4
J J
4
J J
6JJr Jv 3Jr Jr 6 3J6 Jr
4
81 J +6JJr Jv 3Jr Jr 6 3J6 Jr
4
Now adding
4
4
81 J 81 J 3Jr Jr 6 6JJr Jv 3J6 Jr + 6JJr Jv 3Jr Jr 6 3J6 Jr
4
4
0 Q.E.D.
Rewriting (7.17):
81
Chapter 8: Killing Vectors

P.168, Example 8-1: Show that if the Lie derivative of the metric tensor with respect to vector X
vanishes ( ), the vector X satisfies the Killing equation. - Alternative version
Expressions needed:
Killings equation:
(8.1)
^ ?! ^! ?" 0
The Lie derivative of a (0,2) tensor:
2!" $ ^$ 2!" 2$" ^! $ 2!$ ^" $ (4.28)
(4.18)
^$ !" 0
Now we can Calculate the Lie-derivative of !" (4.28) and using (4.18)
!" ? $ ^$ !" $" ^! ? $ !$ ^" ? $
Page 44

Susan Larsen
If
!"
^! ( $" ? $ ) ^" ( !$ ? $ )
^! ?" ^" ?!
0 this implies that ^! ?" ^" ?! 0, which is the Killing equation.
P.177, equation (8.7): Prove that

We have
(8.6)
^$ ^ ? ! - !"$' ? '
$
Contracting with ! :
O !$ (^$ ^ ? ! ) !$ s- !"$' ? ' t
O
^ ^ ? ! - !"!' ? '
(8.7)
O
^ ^ ? ! -"' ? '
P.178: Constructing a Conserved Current with Killing Vectors Alternative version:

We write ^! ! 2 !" (^! ?" )
and
^ " 2 "! (^ ?! )
1
1
Now
^! ! ^ "
2
2
6(2 !" (^! ?" ) 2 "! (^ ?! )) 2 !" is symmetric so 2 !" 2 "!

p.155
1
(^! ?" ) (^ ?! ) 0 (8.1)
Killings equation
2 !" s(^! ?" ) (^ ?! )t
2
0
P.179, Quiz 8-3: Given a Killing vector the Ricci scalar satisfies
:
We calculate the Lie derivative:
(4.28)
-!" ? $ ^$ -!" -$" ^! ? $ -!$ ^" ? $
!"
Multiplikation by
:
!" (
!" (? $
)

^$ -!" ) !" (-$" ^! ? $ ) !" (-!$ ^" ? $ )
!"
Using ^$ !" 0, and !" 0:
!" -!" ? $ ^$ s !" -!" t !" -$" ^! ? $ !" -!$ ^" ? $
- ? $ ^$ - !" -$" ^! ? $ !" -!$ ^" ? $

? $ ^$ - -$ ! ^! ? $ - "$ ^" ? $
? $ ^$ - "$ -"! ^! ? $ !$ -"! ^" ? $
? $ ^$ - - "! ^! ( "$ ? $ ) - "! ^" ( !$ ? $ )
? $ ^$ - - "! ^! ?" - "! ^" ?!
? $ ^$ - - "! (^! ?" ^" ?! )
? $ ^$ Now the Lie derivative of a scalar is zero - 0, so
? $ ^$ - 0
And the answer to Quiz 8-3 is (a)
Chapter 9: Null Tetrads and the Petrov Classification

P.186, Example 9-3, and 9-4: Construct a null tetrad for the flat space Minkowski metric
The line element:
45 6 4 6 + 47 6 + 7 6 48 6 + 7 6 sin6 8 4< 6
1
+1
The metric tensor:
N
!" M
+7 6
+7 6 sin6 8
Page 45

Susan Larsen
and its inverse:
The basis one forms
!"
V
T
U
T
S
+1
1
76
Y
T
X
1
T
+ 6 6 W
7 sin 8
4
47
748
7 sin 8 4<
The null tetrad
Now we can use the basis one-forms to construct a null tetrad

4 47
1 1 0 0
E
1 1 +1 0 0
1
4 + 47
(9.10)
F
748 7 sin 8 4<

2 0 0 1
2
748 + 7 sin 8 4<
0 0 1 + G
Written in terms of the coordinate basis

1
1
1, 1, 0, 0
1, +1, 0, 0
!
!
2
2
1
1
0, 0, 7, 7 sin 8
0, 0, 7, +7 sin 8
!
!
2
2
Next we use the metric to rise the indices
1
1

! ! 1
2 2
1
1
E !E EE +1
+
!
E
2
2
F G 0
1
1

! ! 1
2 2
1
1
E !E EE +1 (+
,
!
E
2
2
F G 0
E 0
1
7
1
+
F !F ! FF F (+ 6 ,
7
72
2
1
7
sin 8
1
+
G !G ! GG G (+ 6 6 ,
7 sin 8
7 sin 8 2
2
Page 46

Susan Larsen
!
!
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
(1, 1,
0, 0)
(0, 0,
7,
(1, +1, 0, 0)
0, 0,
7,
7 sin 8
+7 sin 8
!
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
(1, +1, 0, 0)
(1, 1,
(0,
(0,
0, 0)
,
0, + , +
7
7 sin 8
1
,
0, + ,
7 7 sin 8
P.195, Example 9-5: The Brinkmann metric

The line element:
45 6 P, *, R4P6 24P4Q + 4* 6 + 4R 6
1
1
The metric tensor:
N
!" M
+1
+1
1
!"
and its inverse:
M 1 +
N
+1
+1
The basis one forms
Finding the basis one forms is not so obvious, we write:

6
6
6
6
45 6 P, *, R4P6 24P4Q + 4* 6 + 4R 6 sZ t + s\ t + s [ t + s ] t
O
O
4PP, *, R4P 24Q + 4* 6 + 4R 6

Z \
Z + \
[
]
1
14P 4Q
2
1
1 + 4P + 4Q
2
4*
4R
4P
4Q
4*
4R
Z \
sZ \ tsZ + \ t + s [ t + s ] t
4P
4P 24Q
4*
4R
1
1
1 + Z + 1 \
2
2
[
]
M
+1
+1
+1
The orthonormal null tetrad
Now we can use the basis one-forms to construct a orthonormal null tetrad
4P
1 1 0 0
Z \
Z
\
1 1 +1 0 0
1 Z + \
1 4P 24Q
[
(9.10)

2 0 0 1
2 [ ]
2 4* 4R
4* + 4R
0 0 1 +
]
[ + ]
Page 47

Susan Larsen
!
2
1
(1, 0,
0, 0)
(0, 0, 1, )
2
Z !Z ! \Z \ 1 0 0
!
[
Z
\
[
Z
[
!\
!
] 0
Z\
Z
\\
ZZZ
!Z
!"$
ZZ]
Z]Z
2
1
2
(, 2, 0,
(0, 0,
0)
1, +)
!
\Z

2
1
2
1
2
1
2
(0, 1,
0, 0)
(0, 0,
+1, +)
(2, +,
(0, 0,
0, 0)
+1, )
The non-zero Christoffel symbols
Z[Z
]ZZ
!
2
\ 1 ( , 2
2
1
2
1
!\
Z\
\\

!
Z
\ 1 ( , (+) ( , +
2
2
2
] 0
\ 0
1
1
![ ! [[ [ (+1)
+
2
2
1
1
!] ! ]] ] (+1)
+
2
2

ZZ[
[ZZ
1
1
\ 1 ( , (+) 0
2
2

1
(1, 0, 0, 0)
!
!
2
1
(, 2, 0, 0)
!
!
2
1
(0, 0, 1, )
!
!
2
1
(0, 0, 1, +)
!
!
2
1
()$ !" )"
2
1 )

2 )P
1 )

2 )*
1 )
+
2 )*
1 )

2 )R
1 )
+
2 )R
!$
+ )!
"$ )
(4.15)
O \ZZ
O
!"$
\Z[
\[Z
O \Z]
\]Z
O [ZZ
O ]ZZ
!'
'"$
\Z
ZZZ
[[
[ZZ

\Z
\Z
]]
ZZ[
ZZ]
]ZZ
1 )
2 )P
1 )

2 )*
1 )

2 )*
1 )

2 )R
1 )

2 )R
(4.16)
The spin coefficients calculated from the null tetrad
Page 48

Susan Larsen
+^" !
! "
+^" !
!
"
^" ! !
"
+^" !
! "
+^" !
! "
^" ! ! "
{ ^" ! ! "
^" ! ! "
1
s^" ! ! " + ^" !
! " t
2
1
s^" ! ! " + ^" !
! " t
2
(9.15)
1
! "
! "
s^" !
+ ^" !

t
2
1
s^" ! ! " + ^" !
! " t
2
Calculating the spin-coefficients

! " +^\ !
! \ +^\ [
[ \ + ^\ ]
] \
1 +^" !
+()\ [ + $[\ $ )
[ \ + s)\ ] + $]\ $ t
] \ 0
+^" !
! " +^Z !
! Z + ^\ !
! \
[ Z
] Z
[ \
+^Z [
+ ^Z ]
+ ^\ [
+ ^\ ]
] \
+()Z [ + $[Z $ )
[ Z + s)Z ] + $]Z $ t
] Z + ()\ [ + $[\ $ )
[ \ + s)\ ] + $]\ $ t
] \
\
[ Z
\
] Z
[Z \
]Z \

1 ) +1
1 ) 1
1
)
)
s \[Z
[ \]Z
] t\ Z (
( ,
, 2 2
(+

,
2 )* 2
2 )R 2
)*
)R
2
!
" +^[ !
!
[ + ^] !
!
]
+^" !
[ [
] [
[ ]
+^[ [

+ ^[ ]

+ ^] [

+ ^] ]
]
]
+()[ [ + $[[ $ )
[
[ + s)[ ] + $[] $ t
]
[ + s)] [ + $][ $ t
[
] + s)] ] + $]] $ t
]
]
0
+^" !
! " 0
! "
^" ! ^\ ! ! \ ^\ [ [ \ ^\ ] ] \ (\ [ + $\[ $ ) [ \ s\ ] + $\] $ t] \
0
{ ^" ! ! " ^Z ! ! Z ^\ ! ! \ ^Z [ [ Z ^\ [ [ \ ^Z ] ] Z ^\ ] ] \
()Z [ + $Z[ $ ) [ Z ()\ [ + $\[ $ ) [ \ s)Z ] + $Z] $ t] Z s)\ ] + $\] $ t^\ ] ] \
0
" ^[ ! !
[ ^] ! !
] ^[ [ [
[ ^] [ [
] ^[ ] ]
[ ^] ] ]
]
^" ! !
()[ [ + $[[ $ ) [
[ s)] [ + $][ $ t [
] s)[ ] + $[] $ t]
[ s)] ] + $]] $ t]
]
0
^" ! ! " 0
1
1
s^" ! ! " + ^" !
! " t (^\ ! ! \ + ^\ !
! \ )
2
2
1
1
(^\ Z Z \ + ^\ [
[ \ ) s^\ \ \ \ + ^\ ]
] \ t
2
2
1
1
s()\ Z + $\Z $ )Z \ + ()\ [ + $\[ $ )
[ \ t ()\ \ + $\\ $ )\ \ + s)\ ] + $\] $ t
] \
2
2
0
1
1
1
s^" ! ! " + ^" !
! " t (^Z ! ! Z + ^Z !
! Z ) (^\ ! ! \ + ^\ !
! \ )
2
2
2
1
1
1
(^Z Z Z Z + ^Z [
[ Z ) (^\ Z Z \ + ^\ [
[ \ ) s^Z \ \ Z + ^Z ]
] Z t
2
2
2
1
s^\ \ \ \ + ^\ ]
] \ t
2
1
s()Z Z + $ZZ $ )Z Z + ()Z [ + $Z[ $ )
[ Z t
2
Page 49

Susan Larsen
1
s()\ Z + $\Z $ )Z \ + ()\ [ + $\[ $ )
[ \ t
2
1
()Z \ + $Z\ $ )\ Z + s)Z ] + $Z] $ t
] Z
2
1
()\ \ + $\\ $ )\ \ + s)\ ] + $\] $ t
] \
2
0
1
1
1
s^" ! !
" + ^" !
!
" t (^[ ! !
[ + ^[ !
!
[ ) s^] ! !
] + ^] !
!
]t
2
2
2
1
1
1
(^[ Z Z
[ + ^[ [
[
[ ) s^] Z Z
] + ^] [
[
] t s^[ \ \
[ + ^[ ]
]
[t
2
2
2
1
s^] \ \
] + ^] ]
]
]t
2
1
s()[ Z + $[Z $ )Z
[ + ()[ [ + $[[ $ )
[
[t
2
1
s)] Z + $]Z $ tZ
] + s)] [ + $][ $ t
[
]
2
1
()[ \ + $[\ $ )\
[ + s)[ ] + $[] $ t
]
[
2
1
s)] \ + $]\ $ t\
] + s)] ] + $]] $ t
]
]
2
0
1
s^" ! ! " + ^" !
! " t 0
2

1 0
0
0
1
)
)
(+

,

{ 0
0
)*
)R
2
0
0
d 0
0
0 f 0
And the answer to quiz 9-3 is (a) and to quiz 9-4 is (d)
The Weyl Scalars and Petrov classification
+ + ( ) + (3 + ) (1 + 1 d 3f)
f + + (d 1) + f( + ) ( ) (d + 1)
6 { + + + {sf + d + {t ( ) + 2
+ ( ) + ({ f) d( + ) sf + {t
+ ( ) + (3 + ) s3d f 1 + {t
Where
! ^!
! ^!
! ^!
! ^!

(13.22)
(13.23)
(13.24)
(13.25)
(13.26)
(9.13)
We see that 6 0 and

1
)
)
! ^!
! ! (+

,

)*
)R
2
Page 50

Susan Larsen
)
)
)
)

,
] ) (+

,
)*
)R
)*
)R
2
1
1
)6
)6
1
)6
)6
1 )6 )6
)6

(+ , x+ 6
6 y 6 + 6 + 2
y ( , x+
)*
)*)R
)*)R
)R
2 )*
)R
)*)R
2
2
2
0: This is a Petrov type N, which means there is a single principal null direction of multiplicity 4. This
corresponds to transverse gravity waves.

[ (+
The Ricci tensor

(9.24)
+ + 6 + + ( ) 1 + ({ + 3f + d) ! ^!
1
)
)
1
)
)
1
)
)
! )! (+

, [ )[ (+

, ] )] (+

,
)*
)R
)*
)R
)*
)R
2
2
2
1
1
)6
)6
1
1
)6
)6
1 )6 )6
(+ , ( , x+ 6
6y 6 6
y (+ , ( , x+
)*
)*)R
)*)R
)R
2 )*
)R
2 2
2 2
1
1
1
(9.22)
+ -!" ! " + -Z" Z " + -\" \ "
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
+ -ZZ Z Z + -\Z \ Z + -Z\ Z \ + -\\ \ \
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
+ -ZZ 2 2 + -Z\ 2 (+
, + -\\ (+
, (+
,
2
2
2
2
2
6
1 )6 )6
+-ZZ -Z\ +
-\\ 6 6
4
2 )*
)R
6
6
1 ) )
-5ZZ + 6 6
2 )*
)R
-Z\ -\\ 0
66
66
O
O
The Weyl tensor calculated from the null tetrad found in example 9-5. This calculation show that
the spin coefficients and the Weyl scalars depend on the chosen null tetrad, and the Ricci tensor
does not (of course).
The null tetrad (9.26), (9.27), (9.28)

! 1, 0, 0, 0
!
1
! ( , 1, 0, 0,
!
2
1
0, 0, 1, + !
!
2
1
0, 0, 1,
!
!
2
0, 1, 0,
1
(1, + ,
2
1
0, 0,

2
1
0, 0,

2
0
0, 0,
+1,
+1, +
+^" !
! " +^Z !
! Z + ^\ !
! \
[ Z
] Z
[ \
+^Z [
+ ^Z ]
+ ^\ [
+ ^\ ]
] \
According to the Cartan calculation further below the sign is wrong
Page 51

Susan Larsen
+)Z [ + $[Z $
[ Z + s)Z ] + $]Z $ t
] Z + )\ [ + $[\ $
[ \
$
] \
+ s)\ ] + ]\ $ t

\
[ Z
\
] Z
[Z \
]Z \
s \[Z
[ \]Z
] t\ Z
1 ) +1
1 )
1
1 )
)

( ,
(+ , 1 1 +
(

,
)R
2 )* 2
2 )R
22 )*
2
)
)
(

,
)R
22 )*
1
)
)
)
)
(+
,
[ (

,
] ) (

,
)*
)R
)*
)R
22
1
1
)6
)6
1
)6
)6
(+
, (+ , x 6
6 y
y (+ , x
)*)R
)R
22
2 )*
2 )*)R
6
6
6
1 ) )
)
6 + 6 2
4 )*
)R
)*)R
1 )
)
! ^! ! )! +
(

,
)*
)R
22

! ^!
! ! +
66
O -6ZZ
-Z\
(9.31)
(9.24)
1
1
+ -!" ! " (9.22) ! (1, + , 0, 0,
2
2
1
1
1
1
+ -ZZ Z Z + -\Z \ Z + -Z\ Z \ + -\\ \ \
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1 6
+ -ZZ 1 1 + -\Z 1 (+ , + -\\ (+ ,
2
2
2
2
1
6
1 )6 )6
+ -ZZ -\Z +
-

2
2
8 \\ 4 )* 6 )R 6
1 )6 )6
+ 6 6
2 )*
)R
-\\ 0
Finding the Ricci tensor of the Brinkmann metric using Cartans structure equation
Cartans First Structure equation and the calculation of the curvature one-forms
4!
)
)
1 )
)
(

, ] )] +
(

,
)R
)R
22 )*
22 )*
1
+1 ) 6
)6
1
)6
)6
1 )6 )6
(+
, ( , x 6
6 y 6 6 (9.32)
y ( , x
4 )*
)*)R
)R
)R
22
2 )*
2 )*)R
[ )[ +
66
(9.30)
+ ! " h "
(5.9)
! "
!"$ $
(5.10)
According to the Cartan calculation further below the sign is wrong
Page 52

Susan Larsen
4Z
4\
4 [
4 ]
1
1 )
)
4 ( P, *, R 14P 4Q, ( 4* h 4P
4R h 4P,
2
2 )*
)R
1 )
) ]
[ h sZ \ t
h sZ \ t
2 )*
)R
1
1 )
)
4 ( 1 + 4P + 4Q, + ( 4* h 4P
4R h 4P,
)R
2
2 )*
1 )
) ]
+ [ h sZ \ t
h sZ \ t
2 )*
)R
0
0
The curvature one-forms summarized in a matrix:
! "
V
T
T
T
1 ) Z
s \ t
2 )*
1 ) Z
s \ t
2 )*
1 ) Z
U1 ) Z
s \ t +
s \ t+
T2 )*
2 )*
T1 )
1 ) Z
T
sZ \ t +
s \ t+
2 )R
S2 )R
and A and B will be used later, to make the calculations easier
! "
1 ) Z
s \ tY
2 )R
T
T
1 ) Z
\
s tT
2 )R
X
0
T
T
T
0
W

4 ! " ! $ h $ "
- !"$' $ h '
2
(5.27), (5.28)
1 ) Z
1 ) Z
s \ t h
s \ t
2 )*
2 )*
1 ) 6 Z
(
, s h Z Z h \ \ h Z \ h \ t
2 )*
1 ) 6 Z
1 ) 6 Z
(
, s h \ \ h Z t (
, s h \ + Z h \ t 0
2 )*
2 )*
1 ) Z
1 ) Z
s \ t h
s \ t 0
h
2 )R
2 )R
1 ) Z
1 )P, *, R
4P,
s \ t 4 (
4 4
2 )*
2
)*
1 ) 6 P, *, R
1 ) 6 P, *, R

4*
h
4P

4R h 4P
2
)* 6
2
)*)R
1 ) 6 P, *, R [
1 ) 6 P, *, R ]
Z
\

h

h sZ \ t
s
t
)* 6
)*)R
2
2
First we will calculate
h
Page 53

Susan Larsen
1 ) Z
1 )P, *, R
1 )6
1 )6
4P,
4* h 4P
4R h 4P
s \ t 4 (
)R
2 )R
2
2 )*)R
2 )R 6
1 ) 6 [
1 ) 6 ]

h sZ \ t
h sZ \ t
2 )*)R
2 )R 6
Now we are ready to calculate the curvature two-forms
ZZ :
4 ZZ 0
]
]
Z$ h $ Z ZZ h ZZ Z\ h \ Z Z[ h [ Z Z] h Z Z[ h [ Z Z] h Z
hh 0
ZZ 4 ZZ Z$ h $ Z 0
\ Z :
4 \ Z 0
]
]
\ $ h $ Z \ Z h ZZ \ \ h \ Z \ [ h [ Z \ ] h Z \ [ h [ Z \ ] h Z
+ h + h 0
\
O
Z 0
1 ) 6 [
1 ) 6 ]
Z
\
[ Z :
4 [ Z 4
h

h sZ \ t
s
t
2 )* 6
2 )*)R
]
[ $ h $ Z [ Z h ZZ [ \ h \ Z [ [ h [ Z [ ] h Z 0
1 ) 6 [
1 ) 6 ]
[
Z
\
O
Z
h s t
h sZ \ t
2 )* 6
2 )*)R
1 ) 6 [
1 ) 6 ]
]
]
Z :
4 Z 4
h sZ \ t
h sZ \ t
2 )*)R
2 )R 6
]
]
]
]
]
]
$ h $ Z Z h ZZ \ h \ Z [ h [ Z ] h Z 0
1 ) 6 [
1 ) 6 ]
]
O
Z
h sZ \ t
h sZ \ t
2 )*)R
2 )R 6
\ \
4 \ \ 0
]
]
\ $ h $ \ \ Z h Z\ \ \ h \ \ \ [ h [ \ \ ] h \ \ [ h [ \ \ ] h \
+ h + h 0
O
\ \ 0
1 ) 6 [
1 ) 6 ]
Z
\
[ \ :
4 [ \ 4
h

h sZ \ t
s
t
2 )* 6
2 )*)R
]
[ $ h $ \ [ Z h Z\ [ \ h \ \ [ [ h [ \ [ ] h \ 0
1 ) 6 [
1 ) 6 ]
Z
\
O
[ \
h

h sZ \ t
s
t
2 )* 6
2 )*)R
1 ) 6 [
1 ) 6 ]
]
]
Z
\
\ :
4 \ 4
h s t
h sZ \ t
2 )*)R
2 )R 6
]
]
]
]
]
]
$ h $ \ Z h Z\ \ h \ \ [ h [ \ ] h \ 0
1 ) 6 [
1 ) 6 ]
]
O
\
h sZ \ t
h sZ \ t
2 )*)R
2 )R 6
[ [ :
4 [ [ 0
]
[ $ h $ [ [ Z h Z[ [ \ h \ [ [ [ h [ [ [ ] h [ h + h 0
O
[ [ 0
]
]
[ :
4 [ 0
4
h $ [
4
0
h Z[
h \ [
h [ [
h + h 0
Page 54

Susan Larsen
! "

]
0
1 ) 6 [
1 ) 6 ]
h sZ \ t
h sZ \ t
6
2 )*
2 )*)R
1 ) 6 [
1 ) 6 ]
h sZ \ t
h sZ \ t
6
2 )*
2 )*)R
0
0
V0
T
T
0
U
T
T
S
1 ) 6 [
1 ) 6 ]
h sZ \ t
h sZ \ tY
2 )*)R
2 )R 6
T
T
1 ) 6 [
1 ) 6 ]
Z
\
Z
\
h s t
h
s

t
X
2 )*)R
2 )R 6
T
T
0
W
0
Now we can write down the independent elements of the Riemann tensor in the noncoordinate basis:
1 )6
1 )6
]
R Z]Z
R[ Z[Z
2 )R 6
2 )* 6
6
1 )6
1)
]
R Z]\
R[ Z[\
2 )R 6
2 )* 6
6
1)
1 )6
]
R[ Z]Z
R \]\
2 )*)R
2 )R 6
6
1)
R[ Z]\
2 )*)R
1 )6
[
R \[\
2 )* 6
1 )6
R[ \]Z
2 )*)R
1 )6
R[ \]\
2 )*)R
Where C,D and E will be used later, to make the calculations easier
The Ricci tensor:
-!"
- $ !$"
-\Z
- $ \$Z - Z\ZZ - \\\Z - [\[Z -
-ZZ
-[Z
-]Z
-\\
-[\
-]\
-[[
-][
-]]
- $ Z$Z - ZZZZ - \Z\Z - [Z[Z 0

0
- $ \$\ - Z\Z\ - \\\\ - [\[\ -
1 )6 1 )6

2 )* 6 2 )R 6
1 )6 1 )6

2 )* 6 2 )R 6
(4.46)
]
]Z
\]Z
]
\]\

1 )6 1 )6

2 )* 6 2 )R 6
0
0
]
- $ [$[ - Z[Z[ - \[\[ - [[[[ - [][ + 0
- $ ]$[ - Z]Z[ - \]\[ - [][[ -
]$]
- Z]Z]
-
]\]
- [][]
]
]][ +
]
- ]]] +
0
0
Page 55

Susan Larsen
1 )6 1 )6 1 )6 1 )6
V

2 )* 6 2 )R 6 2 )* 6 2 )R 6
T
T 6
6
6
6
-!" 1 ) 1 ) 1 ) 1 )
U2 )* 6 2 )R 6 2 )* 6 2 )R 6
T
T
0
0
S
0
0
0
0
0
0
0Y
T
T
0X
T
0T
0W
The Ricci tensor in the coordinate basis:
The transformation: -!"

-ZZ
$! '" -$'
$Z 'Z -$'
ZZ 'Z -Z' \Z 'Z -\'

ZZ ZZ -ZZ ZZ \Z -Z\ \Z ZZ -\Z \Z \Z -\\
1
1
1
1
1
1
x 1y 1 1 + 1 + 1 x 1 + y
2
2
2
2
2
2
6

1 )6 1 )6

2 )* 6 2 )R 6
-Z\ $Z '\ -$'
ZZ '\ -Z' \Z '\ -\'

ZZ Z\ -ZZ ZZ \\ -Z\ \Z Z\ -\Z \Z \\ -\\
1
1
1
1
1 1 1+1 1 + 1 1 + +1
2
2
2
2
0
-\\ $\ '\ -$'
Z\ '\ -Z' \\ '\ -\'

Z\ Z\ -ZZ Z\ \\ -Z\ \\ Z\ -\Z \\ \\ -\\
1 1 1+1 +11 +1+1
0
-[[ -]] -[] 0
O
- !" -!" 0 -ZZ 0
1 )6 1 )6
V

0 0 0Y
T2 )* 6 2 )R 6
T
-!"
0
0 0 0
U
X
0
0 0 0T
T
S
0
0 0 0W
1 )6 1 )6
O /ZZ

2 )* 6 2 )R 6
Page 56

Susan Larsen
Chapter 10: The Schwarzschild Solution

P.204: The Riemann and Ricci tensor of the general Schwarzschild metric
The line element:
45 6 6E 4 6 + 6E 47 6 + 7 6 48 6 + 7 6 sin6 8 4< 6
E 4
E 47
The Basis one forms
748
7 sin 8 4<
4
4E
4F
4 G
4
47
48
4<
E
E E
1
F
7
1

G
7 sin 8
M
+1
+1
+1
4!
+ ! " h "
(5.9)
4s E 4t E 47 h 4 E E h

4s E 47t 0
1
4748 47 h 48 E E h F
7
! "
!"$ $
(5.10)
1
cot 8 F
47 sin 8 4< sin 8 47 h 4< 7 cos 8 48 h 4< E E h G

h G
7
7

0
E
0
0
V
Y
1
1
E
E F
E G
T
T
T
T
7
7
!
1
cot 8 G
"
0
+ E F
0
X
U
7
7
T
T
1 E G
cot 8 G
T
T
0
+
0
S
W
7
7

1
E E
E
F E F E
7
1 E
cot 8
F
E
GG +
FF +
7
7
1 E
E
GG +
7
E G
1
E
7
cot 8

7
Page 57

Susan Larsen
! "
E :
O
:
O
FE :

4 ! " ! $ h $ "
4 E
E $ h $
G
$
G
:
F
4 F E
F $ h $ E
E :
FE
G
$
h $ E
G
E
G
$
h $ F
- !"$' $ h '
2
(5.27), (5.28)
4s E t 4s EE 4t + EE 47 h 4

s + t 6E E h
0
F h F E h E F F h F F G h
1
E F h E 6E F h

7
7
6E F h
7
0
F E h E
s
0
t 6E
h E h E F h F G h E h E
6E G h
7
6E G

h
7
1
4 ( E F , 4s E 48t + E 47 h 48 6E F h E

7
7
F h E FE h E E F F h F E F G h E 0
6E F h E
7
1
4 ( E G , 4s E sin 8 4<t

7
+ E sin 8 47 h 4< E cos 8 48 h 4<
1
+ 6E 7 h < 6 E cot 8 8 h <
7
7
G
G
G
G
G
G
E
h E E h E F h F E G h E F h F E
cot 8 G 1 E F

h
7
7
6E < h 7
7
cot 8 G
1
4(
, 4cos 8 4< + sin 8 48 h 4< + 6 F h G
7
7
G
G
G
G
G
G
h F E h E F F h F F G h F E h E F
1
+ 6 6E G h F
7
s1 + 6E t G

h F
76
Page 58

Susan Larsen
! "
V0 s + t 6E E h
T
T
0

U
T
T
S
6E G
h Y
7
T
T
6E <
7
h
7
X
s1 + 6E t G
T
F
h T
76
W
0
G
s + t 6E
- G
- FF 6E
6E
7
7
6E
6E
G
F
- E GE
- E FE
7
7
s1 + 6E t
G
- FGF
76
The Ricci tensor:
-!"
- $ !$"
-E E
- $ E $E - E E - E E EE - FE FE -
- $ $ - - E E
x + 2
-FF
-GG
- FF
G
- G
6E
y
7
+ x + + 2 y 6E
7
- E E - FF -
G
E
E G
(4.46)
G

G
+RE E - FE FE -
G
G
F
F
6E
- $ F$F - FF - E FE F - FFFF -
G
E
E G
+- FF - FE FE
G
G
F
F
6E 6E s1 +
t

6
7
7
7
G
G
G
G
$
F
E
- G$G - GG - GE G - GFG - GGG +- G - E GE - FGF
+
+
-!"
6E F
h
7
6E F
h E
7
6E 6E s1 + 6E t

7
7
76
V( + 2 , 6
7
T
T
T
0

U
T
T
T
S
+ ( + + 2 , 6
7
0
0
1 + 6
+ 6 6
7
7
76
Y
T
T
T
X
T
T
1 + 6 T
+ 6 6
6
W
7
7
7
0
Page 59

Susan Larsen
P.215: The Riemann tensor of the Schwarzschild metric

Solving the vacuum equations we find + and 6 1 +
The line element:
45 6
(1 +
6
,
E
6 1 +
2
2 6
, 4 6 + (1 +
, 47 + 7 6 48 6 + 7 6 sin6 8 4< 6
7
7
First we calculate
1
4
1
4
2
1
2
6 6 6 (1 +
, 6 ( 6 , 6
2
47
2
47
7
2
7
7 + 72
6
4
1
4
4
1
4
6 6 + 6 6 6 6 6

47 2
47
47
2
47
1
4 2
2
+2 6 ( 6 , +2 + 6
2
47 7
7
2
E
6E
R E s + t
2 6E (+2 + 6 2 , 6E
7
2
+
7
6E 6E 1 1 6 2 6E
F
- F

( 6 ,

7
7
72
7
7
6E
F
- E FE
+
7
7
6E
G
- G

7
7
6E
G
- E GE
+
7
7
2
x1 + 1 + 7 y
G
- FGF
2
s1 + 6E t s1 + 6E t

6
6
6
7
7
7
7
RE E
+ - FF
7
7
F
- E FE +
7
+
7
2

7

G

G
G
E
E G
G
- FGF
P.216: Calculation of the scalar

in the Schwarzschild metric
-!"$' -!"$' -E E -E E -E E -E E -E E -E E -E E -E E

-FF -FF -FF -FF -FF -FF -FF -FF

-FE FE - FE FE -FE EF - FE EF -E FE F - E FE F -E FFE - E FFE

-GG -GG -GG -GG -GG -GG -GG -GG

-GE GE - GE GE -GE EG - GE EG -E GE G - E GE G -E GGE - E GGE

-GFGF - GFGF -GFFG -GFFG -FGFG - FGFG -FGGF -FGGF
Page 60

Susan Larsen
2 2
2
2
2 2
2
2
( , ( , (+ , (+ , ( , ( , (+ , (+ ,
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
+ + + +
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7

+ + + +
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7

+ + + +
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7

+ + + +
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
2
2
2 2
2
2
2 2
(+ , (+ , ( , ( , (+ , (+ , ( , ( ,
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
486
(10.35)

7
P.216: Geodesics in the Schwarzschild Spacetime

To find the geodesic we use the Euler-Lagrange equation
4 )
)
0
( !, + !
45 )*r
)*
where
2 6
2 6
(1 +
r
, + (1 +
, 7r + 7 6 8r 6 + 7 6 sin6 8 <r 6
7
7
* ! :
)
0
)
2
)
2 (1 +
, r
7
)r
4
2
4 )
, v
( , 6 7r r 2 (1 +
r
7
7
45 )
4
2
O
0 6 7r r 2 (1 +
, v
7
7
2
7r r
w
0 v
77 + 2
* ! 7:
2
2
)
6 r 6
7r 6 + 278r 6 + 27 sin6 8 <r 6
6
7
7
+
2
)7
)
2
+2 (1 +
, 7r
)7r
7
4 )
2
2 6 2 6
( , +2 (1 +
, 7v 2 (1 +
,
7r
45 )7r
7
7
76
2
4
+2 (1 +
, 7v
7r 6
7 + 26
7
2
2
2
O
0 +2 (1 +
, 7v
7r 6 + 6 r 6 278r 6 27 sin6 8 <r 6
6
7 + 2
7
7
7
+
2
w
0 7v +
7r 6
r 6 + 7 + 28r 6 + 7 + 2 sin6 8 <r 6
77 + 2
7
* ! 8:
)
+27 6 cos 8 sin 8 <r 6
)8
)
+27 6 8r
)8r
(10.36)
(10.37)
(10.38)
Page 61

Susan Larsen
*!
4 )
( , +477r 8r + 27 6 8v
45 )8r
0 +477r 8r + 27 6 8v 27 6 cos 8 sin 8 <r 6
2
0 8v 7r 8r + cos 8 sin 8 <r 6
7
<:
)
0
)<
)
+27 6 sin6 8 <r
)<r
4 )
x y +47 sin6 8 7r <r + 47 6 cos 8 sin 8 8r <r + 27 6 sin6 8 <v
45 )<r
0 +47 sin6 8 7r <r + 47 6 cos 8 sin 8 8r <r + 27 6 sin6 8 <v
2
0 <v 7r <r 2 cot 8 8r <r
7
(10.39)
(10.40)
P.218: The meaning of the integration constant: The choice of

We can use the geodesic equations to justify the choice of 2 by investigating the geodesic equations in
'
'E
the classical limit i.e. 7 2, '| 1 and Q '| , where Q is the velocity and { is the proper time. We
want to investigate the case of a radially infalling particle i.e. 48 0 and 4< 0. We also want to work in
'
'
'E
'E
\
SI-units so we have to substitute by $ . Also remember that r ' $'| $ , 7r ' $'| $ and
7v ' $ '| $ , where J is the particle acceleration. We use equation (10.38):
7 + 2 6
0 7v +
7r 6
r + 7 + 28r 6 + 7 + 2 sin6 8 <r 6
77 + 2
7
Now before we carry on with the physics we also have to be sure that each term in this equation has the
same dimension. It turns out that they dont and therefore the third term has to be multiplied by 6 , in
which case each term gets the dimension7 . .

' E
' E
7 + 2 6 6
7r 6
r + 7 + 28r 6 + 7 + 2 sin6 8 <r 6
77 + 2
7
7 + 2 6 6
48 0, 4< 0
O
0 7v +
7r 6
r
77 + 2
7
O
0 7v + 6 7r 6 6 6 r 6
7 2
7
7
6
6
J Q
\
!
r $ , 7r $ , 7v $
O
0 6 + 6 6 6 6 xJ + 6 Q 6 6 y
7
7
7
7
/
/ Q 6 /
O
0 J+ 6 6
6
7
7
/
O
J + 6
Q
7
Multiplying with on both sides we get precisely the Newtonian gravitational law
/
O
J + 6
7
O
0 7v +
dimension of each term, the first term has to be multiplied by 6 : 45 6 1 +
6 4 6 + 1 +
47 6 +
This actually originates from the line element of the Schwarzschild metric itself, because in order to get the same
7 6 48 6 + 7 6 sin6 8 4< 6
6
E
Page 62

Susan Larsen
P.229: Time Delay

To describe the time delay of a light ray outside a massive body, like the Sun we can use the Schwarzschild
metric. We can choose to work in the plane with 8 6 , and together with 45 6 0 (light rays are placed
on the cone) we can rewrite the Schwarzschild line element:
2
2 6
6
0 (1 +
, 4 + (1 +
, 47 + 7 6 4< 6
7
7
Now we would like to describe the time delay of the light ray as a function of the distance, 7 from the massive body, and therefore we have to get rid of the <s. Its not that difficult. If we use polar coordinates the
least distance, 7 , the light ray passes the massive body is:
7 7 sin <
7
O
< sin
7
4<
4
7
7
1

sin 8 + 6
6
O
47
47
7
7
1 + 7
7
76
1
4< 6
( ,
7 6
7
47
1 + 7
Now we can begin rewriting the Schwarzschild line element and solve the differential equation
2
2 6
0 (1 +
, 4 6 + (1 +
, 47 + 7 6 4< 6
7
7
2 4< 6
2 76
1
6
2 6 4 6 1 7 6 (1 +
,
(
,

1

7
(1
+
,
O
(1 +
, ( ,
7 6
7
47
7 7
7
47
1 + 7
6
2 7 6
7 6
2 7 6 (1 + 27 ,
1 + 7 7
1 + 7 1 + 7 7
7
1

6
6
7
7
7 6
1 + 7
1 + 7
1 + 7
27 6
(1 + ,
6
7
4
( ,
6
7
2 6
47
(1 + , 1 +
7
7
27 6
27 6
471 +
471 +
7
7 (1 2,
9
4
6
7
2
7 6
1 + 7
1 + 7 1 + 7
7
47
2
76
10
(1
, x1 + y
6
7
7
7
1 +
7
47
2 76

+ y
x1
6
7
7
7
1 +
7
To get the total time delay between points 7 , 76 we have to integrate from 7 to 7 and from 7 to 76
8 '
sin P
'[
9

10
'Z
Z '[
(13.20) (Spiegel, 1990)
1 k7 0 (20.8) (Spiegel, 1990)

1 + 1 + 6 k7 0 (20.12) (Spiegel, 1990)
Page 63

Susan Larsen

E (1
4
6 +
2 76
7 + 7 , 47
E (1
2 76
7 + 7 , 47

6
6
7
E
1 +
1 + 7
7
7
E
E
E
1
2
76

47
47 +
47
6
6
6
7
7
7
E
E
E
1 +
7 1 + 7
7 1 + 7
7
E
E
E
1
2
76

47
47 +
47
6
6
6
7
7
7
E
E
E
1 +
7 1 +
7 1 +
7
7
7
E
E
E
7
1
1

47 2
47 + 76
47
6
6
6
6
6
E 7 + 7
E 7 + 7
E 7 6 7 6 + 7
E
E
E
7
1
1

47 2
47 + 76
47
6
6
6
E 7 6 + 7
E 7 6 + 7
E 7 6 7 6 + 7
E
117 6 + 76 + 7 6 + 76
122 ln 7 7 6 + 7 6 + ln 7 7 6 + 7 6
+1376
7 6 + 7 6 7 6 + 7 6
+
76 6 + 76 + 7 6 + 76
7 6 7
7 6 7
2 ln 76 76 6 + 7 6 + ln 7 7 6 + 7 6
+76
76 6 + 7 6 7 6 + 7 6
+
7 6 76
7 6 7
7 6 + 76 76 6 + 76
s7 7 6 + 7 6 ts76 76 6 + 7 6 t
7 6 + 7 6 76 6 + 7 6
+
+
7
76
76
We can use this formula to calculate the time delay from e.g. Venus to Earth. The first term is the ordinary
flat space distance, and the delay is characterized by the remaining terms. We have 76 7. , 7 7\ . Re 2 ln
member to get the right unit we must multiply by $ .

'.!]
/
s7\ 7\ 6 + 7 6 ts7. 7. 6 + 7 6 t
7\ 6 + 7 6 7. 6 + 7 6
ln
+
+
2
7\
7.
7
P. 230, Quiz 10-1: Use the geodesic equations to find the Christoffel symbols for the general
Schwarzschild metric.
To find the geodesic we use
4 )q
)q
(4.36)
0
( !, + !
45 )*r
)*
where
1
1 6E 6 1 6E 6 1 6 6 1 6 6
! "
(4.35)
q
r +
7r + 7 8r + 7 sin 8 <r 6
!" *r *r
2
2
2
2
2

11
12
13
['[
[ !
'[

[ !
'[
* 6 + J6 (14.210) (Spiegel, 1990)
lns* * 6 + J6 t (14.210) (Spiegel, 1990)
[ [ !
[ !
! [
(14.214) (Spiegel, 1990)
Page 64

Susan Larsen
* ! :
)q
)
)q
)r
4 )q
( ,
45 )r
* ! 7:
)q
)<
)q
)<r
4 )q
x y
45 )<r
0
* ! <:
6E r
2 6E
6E
4 6
4
r + 6E 7r 6 + 78r 6 + 7 sin6 8 <r 6
47
47
+ 6E 7r
4 6
7r + 6E 7v
47
4
4
0 + 6E 7r 6 + 6E 7v + 6E r 6 78r 6 7 sin6 8 <r 6
47
47
4 6
4 6
6sEEt
0 7v 7r
r + 7 6E 8r 6 + 7 sin6 8 6E <r 6
47
47
)q
)8
)q
)8r
4 )q
( ,
45 )8r
0
0
4
7r r 6E v
47
4
0 2 6E 7r r 6E v
47
4
0 v 2 7r r
47
)q
)7
)q
)7r
4 )q
( ,
45 )7r
* ! 8:
+2 6E
+7 6 cos 8 sin 8 <r 6

+7 6 8r
+277r 8r + 7 6 8v
+277r 8r + 7 6 8v 7 6 cos 8 sin 8 <r 6

2
0 8v 7r 8r + cos 8 sin 8 <r 6
7
0
+7 6 sin6 8 <r
+27 sin6 8 7r <r + 27 6 cos 8 sin 8 8r <r + 27 6 sin6 8 <v

2
0 <v 7r <r 2 cot 8 8r <r
7

4
0 v 2 7r r
47
4 6
4
0 7v 7r 6sEEt r 6 + 7 6E 8r 6 + 7 sin6 8 6E <r 6
47
47
2
0 8v 7r 8r + cos 8 sin 8 <r 6
7
Page 65

Susan Larsen
2
0 <v 7r <r 2 cot 8 8r <r
7
Now we can find the Christoffel symbols from the equation
46 * !
4* " 4* $
!
(4.33)
0
"$
45 6
45 45
E
4
47
EEE
4
47
6sEEt
4
47
E FF +7 6E
E GG +7 sin6 8 6E
Which means the answer to quiz 10-1 is (a)
FEF
F GG
FFE
1
7
+ cos 8 sin 8
G
EG
G
FG

G
GE
G
GF
1
7
cot 8
P.231, Quiz 10-2: The Ricci tensor for the general time dependent Schwarzschild metric.
The line element:
45 6 6,E 4 6 + 6,E 47 6 + 7 6 48 6 + 7 6 sin6 8 4< 6
The Basis one forms

,E 4
,E 47
748
7 sin 8 4<
4
47
48
4<
,E
,E E
1
F
7
1

G
7 sin 8
M
+1
+1
+1
Cartans First Structure equation and the calculation of the Cartan structure coefficients !" :
4!
4
4E
4F
+ ! " h "
(5.9)
! "
4s ,E 4t ,E 47 h 4 ,E E h

4s ,E 47t r ,E 4 h 47 r ,E h E
1
4748 47 h 48 E, E h F
7
!"$ $
(5.10)
1
cot 8 F
47 sin 8 4< sin 8 47 h 4< 7 cos 8 48 h 4< E, E h G

h G
7
7
In this case we have to be particular careful in reading off the curvature one forms. The curvature one
forms are antisymmetric in the sense that: !" +"! (5.11). This means that E E + E
+ E E E E . But in the former calculation we found that E ,E and E r ,E E ,
which means that we in order to fulfill the antisymmetric properties need to require that E E
r ,E E ,E , because E ,E something that makes E antisymmetric), and

4 G
Page 66

Susan Larsen
E r ,E E (something that makes E antisymmetric).

0
r ,E E ,E
V
Tr ,E E ,E
0
T
! "
0
U
T
T
0
S
! "
E :
O
F :
:
O
cot 8 G
0
Y
1 ,E G
T
T
7
cot 8 G
X
7
T
T
0
W

4 ! " ! $ h $ "
4 E
E $ h $
G
$
4 F
h $
FE :
4 F E
+ ,E F
7
1
+ ,E G
7
0
1 ,E F
F $ h $ E
FE
- !"$' $ h '
2
(5.27), (5.28)
4sr ,E E ,E t 4sr ,E,E 47 ,E,E 4t

v rsr + r t ,E,E 4 h 47 + ,E,E 47 h 4
+ v rsr + r t 6,E s + t 6,E E h
G
0
t 6,E
+ v rsr + r t 6,E s +
0
F h F E h E F F h F F G h
1
,E F h sr ,E E ,E t

7
r
,E,E F h E 6,E F h
7
7
0
E h
F E h E
h E h E F h F G h E h E
1
,E G h sr ,E E ,E t

7
r
,E,E G h E 6,E G h
7
7
1
4 ( ,E F , 4s ,E 48t +r ,E 4 h 48 + ,E 47 h 48

7
r
,E,E F h 6,E F h E
7
7
F h E FE h E E F F h F E F G h E 0
r
,E,E F h 6,E F h E
7
7
Page 67

Susan Larsen
E :
G
:
F
G
$
! "
RE E
h $ E
G
E
G
$
h $ F
4 ( ,E G , 4s ,E sin 8 4<t

7
+r ,E sin 8 4 h 4< + ,E sin 8 47 h 4< ,E cos 8 48 h 4<
r
1
,E,E < h 6,E < h 7 6 ,E cot 8 8 h <
7
7
7
G
G
G
G
G
G
E
F
h E E h E F h E G h E F h F E
cot 8 G 1 E F

h
7
7
r
,E,E < h 6,E < h 7

7
7
cot 8 G
1
4(
, 4cos 8 4< + sin 8 48 h 4< + 6 F h G
7
7
G
G
G
G
G
G
F
E
h F E h F F h F G h F E h E F
1
+ 6 6,E G h F
7
s1 + 6,E t G

h F
76
V0
T
T

U
T
T
S
+ v rsr + r t 6,E s + t 6,E E h

0
r ,E,E F
h E 6,E F h
7
7
r ,E,E F
h 6,E F h E
7
7
0
+ v rsr + r t 6,E s + t 6,E
- FF
- FFE
-!"
-
-E
-E E
6,E
7
r
,E,E
7
6,E

7
s1 + 6,E t

76
Now we can find the independent elements of the Riemann tensor in the coordinate basis:
- FE FE
6,E
7
r
,E,E
7
6,E

7
r ,E,E G
h E 6,E G h Y
7
7
T
T
r ,E,E G
h 6,E G h E
7
7
X
s1 + 6,E t G
T
h F
T
6
7
W
0
G

G
G
E
E G
G
E
G
G
G
F
The Ricci tensor:

- $ !$"
- $ $ -
- E E
- FF
G
- G
- E E - FF (4.46)
G

G
6,E
y
7
r
G
G
- $ E $ - E - E E E - FE F - E G - FE F - E G 2 ,E,E
7
G
G
- $ E $E - E E - E E EE - FE FE - E GE +RE E - FE FE - E GE
+ v rsr + r t 6,E x + 2
v rsr + r t 6,E + x + + 2 y 6,E

7
Page 68

Susan Larsen
-FF
- $ F$F - FF - E FE F - FFFF -
-GG
- $ G$G - GG - E GE G - FGFG -
-!"
x+
x+
G
G
F
F
6,E

s1 +
y 6,E
7
7
76
+- FF - FE FE
G
G
G

s1 + 6,E t
y 6,E
7
7
76
V+ v rsr + r t 6 ( + 2 , 6
7
T
T
r
T
2
7

U
0
T
T
T
0
S
v rsr + r t 6
-E
-EE
-FF
-GG
-
G
E
E G
+ ( + + 2 , 6
7
0
G
G
F
F
-
G
G
F
F
1 + 6

(+ , 6
7
7
76
0
0
Y
T
T
T
(+
6
,
7
7
X
T
T
1 + 6 T

W
76
The Ricci tensor in the coordinate basis:
The transformation: -!"

-
G

G
r
2
7
+-
$! '" -$'
$ ' -$' s t -
6,E x+ v rsr + r t 6,E x + 2
6,E6,E
y
7
r
r
,E ,E 2 ,E,E 2
7
7
+ v rsr + r t x + 2
$E ' -$' E E -E
$E 'E -$' sE E t -E E
6
6,E
y
y
7
6,E v rsr + r t 6,E + x + + 2 y 6,E

7
v rsr + r t 6,E6,E + x + + 2 y
7
6
$F 'F -$' FF -FF 7 6 x+
s+ 7 + 1t 6,E 1

s1 + 6,E t
y 6,E
7
7
76
$G 'G -$' G -GG 7 6 sin6 8 x+
s+ 7 + 1t 6,E 1 sin6 8

s1 + 6,E t
y 6,E
7
7
76
Page 69

Susan Larsen
-!"
V+ v rsr + r t ( + 2 , 66
7
T
T
r
2

r
U
0
T
T
0
S
v rsr + r t
66
r
r
+ (
0
0
+ +2 ,
7

s+ 7 + 1t 6 1
0
Which means the answer to quiz 10-2 is: -E E '

6 '
Y
T
T
X
T
T
s+ 7 + 1t 6 1 sin6 8W
0
P.231-32, Quiz 10-3, and 10-4: The Ricci rotation coefficients and Ricci tensor for the Schwarzschild metric with nonzero cosmological constant.
The line element:
Where
45 6
+k74 6 mE 47 6 7 6 48 6 7 6 sin6 8 4< 6
k7 1 +
6
E
+ 7 6
Now we can compare with the line element of the Schwarzschild metric with zero cosmological constant,
where the primes should not be mistaken for the derivative 4/47.
45 6 6sE t 4 6 + 6sE t 47 6 + 7 6 48 6 + 7 6 sin6 8 4< 6

And choose:
sE t 4 k74
47
sE t 47
mE
748 748
7 sin 8 4< 7 sin 8 4<
Comparing the two metrics we see: < <, 8 8, 7 7, sE t k7, +,

Next we can use the former calculations of the Schwarzschild metric with zero cosmological constant to
find the Ricci rotation coefficients and the Ricci tensor for the Schwarzschild metric with non-zero cosmological constant.
But first we need to calculate
4
4
4
4
47
sE t
sE t
sE t
sE t

(k7
,

k7
s
t
47
47
4
47
47
1
1 4k7
4k7
sE t

47 2k7 2k7 47
46 7
47 6
4k7
47
46 k7
47 6
4
1 4k7
4
1 4k7
+1
4k7
1 46 k7

x
y
47 2k7 47
47 2k7 47
2k 6 7 47
2k7 47 6
4
2 1 6
2 2
1

(1 +
+ 7 , 6 + 7 + k7 7 6 + 1
47
7
3
7
3
7
4 2 2
4 2
2 4k7

(
+ 7, + + + (
7,
47 7 6 3
7
3
7 47

The Ricci rotation coefficients
Page 70

Susan Larsen

47 sE t
1 4k7
1 4k7
k7

47
2k7 47
2k7 47
E FF
E GG + F E F + G E G +
1
+ 7
3 + 7
3

97 + 18 + 37
7 + 2 + 1 7
3
2 2
+ r
76 3
2 1
21 + 7 + 3 7 6
1 sE t
1
1
2 1 6
+ k7 + 1 +
+ 7
3
7
7
7
7
cot 8
cot 8
+
7
7
F GG
+ G FG +
The Ricci tensor

-
46
4 6
4 4
2 4
6 ( , + ( , ( , 6sE t
47
47 47
7 47
47
46
4 6 2 4 6sE t
6 2 ( ,
47
7 47
47
6
6
+1
4k7
1 4 6 k7
1 4k7
2 1 4k7
6
x
y

2
x
y

k7
6
2k 7 47
2k7 47
2k7 47
7 2k7 47
1 46 k7 2 1 4k7

k7
2k7 47 6
7 2k7 47
1
2 4k7
2 1 4k7

+ x
7y
k7 +
2k7
7 47
7 2k7 47
(10.24)
46
4 6
4
4
2 4
(10.25)
+ 6 ( , + ( , ( , + 6sE t +-
47
47
47
7
47
47
1 4
1 4 6sE t 1 + 6sE t
2 4 6sE t 1 + 6sE t
-FF -GG +
(10.26)

+
7 47 7 47
76
7 47
76
2 1 4k7
1 + k7
1 4k7 1 + k7
+
k7
+

6
7 2k7 47
7
7 47
76
1
1
1 + k7 1
1 + k7
+ x+ k7 7 6 + 1y
6 sk7 7 6 + 1t
6
7
7
7
7
76

Which means the answer to quiz 10-4 is (a)
-E E
Alternatively we could use the formula calculated earlier on page 138: -!" !" valid in vacuum systems
with a cosmological constant and positive signature, from which we immediately can see that +-
-E E -FF -GG
Page 71

Susan Larsen
P.232, Quiz 10-5: The Petrov type of the Schwarzschild spacetime

2
V1 +
Y
7
T
T
T
T
1
+

The metric tensor:
2
!"
1 + 7
U
X
T
T
6
T
T
+7
6
6
S
+7 sin 8 W
1
V
Y
2
T1 + 7
T
T
T
2
T
T
+ (1 +
,
!"

and its inverse:
7
U
X
1
+ 6
T
T
7
T
T
1
T
T
+ 6 6 W
S
7 sin 8
The basis one forms

2
1 +
4
7
1

47
1 + 2
7
748
7 sin 8 4<
47
48
4<
1 + 2
7
2 E
1 +
7
1
F
7
1

G
7 sin 8
M
+1
+1
+1
Now we can use the basis one-forms to construct a orthonormal null tetrad (9.10)
2
1
47
1 + 7 4
2
1 +

7
E
1 1 0 0

1 1 +1 0 0
1 + E
1
E

2
1

F
4 +
47
2 0 0 1
2 F G
2 1 +
7
0 0 1 + G
F
G

1 + 2
+
7

748 7 sin 8 4<
748 + 7 sin 8 4<
Page 72

Susan Larsen
2
1 + 7 ,
2
1
EE
EE
0, 0,
1 + 2
7
7,
7 sin 8
, 0, 0
2
E + (1 +
2 1
,
7 2
E + (1 +
1 + 2
7
+
1 +
0, 0
1
2
, +1 +
,
7
2 1 + 2
7
0, 0
0, 0,
7,
1 + 2
7
+7 sin 8
2
7
1 1
1 1
,
7+
6
7 2
2 7
1
1
1
1
GG G + 6 6
7 sin 8 +
7 sin 8 2
2 7 sin 8

!
2
1 + 7 , +
2
1
2 1
1
1
2
+

1 +
,
7 2
7
2
1 + 2
FF
F (+
!
1
1
2
1
1
1 +

2 2
7
2
1 + 7
1 + 2
7
G 0
E 0
1
1
2
1
1
1 +

2 2
7
2
1 +
1 + 2
7
7
G 0
2
1 + 7 ,
2
1
1 + 2
7
2
1 + 7 , +
2
1
1
2
1
2
0, 0,
0, 0,
7,
7,
, 0, 0
1 + 2
7
7 sin 8
0, 0
+7 sin 8
1
2
, 1 +
, 0, 0
7
2 1 + 2
7
1
1
1

(0, 0, + , +
,
7
7 sin 8
2
1
1
1

(0, 0, + ,
,
7
7 sin 8
2
1
+^" !
! "
^" ! ! "
1
s^" ! ! " + ^" !
! " t
2
(9.15)
Page 73

Susan Larsen
+^" !
! "
+^" !
! "
+^" !
!
"
{ ^" ! ! "
^" ! !
"
^" ! ! "
1
s^" ! ! " + ^" !
! " t
2
1
s^" ! !
" + ^" !
!
"t
2
1
s^" ! ! " + ^" !
! " t
2

! " +^ !
! + Ê !
! E +^ F
F + Ê F
F E + ^ G
G + Ê G
G E
1 +^" !
$
$
$
$
+) F + F $
F + )E F + EF $
F E + s) G + G $ t
G + s)E G + EG $ t
G E
0
+^" !
! " 0
!
" +^F !
!
F + ^G !
!
G
+^" !
+^F F
F
F + ^G F
F
G + ^F G
G
F + ^G G
G
G
+)F F + $FF $
F
F + s)G F + $GF $ t
F
G + s)F G + $FG $ t
G
F
+s)G G + $GG $ t
G
G
EFF E
F
F EGG E
G
G
1
1
1
+7 + 2E (+ , + 7 + 2 sin6 8 E (
, 0
7
2
2 7 sin 8
+^" !
! " 0
! "
^" ! ^ ! ! Ê ! ! E ^ F F Ê F F E ^ G G Ê G G E
) F + $F $ F )E F + $EF $ F E s) G + $G $ tG s)E G + $EG $ tG E 0
^" ! ! " 0
^" ! !
" ^F ! !
F ^G ! !
G ^F F F
F ^G F F
G ^F G G
F ^G G G
G
)F F + $FF $ F
F s)G F + $GF $ tF
G s)F G + $FG $ tG
F
s)G G + $GG $ tG
G
+ EFF E F
F + EGG E G
G
2 1
7 (1 +
,
7 2
(1 +
1
(+ ,
7
2
1 + 2
7
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
7 (1 +
, sin6 8
(+
, (
,
7
7 sin 8
2
2
2 7 sin 8
2
1 +
7

2 1
,
7 7
2
^" ! ! " + EFF E F F + EGG E G G 0
1
1
1
s^" ! ! " + ^" !
! " t ^ ! ! + ^ !
! Ê ! ! E + Ê !
! E
2
2
2
1
1
1
s^ + ^ F
F t sÊ E + Ê F
F E t s^ E E + ^ G
G t
2
2
2
1
sÊ E E E + Ê G
G E t
2
1
1
) + $ $ + ) F + $F
F )E + $E $ E + )E F + $EF
F E
2
2
Page 74

Susan Larsen
1
1
) E + $E $ E + s) G + $G t
G )E E + $EE $ E E + s)E G + $EG t
G E
2
2
1
1
1
s+ E E t )E + E E + s)E F + FEF F t
F E s+ E E t
2
2
2
1
G
E
E
E
G
E
()E E + EE E + )E G + EG G
,
2
1
1
1
2 1
1
+ E E
s+ E t
+)E + E + s)E F + FEF F t 1 +
2
4
4
7 7
4
1+ 7
1
2
2
G
+)E E + EEE E (1 +
, )E G + EG G 1 +
4
7
7 7 sin 8

+ )E
26
1 +
1
2
1 +
2
7
7
+ 7 6
1+
26

26
+ )E

26
76
1
2
1
2 1
1 +
+ 6
+ ()E 7 + 7, 1 +
7
7 1 + 2
7
7
7 7
7
2

1+ 7
1 + 2
7
1
1
2
1
2
(1 +
, ()E 7 sin 8 + 7 sin 8, 1 +

6
2
7 1+
7
7
7 7 sin 8
2
7 1 + 7
1
1
+
+ 6

+ 7 6

6
7
7
2
2
2
6
6
2
2
1 +
1 +
1 +
7
7
7
1
1
1
2
+
+

(1
+
,

6
6

7
7
7
2 6
2 6
26
1 + 7
1 + 7
1
1
+ 6
7
26 1 + 2
7
1
1
1
! "
s^" ! + ^" !
! " t ^ ! ! + ^ !
! Ê ! ! E + Ê !
! E
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
^ Ê E ^ E E Ê E E E
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
$
$
E
) + $ )E + E $ ) E + $E $ E )E E + $EE $ E E
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
E
E
+ E )E + E + E )E E + EEE E E E

2
2
2
2
1 E
1
1
1 E
E
E
6
+ E )E + E )E E + EE E E 6
2
2
2
2

2
1
1
+ 7 6 (1 + 7 ,
2
26
1 + 2 1 + 7
Page 75

Susan Larsen
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

+
+

6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
76
26 1 + 2
26 1 + 2
26 1 + 2
26 1 + 2
1 + 2
7
7
7
7
7
1
1
+
76
26 1 + 2
7
1
1
1
s^" ! !
" + ^" !
!
" t s^F ! !
F + ^F !
!
F t s^G ! !
G + ^G !
!
Gt
2
2
2
1
1
1
s^F
F + ^F F
F
F t s^G
G + ^G F
F
G t s^F E E
F + ^F G
G
Ft
2
2
2
1
s^G E E
G + ^G G
G
Gt
2
1
)F + $F $
F + )F F + $ FF $
F
F
2
1
s)G + $G $ t
G + s)G F + $ GF $ t
F
G
2
1
)F E + $FE $ E
F + s)F G + $ FG $ t
G
F
2
1
s)G E + $GE $ tE
G + s)G G + $ GG $ t
G
G
2
1 G
1
1
G
GF G
F
G + )F G + FG G
G
F F GG F
G
G
2
2
2
11
1
1
1 1
11
cot 8 s+s)F 7 sin 8 + cot 8 7 sin 8t
G
F t cos 8 sin 8
cot 8
6
7
2
7 sin 8
7
26
26
26
1
s^" ! ! " + ^" !
! " t
2
1 G
1
1
G
GF G
F G + )F G + FG G
G F F GG F
G G
2
2
2
11
1
1 1
11
+ cot 8 s+s)F 7 sin 8 + cot 8 7 sin 8t
G F t + cot 8 + cot 8
2
7
7
7
26
26
26
+

26
6
0

2 7
1+ 7
1
1
+
{ 0

76
26 1 + 2
7
1
1
1
2 1

d
(1 +
7 cot 8
,
7
7
2
26
11
0
f + 7 cot 8
26

1
0
0
0
0
26

+ + + 3 + 1 + 1 d 3f
(13.22)
Page 76

Susan Larsen
f + + d 1 + f + d + 1
6 { + + + {sf + d + {t + 2
+ + { f d + sf + {t
+ + 3 + s3d f 1 + {t
Where
! ^!
! ^!
! ^!
! ^!

(13.23)
(13.24)
(13.25)
(13.26)
(9.13)
0
f + + f ! ^! f + ! ^! + f ! )! f + ! )! + f
+
1 +
2
1 1
11
1
2 1
)E + cot 8 + + cot 8 (1 +
,
7
7
7
7 7
2
6
6
2
2
1
2
1
1
1 +
cot 8 )E ( , 6 0
4
7
7
7
+ 2 +! ^! 2 +! )! 2
+
1 +
2
1
2 1
1
2 1
1
1
)E (1 +
, 2 (1 +
, +
6
7
7 7
7 7
7
2
2
2
2 6 1 +
1
2
1
2 1
1
1
2
+ 1 +

+ (1 +
, 6 + 6 +
2
7
7
7 7
27
27
7
1 + 2
7
+
! )! + ! )! +
1 +
2
11
1
2 1
)E cot 8 14 cot 8 1 +
4
7
7
7 76
26
0
6 0: This is a Petrov type D, which means there are two principal null directions. The Petrov type D is
associated with the gravitational field of a star or a black hole. The two principal null directions correspond
to ingoing and outgoing congruence of light rays.
Chapter 11: Black Holes

NEW - P.238: The Path of a Radially Infalling Particle
Particle orbits in the Schwarzschild space time are described by
1 (1 +
2 4 6
2 47 6
48 6
4< 6
, ( , + (1 +
, ( , + 7 6 ( , + 7 6 sin6 8 ( ,
7
4{
7
4{
4{
4{
(10.44)
where { is the local particle time (proper time) and t can be described as a distant observers (our) time. For
paths along radial lines we can set 48 4< 0, and rearrange the Schwarzschild line element:
2 4 6
2 47 6
1 (1 +
, ( , + (1 +
, ( ,
7
4{
7
4{
2
2 6 4 6
47 6
w
1+
(1 +
, ( , +( ,
7
7
4{
4{
14
This should be 0
Page 77

Susan Larsen
On page 220 we investigated the Killing vector z 1,0,0,0 and found that 1 +
quantity and, since 1 +
6 '
E '|
1 k7 7 , 1 +
must have the overall value 1:
2 4
2 6 4 6
1 (1 +
O
1 (1 +
,( ,
, ( ,
7
4{
7
4{
and from the Schwarzschild line element above we can conclude
2
47 6
( ,
7
4{
Notice that for :
'
'|
6 '
E '|
6 '
E '|
47
4{
is a conserved
2

7
1, and the particle proper time, {, and the time of the distant observer, , are
equal. Notice also that for 7 :
'E
'|
0, which means the velocity of the particle is zero in this limit. Also
notice that
has to be negative because 47decreases as the particle moves inwards. Next we rearrange
the two equations into a differential equation:
7
4 + 1
2 1 + 2
47
7
We can solve this by integration from 7 (far out) to 7 (in the vicinity of 2), and find the 7 which describes the particles path from our distant point of view, or more popular: what happens to the poor astronaut as he approaches the black holes event horizon from viewed from our distant position.
E
1
7

47
O
+
2 E 1 + 2
7
E
1
7 /6

47
2 E 7 + 2
E *
1
2/6
* 7 + 2

4*
*
2 E
E
E *
1
2* 2/6
2
15

2
4*
3
*
2
E
E
'E
'|

E
2* 2/6
4*
22* 2 26
3
*
*

2
2
E
E
E
2* 2/6
46 * 2 + 2
16
4* 2
ln
3
2
2 * 2 2 E
1
E
27 /6
7 + 2
7 * 2

47 2/6 ln
2 3
7 2 E
E
2
E
7 + 2
/6

67E 2 ln
7
32
7 2 E
2
7 + 2 7 2

s7 /6 + 7 /6 67 + 67t 2 ln
32
7 2 7 + 2
E
E
k 7 7 2: We set 1 + 6 0, 1 + 6 0
15
16
![" /
[
'[
4*
6![" /
![""

![" !/
[
4* (14.102) (Spiegel, 1990)
[![" " ln !["" k " 0 (14.87) (Spiegel, 1990)
Page 78

Susan Larsen
+
2 + 7

32
2 ln
(7 6 + 7 6 67 + 67, 2 ln
7 + 2 7 2
2 ln
7 2 7 + 2
7
7
+1
2
2 1
7
7
1 2 + 1
2
1
1
1 + 2 + 1 1 + 2 1
1 + + 1 1 + 1
2 ln
2 ln
1
1
1 + 1 1 + + 1
1 + 1 1 + + 1
2
2
7
1
1
1+
+ 2 + 2
2 2 ln 2 + 7
2 ln 2
2 ln
2 ln
7
1
1
2 + 7
1 + 2
2 + +
2
2
1
+ y
172 + 7 exp x+
2
7 2 7 + 2
P. 242: The Schwarzschild metric in Kruskal Coordinates.

The Kruskal coordinates $ " 2
E
7
P
+ 1 cosh
2
4
E
7
Q
+ 1 sinh
2
4
where
E
7
+ 1
P6 + Q 6 6
2
We calculate
)P
1 E
7
Q

+ 1 sinh

)
4
2
4 4
)Q
1 E
7
P

+ 1 cosh

)
4
2
4 4
)P
)7
)Q
)7

E 1
1 E
7

+ 1 cosh

4
2
4
2
E 1
1 E
7

+ 1 sinh

4
2
4
2
Now we can use the chain rule

)P
)P
4P
4
47
)
)7
)Q
)Q
4Q
4
47
)
)7
Written as a matrix
)P )P
4P
4
M ) )7 N
)Q )Q 47
4Q
) )7
With the inverse
17
7 + 2 7 2
(11.5)
(11.8)
7
22 + 1
1
7
22 + 1
cosh
sinh
P
1

4 4 1 + 2
7
Q
1

4 4 1 + 2
7
(d'Inverno, 1992, p. 219)
Page 79

Susan Larsen

)P
4
18 M )
47
)Q
)
4 6
47 6
47
)P
)Q
)P
+
1
4P
)7 N
)7 N 4P
M )7
)Q
)Q
)P
)P
)Q
)P
)Q
4Q
4Q
+
) )7 )7 ) + )
)7
)
1
P
1
V Q
Y
T
1
2
2 T 4P
4
4
1+ 7
1+ 7

4Q
U
X
6
6
P
Q
Q
1
P
1
T
T
4
+
2 + 4
2 S
W
4
4
1+
1+
7
7
Q
+P
4
2
2 4P
6
Q + P6 +P (1 + 7 , Q (1 + 7 , 4Q
4
6
Q4P + P4Q
Q + P6
6
16
Q 6 4P6 P6 4Q 6 + 2PQ4P4Q
6
Q + P6 6
4
2
6
(1 +
, +P4P Q4Q
6
Q +P
7
166
2 6 6 6
6
(1
+
, P 4P Q 6 4Q 6 + 2PQ4P4Q
Q + P6 6
7
Next we find
2
2
166
(1 +
, 4 6 (1 +
O
Q 6 4P6 P6 4Q 6 + 2PQ4P4Q
, 6
7
7 Q + P6 6
2
166
2 6
O (1 +
P6 4P6 Q 6 4Q 6 + 2PQ4P4Q

(1
+
,
, 47
7 Q 6 + P6 6
7
Inserting into the Schwarzschild metric
2
2 6
45 6 (1 +
, 4 6 + (1 +
, 47 + 7 6 48 sin6 8 4<
7
7
2
166
(1 +
, 6
sQ 6 4P6 P6 4Q 6 + P6 4P6 Q 6 4Q 6 t
7 Q + P6 6
+7 6 48 sin6 8 4<
2
166
4Q 6 + 47 6 + 7 6 48 sin6 8 4<
(1 +
, 6
7 P + Q 6
2 E
7
166 (1 +
, 6
+ 1 4P6 + 4Q 6 + 7 6 48 sin6 8 4<
7
2
32 E
(11.7)

6 4Q 6 + 4P6 + 7 6 48 sin6 8 4<
7
The Kruskal coordinates $ 2
P
where
18

4

!'"$ +
4
sinh
2
4
E
7
1 +
cosh
2
4
E
1 +
(11.6)
Page 80

Susan Larsen
We calculate
P6 + Q 6
)P
)
)Q
)
)P
)7
As before we find
)Q
)7
E
7
6
+ 1
2
1 E
7
Q
1 +
cosh

4
2
4 4
1 E
7
P

1 +
sinh

4
2
4 4
(11.8)

E 1
1 E
7
1 +
sinh
+
4
2
4
2
E 1
1 E
7
1 +
cosh
+
4
2
4
2
21 +
)P
4
M )
47
)Q
)
4 6
47 6
47
7
2
7
21 + 2
sinh
P
1

4 4 2 + 1
7
cosh
Q
1

2
4 4
+
1
7
)P
)Q
)P
+
1
)7 N 4P
)7 N 4P
M )7
)Q
)Q )P
)P )Q )P )Q
4Q
4Q
+
+
)
)7
)7
)
)7
)
)
1
P
1
V Q
Y
T
T
1
2
2
4P
4
4

7 +1
7 + 1 X 4Q
U
P
Q
Q 6
1
P 6
1
T
4 2
+ 4 2
T
+
S
W
4
4
7 +1
7 +1
Q
+P
4
4P
2
2
6

Q + P6 +P ( 7 + 1, Q ( 7 + 1, 4Q
4
6
Q4P + P4Q
Q + P6
166
Q 6 4P6 P6 4Q 6 + 2PQ4P4Q
6
Q + P6 6
4
2
6
(
+ 1, +P4P Q4Q
6
Q +P
7
6
166
2
P6 4P6 Q 6 4Q 6 + 2PQ4P4Q
6
(
+
1,
Q + P6 6 7
Next we find
2
2
166
(1 +
, 4 6 (1 +
Q 6 4P6 P6 4Q 6 + 2PQ4P4Q
, 6
7
7 Q + P6 6
2
166
2 6
O (1 +
P6 4P6 Q 6 4Q 6 + 2PQ4P4Q
, 6
, 47 (1 +
7 Q + P6 6
7
Inserting into the Schwarzschild metric we find as before
2
2 6
6
45 6 (1 +
, 4 + (1 +
, 47 + 7 6 48 sin6 8 4<
7
7
32 E

6 4Q 6 + 4P6 + 7 6 48 sin6 8 4<
7
(11.7)
P.246: The inverse metric of the Kerr Spinning Black Hole

The Kerr metric of a spinning black hole
45 6
(1 +
27
4J7 sin6 8
2J 6 7 sin6 8
, 4 6
44< + 47 6 + 48 6 + x7 6 J 6
y sin6 8 4< 6
(11.9)
Page 81

Susan Larsen
7 6 + 27 J6
7 6 J6 cos6 8 7 6 J6 + J6 sin6 8 27 + J6 sin6 8
the metric tensor
27
2J7 sin6 8
V (1 +
Y
,
T
T
T
T
+

!"
U
X
+
6
6
T2J7 sin6 8
T
2J 7 sin 8
T
+ x7 6 J6
y sin6 8 T
S
W
with the inverse
where
!"
V
T
T
U
T
T
S
GG
Y
T
T
X
T
T
GG
W
1
V 7 6 J6 6 + J6 sin6 8
T
T
U
T
T
S
2J7
2J7
Y
T
T
X
T
+ J6 sin6 8T
+
sin6 8 W
from the inverse19

+ G
1
GG
!"
K
L
6 + G
GG + s G t
First we calculate the common factor
6
1
6
6
6
27
2J
7
sin
8
2J7
sin
8
6 + (1 +
, x7 6 J6
y sin6 8 + x
y
GG + s G t
where we can calculate
27
2J6 7 sin6 8
2J7 6 6
6
6
x+ (1 +
, x7 J
, sin 8y
y+(
x+ x7 6 J6
2J6 7 sin6 8
27 6
2J6 7 sin6 8
2J7 6 6
y
x7 J6
y+(
, sin 8y
2J6 7 sin6 8
27 6
7 J6
+ x7 J
y
1
sin6 8
1
sin6 8
1
sin6 8
27 6 6
27 6
1
7 J6 y
x+ (7 J
J sin 8,
sin6 8
27 6 6
27 6
1
6
6
6
6
6
6
7 J cos 8 J sin 8y
x+ (7 J
J sin 8,
sin6 8
27 6
1
27 1
6
6
7 J6 cos6 8y
x+7 6 J6

(+7

J

,
sin6 8
sin6 8
1
1
+7 6 J6 27 6 +
sin 8
sin6
Now we can calculate the inverse metric
2J6 7 sin6 8
6
6
+
(7

J

, sin6 8
GG
GG

6 + sin6 8 +
sin6 8
+s
t
6
19

4

!'"$ +
4
GG
Page 82

Susan Larsen

1 6
2J6 7 sin6 8
1
6
7 6 J6 2J6 7 sin6 8
x7 J
y
1

s7 6 J6 cos6 87 6 J6 7 6 J6 + J6 sin6 8t
1

s7 6 J6 cos6 87 6 J6 7 6 J6 J6 1 + cos6 8 + J6 sin6 8t
1
(11.13)
7 6 J6 6 + J6 sin6 8

6
1
2J7 sin 8 2J7
G
G
+

(11.13)
6 sin6 8 sin6 8
+
s
t
GG
G
1
27
1
+ 27

6 + sin6 8 + sin6 8 (1 + , + sin6 8
+s
t
GG
GG
+ J6 sin6 8
1
6
6

+

27
+
J
sin
8
+
27

+
sin6 8
sin6 8
(11.13)
Chapter 12: Cosmology

P. 262: Spaces of Positive, Negative, and Zero Curvature
According to (12.5) the spatial part of a homogenous, isotropic metric is
47 6
(12.5)
4 6
7 6 48 6 7 6 sin6 8 4<
1 + 7 6
rewriting it in a more general form
(12.6)
4 6 4' 6 7 6 '48 6 7 6 ' sin6 8 4< 6
we see that
47 6
4' 6
1 + 7 6
47
O
4'
1 + 7 6
and in order to identify the metric for the different -values we solve the latter differential equation.
0:
4' 47
O
' 7
O
7 '
O 7 6 ' ' 6
and the metric
4 6 4' 6 ' 6 48 6 ' 6 sin6 8 4< 6
" 0:
47
4'
1 + 7 6
47
1
4*
1

20
sin *
O
'
* 7
6
6
1 + 7
1 + *
1

sin 7
1
1
sins't
sins't
O
7
20
'[
! [
sin
(14.237) (Spiegel, 1990)
Page 83

Susan Larsen
O
7 6 '
1 6
sin s't
if 1 we get
7 6 ' sin6'
and the metric
4 6 4' 6 sin6' 48 6 sin6 ' sin6 8 4< 6
0:
47
O
q +
4'
1 q7 6
47
1
4*
1

21
ln * * 6 1
O
'
* q7 +7
6
q 1 * 6
q
1 sq7t
1
1
22
sinh *
sinhs+7t
q
+
1
1
sinhs+'t
sinhs+'t
O
7
+
+
1
O 7 6 '
sinh6s+'t
+
if +1 we get
O 7 6 ' sinh6'
and the metric
4 6 4' 6 sinh6 ' 48 6 sinh6 ' sin6 8 4< 6
Note: We have omitted the constants of integration because of symmetry reasons. The metrics have to
fulfill the requirement of homogeneity and isotropy
P.277, Quiz 12-1: The general Schwarzschild metric in vacuum with a cosmological constant:
The Ricci scalar
The metric
45 6 6E 4 6 + 6E 47 6 + 7 6 48 6 sin6 8 4< 6
In this case we can write the Einstein equation in the local frame (non-coordinate basis) we name the
cosmological constant 23:
1
(6.6)
0 -!" + !" - !"
2
1
O
0 !" -!" + !" !" - !" !"
2
1
- + 4- 4
2
w
- 4
And the answer to quiz 12-1 is (c)
21
'[
[ !
lns* * 6 + J6 t (14.210) (Spiegel, 1990)
sinh * lns* * 6 1t (8.55) (Spiegel, 1990)

If you compare this to quiz 10-3 and 10-4 page 231-32 you can conclude that +. The reason is that the metric
in the two cases changes signature, which implies that in the first case - 4, and in the second - 4 +4. You
might also check the proofs on page 138.
22
23
Page 84

Susan Larsen
P.277, Quiz 12-2, Quiz 12-3: The general Schwarzschild metric in vacuum with a cosmological
constant: Integration constants
We know that
7 ln + 7
O
7 + 7
1
and
6E 6 6E
We also need to find
6E
27 7 6E
s7 6E t
1
s7 6E t
w

+
27
27 6E
As in quiz 12-1 we use the Einstein equation in the non-coordinate basis, but this time for the coordinate 8
1
1
1
(6.6)
0 -FF + FF - FF -FF - + -FF 4 +
2
2
2
-FF
-FF +
w
Earlier (p.211) we calculated the Ricci tensor:
s1 + 6E t
O
+ + 6E 6E
7
7
76
6E
1
+2 6 6E 6 + 6 6
7
7
7
1 6E 1 6E
s7 6E t
+2
+ 6 6+ 6 6
27 7
7
7
27 6E
Renaming
7 7 6E
7
7
1 7 1
+ y 6 6 6+ 6
O
+ + x
7 7 7
7
7
7
6
6
6
w
7
We guess the solution (polynomials with exponents higher than 3 cannot contribute):
7 7 6E 7 7 6 7
7
O
27 37 6
6
6
6
O
7 27 37 6
Now comparing the coefficients we find
6
0
1
6
3
and we can conclude that
1
7 6E 6 7 6 7
3
1 6 6
6E
6
O
7
7
3
and the line element
45 6 6E 4 6 + 6E 47 6 + 7 6 48 6 + 7 6 sin6 8 4< 6
becomes
1 6 6
1 6 6 6
6
6
6
6
6
6 ( 7 , 4 + ( 7 , 47 + 7 48
45
7
3
7
3
+ 7 6 sin6 8 4< 6
If 6 1 and 0 this should be identical to the ordinary Schwarzschild vacuum metric, which means
7
Page 85

Susan Larsen
that has to be equal to: +2
The answers to quiz 12-2 is: 7 6E 7 6 7 and quiz 12-3 is 6.
P.277, Quiz 12-4: The general Schwarzschild metric in vacuum with a cosmological constant:
The spatial part of the line element.
The line element
45 6 6E 4 6 + 6E 47 6 + 7 6 48 6 + 7 6 sin6 8 4< 6
can in Gaussian normal coordinates be written as
45 6 4 6 + J6 4 6
In this case we want to find the spatial part of the line element
4 6 4* 4*
and to do that we will use the method outlined on page 260, where the metric is found from the Riccitensor:
- 2q
1
w

2q
1
1
1
6E
6
6
O
-EE
sE E t -E E
s E t + +
EE
2q
2q
2q
2q
In the former quiz we found that
1
1 1
1
2 1
6E 6 6E 6 (+2 6 7 6 7 , 1 + 6 7 6
7
3
7 3
1
+
O
EE
2q 1 + 2 1 7 6
67 3
6
1
1
1
6
76 + +
-FF
F F -FF
7
FF
2q
2q
2q
2q
6
1
1
1
6 6
G
7 sin 86 + +
-GG
G -GG
7 sin 8
GG
2q
2q
2q
2q
6
47
6 6
6 6

+
+
7
48
+
7 sin 8 4< 6
6
O
4
2q 1 + 2 1 7 6 2q
2q
67 3
where we can omit the common factor + 6( and finally get if we choose 1
47 6
6
7 6 48 6 7 6 sin6 8 4< 6
4
2 1 6
1 + 7 3 7
which is the answer to quiz 12-4
with r use a change of variables

P.278, Quiz 12-6: Parameters in an flat universe with positive cosmological constant: Starting
We have
Jr 6

J
Pr
and
6
J
J 3

J
3
Jr 6
2
J
3
2 6
P

Jr J 3 Jr
Page 86

Susan Larsen
Pr
Jr
3
P
J
Rearranging we get
2
1 Pr 6
( , 3P 3
3P
3 P P6 3PP 2
3
3
4P
O
4
3PP 2
1
1
1
6
2 lnsP 2 Pt
lnsP 2 Pt
lns2P 2 2PP 2t
O + 24
3
3
3
1
1

ln 2P 2 2P6 2P
ln 2P 2 2P 16 + 1
3
3
1
1
6

ln 2 P 1 P 1 + 1
ln 2 ln P 1 P 16 + 1
3
3
1
ln 2 cosh P 1
25
3
O
P coshs3 + + ln 2t + 1
3C
O
J
coshs3 + + ln 2t + 1
2
Leaving out the constants of integration +3 + ln 2 we get
3C
J
coshs3t + 1
2
and the answer to quiz 12-6 is (a)
O
Pr
Chapter 13: Gravitational Waves

P.286: Gauge transformation - The Einstein Gauge
Requiring that - !"$' , -!" and - are unchanged under a gauge-transformation of first order in , show that
this is fulfilled by the coordinate transformations
(13.11)
* ! * ! * ! < !
*!" *!" *!" + <!," + <",!

!
!",! ",! !",! + +<"
where < ! is a function of position and ,< !," , 1. We have

) 6 *'m
) 6 *$m
1
) 6 *"'
) 6 *"$
(13.4)
- !"$' !. x+ $ m $ " ' m + ' " y
2
)* )*
)* )*
)* )*
)* )*
1
) 6 *$ !
) 6 *$ "
)6*
(13.5)
-!" x " $ ! $ + -*!" + ! " y
2 )* )*
)* )*
)* )*
) 6 *$'
(13.6)
- x $ ' + -*y
)* )*
1
(13.8)
!" *!" + !" *
2
The Einstein gauge transformation is a coordinate transformation that leaves - !"$' , -!" and - unchanged.
24
25
'[
!["i[j
cosh
!i
lnsJe* g eJ* t (14.280) (Spiegel, 1990)
* lns* * 6 + 1t (8.56) (Spiegel, 1990)
Page 87

Susan Larsen
The coordinate transformation that will do this is

* ! * ! * ! < !
(13.11)
In order to show this you only have to convince yourself that the line element is unchanged. Checking
45 6 !" 4* ! 4* "
!" *!" 4* ! 4* "
6
45 !" 4* ! 4* "
!" !"
!" *!" 4* ! 4* "
!" *!" 4* ! < ! 4s* " < " t
)* !
)< !
)* "
)< "
!" *!" x $ 4* $ $ 4* $ y x ' 4* ' ' 4* ' y
)*
)*
)*
)*
"
"
!
$
!
$
'

s
!" *!" $ 4* < ,$ 4* ts' 4* < ,' 4* ' t
!" *!" s$! '" 4* $ 4* ' < !,$ '" 4* $ 4* ' < ",' $! 4* $ 4* ' t 6
!" *!" s4* ! 4* " < !,$ 4* $ 4* " < ",' 4* ! 4* ' t
!" *!" s4* ! 4* " !. <.,$ 4* $ 4* " "m <m,' 4* ! 4* ' t
!" *!" 4* ! 4* " !" s !. <.,$ 4* $ 4* " "m <m,' 4* ! 4* ' t 6
m
!" *!" 4* ! 4* " s". <.,$ 4* $ 4* " ! <m,' 4* ! 4* ' t
!" *!" 4* ! 4* " s<",$ 4* $ 4* " <!,' 4* ! 4* ' t
Renaming the dummy variables
!" *!" 4* ! 4* " s<",! 4* ! 4* " <!," 4* ! 4* " t
s!" *!" <",! <!," t4* ! 4* "
!" *!" 4* ! 4* "
if
Q.E.D
*!" *!" + <",! + <!,"
!
Next we are going to investigate the transformation of the derivative of the trace reverse !",! ",!
!",! + +<"
!
",! !$ $",!
1
!$ (* $",! + $" *,!

,
2
1
!$ (* $",! + $" *'',! ,
2
1
!$
(* $",! + $" .' *.',! ,

2
1
!$
s*$",! + <",$! + <$,"! t + !$ $" .' s*.',! + <',.! + <.,'! t
2
1
1
!$ (*$",! + $" .' *.',! , + !$ x<",$! <$,"! + $" .' s<',.! <.,'! ty
2
2
1
1
!$ (*$",! + $" *'',! , + !$ <",$! + !$ x<$,"! + $" .' s<',.! <.,'! ty
2
2
1
1
!$ (*$",! + $" *,! , + +<" + x !$ <$,"! + !$ $" .' s<',.! <.,'! ty
2
2
1
!$ $",! + +<" + x !$ <$,"! + "! .' s<',.! <.,'! ty
2
1
!",! + +<" + x< !,"! + "! s< .,.! < ','! ty
2
1
!",! + +<" + x< !,"! + s< . ,." < ','" ty
2
Renaming the dummy variables
Page 88

Susan Larsen
1
!",! + +<" + x< !,"! + s< !,!" < !,!" ty
2
!
",! + +<"
",!
!
P.288: The choice of ",! 0 leads to26
!
",! !$ $",!
1
!$ (* $",! + $" * ,! ,
2
1 !
!$
* $",! + " * ,!
2
1
!
* ",! + * ," 0
2
!
Q.E.D.
P.288 l.13: The Riemann tensor of a plane wave

Here we want to show that the Riemann tensor only depends on *[[ , *[] , *][ and *]] . For symmetry reasons it is only necessary to show that the Riemann tensor does not depend on * and *[ . The Riemann
tensor
) 6 *'m
) 6 *$m
1
) 6 *"'
) 6 *"$
(13.4)
- !"$' !m x $ " + $ m ' m + ' " y
2
)* )*
)* )*
)* )*
)* )*
For plane waves we have
*!" *!" + o
)*!"
)*!"

0
O
)*
)R
We also need
)*!"
) + o )*!"
)*!"

+
)o
)o ) + o
) + o
)*!"
) + o )*!"
)*!"

)
) ) + o ) + o
)*!"
)*!"
O
+
)o
)
) 6 *!"
) 6 *!"

)o 6
) 6
and
*!"
The Minkowski
!"
*
*[

*]
*
p
*[
*[[
*][
*p[
+1
*]
*[]
*]]
*p]
+1
*
*p
*[p
*[

*]p
*]

1
*pp
+ 2 * *pp
*[
*[[
*[]
+*[
*]
*[]
+*[[
+*]
1
+ * *pp
2
+*[

+*]

*pp
(13.16)
+1
The dependence on *
4 k O J :
1
) 6 *
) 6 *" ) 6 *"$ ) 6 *$
- "$ x $ " + $ 6 +
y
2
)* )*
)* )
)
))* "
:
26
However I dont know how to show that the Riemann-tensor keeps the same form if we make this choice
Page 89

Susan Larsen
-
*:
- [$
:
- [
*:
- [[
R:
- []
o:
- [p
R:
- ]$
:
- ]
*:
- ][
R:
- ]]
o:
- ]p
o:
- p$
:
- p
*:
- p[
R:
- p]
o:

1
) 6 * ) 6 * ) 6 *$ ) 6 *$
x $ + $ 6 + 6 y 0
)
)
2 )* ) )* )
1
) 6 *
) 6 *[ ) 6 *[$ ) 6 *$
1
) 6 *[ ) 6 *[$
x $ + $ 6 +
y x+ $ 6 y
)
))*
)* )
)
2 )* )* )* )
2
1
) 6 *[ ) 6 *[
x+ 6 6 y 0
2
)
)
1
) 6 *[ ) 6 *[[
1 ) 6 *[[
x+
6 y 6
2
)*)
)
2 )
1
) 6 *[ ) 6 *[]
1 ) 6 *[]
x+
6 y 6
2
)R)
)
2 )
1
) 6 *[ ) 6 *[p
1 ) 6 *[ ) 6 *[
x+
6 y x 6 + 6 y 0
2
)o)
)
2
)
)
) 6 *] ) 6 *]$ ) 6 *$
) 6 *] ) 6 *]$
1
) 6 *
1
x $ + $ 6 +
y x+ $ 6 y
2 )* )R )* )
)
))R
2
)* )
)
) 6 *] ) 6 *]
1
x+ 6 6 y 0
2
)
)
) 6 *] ) 6 *][
1
1 ) 6 *][
x+
6 y 6
2
2 )
)*)
)
) 6 *] ) 6 *]]
1
1 ) 6 *]]
x+
6 y 6
2
2 )
)R)
)
) 6 *] ) 6 *]p
1
1 ) 6 *] ) 6 *]
x+
6 y x 6 + 6 y 0
2
)o)
)
2
)
)
1
) 6 * ) 6 *p ) 6 *p$ ) 6 *$
x $ + $ 6 +
y
2 )* )o )* )
)
))o
1 ) 6 * ) 6 *p ) 6 *p ) 6 *
x
+ 6 6 +
y0
2
))o
)
)
))o
1 ) 6 * ) 6 *p ) 6 *p[ ) 6 *[
1
) 6 *[ ) 6 *[
x
+
6 +
y x+ 6 6 y 0
2 )*)o )*)
)
))o
2
)
)
) 6 *] ) 6 *]
1 ) 6 * ) 6 *p ) 6 *p] ) 6 *]
1
x
+
6 +
y x+ 6 6 y 0
2 )R)o )R)
)
))o
2
)
)
Page 90

Susan Larsen
-
4 :
pp

1 ) 6 * ) 6 *p ) 6 *pp ) 6 *p
x 6 +
6 +
y
) o
)o)
)
))o
2
1
1
) 6 x+ 2 * *oo y
) 6 x+ 2 * *oo y
6
6
1 ) *
) *pp
6
6
0
6
6
2
)
)
)
)
) 6 *m
1
) 6 *
) 6 *$ ) 6 *$m
!m x $ + $ m
+ 6 y
)* ) )* )*
))* m
)
2
J *O k *:
1
) 6 *[
) 6 * ) 6 *$ ) 6 *$[
1 ) 6 *[ ) 6 *$[
- [$ [[ x $ + $
+ 6 y + x $ + 6 y
2
)* ) )* )* ))*
)
2 )* )
)
*:
1 ) 6 *[ ) 6 *[[
1 ) 6 *[[
- [[ + x
+ 6 y 6
2
)*)
)
2 )
R:
1 ) 6 *[ ) 6 *][
1 ) 6 *][
- [] + x
+ 6 y 6
2
)R)
)
2 )
o:
1 ) 6 *[ ) 6 *p[
1
) 6 *[ ) 6 *[
- [p + x
+ 6 y + x+ 6 6 y 0
2
)o)
)
2
)
)
J RO k R:
) 6 *]
1
) 6 * ) 6 *$ ) 6 *$]
1 ) 6 *] ) 6 *$]
]
- $ ]] x $ + $
+ 6 y + x $ + 6 y
2
2 )* )
)* ) )* )R ))R
)
)
*:
1 ) 6 *] ) 6 *[]
1 ) 6 *[]
]
- [ + x
+ 6 y 6
2
)*)
)
2 )
R:
1 ) 6 *] ) 6 *]]
1 ) 6 *]]
]
- ] + x
+ 6 y 6
2
2 )
)R)
)
o:
) 6 *] ) 6 *]
1 ) 6 *] ) 6 *p]
1
]
- p + x
+ 6 y + x+ 6 6 y 0
2
2
)o)
)
)
)
J oO k o:
1
) 6 *p ) 6 * ) 6 *$ ) 6 *$p
1 ) 6 *p
) 6 * ) 6 *$ ) 6 *$p
+ 6 y + x $ + $
+ 6 y
- p$ pp x $ + $
2
)* ) )* )o ))o
)
2 )* ) )* )o ))o
)
*:
1 ) 6 *p ) 6 * ) 6 *[ ) 6 *[p
- p[ + x
+

+ 6 y0
2
)*) )*)o ))o
)
R:
1 ) 6 *p ) 6 * ) 6 *] ) 6 *]p
- p] + x
+

+ 6 y0
2
)R) )R)o ))o
)
o:
1 ) 6 *p ) 6 * ) 6 *p ) 6 *pp
- pp
+ x
+ 6
+ 6 y0
2
)o)
) o
))o
)
The dependence on *[
- !$
Page 91

Susan Larsen
4 , k * O J *:
1
) 6 *[
) 6 *" ) 6 *"$ ) 6 *$[
1
) 6 *[
) 6 *$[
- ["$ [[ x $ " + $
+

+
+
y
x
y
)* )*
)* )* ))* ))* "
2
2 )* $ )* " ))* "
*:
- [[$ 0
R:
- []$
0
o:
1
) 6 *[ ) 6 *$[
- [p$ + x $ +
y
2 )* )o ))o
, 4 *:
) 6 *[m
1
) 6 *[
) 6 *$ ) 6 *$m
1 !m ) 6 *[m
) 6 *[
- !$[ !m x $ + $ m
+

+
y
x
y
)* ) )* )*
)*)* m )*)
)* $ ) )* $ )* m
2
2
J O k :
1
) 6 *[ ) 6 *[
- $[ x $ + $ y 0
2
)* ) )* )
J *O k *:
1
) 6 *[[ ) 6 *[
1 ) 6 *[[
- [$[ [[ x $ + $ y + $
2
2 )* )
)* ) )* )*
J RO k R:
) 6 *[] ) 6 *[
1
1 ) 6 *[]
]
- $[
]] x $ + $ y + $
2
)* ) )* )R
2 )* )
J oO k o:
1
) 6 *[p ) 6 *[
1
) 6 *[ ) 6 *[
- p$[
pp x $ + $ y pp x+ $ $ y 0
2
2
)* ) )* )o
)* ) )* )
, *:
) 6 *[m
) 6 *[m
1 !m ) 6 *'m ) 6 *'
) 6 *[
1 !m ) 6 *[
!
- [' x
+

+
y x ' m + ' y
2
)*) )*)* m )* ' )* m )* ' )
2
)* )*
)* )
J O k :
1
) 6 *[ ) 6 *[
- [' x ' + ' y 0
2
)* ) )* )
J *O k *:
1
) 6 *[ ) 6 *[[
1 ) 6 *[[
- [[' [[ x ' + ' y '
2
2 )* )
)* )* )* )
J RO k R:
1
) 6 *[ ) 6 *[]
1 ) 6 *[]
]
- [' ]] x ' + ' y '
2
)* )R )* )
2 )* )
J oO k o:
1
) 6 *[ ) 6 *[p
1
) 6 *[ ) 6 *[
- p[' pp x ' + ' y + x+ ' ' y 0
2
)* )o )* )
2
)* ) )* )
, k *O J *:
1
) 6 *'[ ) 6 *"' ) 6 *"
) 6 *[
1 ) 6 *'[
) 6 *[
- ["' [[ x
+

+

+
+
y
x
y
2
))* " ))* )* ' )* )* ' )* "
2 ))* " )* ' )* "
Page 92

Susan Larsen
- [[
- []
- ][
- ]]
The nonzero calculated elements of the Riemann tensor, from which we can conclude that the
Riemann tensor only depends on *[[ , *[] , *][ and *]] .
1 ) 6 *[[
6
2 )
1 ) 6 *[]
6
2 )
1 ) 6 *][
6
2 )
1 ) 6 *]]
6
2 )
- [[
- [[p
- []
- [p[
- [p[
- [p]
1 ) 6 *[[
6
2 )
1 ) 6 *[[
+ 6
2 )
1 ) 6 *][
6
2 )
1 ) 6 *[[
6
2 )
1 ) 6 *[[
+ 6
2 )
1 ) 6 *][
+ 6
2 )
]
[
]
[p
]
p[
]
]
1 ) 6 *[]
6
2 )
1 ) 6 *[]
+ 6
2 )
1 ) 6 *]]
6
2 )
1 ) 6 *[]
6
2 )
Page 290 l.12: The line element of a plane wave in the Einstein gauge
The perturbation
*!"

*[
*[
*]
1
+ 2 * *pp
0
0

0
0
0
* [[
* []
0
0
* []
+* [[
0
the perturbation in the Einstein gauge

*!"
*[[
*[]
+*[
0
0
0
0
*]
*[]
+*[[
+*]
1
+ * *pp
2
+*[

+*]

*pp
(13.16)
(13.17)
with the transformation

*!" *!" + <",! + <!,"
where we can assume that <! <! + o
How to prove (13.17)27:
1) *[[ and *[] are unchanged by the transformation
)<
*[[ *[[ + <[,[ + <[,[ *[[ + 2 [ *[[
)*
)<] )<[
*[] *[] + <],[ + <[,] *[] +
+
*[]
)*
)R
2) Choosing the remaining elements *!"

0 leaves *[[ and *[] unchanged
)<
* * + <, + <, * + 2 0
)
)<
w
* 2
)
)<
)<
)<
*[ *[ + <[, + <,[ *[ + [ + *[ + [ 0
)
)*
)
)<[
w
*[
)
)<
)<
)<
*] *] + <], + <,] *] + ] + ] *] + ] 0
)
)*
)
27
(d'Inverno, 1992, pp. 277-278)
Page 93

Susan Larsen
w

)<]
)
*]
*p
*p + <,p + <p,
*p
*p *p
*pp
*pp
)<p )<
+
0
)
)o
)< )<p
*p +
+
0
)o
)
*p + <p, + <,p *p +

)<p )<

)
)o
*pp + <p,p + <p,p *pp + 2

2
)<p
)o
)<p
0
)o
P. 291: The line element of a plane wave

With
0 0
0
0
0 *[[ *[] 0
*!"
0 *[] +*[[ 0
0 0
0
0
we find the line element
45 6 !" 4* ! 4* "
!" *!" 4* ! 4* "
* 4 6 [ *[ 44* s] *] t44R p *p 44o
[ *[ 4*4 [[ *[[ 4* 6 s[] *[] t4*4R
[p *[p 4*4o s] *] t4R4 s][ *][ t4R4*
s]] *]] t4R 6 s]p *]p t4R4o p *p 4o4
p[ *p[ 4o4* sp] *p] t4o4R pp *pp 4R 6
4 6 + 1 + *[[ 4* 6 *[] 4*4R *][ 4R4* + 1 *[[ 4R 6 + 4o 6
4 6 + 1 + *[[ 4* 6 + 1 *[[ 4R 6 + 4o 6 2*[] 4*4R
/01 :
45 6 4 6 + 1 + *[[ 4* 6 + 1 *[[ 4R 6 + 4o 6
/00 :
45 6 4 6 + 4* 6 + 4R 6 + 4o 6 2*[] 4*4R
Considering the following transformation
4* + 4R
4* 4R
4*
4R
2
2
1
+1
4* 4R
4* + 4R
O
4*
4R
2
2
1
1
1
1
O
4* 6 4* 6 4R 6 4*4R
4R 6 4* 6 4R 6 + 4*4R
2
2
2
2
1
O 4*4R + 4* 6 + 4R 6
4* 6 4R 6
4* 6 4R 6
2
we can rewrite the line element
45 6 4 6 + 4* 6 + 4R 6 + 4o 6 2*[] 4*4R
4 6 + 4* 6 + 4R 6 + 4o 6 + *[] 4* 6 + 4R 6
4 6 + s1 *[] t4* 6 + s1 + *[] t4R 6 + 4o 6
P.298: The Rosen line element
The line element:
45 6
(13.17)
(13.18)
(13.19)
(13.20)
424 + J6 24* 6 + 6 24R 6
Page 94

Susan Larsen
!"
The metric tensor:
The basis one forms
1
2
V
T
1
U2
T
S
Y
T
X
T
+ 6 2W
+J6 2

45 6 424 + J6 24* 6 + 6 24R 6
42
4
4!
4
46
4
s t + s t + s6 t + s t
6
s ts + t + s6 t + s t

+
1
42 4 42
2
1
42 + 4 4
2
J24*
24R
4*
4R

+
1

6
J2
1

2
M
+1
+1
+1
(5.9)
+ ! " h "
1
4 x 42 4y 0
2
1
4 x 42 + 4y 0
2
4J
4J
1
1 4J 6
4J24*
42 h 4*
6 +
h s t
s t h
42
42
J2
J 42
4
4
1
1 4
424R
42 h 4R
+
h s t
s t h
42
42
2
42
Page 95

Susan Larsen
! "

0
V
T
T
1 4J 6

J 42
1 4J 6

J 42
1 4
Y
42
T
1 4
T
42
X
0
T
T
0
W
U1 4J 6 + 1 4J 6 +
0
TJ 42
J 42
1 4
T1 4
+
+
0
S 42
42
and A and B will be used later, to make the calculations easier
! "

4 ! " ! $ h $ "
- !"$' $ h '
2
(5.27), (5.28)
First we will calculate

1 4J 6
4J
46 J
46 J
1
4 4 (
, 4 ( 4*,
42
h
4*

s t h 6
6
6
J 42
42
42
42
J
1 46 J

s h 6 h 6 t
J 42 6
1 4
4
46
46
1
4 4 (
, 4 ( 4R,
42
h
4R

s
t
42
42
42 6
42 6
6
1 4

s h h t
42 6
Now we are ready to calculate the curvature two-forms
4 $ h $ h h 6 h 6 h 0
4 $ h $ h h 6 h 6 h 0
6
6 6
4 6 6 $ h $ 4 6 6 h 6 h 6 6 h 6 6 h
1 46 J

s h 6 h 6 t
6
J 42
4 $ h $ 4 h h 6 h 6 h
1 46

s h h t
42 6
4 $ h $ h h 6 h 6 h 0
4 6 6 $ h $ 4 6 6 h 6 h 6 6 h 6 6 h
1 46 J

s h 6 h 6 t
J 42 6
4 $ h $ 4 h h 6 h 6 h
1 46

s h h t
42 6
4 6 6 6 $ h $ 6 6 h 6 6 h 6 6 6 h 6 6 6 h 6 0
4 6 $ h $ 6 h 6 h 6 6 h 6 6 h 6
1 4 1 4J 6 1 4
1 4J 6

h

h (+
,0
42
J 42
42
J 42
Page 96

Susan Larsen

4 $ h $ h h 6 h 6 h 0
1 46 J
V0 0
h 6 h 6 t
6 s
J
42
T
6
!
" 0 0 1 4 J s h 6 h 6 t
U
J 42 6
T
0
S
0
-
-6
-
-6
-6
-66
-6
-
-
1 46
s h h tY
42 6
T
1 46
s h h tX
42 6
T
0
W
0
The Ricci tensor:
- $ $ - - - 66 -
1 46 J
1 46
R
R6 6 +

+
J 42 6
42 6
6
14 J
1 46
R
R6 6 +

+
J 42 6
42 6
6
1
4
J
1 46
R6 6 +
R

+
J 42 6
42 6
- $ !$"
-6
-!"
-
- $ $ - - - 66 -
- $ 6$ - 6 -6 - 666 - 6
(4.46)
1 46 J 1 46
+x

y
J 42 6 42 6
1 46 J 1 46
+x

y
J 42 6 42 6
0
- $ $ - - - 66 - 0
1 46 J 1 46

y
J 42 6 42 6
1 46 J 1 46
+x

y
J 42 6 42 6
0
- $ $ - - - 66 - + x
- $ $ - - - 66 -
- $ $6 - 6 -6 - 666 - 6
- $ $ - - - 66 - 0
- $ $6 - 6 -6 - 666 - 6 0
- $ $6 - 6 -6 - 666 - 6 0
1 46 J 1 46 J
- $ 6$6 - 66 -66 - 6666 - 66

+
0
J 42 6 J 42 6
- $ $6 0
- $ $ - - - 66 - 0
- $ $ - - - 66 - 0
Page 97

Susan Larsen
-
- $ $ - - - 66 -
1 46 1 46
+
0
42 6 42 6
1 46 J 1 46
1 46 J 1 46
V+ x

+

y
x
y
J 42 6 42 6
J 42 6 42 6
T
T
6
6
6
6
-!" + x1 4 J 1 4 y + x1 4 J 1 4 y
U J 42 6 42 6
J 42 6 42 6
T
T
0
0
S
0
0
0 0Y
T
T
0 0X
T
0 0T
0 0W
P.304: Colliding gravity waves - coordinate transformation

The metric of a plane gravitational wave
(13.42)
45 6 P? 6 + 3 6 4P6 24P47 + 4? 6 + 43 6
can be written in terms of the null coordinates P and by using the following coordinate transformation28
P P
1
1
7 + P1 + P* 6 P1 PR 6
2
2
? s1 + PPt*
3 s1 PPtR
4P 4P
)7
)7
)7
)7
4
4P 4*
4R
47
)
)P
)*
)R
1
1
4 + ( s P1 + P + Pt* 6 + s P1 P PtR 6 , 4P + P1 + P*4*
2
2
P1 PR4R
1
1
294 + ( sP + Pt* 6 + sP PtR 6 , 4P + P1 + P*4*
2
2
P1 PR4R
1
4 + sP* 6 + R 6 + P* 6 R 6 t4P + P1 + P*4* P1 PR4R
2
4? s+P + P Pt*4P s1 + PPt4*
+P*4P s1 + PPt4*
43 sP P PtR4P s1 PPt4R
PR4P s1 PPt4R
6
6
6
6
? +3
s1 + PPt * 6 + s1 PPt R 6
s1 P6 6 Pt* 6 + R 6 + 2PP* 6 R 6
P? 6 Ps1 P6 6 Pt* 6 + R 6 + P2PP* 6 R 6
+ 36
P* 6 + R 6
6
4? 6 s+P*4P s1 + PPt4*t
43 6
28
29
6 P* 6 4P6 s1 + PPt 4* 6 + 2Ps1 + PPt*4P4*

6
sPR4P s1 PPt4Rt
http://www-staff.lboro.ac.uk/~majbg/jbg/book/chap3.pdf
P P PP 0
Page 98

Susan Larsen
4? 43
6
45 6
6 PR 6 4P6 +s1 PPt 4R 6 2Ps1 PPtR4P4R

6
6 P* 6 4P6 s1 + PPt 4* 6 + 2Ps1 + PPt*4P4* 6 PR 6 4P6

6
s1 PPt 4R 6 2Ps1 PPtR4P4R

6
6 P* 6 R 6 4P6 s1 + PPt 4* 6 + 2Ps1 + PPt*4P4*

6
s1 PPt 4R 6 2Ps1 PPtR4P4R

6
6 4P 6
P? + 3
24P47 + 4? 6 + 43 6
P* 6 + R 6 4P6
1
24P (4 + sP* 6 + R 6 + P* 6 R 6 t4P + P1 + P*4*
2
P1 PR4R,
6
+ 6 P* 6 R 6 4P6 s1 + PPt 4* 6 + 2Ps1 + PPt*4P4*

6
s1 PPt 4R 6 2Ps1 PPtR4P4Rt

6
24P4 24P+P1 + P*4* P1 PR4R

6
6
+ s1 + PPt 4* 6 + 2Ps1 + PPt*4P4* s1 PPt 4R 6
2Ps1 PPtR4P4Rt
3024P4 + s1 + PPt 4* 6 + s1 PPt 4R 6

6
P.304: The delta and heavy-side functions: prove that
Definitions
6
k P 05

P4P 1
P K
;
0 k P 0
6
0 k P 7 0
4P 31 P
P K1 k P " 05;
P
P;
4P
We calculate
kPP4P
6
kP P4P
6
k + k
kPP4P
6
P4P
6
kPP6
6 + k PP4P
6
if kP P we find
(13.43)
P4P
k + sk + k0t

k0
PP4P 0
6
Next we assume that PP 0. Multiplying both sides with a test function kP and integrating we get
kPPP4P
6
kP 04P
6
0 k0 0
w
which is consistent with our initial assumption and we can therefore conclude that
PP 0
Next we calculate
30
31
6 P P
(13.44)
Page 99

Susan Larsen
kPP6
6 + k PP4P
kP P4P
6
kPP6
6
6
6
+ k P P4P
6
kPP6
6 + xk PP6 + k PP4P y
0 + xk + k P4Py
6
+ k + sk + k 0t
32 + k 0
if kP P we find
kP P4P
PP4P +1
Next we assume that +P PP. Multiplying both sides with a test function kP and integrating we
get
+kPP4P kPP P4P
6
+k0 +kPP P 0 +sk P P kPtP 0 +k0

w
which is consistent with our initial assumption and we can therefore conclude that
+P PP
P.305: Example 13-1: Impulsive gravitational wave Region III
The line element:
45 6 24P4 + 1 + 6 4* 6 + 1 6 4R 6
The Christoffel symbols
To find the Christoffel symbols we calculate the geodesic from the Euler-Lagrange equation
4 )
)
(10.36)
0
( !, + !
45 )*r
)*
where
2Pr r + 1 + 6 *r 6 + 1 6 Rr 6
!
* P:
)
0
)P
)
2r
)Pr
4 )
( , 2v
45 )Pr
O
0 v
* ! :
)
21 + *r 6 + 21 Rr 6
)
)
2Pr
)r
32
The general formula is 6 kP P4P +1 k 0

6
Page 100

Susan Larsen
4 )
( ,
45 )r
O
0
* ! *:
)
)*
)
)*r
4 )
( ,
45 )*r
O
* ! R:

2Pv
Pv + 1 + *r 6 1 Rr 6

0
+21 + 6 *r
4
y 21 + *r + 21 + 6 *v
4
334s t1 + *r r + 21 + 6 *v
0 341 + 6 *v + 21 + *r r
2
0 *v +
*r r
1 +
+2 x+r + r
)
0
)R
)
+21 6 Rr
)Rr
4 )
4
( , +2 xr r
y 21 Rr + 21 6 Rv
45 )Rr
4
+4s t1 Rr r + 21 6 Rv
0 1 6 Rv 21 Rr r
2
0 Rv
Rr r
1

0 v
0 Pv + 1 + *r 6 1 Rr 6
2
0 *v +
*r r
1 +
2
0 Rv
Rr r
1
Z[[
Z]]
The Petrov type
The line element

0
33 '8
34
We can now find the Christoffel symbols:

]
]
+1 + [[ +
1 +
1
'
45 6

1
24P4 + 1 + 6 4* 6 + 1 6 4R 6
Page 101

Susan Larsen
The metric tensor:
and its inverse:
The basis one forms
!"
M
!"
V1
T
U
T
S
+1 + 6
+
1
1 + 6
+1 6
Y
T
X
1
T
+
1 6 W

45 6 24P4 + 1 + 6 4* 6 + 1 6 4R 6
O 24P
24
O
sZ t + s t + s [ t + s ] t
6
4P 4
s1 + t4*
sZ tsZ + t + s [ t + s ] t
sZ t
sZ + t
Z
2
1
2
4P + 4
s1 t4R
4P
4

2
1
2
sZ t
sZ + t
1
[
4*
1 +
1
4R
]
1
M
+1
+1
+1
24P
0
Z
Z

Z

1
1
24
0
[
[ + ]

2
2 s1 + t4* s1 t4R
+
]
[ + ]
s1 + t4* + s1 t4R
! 1, 0, 0, 0
! 0, 1, 0, 0
1
1
s0, 0, s1 + t, s1 tt
s0, 0, s1 + t, +s1 tt
!
!
2
2
Z !Z ! Z 1 0 0
! ! Z Z 1 1 1
[ ] 0
1 1 0
1 +1 0

2 0 0 1
0 0 1
1
Page 102

Susan Larsen
Z

[
!Z !
! !
] 0
Z 0

Z
Z
1 1 1
Z 1 0 0
1
1
1
1
s1 + t +
6
1 + 2
2 s1 + t
1
1
1
1
]] ] +
s1 t +
6
1 2
2 s1 t

[[
[ +

! 1, 0, 0, 0
!
! 0, 1, 0, 0
!
1
s0, 0, s1 + t, s1 tt
!
!
2
1
s0, 0, s1 + t, +s1 tt
!
!
2
+^" !
! "
+^" !
!
"
^" ! !
"
0,
0,
0
0
0, +
, +
y
s1 t
1
0, +
,
y
s1 + t
s1 t
s1 + t
1
The spin coefficients calculated from the orthonormal tetrad
0, 1,
1, 0,
1

x0,
2
1

x0,
2
+^" !
! "
+^" !
! "
^" ! ! "
{ ^" ! ! "
^" ! ! "
1
s^" ! ! " + ^" !
! " t
2
1
s^" ! ! " + ^" !
! " t
2
(9.15)
1
s^" ! !
" + ^" !
!
"t
2
1
s^" ! ! " + ^" !
! " t
2

! " +^9 !
! +^ [
[ + ^ ]
] 0
1 +^" !
! " +^Z !
! Z +^Z [
[ Z + ^Z ]
] Z 0
+^" !
! "
! [
! ]

+^[ !

+ ^] !

+^" !
[ [
[ ]
] [
+^[ [

+ ^] [

+ ^[ ]

+ ^] ]
]
]
+)[ [ + $[[ $
[
[ + s)] [ + $][ $ t
[
] + s)[ ] + $[] $ t
]
[
$
] ]
+ s)] ] + ]] $ t

Z
[ [
Z
] ]
[[ Z

]] Z

0
! "
Z
[ [
[[ Z
Z]] Z
] ] 0
+^" !
!
"
!

[

^" ! ^ ! ^ [ ^ ] ] 0
{ ^" ! ! " ^Z ! ! Z ^Z [ [ Z ^Z ] Z 0
" ^[ ! !
[ ^] ! !
] ^[ [ [
[ ^] [ [
] ^[ ] ]
[ ^] ] ]
]
^" ! !
)[ [ + $[[ $ [
[ s)] [ + $][ $ t [
] s)[ ] + $[] $ t]
[ s)] ] + $]] $ t]
]
Z
[ [
Z
] ]
+s [[ Z
]] Z
t
Page 103

Susan Larsen
+ +1 +
1
1
1
x+
y x+
y
2
s1 + t
s1 + t
1
1
1
1 x+
y x
y
2
s1 t
s1 t

1
1

+
x
y 35
2 s1 + t s1 t
s1 ts1 + t

1
1

^" ! ! "

x
y
2 s1 + t s1 t
s1 ts1 + t
1
1
s^" ! ! " + ^" !
! " t ^ ! ! + ^ !
!
2
2
1
s^ Z Z + ^ [
[ + ^ ]
] t
2
1
+ ) [ + $[ $
[ s) ] + $] $ t
]
2
1
]
+ (s) s1 + t + [[ [ t
[ ) s1 t + ] ]
] ,
2

1

+ + + + x+
[
y s1 + t
1 +
2
d
f
+

s1 t
]
1
0
1
1
s^" ! ! " + ^" !
! " t ^: ! ! Z + ^Z !
! Z
2
2
1
s^: Z Z Z + ^Z [
[ Z + ^Z ]
] Z t 0
2
1
1
1
s^" ! !
" + ^" !
!
" t ^[ ! !
[ + ^[ !
!
[ s^] ! !
] + ^] !
!
]t
2
2
2
1
s^[ Z Z
[ + ^[ [
[
[ + ^[ ]
]
[ ^] Z Z
] + ^] [
[
] + ^] ]
]
]t 0
2
1
s^" ! ! " + ^" !
! " t 0
2

0 0
0 { 0

0
d
s1 ts1 + t

0
f
s1 ts1 + t
35
0
0
0
0
6
Page 104

Susan Larsen
+ + + 3 + 1 + 1 d 3f
f + + d 1 + f + d + 1
6 { + + + {sf + d + {t + 2
+ + { f d + sf + {t
+ + 3 + s3d f 1 + {t
Where
! ^!
! ^!
! ^!
! ^!

(13.22)
(13.23)
(13.24)
(13.25)
(13.26)
(9.13)
+ + + 3 + 1 + 1 d 3f + 2

! ^! x
y+ 2x
y
s1 ts1 + t
s1 ts1 + t s1 ts1 + t

9 x
9 x
y+2
y+2
6
6
6
1 +
s1 + ts1 t
s1 + 6 t
s1 + 6 t

s1 + 6 t + s+2 + 6 t

s1 + 6 t
+2

s1 + 6 t

0
6 { + + + {sf + d + {t + 2 + +! ^! +Z ^Z 0
0
0
36 0: This is a Petrov type N, which means there is a single principal null direction of multiplicity 4. This
corresponds to transverse gravity waves in region III.

P.313: Example 13-2: Two interacting waves
The line element:
45 6 24P4 + cos 6 J 4* 6 + cosh6 J 4R 6
4 )
)
(10.36)
0
( !, + !
45 )*r
)*
where
2Pr r + cos 6 J *r 6 + cosh6 J Rr 6
* ! :
)
2J cos J sin J *r 6 + 2J cosh J sinh J Rr 6
)
)
2Pr
)r
4 )
( , 2Pv
45 )r
O
0 Pv + J cos J sin J *r 6 J cosh J sinh J Rr 6
!
* P:
36
http://www-staff.lboro.ac.uk/~majbg/jbg/book/chap3.pdf
Page 105

Susan Larsen
O
* ! *:
O
w
* ! R:
O
w
0
0
0
0
)
)P
)
)Pr
4 )
( ,
45 )Pr
0
)
)*
)
)*r
4 )
( ,
45 )*r
0
0
)
)R
)
)Rr
4 )
( ,
45 )Rr
0
0

0
2r
2v
v
0
+2 cos 6 J *r
4J cos J sin J r *r + 2 cos6 J *v

2J cos J sin J r *r + cos6 J *v
*v + 2J tan J r *r
0
+2 cosh6 J Rr
+4J cosh J sinh J r Rr + 2 cos6 J Rv

+2J cosh J sinh J r Rr + cosh6 J Rv
Rv 2J tanh J r Rr

v
Pv + J cos J sin J *r 6 J cosh J sinh J Rr 6
*v + 2J tan J r *r
Rv 2J tanh J r Rr

+J cos J sin J Z]] J cosh J sinh J
+J tan J
[[ +J tan J
]
] J tanh J
J tanh J
The Petrov type
The line element
The metric tensor:
Z[[
[[
]
]
45 6
!"
24P4 + cos 6 J 4* 6 + cosh6 J 4R 6

1
M1
N
+ cos6 J
+ cosh6 J
Page 106

Susan Larsen
and its inverse:
The basis one forms
!"
V1
T
U
T
S
1
cos 6 J

45 6 24P4 + cos6 J 4* 6 + cosh6 J 4R 6
6
6
6
6
sZ t + s t + s [ t + s ] t
O 24P
24
[
]
O
4P 4 4P
cos J 4*
X
1
T
+
6
cosh J W
sZ tsZ + t + s [ t + s ] t
sZ t
sZ + t
cos J 4*
cosh J 4R
Z
Y
T
2
1
2
4P + 4
cosh J 4R

2
1
sZ t
sZ + t
2
1
4*
[
cos J
1
4R
]
cosh J
M
+1
+1
+1
24P
1 1 0 0
Z
Z

Z

1
1
1
1 +1 0 0
24
[
[

]
0
0
1
cos
J
4*
cosh J 4R
2
2
2
0 0 1 +
cos J 4* + cosh J 4R
]
[ + ]
! 1, 0, 0, 0
! 0, 1, 0, 0
1
1
0, 0, cos J , cosh J
0, 0, cos J , + cosh J

!
!
2
2
Z !Z ! Z 1 0 0
! ! Z Z 1 1 1
[ ] 0
Z !Z ! Z 1 1 1
! ! Z Z 1 0 0
[ ] 0
Page 107

Susan Larsen
Z 0
1
1
1
1
cos J +
6
cos J 2
2 cos J
1
1
1
1
]] ] +
cosh J +
6
cosh J 2
2 cosh J

[[
[ +

! 1, 0, 0,
! 0, 1, 0,
1
0, 0,
!
2
1
0, 0,
!
0
0
cos J ,
cos J ,
cosh J
+ cosh J
+^" !
! "
+^" !
!
"
^" ! !
"
0, 1,
1, 0,
1

(0,
2
1

(0,
2
0,
0,
0
0
1
,
cos J
1
0, +
,
cos J
0, +
1
,
cosh J
1
,
cosh J
+
!
!
+^" !
! "
+^" !
! "
^" ! ! "
{ ^" ! ! "
^" ! ! "
1
s^" ! ! " + ^" !
! " t
2
1
s^" ! ! " + ^" !
! " t
2
(9.15)
1
! "
! "
s^" !
+ ^" !

t
2
1
s^" ! ! " + ^" !
! " t
2

! " +^ !
! +^ [
[ + ^9 ]
] 0
1 +^" !
! " +^Z !
! Z +^Z [
[ Z + ^Z ]
] Z 0
+^" !
! "
! [
! ]

+^[ !

+ ^] !

+^" !
[ [
[ ]
] [
+^[ [

+ ^] [

+ ^[ ]

+ ^] ]
]
] 0
+^" !
! " 0
!
^" ! " ^9 ! ! 9 ^9 [ [ 9 ^9 ] ] 9 0
{ ^" ! ! " ^Z ! ! Z ^Z [ [ Z ^Z ] ] Z 0
" ^[ ! !
[ ^] ! !
] ^[ [ [
[ ^] [ [
] ^[ ] ]
[ ^] ] ]
]
^" ! !
)[ [ + $[[ $ [
[ s)] [ + $][ $ t [
] s)[ ] + $[] $ t]
[ s)] ] + $]] $ t]
]
+s Z[[ Z [
[ Z]] Z ]
]t
+ +J cos J sin J (+
2 cos J
, J cosh J sinh J (+
2 cosh J
J
tan J + tanh J
2
J
^" ! ! " +s Z[[ Z [ [ Z]] Z ] ] t tan J tanh J
2
1
1
! "
! "
!
9
s^" ! + ^" !
t ^9 ! + ^9 !
! 9
2
2

, (
2 cosh J
Page 108

Susan Larsen
1
s^9 Z Z 9 + ^9 [
[ 9 + ^9 ]
] 9t
2
1
+ ) [ + $[ $
[ 9 s) ] + $] $ t
] 9
2
1
1
1
]
+ ()
cos J + [[ [ ,
[ 9 ()
cosh J + ] ] ,
] 9
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
+ (+J
sin J J tan J,
cos J
[ (J
sinh J + J tanh J
cosh J,
]
2
2
2
2
2
0
1
1
s^" ! ! " + ^" !
! " t ^Z ! ! Z + ^Z !
! Z
2
2
1
s^Z Z Z Z + ^Z [
[ Z + ^Z ]
] Z t 0
2
1
1
1
s^" ! !
" + ^" !
!
" t ^[ ! !
[ + ^[ !
!
[ s^] ! !
] + ^] !
!
]t
2
2
2
0
1
s^" ! ! " + ^" !
! " t 0
2

0 0
0 { 0
J
0 tan J + tanh J d
2
J
0 tan J tanh J f
2
0
0
0
0
+ + + 3 + 1 + 1 d 3f
f + + d 1 + f + d + 1
6 { + + + {sf + d + {t + 2
+ + { f d + sf + {t
+ + 3 + s3d f 1 + {t
Where
! ^!
! ^!
! ^!
! ^!

(13.22)
(13.23)
(13.24)
(13.25)
(13.26)
(9.13)
+ + 2 ! ^! + 2 ) + 2
J
J
J
) x tan J tanh Jy + 2 x tan J tanh Jy x tan J + tanh Jy
2
2
2
6
6
J
J
1 tan6 J 1 + tanh6 J + tan6 J + tanh6 J J6
2
2
0
+ +! ^! +Z Z 0
0
0
Page 109

Susan Larsen
0: This is a Petrov type N, which means there is a single principal null direction (! of multiplicity 4.
1
+ 6 4P6 24P4Q + 6 4* 6 4R 6
6
6
1 * R
2
+ 6 1
V
Y
T 1
T
1
!"
M1
+ 6
!"
U
X
1T
T
+ 6W
S
P.318, Example 13-3: The Nariai spacetime
The line element:
The metric tensor and

its inverse:
!"$
ZZ
ZZ
1
)$ !" )" !$ + )!
2
1
) ZZ +
2
1
+ ) ( ZZ )
2
45 6
"$
(4.15)
O
!"$
!'
ZZ
Z
ZZZ
Z
ZZ
ZZ
+6
+6
(4.16)
+
6
ZZ
1
*
*
[[[ )[ ( [[ )
[[[ [[ [[[ +
2
1
R
R
[
[[
[[] )] ( [[ )
[]
[[] +
1
R
R
]
]]
][[ + )] ( [[ ) +
][[
[[
2
1
R
R
]
]]
]]] )] s ]] t
]]] +
]]
1
*
*
]
]]
]][ )[ s ]] t
]][ +
][
1
*
*
[
[[
[]] + )[ s ]] t +
]]
[]]
Collecting the results we find the non-zero Christoffel symbols

Z + ZZZ +
ZZ 6
*
[[[ ]][ + []] +
R
[
]
]
[] + [[ ]] +
Z
'"$
1
6
The basis one forms
Page 110

Susan Larsen
O
O
1
4* 6 4R 6
6
1
1
4P+ 6 4P 24Q + 6 4* 6 + 6 4R 6
Z \
Z + \
45 6 + 6 4P6 24P4Q +
Z
\
1
+ 6 14P 4Q
2
1
6 14P + 4Q
2
1
4*
1
4R
1
+1
M
N
+1
+1
4P

sZ t + s\ t + s [ t + s ] t
6
sZ \ tsZ + \ t + s [ t + s ] t
4P
+ 6 4P 24Q
1
4*
1
4R
Z \
1
1
4Q 1 6 Z + 1 + 6 \
2
2
[
4*
4R ]
4P
+ 6 4P 24Q
0 0
Z \
Z
\
1 Z + \
1 1
1
0 0

4*

4R
(9.10)
[
[
1

2 ]
2
[
]
1
1
1 +
]
+
4* + 4R
1
1
1, 0, 0, 0
+ 6 , 2, 0, 0
!
!
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
(0, 0,
(0, 0,
!
!
, ,
, + ,
2
2
Z !Z ! \Z \ 1 0 0
1
1
\ !\ ! Z\ Z \\ \ 1 ( , 6 0
2
2
[ ] 0
2
Z !Z ! \Z \ 1 ( , 2
2
1
2
1
6
\ !\ ! Z\ Z \\ \ 1 + 6 6 ( ,
2
2
2
[ ] 0
Now we can use the basis one-forms to construct a orthonormal null tetrad
1
1
1
2 0
0
1
+1
0
0
Page 111

Susan Larsen
Z
[
\ 0
1 1
+
2
2
1 1
!]
]]
6

!
] +
+
2
2

![
!
[[
[ +6

1
1, 0, 0, 0
!
!
2
1
+ 6 , 2, 0, 0 !
!
2
1
1
1
(0, 0,
!
!
, ,
2
1
1
1
(0, 0,
!
!
, + ,
+^" !
! "
+^" !
!
"
^" ! !
"

2
1
2
1
2
1
2
0, 1,
0, 0
0, 0,
+, +
2, 6 , 0, 0
0, 0,
+,
+^" !
! "
+^" !
! "
^" ! ! "
{ ^" ! ! "
^" ! ! "
1
s^" ! ! " + ^" !
! " t
2
1
s^" ! ! " + ^" !
! " t
2
(9.15)
1
! "
! "
s^" !
+ ^" !

t
2
1
s^" ! ! " + ^" !
! " t
2

! " +^ !
! +^ [
[ + ^9 ]
]
1 +^" !
+) [ + [ $
[ + s) ] + ] $ t
] 0
! " +^Z !
! Z +^Z [
[ Z + ^Z ]
] Z 0
+^" !
! "
! [
! ]

+^[ !

+ ^] !

+^" !
+^[ [
[
[ + ^] [
[
] + ^[ ]
]
[ + ^] ]
]
] 0
+^" !
! " 0
!
^" ! " ^9 ! ! 9 ^9 [ [ 9 ^9 ] ] 9 0
{ ^" ! ! " ^Z ! ! Z ^Z [ [ Z ^Z ] ] Z 0
" ^[ ! !
[ ^] ! !
] ^[ [ [
[ ^] [ [
] ^[ ] ]
[ ^] ] ]
]
^" ! !
)[ [ + $[[ $ [
[ s)] [ + $][ $ t [
] s)[ ] + $[] $ t]
[ s)] ] + $]] $ t]
]
0
^" ! ! " 0
1
1
s^" ! ! " + ^" !
! " t ^9 ! ! 9 + ^9 !
! 9
2
2
1
s^9 Z Z 9 + ^9 [
[ 9 + ^9 ]
] 9t 0
2
1
1
s^" ! ! " + ^" !
! " t ^Z ! ! Z + ^Z !
! Z
2
2
Page 112

Susan Larsen
1
1
s^Z Z Z Z + ^Z [
[ Z + ^Z ]
] Z t )Z Z + $ ZZ $ Z Z
2
2
6
1 Z
1
1
2
1
+ ZZ Z Z Z +
( , +
2
2 2 2
2
1
1
1
s^" ! !
" + ^" !
!
" t ^[ ! !
[ + ^[ !
!
[ s^] ! !
] + ^] !
!
]t
2
2
2
1
+ s^[ [
[
[ ^] [
[
] ^[ ]
]
[ ^] ]
]
]t
2
1
+ s)[ [ + $ [[ $
[
[ )] [ + $ ][ $
[
] )[ ] + $ [] $
]
[
2
)] ] + $ ]] $
]
]t
1
1
1
]
]
+ ()[ (
, + [ [[ [ + [[ ]
[
[ )] (
, + [ ][ [ + ][ ]
[
]
2
2
2
]
)[ (
, + [ [] [ + [] ]
]
[
2
]
)] (
, + [ ]] [ + ]] ]
]
],
2
1
*
*
1
R
1
+ ((+
, + (+ , (
, + ( , (
,
[
[
6
2
2
2
2
R
R
1
*
1
(+
, + (+ , (
, + (+ , (
,
[
]
6
2
2
2
*
R
1
*
1
(+
, + (+ , (
, + (+ , (
,
]
[
6
2
2
2
R
*
1
R
1
(+
, + ( ,(
, + (+ , (
,
]
],
6
2
2
2
1
R
1
*
1
R
1
+ (+ ( , (
,
[
[ + (+ , (
,
[
] + (+ , (
,
]
[
2
2
2
2
*
1
+ ( , (
,
]
],
2
1
R
6
*
+ (+
, (+ , (
, (+ , ( , (
, ( , (+ ,
2
26
2
26
2
2
26
2
2
(+
26
, (
1
R
*
R
*
+* R
+ (+
,(
, + (
,(
,
2
22
22
22
226
22
1
s^" ! ! " + ^" !
! " t
2
1
R
R
1
*
1
+ (+ , (
,
[ [ ( , (
,
[ ] ( , (
,
] [ + ( , (
,
] ]
2
2
2
2
2
1
R
6
*
R
1
+ (+ , (
, (+ , ( , (
, (+ , (+ , ( , (
, ( , (+ ,
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
*
1
+ ( ,(
, ( , (+ ,
2 2
2
Page 113

Susan Larsen
1
R
*
R
*
* R
+ (+
+
+
+
,
2
22 22 22 22
22

0 0 0
0
0
0
{ 0
0 d
0 f
+
* + R
22
* R

22
+
Newman-Penrose identities
(13.58)
+ d{ 1 f{ 1 + {1 + 6 + =>
(13.59)
d + f + dd ff + 2df + + + 6 =>
(13.60)
+ { + + {sf + d + {t + 6 + 2 =>
Where
(9.13)
! ^!
! ^!
! ^!
! ^!

Reduces to
6 + =>
d + f dd ff + 2df + 6 =>
0 +6 + 2 =>
These we can solve
1
1
1
1
1
, ) (+
,
(+
, +
6 + => ! ^! (+
2
2
2
2
2
6 + => + dd ff + 2df + d f
* + R +
* R
* R
* + R
+
22
22
22
22
* + R
* R + ! ^! +
* + R
+ 2 +
22
22
22
* R

! ^!
22

6 6
6
6
* R 6 * 6 R 6 2 * 6 R 6 + [ )[ +
* + R
8
8
8
22
* + R
[ )[
* R
22
22
* R

] )]
22
6
* 6 R 6
(+
,
(
, (+ , (
, ( , (
,
2
22
22
2
2 22
2 22
2
6
6 6
* 6 R 6 +
+
+
+
* R 6 +
2
4
4
4
4
2
+ ] )] +
Page 114

Susan Larsen

6 6
* R 6 + x1 * 6 R 6 y +
2
2

1
+ 6 + =>
2
+ 6 + => +
0 +6 + 2 =>
1
O
6 +
2
1
=>
4
1

4
Checking and -!" +
(13.65)
(13.64)
(13.65)
!"
1
(9.22)
+ -!" s ! " !
"t
4
1
1
! "
! "
-!" + !"

t s !" ! " !" !
"t
!" s
4
4
1
s ZZ Z Z Z Z Z Z [[ [
[ ]] ]
]t
4
1
1
1
s Z Z [[ [
[ ]] ]
] t x Z + 6 [
[ ]
] y
4
4
6
1
1 2
1
1
1
1
1

+ 6 x(+
, (+
,
y 1 + 1 0
4
4
2 2
2
2
2
And we can conclude that -!" +
!"
Instead we will look at a generalized Nariai spacetime

The line element: 45 6
+ 6 4P6 4P4Q +
* 6 R 6
4* 6 4R 6
6
6
6
6
6
45 6 + 6 4P6 4P4Q + 6 4* 6 4R 6 sZ t + s\ t + s [ t + s ] t
6
6
O
4P+ 6 4P 4Q + 6 4* 6 + 6 4R 6 sZ \ tsZ + \ t + s [ t + s ] t
O
Z \ 4P
Z + \ + 6 4P 4Q
[
4*
]
4R
Page 115

Susan Larsen
The basis one-forms

1
1
Z + 6 14P 4Q
2
2
1
1
\
6
A 14P + 4Q
2
2

4*
]
4R
1
+1
N
M
+1
+1
4Z
4\
4 [
4 ]
4P
Z \
1
1
1 6 Z + 1 + 6 \
4*
4R
4Q
4!
+ ! " h "
(5.9)
1
1
4 ( + 6 14P 4Q, +4 h 4P
2
2
1
1
2
6
Z
+ ( 1 + 1 + 6 \ , h sZ \ t +
Z h \
1
1
4 ( A 6 14P + 4Q, 4 h 4P
2
2
1
1
2
( 1 6 Z + 1 + 6 \ , h sZ \ t +
h Z
+2R
2R [
4 x 4*y 4 x
4*y
4R h 4*
h ]
6
6
6
* R
+2*
2* ]
4 x 4Ry 4 x
4Ry
4* h 4R
h [
6
6
6
* R

2
0
sZ t
0
0
V
Y
T
T
T2
T
0
0
0
T sZ t
T
!
"
2
U
0
0
0
+
s* ] + R [ tX
T
T
T
T
2
T
T
0
0
0
s* ] + R [ t
S
W
Page 116

Susan Larsen
! "
4 ! " ! $ h $ "

1
- !"$' $ h '
2
(5.27), (5.28)
First we see that ! $ h $ " 0 for all combinations

2
2
2
@4 h 4P
Z 4 Z 4 x sZ ty 4 ( 4P,
2
1
1
4

@ ( 1 6 Z + 1 + 6 \ , h sZ \ t 6 @Z h \

Z
Z 4 Z 4 + 6 @ h Z
2
2
*4R + R4*y
[ ] 4 [ ] 4
s* ] + R [ t 4 x
2 46 6 6
2 46 6 6
x
+
*
4*
h
4R

R y 4R h 4*
y
x+
6
2 46 6 6
2 46 6 6
x
+
* y [ h ] x+

R y ] h [
4 46 6 6
4
* R 6 [ h ]

+
s + * 6 R 6 t [ h ]
4
4 [

h ]
s * 6 R 6 + * 6 R 6 t [ h ]
4 ]
]
[ 4 ][ +4 [ ]
h [
! "
4
0
+ 6 @ h Z
V
T4
T @Z h \
0
6

U
0
0
T
T
0
0
S
4 [
h ]
Y
T
T
4 ]
h [ X
T
T
0
W
4
4
R[ ][]
R Z Z + 6
4
4
]
Z
R [][
R Z\ 6
The Ricci tensor:
Page 117

Susan Larsen
-!"
- $ !$"
-\\
- $ \$\ - Z\Z\ - \\\\ - [\[\ -
-ZZ
(4.46)
- $ Z$Z - ZZZZ - \Z\Z - [Z[Z - $ \$Z - Z\ZZ - \\\Z - [\[Z

0
0
-\Z
-[Z
-]Z
-[\
-]\
0
0
-[[
]
\
\Z
]Z
- Z
Z
]
- \]Z 0
]
\]\
- $ [$[ - Z[Z[ - \[\[ - [[[[ -
-][
- $ ]$[ - Z]Z[ - \]\[ - [][[
-]]
A
0
V+ B
- Z\Z\
]
]
[][ - [][
]
- ]][ 0
- $ ]$] - Z]Z] - \]\] - [][] -
+
]
]]]
- [][]
0 Y
0 T
+ 0 0 0
0 0 0
-!"
M
N +!"
CDE
0 0 0
U 0
X
0
0
F
0 0 0
T
CDE T
0
0
0
S
F W
Compared with37 -!" +!" we can see the that we can choose the coefficients are 1; 2;
1, 1 and , which corresponds to a Nariai line element consistent with -!" + !"
1
45 6 + 6 4P6 24P4Q + 6 4* 6 4R 6
6
6
1 * R
4
So lets copy the Christoffel, spin coefficient and Newman-Penrose identity calculations with this new
C
1 * 6 R 6 . The null tetrad is unchanged.
T
!"$
ZZ
ZZ
[[[
37

1
)$ !" )" !$ + )!
2
1
) ZZ +
2
1
+ ) ZZ
2
1
)[
2
*
[[
2
"$
4.15
O
O
O
O
!"$
!'
ZZ
Z
ZZZ
[[[

Z
Z
[[
'"$
ZZ
ZZ
ZZ
[[[
(4.16)
+
6

*
+
2
Page 138
Page 118

Susan Larsen
1
R
R
[[] [[ [[] +
O
)] [[
2
2
2
1
R
R
]
]]
][[ + )] [[ +
][[
O
[[
2
2
2
1
R
R
]
]]
]]] )] s ]] t
]]] +
]]
O
2
2
2
1
*
*
]
]]
]][ )[ s ]] t
]][ +
][
O
2
2
2
1
*
*
[]] + )[ s ]] t +
[]] [[ []]
O
2
2
2
Z + ZZZ +
ZZ 6
*
[[[ ]][ + []] +
2
R
[
]
]
[] + [[ ]] +
2
[[]
+^" !
! "
+^" !
!
"
^" ! !
"
+^" !
! "
+^" !
! "
^" ! ! "
{ ^" ! ! "
^" ! ! "
1
s^" ! ! " + ^" !
! " t
2
1
s^" ! ! " + ^" !
! " t
2
(9.15)
1
s^" ! !
" + ^" !
!
"t
2
1
s^" ! ! " + ^" !
! " t
2

! " +^ !
! +^ [
[ + ^9 ]
]
1 +^" !
+) [ + [ $
[ + s) ] + ] $ t
] 0
! "
! Z
[ Z
+^Z !
+^Z [
+ ^Z ]
] Z 0
+^" !
!
" +^[ !
!
[ + ^] !
!
]
+^" !
+^[ [
[
[ + ^] [
[
] + ^[ ]
]
[ + ^] ]
]
] 0
!
"
+^" !
0
!
^" ! " ^9 ! ! 9 ^9 [ [ 9 ^9 ] ] 9 0
{ ^" ! ! " ^Z ! ! Z ^Z [ [ Z ^Z ] ] Z 0
" ^[ ! !
[ ^] ! !
] ^[ [ [
[ ^] [ [
] ^[ ] ]
[ ^] ] ]
]
^" ! !
)[ [ + $[[ $ [
[ s)] [ + $][ $ t [
] s)[ ] + $[] $ t]
[ s)] ] + $]] $ t]
]
0
^" ! ! " 0
1
1
s^" ! ! " + ^" !
! " t ^9 ! ! 9 + ^9 !
! 9
2
2
1
s^9 Z Z 9 + ^9 [
[ 9 + ^9 ]
] 9t 0
2
1
1
s^" ! ! " + ^" !
! " t ^Z ! ! Z + ^Z !
! Z
2
2
Page 119

Susan Larsen
1
1
s^Z Z Z Z + ^Z [
[ Z + ^Z ]
] Z t )Z Z + $ ZZ $ Z Z
2
2
6
1 Z
1
1
2
1
+ ZZ Z Z Z +
( , +
2
2 2 2
2
1
1
1
s^" ! !
" + ^" !
!
" t ^[ ! !
[ + ^[ !
!
[ s^] ! !
] + ^] !
!
]t
2
2
2
1
+ s^[ [
[
[ ^] [
[
] ^[ ]
]
[ ^] ]
]
]t
2
1
+ )[ [ + $ [[ $
[
[ s)] [ + $ ][ $ t
[
] s)[ ] + $ [] $ t
]
[
2
s)] ] + $ ]] $ t
]
]
1
1
1
]
]
+ ()[ (
, + [ [[ [ + [[ ] ,
[
[ ()] (
, + [ ][ [ + ][ ] ,
[
]
2
2
2
]
()[ (
, + [ [] [ + [] ] ,
]
[
2
]
()] (
, + [ ]] [ + ]] ] ,
]
]
2
1
*
*
1
R
1
+ ((+
, ( ,(
, + ( , (
,
[
[
6
2
2 2
2
22
2
R
R
1
*
1
(+
, ( ,(
, + ( , (
,
[
]
6
2 2
2
22
2
*
R
1
*
1
(+
, ( ,(
, ( , (
,
]
[
6
2 2
2
22
2
R
*
1
R
1
(+
, + ( ,(
, ( , (
,
]
],
6
2
2
22
2
2
1
R
1
*
1
R
1
[ [
[ ]
+ ((+ , (
,

( , (
,

( , (
,
]
[
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
*
1
] ]
+ ( , (
,

,
2 2
1
R
6
*
+ (+
, (+ , (
, (+ , ( , (
, ( , (+ ,
6
6
6
2
22
22
22
2
2
2
2
2
*
+(
, ( ,
226
2
1
R
*
R
*
* + R
+ + (
,(
, + (
,(
, +
2
42
42
42
426
42
1
s^" ! ! " + ^" !
! " t
2
1
R
1
*
1
R
1
+ ((+ , (
,
[ [ ( , (
,
[ ] ( , (
,
] [
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
*
1
+ ( , (
,
] ] ,
2 2
Page 120

Susan Larsen
1
R
6
*
R
1
+ (+ , (
, (+ , ( , (
, (+ , (+ , ( , (
, ( , (+ ,
2
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2
2
2
2
*
1
+ ( ,(
, ( , (+ ,
2 2 2
2
1
R
*
R
*
* R
+ (+
+
+
+
,
2
42 42 42 42
42
1

0 0 0
0
0
0
{ 0
0 d
0 f
+
* + R
42
* R

42
+
Newman-Penrose identities
(13.58)
+ d{ 1 f{ 1 + {1 + 6 + =>
(13.59)
d + f + dd ff + 2df + + + 6 =>
(13.60)
+ { + + {sf + d + {t + 6 + 2 =>
Where
(9.13)
! ^!
! ^!
! ^!
! ^!

Reduces to
6 + =>
d + f dd ff + 2df + 6 =>
0 +6 + 2 =>
These we can solve
1
1
1
1
1
, ) (+
,
(+
, +
6 + => ! ^! (+
2
2
2
2
2
6 + => + dd ff + 2df + d f
* + R +
* R
* R
* + R
+
42
42
42
42
* + R
* R
+ 2 +
42
42
* + R
* R
+ ! ^! +
! ^!
42
42
Page 121

Susan Larsen

6 6
6
6
* R 6 * 6 R 6 2 * 6 R 6
32
32
32
* + R + ] )] +
* + R
+ [ )[ +
42
42
* R
] )]
* R
42
42
6
* 6 R 6
(+
,
(
, (+ , (
,
8
42
2
2 42
2 42
( , (
,
42
2
6
6 6
* 6 R 6 +
+
+
+
* R 6 +
8
8
8
8
8
8
2
6 6
1
* R 6 + x1 * 6 R 6 y +
8
4
2
2

[ )[

1
+ 6 + =>
2
1
+ 6 + => +
2
0 +6 + 2 =>
1
O
6 +
3
1
=>
6
0
Which is consistent with the former calculation of 0, Jnd we can conclude that if -!" +
C
should rightfully be 1 * 6 R 6
(13.65)
(13.64)
(13.65)
!" so
New - P.322: Quiz 13-1: Collision of a gravitational wave with an electromagnetic wave The
non-zero spin coefficients
The line element in region H 0: 45 6
24P4 + cos6 J 4* 6 4R 6
The metric tensor:
and its inverse:
!"
M1
!"
V1
T
U
T
S
+ cos6 J
+
1
cos 6 J
+ cos6 J
Y
T
X
1 T
+
cos6 J W
Page 122

Susan Larsen
0
where
* ! P:
)
)P
)
)Pr
* ! :
* ! *:
* ! R:
2Pr r + cos 6 J *r 6 Rr 6

0
2r
0 2v
)
)
2J cos J sin J *r 6 Rr 6

2Pr
4 )
( , 2Pv
45 )r
0 Pv + J cos J sin J *r 6 Rr 6
)
)*
)
)*r
(10.36)
4 )
( , 2v
45 )Pr
)
)r
4 )
)
( !, + !
45 )*r
)*
0
+2 cos 6 J *r
4 )
( , 4J cos J sin J r *r + 2 cos6 J *v
45 )*r
0 2J cos J sin J r *r + cos6 J *v
0 *v + 2J tan J r *r
Page 123

Susan Larsen

)
)R
0
)
)Rr
+2 cos 6 J Rr
4 )
( , 4J cos J sin J r Rr + 2 cos6 J Rv
45 )Rr
0 2J cos J sin J r Rr + cos6 J Rv
0 Rv + 2J tan J r Rr
0 v
0 Pv + J cos J sin J *r 6 Rr 6

0 *v + 2J tan J r *r
0 Rv + 2J tan J r Rr
Z[[
+J cos J sin J
Z]]
+J cos J sin J
+J tan J
+J tan J
[[
]
]
+J tan J
[[
]
]
+J tan J
The basis one forms

45 6
O 24P
24
24P4 + cos6 J 4* 6 4R 6
sZ t + s t + s [ t + s ] t
6
sZ tsZ + t + s [ t + s ] t
sZ t
sZ + t
Page 124

Susan Larsen
cos J 4*
cos J 4R
]
O
2
1
4P 4 4P
4P + 4
cos J 4*
cos J 4R
4*

2
1
sZ t
sZ + t
1

[
cos J
4R
M
+1
1
]
cos J
+1
+1
1
1 1
2 0
24P
0 0
Z
Z

Z

1
1
0 0
24
[
+
1
2 [ ]
2 cos J 4* cos J 4R
1 +
cos J 4* + cos J 4R
]
[ + ]
1
+1
0
0

!
1, 0, 0,

0, 0,
0
cos J ,
cos J

Z
] 0
Z

!Z
!
!
!
!Z
!
!
!
] 0
Z
Z
0, 1, 0,

0,
0
0, cos J ,
+ cos J
1 0 0
Z 1 1 1
Z
Z
1 1 1
Z 1 0 0
Page 125

Susan Larsen
Z 0
[[
]]
[ +
] +

1, 0, 0,
0, 1, 0,
!
2
1
0, 0,
0, 0,
+^" !
! "
+^" !

1
1
1
1
cos J +
6
cos J 2
2 cos J
0
0
cos J ,
cos J ,
cos J
+ cos J
0, 1, 0,
1, 0, 0,

2
1
(0,
(0,
0
0
0, +
0, +
1
,
cos J
1
,
cos J
1
,
cos J
1
,
cos J
1
1
1
1
cos J +
6
cos J 2
2 cos J
+^" !
! "
!
"
+^" !
! "
^" ! ! "
{ ^" ! ! "
^" !
"
^" ! ! "
1
s^" ! ! " + ^" !
! " t
2
1
s^" ! !
" + ^" !
!
"t
2
1
s^" ! ! " + ^" !
! " t
2
(9.15)
1
s^" ! ! " + ^" !
! " t
2

1
+^" !
! " +^ !
! +^ [
[ + ^9 ]
] 0
+^" !
!
" +^[ !
!
[ + ^] !
!
]
+^" !
! " +^Z !
! Z +^Z [
[ Z + ^Z ]
] Z 0
+^[ [
[
[ + ^] [
[
] + ^[ ]
]
[ + ^] ]
]
] 0
Page 126

Susan Larsen
+^" !
! " 0
^" ! ! " ^Z ! ! Z ^Z [ [ Z ^Z ] ] Z 0
^" ! ! " ^9 ! ! 9 ^9 [ [ 9 ^9 ] ] 9 0
^" ! !
" ^[ ! !
[ ^] ! !
] ^[ [ [
[ ^] [ [
] ^[ ] ]
[ ^] ] ]
]
)[ [ + $[[ $ [
[ s)] [ + $][ $ t [
] s)[ ] + $[] $ t]
[ s)] ] + $]] $ t]
]
+s Z[[ Z [
[ Z]] Z ]
]t
+ +J cos J sin J (+
J tan J
2 cos J
, + J cos J sin J (+
^" ! ! " +s Z[[ Z [ [ Z]] Z ] ] t

+ x+J cos J sin J (+
2 cos J
, + J cos J sin J (+
1
1
s^" ! ! " + ^" !
! " t ^9 ! ! 9 + ^9 !
! 9
2
2
2 cos J
2 cos J
, (
2 cos J
, y0
1
s^9 Z Z 9 + ^9 [
[ 9 + ^9 ]
] 9t
2
1
+ ) [ + $[ $
[ 9 s) ] + $] $ t
] 9
2
1
1
1
]
+ ()
cos J + [[ [ ,
[ 9 ()
cosh J + ] ] ,
] 9
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
+ (+J
sin J + +J tan J
cos J,
[ (+J
sin J J tan J
cos J,
]
2
2
2
2
2
0
1
1
s^" ! ! " + ^" !
! " t ^Z ! ! Z + ^Z !
! Z
2
2
1
s^Z Z Z Z + ^Z [
[ Z + ^Z ]
] Z t 0
2
1
1
1
s^" ! !
" + ^" !
!
" t ^[ ! !
[ + ^[ !
!
[ s^] ! !
] + ^] !
!
]t
2
2
2
Page 127

Susan Larsen
0
1
s^" ! ! " + ^" !
! " t 0
2
0
0
0
0
0
{ 0
0
0
J tan J
0
0
0
This means that - 0 and there is expansion (or pure focusing=divergence) and the answer to quiz
13-1 is (a)
New - P.322,Quiz 13-2: The Aichelburg-Sexl Solution The passing of a black hole
The line element
45 6 4 log* 6 R 6 4P6 24P47 + dx 6 + 4R 6
Comparing with the Brinkmann metric
45 6
P, *, R4P6 24P4Q + 4* 6 + 4R 6
We see that we can copy the results from the Brinkmann calculations p.195 if P, *, R 4 log* 6 R 6
The only non-zero spin-coefficient is:

1 )
)
(

,
+
)R
22 )*
)4 log* 6 R 6
)4 log*2 R2
+
x

y
)*
)R
22
4
2*
2R
+
( 6
6
,
6
* R6
22 * R
*
R
+22 ( 6
6
,
6
* R
* R6
1
(9.30)
and the answer to quiz 13-2 is (b)
Final Exam
P.323 FE-1:
56 6 + *6 + R6 + o6
(1.11)
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
+1 + 4 + 3 + 0 + s2 + +1t + 4 + 1 5 + 3 + 3 + 3 +2
And the answer to FE-1 is (c)
Page 128

Susan Larsen
P.324 FE-4:
The four velocity P!
'[ n
' '[ '] 'p
, , , , the four impulse e! P! , the
'|
'| '| '| '|
'Zn
. Because P! q ! P! q! we can calculate

'|
1
1
4P!
4P!
1
4P! P!
P!
P! q ! P! q ! P! q! x P!
y
P! P is an invariant
!
'Z Zn
and n
6
'|
4{
4{
!"
J
4{
P.324 FE-7: Calculate the Christoffel symbols for a metric example

The line element: 45 6 P6 6 4P6 P6 6 4 6 P6 6 48 6
The metric tensor
and its inverse:
'in
'|
P! q 0 and the answer to FE-4 is (a)

!
P.324 FE-6: and in a diagonal metric

1 )
) !$ ) "$
(4.15)
!"$ !"

+

)* "
)* !
2 )* $
1 )
) !! ) "!
1 ) !!
!"! ( !"

+
, ( ",
!
"
!
)*
)*
2 )*
2 )*
1 ) !! ) !" ) !"
1 ) !!
!!" ( "
+
, ( ",
!
!
)*
)*
2 )*
2 )*
And the answer to FE-6 is (d)
P6
four force q !

0
0
6
0
0
P6 6
0 K
6 6
0
P
!"
1
V 6
P 6
T
T
U
T
T
S
1
(4.16)
)$ !" )" !$ + )! "$ (4.15) !"$ !' '"$
2
P
1
ZZZ )Z ZZ P
O ZZZ ZZ ZZZ 6
P 6
2
1
ZZ + ) ZZ +
O ZZ ZZ + 6
P 6
2
1
ZZ ) ZZ
O ZZ ZZ ZZ 6
P 6
2
P
1
Z + )Z +P
O Z ZZ Z + 6
P 6
2
P
1
Z )Z P
O Z Z 6
P 6
2
1
)
O 6
P
6
2
P 6
1
ZFF + )Z FF +P 6
O ZFF ZZ ZFF + 6
P 6
2
1
1
FZF )Z FF P 6
O FZF FF FZF
2
P
1
P6
FF + ) FF +P6
O FF FF + 6
P 6
2
1
1
FF ) FF P6
O FF FF FF
2

!"$
P6
1
6
Y
T
T
X
1 T
T
P6 6 W
Page 129

Susan Larsen
P
P6 6
6
P 6
ZZZ
+ Z Z
ZFF
+

FF
FZF
FF
+ ZZ ZZ
P 6
P6 6
P6
+ 6
P 6
1

P
1

P.325 FE-8: Calculate the Riemann tensor of metric example

In 3 dimensions the Riemann tensor has six independent elements: -66 ; -6 ; -66 ; - ; -6 ; -66
The Riemann tensor
(4.42)
-!"$' )$ !"' + )' !"$ + .!$ ."' .!' ."$
-ZZ )Z Z + ) ZZ + .ZZ . .Z .Z
)Z +P + ) + ZZZ Z ZZ ZZ + ZZ Z Z
P6
6
6
P6
+2 6

0
P 6 P6 6 P6 6 P6 6
-ZZF )Z ZF + )F ZF + .ZZ .F .ZF .Z 0
-ZF ) ZF + )F Z + .Z .F .ZF . 0
-ZFZF )Z ZFF + )F ZFZ + .ZZ .FF .ZF .FZ )Z +P 6 + ZZZ ZFF + ZZ FF FZF FFZ
P6 6
P6 6
+ 6 6

6 0
P 6 P6 6
-ZFF ) ZFF + )F ZF + .Z .FF .ZF .F
) +P 6 + ZZ ZFF + Z FF FZF FF
P
P
6
P6
+2P 6

P

P

+ 1y 0
x
P 6 P6 6
P6 6 P6 6
-FF ) FF + )F F + . . FF .F . F
) +P6 + Z ZFF + FF FF F F
P6 6
P6 6
+P6 + 6

P6 0
P 6 P6 6
All the independent elements of the Riemann tensor is zero and the answer to FE-8 is (d)
New - P.325 FE-8: Calculate the Riemann tensor of metric example Alternative version38
The answer to Exercise 8 in the Final Exam is given by -!"$' 0 for the following reason: Consider the
global Minkowski spacetime 46 4P6 4Q 6 48 6, in some coordinates P , Q , 8 [the corresponding
Riemannian curvature tensor identically vanishing, of course], and consider the following coordinate transformation:
P PQ cos 8
Q PQ sin 8
1
8 P6 + Q 6
2
The differentials are related as
4P P4Q Q4P cos 8 + PQ sin 8 48
4Q P4Q Q4P sin 8 PQ cos 8 48
38
Kindly provided by Mr. John Fredsted: http://johnfredsted.dk/science/publications.php
Page 130

Susan Larsen
48 P4P + Q4Q
from which it readily follows that
4P6 4Q 6 48 6 P4Q Q4P6 PQ6 48 6 P4P + Q4Q6
P6 Q 6 4P6 4Q 6 P6 Q 6 48 6
Thus the line element 45 6 P6 Q 6 4P6 4Q 6 P6 Q 6 48 6 must correspond to an identically vanishing Riemannian curvature tensor.
New - P.325 FE-9: Calculate the Christoffel symbols for a metric example
The line element: 45 6 4 6 sinh6 48 6 sinh6 sin6 8 4< 6
4 )
)
(10.36)
0
( !, + !
45 )*r
)*
where
6r sinh6 8r 6 sinh6 sin6 8 <r 6
!
* :
)
2 cosh sinh 8r 6 2 cosh sinh sin6 8 <r 6
)
)
2r
)r
4 )
x y 2v
45 )r
O
0 2v + 2 cosh sinh 8r 6 + 2 cosh sinh sin6 8 <r 6
w
0 v + cosh sinh 8r 6 + cosh sinh sin6 8 <r 6
* ! 8:
)
+2 cos 8 sin 8 sinh6 <r 6
)8
)
2 sinh6 8r
)8r
4 )
( , 4 cosh sinh r8r 2 sinh6 8v
45 )8r
O
0 2 sinh6 8v 4 cosh sinh r8r 2 cos 8 sin 8 sinh6 <r 6
w
0 8v 2 cosh sinh r8r cos 8 sin 8 <r 6
!
* <:
)
0
)<
)
2 sinh6 sin6 8 <r
)<r
4 )
x y 4 cosh sinh r<r + 4 cos 8 sin 8 8r <r 2 sinh6 sin6 8 <v
45 )<r
O
0 4 cosh sinh r<r + 4 cos 8 sin 8 8r <r 2 sinh6 sin6 8 <v
coth
cot 8
r<r + 2
8r <r
w
0 <v 2
6
sin 8
sinh6
0 v + cosh sinh 8r 6 + cosh sinh sin6 8 <r 6
0 8v 2 cosh sinh r8r cos 8 sin 8 <r 6
Page 131

Susan Larsen
0 <v 2
FF
GG
coth
cot 8
r<r + 2
8r <r
6
sin 8
sinh6
FGF
We can now find the non-zero Christoffel symbols:

+ cosh sinh
+ cosh sinh sin6 8
And the answer to FE-9 is (a)
FGG
cosh sinh
G
G
cos 8 sin 8
G
FG
coth
sin6 8
cot 8
+
8r <r
sinh6

New - P.325 FE-10: Calculate the Ricci rotation coefficients for a metric example
The line element: 45 6 4 6 sinh6 48 6 sinh6 sin6 8 4< 6
The Basis one forms

4
4
sinh 48
sinh sin 8 4<
48
4<

1

F
sinh
1

G
sinh sin 8
=
>
We have:
4F
4 G
0
4!
! "
+ ! " h "
!"$ $
(5.9)
(5.10)
F coth h F
sinh
4sinh sin 8 4< cosh 4 h 4< cos 8 48 h 4<
1
1
1
cosh h
G cos 8
F h
G
sinh sin 8
sinh
sinh sin 8
coth
cot 8 F

h G
h G
sin 8
sinh6
4sinh 48 cosh 4 h 48 cosh h

coth G
V
0
coth F
Y
sin 8
T
T
T
T
cot 8
F
G
!
0
" + coth
sinh6
U
X
coth
cot
8
T
T
T+
T
G +
G
0
6
S sin 8
W
sinh
Page 132

Susan Larsen
FF
Now we can find the non-zero Ricci rotation coefficients
coth
G
+ coth
F F coth
G
sin 8
cot
8
cot 8
coth
G
F GG +
FG
+
6
sinh
sinh6
sin 8
2 6
2 6
x1 +
6 y 4 6 + x1 +
6 y 47 6 + 7 6 48 6 + 7 6 sin6 8 4< 6
7
7
7
7
2 6
Vx1 +
Y
6y
7
7
T
T
T
T
6
2

+ x1 +
6y
U
X
7
7
T
T
T
T
+7 6
6
6
S
+7 sin 8 W
6
2
Vx1 +
Y
6y
7
7
T
T
T
T
6
2
T
T
+ x1 +
6y
7
7

U
X
1
+ 6
T
T
7
T
T
1
T
T
+ 6 6 W
S
7 sin 8
NEW - P.325, FE-12: The non-zero Weyl scalars of the Reissner-Nordstrm spacetime
The metric:
45
The metric tensor:
!"
and its inverse:
!"
To find the geodesic we use the Euler-Lagrange equation

4 )
)
0
( !, + !
45 )*r
)*
where
2 6 6
2 6
x1 +
6 y r + x1 +
6 y 7r 6 + 7 6 8r 6 + 7 6 sin6 8 <r 6
7
7
7
7
!
* :
)
0
)
2 6
)
2 x1 +
6 y r
7
7
)r
6
7 +
2 6
4 )
r
7r

2
+
6 y v
y
x1
( , 4x
7
7
7
45 )r
7 + 6
2 6
O
0 4x
6 y v
y 7r r 2 x1 +
7
7
7
6
2
7 + 6
w
0 v 2 x1 +
6y x
y 7r r
7
7
7
* ! 7:
(10.36)
Page 133

Susan Larsen
)
)7
)
)7r
4 )
( ,
45 )7r
O
* ! 8:
)
)8
)
)8r
4 )
( ,
45 )8r
0
)
)<
)
)<r
4 )
x y
45 )<r
0
* ! <:
2 2 6
2 6
x 6 + y r 6 x1 +
6y
7
7
7
7
2x
7 + 6 6
2 6
r

2
+
6y
y
x1
7
7
7
+2 x1 +
2 6
6y
7
7
2 6
+2 x1 +
6y
7
7
2 2 6 6
+ y 7r + 278r 6 + 27 sin6 8 <r 6
76
7
7r
7 + 6 6
y 7r + 278r 6 + 27 sin6 8 <r 6
7
2 6
7v 2 x1 +
6y
7
7
2 2 6 6
x 6 + y 7r
7
7
2 6
2 6
7 + 6 6
+2 x1 +
6 y 7v 4 x1 +
6y x
y 7r
7
7
7
7
7
6
2 6
2 6
7 + 6 6
7 + 6 6
+2 x1 +
6 y 7v 4 x1 +
6y x
7r
+
2
y
x
y r
7
7
7
7
7
7
2 6
+ 2 x1 +
6y
7
7
7 + 6 6
y 7r 278r 6 27 sin6 8 <r 6
7
2 6
2 6
7 + 6 6
7 + 6 6
+2 x1 +
6 y 7v 2 x1 +
6y x
7r
+
2
y
x
y r 278r 6
7
7
7
7
7
7
27 sin6 8 <r 6
2 6
7 + 6 6
2 6 7 + 6 6
7v + x1 +
6y x
6y x
y 7r x1 +
y r
7
7
7
7
7
7
0
2 6 6
2 6
+ 7 x1 +
6 y 8r + 7 x1 +
6 y sin6 8 <r 6
7
7
7
7
+27 6 cos 8 sin 8 <r 6

+27 6 8r
+477r 8r + 27 6 8v
+477r 8r + 27 6 8v 27 6 cos 8 sin 8 <r 6

2
0 8v 7r 8r + cos 8 sin 8 <r 6
7
0
+27 6 sin6 8 <r

2
0 <v 7r <r 2 cot 8 8r <r
7
(10.39)
(10.40)
Page 134

Susan Larsen
2 6
0 v 2 x1 +
6y
7
7
2 6
7v + x1 +
6y
7
7
7 + 6
y 7r r
7
7 + 6 6
2 6 7 + 6 6
2 6 6
r
7r

+

+
7
+
6 y 8r
y
x1
y
x
y
x1
7
7
76
7
7
7
6
2
+ 7 x1 +
6 y sin6 8 <r 6
7
7
2
0 8v 7r 8r + cos 8 sin 8 <r 6
7
2
v
0 < 7r <r 2 cot 8 8r <r
7
EEE
E FF
E GG
FEF
F GG
G
EG
G
FG
2 6
7 + 6
x1 +
6y x
y
7
7
7
2 6
7 + 6
+ x1 +
6y x
y
7
7
7
2 6 7 + 6
x1 +
6y x
y
7
7
7
2 6
+7 x1 +
6y
7
7
2 6
+7 x1 +
6 y sin6 8
7
7
1

7
+ cos 8 sin 8
1

7
cot 8
The basis one forms
2 6 6
x1 +
6 y 4
7
7
2 6
x1 +
6y
7
7
748
7 sin 8 4<
47
6
4 x1 + 2 y
7
76
6 6
47 x1 + 2 y E
7
76
1
48 F
7
1
4<
G
7 sin 8
M
+1
+1
+1
Page 135

Susan Larsen
1 1 0
1 1 +1 0
2 0 0 1
0 0 1

!
6 6
6

x1 + 2 y , x1 + 2 y
2
7
76
7
76
2 6
x1 +
6y
7
7
6 6
6
x1 + 2 y , + x1 + 2 y
!
2
7
76
7
76
1
0, 0, 7, 7 sin 8
!
2
1
0, 0, 7, +7 sin 8
!
2
2 6
x1 +
6y
7
7
, 0, 0
2 6 6
1
2 6
6y
6y
x1 +
x1 +
7
7
7
7
2
2
2 6 6
+
6y
x1 +
7
7
2
2 6 6
1
2 6
6y
6y
x1 +
x1 +
7
7
7
7
2
2
2 6 1
2 6 6
1
2 6 6
EE

E + x1 +
6y
+ x1 +
6y
6y
x1 +
7
7 2
7
7
7
7
2
G 0
E 0
1 1
1 1
,
7+
6
7 2
2 7
1
1
1
1
GG G + 6 6
7 sin 8 +
7 sin 8 2
2 7 sin 8

FF
F (+
6 6

x1 + 2 y ,
2
7
76
, 0,
2 6 1
2 6
EE

E + x1 +
6y
6y
x1 +
7
7 2
7
7
G
0

!
2 6 6
2 6 6
x1
+

y
4

x1
+
6 y 47
7
76
7
7
E
0

E
1
1
0 E
6 6
6 6

2
F
6 y 4 + x1 +
6 y 47
2 F G
2 x1 +
7
7
7
7
+ G

F + G
748 7 sin 8 4<
748 + 7 sin 8 4<
6 6
x1 + 2 y ,
2
7
76
2 6
x1 +
6y
7
7
2 6
+ x1 +
6y
7
7
, 0, 0
0, 0
6

x1 + 2 y
2
7
76
6 6
x1 + 2 y
2
7
76
2 6 6
, + x1 +
6y ,
7
7
0, 0
2 6 6
, x1 +
6 y , 0, 0
7
7
Page 136

Susan Larsen

!
2
1
2
0, 0,
7,
0, 0,
7 sin 8
7,
+7 sin 8
+^" !
! "
+^" !
!
"
^" ! !
"
!
(0,
2
1
(0,
1
1
,
0, + , +
7
7 sin 8
1
1
,
0, + ,
7
7 sin 8
!
+^" !
! "
+^" !
! "
{ ^" ! ! "
1
s^" ! ! " + ^" !
! " t
2
1
s^" ! ! " + ^" !
! " t
2
(9.15)
1
! "
! "
s^" !
+ ^" !

t
2
1
s^" ! ! " + ^" !
! " t
2
^" ! ! "
^" ! ! "

! " +^ !
! + Ê !
! E +^ F
F + Ê F
F E + ^ G
G + Ê G
G E
1 +^" !
+) F + $F $
F + )E F + $EF $
F E + s) G + $G $ t
G + s)E G + $EG $ t
G E
0
+^" !
! " 0
!
" +^F !
!
F + ^G !
!
G
+^" !
F F
F G
G F
+^F F

+ ^G F

+ ^F G

+ ^G G
G
G
+)F F + $FF $
F
F + s)G F + $GF $ t
F
G + s)F G + $FG $ t
G
F
+ s)G G + $GG $ t
G
G
EFF E
F
F EGG E
G
G
2 6
1
1
2 6
1
1
+7 x1 +
6 y E (+ , + 7 x1 +
6 y sin6 8 E (
, 0
7
7
7
7
7
2
2 7 sin 8
+^" !
! " 0
^" ! ! " ^ ! ! Ê ! ! E ^ F F Ê F F E ^ G G Ê G G E
) F + $F $ F )E F + $EF $ F E s) G + $G $ tG s)E G + $EG $ tG E 0
^" ! ! " 0
^" ! !
" ^F ! !
F ^G ! !
G ^F F F
F ^G F F
G ^F G G
F ^G G G
G
$
$
$
F
F
F
G
G
F
)F F + FF $
s)G F + GF $ t
s)F G + FG $ t
s)G G + $GG $ tG
G
+ EFF E F
F + EGG E G
G
2 6 1
2 6
7 x1 +
6y
6y
x1 +
7
7 2
7
7

x1 +
1
(+ ,
7
2
2 6
1
2 6
7 x1 +
6 y sin6 8
6y
x1 +
7
7
7
7
2
6 6 1
2
6y
7
7
7
(+
1
1
1
, (
,
7 sin 8
2 7 sin 8
Page 137

Susan Larsen
^" ! ! " + EFF E F F + EGG E G G 0

1
1
1
s^" ! ! " + ^" !
! " t ^ ! ! + ^ !
! Ê ! ! E + Ê !
! E
2
2
2
1
1
1
s^ + ^ F
F t sÊ E + Ê F
F E t s^ E E + ^ G
G t
2
2
2
1
sÊ E E E + Ê G
G E t
2
1
1
) + $ $ + ) F + $F
F )E + $E $ E + )E F + $EF
F E
2
2
1
) E + $E $ E + s) G + $G t
G
2
1
)E E + $EE $ E E + s)E G + $EG t
G E
2
1
1
1
s+ E E t )E + E E + s)E F + FEF F t
F E s+ E E t
2
2
2
1
G
E
E
E
G
E
()E E + EE E + )E G + EG G
,
2
1
1
1
2 6 6
1
s+ E E t )E x1 +
6 y + E E + ( )E 7 + FEF F ,
F E
2
2
7
7
2
2
1
s+ E E t
2
1
1
2 6
)E x1 +
6y
2
7
7
2
1
s+ E E t
2
1
G
+ EEE E E E + ( )E 7 sin 8 + EG G ,
G E
2
1
1 2 2 6 1
2 6
x 6 + y x1 +
6y
2
7
2
7
7
2 7
1
s+ E E t
2
1
+ E E + ( + FEF F ,
F E
2
2 6
1
1 2 2 6
1
6y
x 6 + y (+ , x1 +
2
7
2
7
7
2 7
1
G
+ ( sin 8 + EG G ,
G E
2
+ EEE E E E
Page 138

Susan Larsen
1
s+ E E t
2
1
1 7 + 6
2 6
x
+
6y
y
x1
2
7
7
7
2
2 6
+ x1 +
6y
7
7
1
s+ E E t
2
7 + 6 1
2 6 6 E
1
1 1
+

+
(
+
7,
F E
x
y
x1
y
7
7
76
2
2 7 2
1
1 7 + 6
2 6
+
+
6y
x
y
x1
7
7
2
7
2
2 6
x1 +
6y
7
7
7 + 6 1
2 6 6 E E
6y
+

x
y
x1
7
7
7
2
1
1 1
+ ( sin 8 +
7 sin 8,
G E
7 2
2
1
1
1
s+ E E t s+ E E t + E E E E
2
2
2
1
2 6 7 + 6 1
2 6
+ x1 +
6y x
6y
y
x1 +
2
7
7
7
7
7
2
2 6
x1 +
6y
7
7
2 6
6y
x1 +
7
7
2
7 + 6 1
2 6 6 1
2 6 6
+

+
6y
x
y
x1
y
x1
7
7
7 6 2
7
7
2
1 7 + 6 1
2 6
+ x
+
6y
y
x1
2
7
7
7
2
1 7 + 6
2 6
+ x
+
6y
y
x1
7
7
7
26
1
1
1 7 + 6
2 6 6
s^" ! ! " + ^" !
! " t + E E E E + x
+
6y
y
x1
2
2
7
7
7
26
1
1
1
s^" ! !
" + ^" !
!
" t s^F ! !
F + ^F !
!
F t s^G ! !
G + ^G !
!
Gt
2
2
2
1
1
1
s^F
F + ^F F
F
F t s^G
G + ^G F
F
G t s^F E E
F + ^F G
G
Ft
2
2
2
1
s^G E E
G + ^G G
G
Gt
2
1
)F + $F $
F + )F F + $ FF $
F
F
2
1
s)G + $G $ t
G + s)G F + $ GF $ t
F
G
2
1
)F E + $FE $ E
F + s)F G + $ FG $ t
G
F
2
1
s)G E + $GE $ tE
G + s)G G + $ GG $ t
G
G
2
Page 139

Susan Larsen
1 G
G
GF G
F
G + )F G + FG G
G
F FGG F
G
G
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
(cot 8
7 sin 8
(+ , + ( )F 7 sin 8 + cot 8
7 sin 8,
F
2
7
2
2
2
2
1 1
1
G
+ cos 8 sin 8
7
,
2 2 7 sin 8
1
1
1
1
11
+ cos 8
G + cos 8
cot 8
2
2
2 7 sin 8 26 7
1
1
1
1
1
1 1
s^" ! ! " + ^" !
! " t + cos 8 G + cos 8
(+
, + cot 8
2
2
2
7 sin 8
7
2
26

1
0
0
0
{ 0
2 6 6 1 d

6y
x1 +
7
7
7
2
0
0
0
1 7 + 6
2 6
+ x
+
6y
y
x1
7
7
7
6
2
1 7 + 6
2 6
+ x
+
6y
y
x1
7
7
7
6
2
11
cot 8
7
26
11
+ cot 8
7
26
+ + + 3 + 1 + 1 d 3f
f + + d 1 + f + d + 1
6 { + + + {sf + d + {t + 2
+ + { f d + sf + {t
+ + 3 + s3d f 1 + {t
Where
! ^!
! ^!
! ^!
! ^!

(13.22)
(13.23)
(13.24)
(13.25)
(13.26)
(9.13)
0
f + + f + d ! ^! f + ! ^! + f f d
) f E )E f + F )F + G )G + f E )E f + f
1
2 6 6
11
1 1
1
2 6 6 1
+
6 y )E + cot 8 + + cot 8
6y
x1 +
x1 +
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
2
2
6
6
2
2
1
2 6 6
11
1 1
+
6 y )E + cot 8 + + cot 8 0
x1 +
7
7
7
7
2
26
26
E
+ + + E 2 +E E 2
Page 140

Susan Larsen

1
2 6 6 1
+E E x1 +
6y
7
7
7
2
1
2 6 6 1
1 7 + 6
2 6 6
2 x1 +
6 y + x
+
6y
y
x1
7
7
7
7
7
7
2
6
2
2 6 6 1
2 6 6
1
2 2 6 1
2 6
+
6y
x1 +
6 y (+ 6 , x 6 + y x1 +
6y
x1 +
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
2
7
7
2
2
1 1 7 + 6
+ x
y
2 7
7
61
1
2 6
1
2 2 6 1 1
1 1 7 + 6
+ x1 +
6 y (+ 6 , x 6 + y + x
y
2
27
2 7
7
7
7
7
7
7
11
1 2 6
6
7 + 6
1
2 3 6 7 6 + 47 3 6
x+ 6 + y x 6 + y x

+

y
27
7 7
7
7
7
7
27 6 7 27
27
+ d f
! )! + ! )!
F )F
G )G + ) + E )E
+
2 6 6
11
1
1
2 6 6
+ x1 +
6 y )E cot 8 cot 8 6 x1 +
6y
7
7
7
4
7
7
7
2
6
2
0
If 6 0 the results from Quiz 10-5 are reproduced
Bibliografi
d'Inverno, R. (1992). Introducing Einstein's Relativity. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
McMahon, D. (2006). Relativity Demystified. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Spiegel, M. R. (1990). SCHAUM'S OUTLINE SERIES: Mathematical Handbook of FORMULAS and TABLES.
McGraw-Hill Publishing Company.
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Lots of calculations: Relativity Demystified (David McMahon, McGraw-Hill, 2006)

Thursday, September 08, 2011

P. 78, Example 4-7: Alternative solution: Show that    ............................................................ 6

Chapter 5: Cartans Structure Equations ......................................................................................................... 15

Lots of calculations: Relativity Demystified (David McMahon, McGraw-Hill, 2006)

Thursday, September 08, 2011

P.177, equation (8.7): Prove that  

Chapter 9: Null Tetrads and the Petrov Classification..................................................................................... 45

P.216: Calculation of the scalar

P.218: The meaning of the integration constant: The choice of  ...................................................... 62

Lots of calculations: Relativity Demystified (David McMahon, McGraw-Hill, 2006)

Thursday, September 08, 2011

P.229: Time Delay .................................................................................................................................... 63

Chapter 13: Gravitational Waves .................................................................................................................... 87

P.286: Gauge transformation - The Einstein Gauge ................................................................................ 87

Lots of calculations: Relativity Demystified (David McMahon, McGraw-Hill, 2006)

Thursday, September 08, 2011

P.324 FE-4:   ........................................................................................................................... 129

P.324 FE-6:  and  in a diagonal metric ................................................................................ 129

Chapter 2: Vectors, One Forms, and the metric

Lots of calculations: Relativity Demystified (David McMahon, McGraw-Hill, 2006)

Thursday, September 08, 2011

Chapter 4: Tensor Calculus

The metric tensor and its inverse:

FGG  + sin 8 cos 8

Lots of calculations: Relativity Demystified (David McMahon, McGraw-Hill, 2006)

Thursday, September 08, 2011

P. 78, Example 4-7: Alternative solution: Show that   

This also holds for 4k  l[ n 4* ! because 4k is a one-form as well.

The metric tensor and its inverse:

The geodesics equation:

Lots of calculations: Relativity Demystified (David McMahon, McGraw-Hill, 2006)

The Christoffel symbols from the geodesic equations

Thursday, September 08, 2011

Collecting the results

Lots of calculations: Relativity Demystified (David McMahon, McGraw-Hill, 2006)

Thursday, September 08, 2011

Collecting the results

Lots of calculations: Relativity Demystified (David McMahon, McGraw-Hill, 2006)

Thursday, September 08, 2011

Prove (4.44):-!"$'  -$'!"  +-!"'$  +-"!$' and -!"$'  -!$'"  -!'"$  0

 !$ if the metric is symmetric

Lots of calculations: Relativity Demystified (David McMahon, McGraw-Hill, 2006)

Thursday, September 08, 2011

 + m. m. m !" m!!  m!! !"

Lots of calculations: Relativity Demystified (David McMahon, McGraw-Hill, 2006)

Thursday, September 08, 2011

 1 so we can choose to calculate - FGFG

- !"$'  )$ !"' + )' !"$  ."' !.$ + ."$ !.'

 )F FGG + )G FGF  .GG F.F + .GF F.G

Sum over :  )F FGG  FGG FFF + FGF FFG  G FGF + G FGG

P.89, Example 4-12: Show that the Ricci scalar

The metric tensor and its inverse:

The Ricci scalar:

Sum over a: Sum over b:

-F"  G" -G"

Because: -!"$'  -!$'"  -!'"$  0

Lots of calculations: Relativity Demystified (David McMahon, McGraw-Hill, 2006)

Thursday, September 08, 2011

is a general solution for a 2-dimensional diagonal metric if

P.91 Quiz 4-4: The Riemann tensor of the spherical metric

 6 and we have to calculate: - EFEF ; - EGEG ; - FGFG ; - EFEG ; - FEFG ; -

The Riemann tensor

P. 78, Example 4-7: Alternative solution: Show that ............................................................ 6

P.177, equation (8.7): Prove that

P.218: The meaning of the integration constant: The choice of ...................................................... 62

P.324 FE-4: ........................................................................................................................... 129

P.324 FE-6: and in a diagonal metric ................................................................................ 129

FGG + sin 8 cos 8

P. 78, Example 4-7: Alternative solution: Show that

This also holds for 4k l[ n 4* ! because 4k is a one-form as well.

Prove (4.44):-!"$' -$'!" +-!"'$ +-"!$' and -!"$' -!$'" -!'"$ 0

!$ if the metric is symmetric

+ m. m. m !" m!! m!! !"

1 so we can choose to calculate - FGFG

- !"$' )$ !"' + )' !"$ ."' !.$ + ."$ !.'

)F FGG + )G FGF .GG F.F + .GF F.G

Sum over : )F FGG FGG FFF + FGF FFG G FGF + G FGG

-F" G" -G"

Because: -!"$' -!$'" -!'"$ 0

6 and we have to calculate: - EFEF ; - EGEG ; - FGFG ; - EFEG ; - FEFG ; -

)$ !"' + )' !"$ ."' !.$ + ."$ !.'

)E E FF + )F EFE .FF E.E + .FE E.F

Q " "$ $ + " "$ Q $

-Z" \" -\" [" -[" ]" -]"

4 Z\ - [Z[\ 4 Z\ - Z]\ 2 [[ - [][

)[ []] + )] [][ .]] [.[ + .][ [.]

-, 7 sin 8 4<

4-, 748 -r 4 h 48 - 47 h 48 h F ,E E h F

!' '. m . "

E FF E' '. m .F mF EE EFF FF ,E x+ ,E y - 6

E GG E' '. m .G mG EE E G ,E x+ ,E y - 6 sin6 8

FG G' '. m .F mG GFG FF

+-- 6,E sin6 8

4 6 + 6,E 47 6 + - 6 , 748 6 + - 6 , 7 sin6 8 4< 6

EEE + 6,E 6,E

- !"$' $ h ' no summations

4sin 8 4< cos 8 48 h 4< cot 8 F h G

4cot 8 G 4cos 8 4< + sin 8 48 h 4< +F h G

J7 sin 8 4<

4(! G 4 ! J7 sin 8 4< 4Jr 7 sin 8 4<

Jv 7 sin 8 4 h 4< Jr sin 8 47 h 4< Jr 7 cos 8 48 h 4<

47 sin 8 4< sin 8 47 h 4< 7 cos 8 48 h 4< E h G

!' '. m . "

So the answer to quiz 5-3 is E GG +7 sin6 8