Chapter 11 Phase Transformations Time Temperature Transformations Continuous Cooling Transformations Precipitation Hardening

SlidescontainCopyrightedmaterialfromCallister text,2nd ed.

Chapter11 PhaseTransformations
PhaseDiagramtellsus.? Solidstatetransformations diffusiondependent.(Tandt) Phasetransformationstudyallowspredictionofreasonably attainablemicrostructure
Propertiesdependonmicrostructure

Phasetransformationrate Temperaturedependence
NucleationRate
Tm

T1 T T2

T
& N

rate Whythisshape? slow fast FinalMicrostructuredependsonToftransformation 1. Solidification 2. Solidstateprecipitation Whenistransformationcomplete? Whendoestransformationstop? Ratevs.%transformed

Phasetransformationrate Timedependence(kinetics)
Fractiontransformed

Transformationratechangesover time drivingforcediminishes Why? Considercaseofprecipitationof

2nd phasefromsolidsolution ln(time)atT

CurvedescribedbyAvrami eqn.

ByDefinition: Transformationrate

y = 1 exp(kt )
n

1 t0.5

kand n areconstantforgiven Tandtransformation

Transformationrate:TimeandTempeffect
Percenttransformed

y = 1 exp( kt n )

t0.5
Temp(0C)Transformationrate(min1) 1351/9 881/210

Transformationrate=

1
t0.5

FeCTTTdiagrams

TRANSFORMATIONS&UNDERCOOLING
Eutectoid transf. (Fe-C System): + Fe3 C Can make it occur at: 0.77wt%C 6.7wt%C
...727C (cool it slowly) ...below 727C (undercool it!) T(C)
1600 1400 1200

0.022wt%C

L austenite +L L+Fe3C

Adapted from Fig. 9.21,Callister 6e. (Fig. 9.21 adapted from Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, T.B. Massalski (Ed.-in-Chief), ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1990.)

ferrite

1000 800

Eutectoid: +Fe3C
Equil. cooling: Ttransf. = 727C T +Fe3C Undercooling by T: Ttransf. < 727C
0.77 1 2 3 4 727C

600 0.022 400 0 (Fe)

Co, wt% C

6.7

Fe3C cementite

EUTECTOIDTRANSFORMATIONRATE~T
Growth of pearlite from austenite:
Austenite () grain boundary cementite (Fe3C) ferrite () pearlite growth direction Diffusive flow of C needed

100 % Pearlite 50 Nucleation

regime

Nucleation rate increases w/ T

Growth regime

Growth rate increases w/ T at giventemp,T1 log (time)

t50

Adapted from Fig. 10.3, Callister 6e.

NUCLEATIONANDGROWTH
y (% pearlite)
600C (T larger)

50 0 1

650C

675C (T smaller)

50

Examples:

100 10 102 103 time (s)

pearlite colony

% austenite

Reaction rate is a result of nucleation and growth of crystals. 0

100

T just below TE
Growth rate high

Nucleation rate low

T moderately below TE
Nucleation rate med . Growth rate med.

T way below TE
Nucleation rate high Growth rate low

At15%transformed.

ISOTHERMAL TRANSFORMATIONDIAGRAMS
y, %y transformed (% pearlite) 100 (T larger) 50 0
600C

T=675C 50
0
11

650C

675C (T smaller)

50

100 3 10102 102 10 104 time (s)

Austenite (stable)

T(C)
600

700 Austenite

(unstable)

isothermal transformation at 675C Pearlite

Adapted from Fig. 10.4,Callister 6e. (Fig. 10.4 adapted from H. Boyer (Ed.) Atlas of Isothermal Transformation and Cooling Transformation Diagrams, American Society for Metals, 1977, p. 369.)

500 400

10

time 102 103 104 105

% austenite

Fe-C system, Co = 0.77wt%C 0 = 675C. Transformation at T 100

time (s) TE (727C)

0% 10 lite % 50 pear 0%

(s)

EX:COOLINGHISTORYFeCSYSTEM
Eutectoid composition, Co = 0.77wt%C Begin at T > 727C Rapidly cool to 625C and hold isothermally.
T(C)
700 Pearlite 600
0% 10 % 50 ite arl pe 0%

Austenite (stable)

TE (727C)
Adapted from Fig. 10.5,Callister 6e. (Fig. 10.5 adapted from H. Boyer (Ed.) Atlas of Isothermal

Transformation and Cooling Transformation Diagrams,

American Society for Metals, 1997, p. 28.)

500

10

102

103

104

105

time (s)

PEARLITEMORPHOLOGY
Two cases:
Ttransf just below TE Ttransf well below TE

- Smaller T: colonies are larger

- Larger T: colonies are smaller

HigherT:diffusionisfaster LowerT:diffusionisslower Pearlite iscoarser Pearlite isfiner. interfaceenergy

10m

OTHERTRANSFORMATIONPRODUCTS:FeC
Bainite:
-- lathes (strips) with long rods of Fe3C --diffusion controlled.
800 Austenite (stable)

Isothermal Transf. Diagram

T(C)
600

Fe3C (cementite)

(ferrite)

100% pearlite

TE
(Adapted from Fig. 10.8, Callister, 6e. (Fig. 10.8 from Metals Handbook, 8th ed., Vol. 8, Metallography, Structures, and Phase Diagrams, American Society for Metals, Materials Park, OH, 1973.)

pearlite/bainite boundary

5 m

100% bainite 400

Micrographscaledifference
200 10-1 10
0% 10 0% % 50

103

105

Adapted from Fig. 10.9,Callister 6e. (Fig. 10.9 adapted from H. Boyer (Ed.) Atlas of Isothermal Transformation and Cooling Transformation Diagrams, American Society for Metals, 1997, p. 28.)

time (s)

FeCSYSTEM Spheroidite
Spheroidite:
-- crystals with spherical Fe3C (ferrite) --diffusion dependent. --heat bainite or pearlite for long times --reduces interfacial area (driving force) Fe3C (cementite)
800 Austenite (stable)

Isothermal Transf. Diagram

T(C)
600

TE
Spheroidite
100% spheroidite 100% spheroidite

60 m
(Adapted from Fig. 10.10, Callister, 6e. (Fig. 10.10 copyright United States Steel Corporation, 1971.)

400

200 10-1 10

Adapted from Fig. 10.9,Callister 6e. (Fig. 10.9 adapted from H. Boyer (Ed.) Atlas of Isothermal Transformation and Cooling Transformation Diagrams, American Society for Metals, 1997, p. 28.)

% 100

0%

103

50%

105 time

(s)

FeCSYSTEM:Martensitic transformation
Martensite:
--(FCC) to Martensite (BCT)
(involves single atom jumps)

Fe atom sites x

x x x x

potential C atom sites

OccurswhenAusteniterapidly cooledtoroomtemp. Supersaturatedsolidsolution

Cstaysininterstitialsites Nodiffusionduringtransformation Veryunstable

Uniqueproperties verybrittle

FeCSYSTEM Martensite
Martensite:
--(FCC) to Martensite (BCT)

Isothermal Transf. Diagram

800 Austenite (stable)

T(C)
600

P S

TE

60 m Martentite needles Austenite

(Adapted from Fig. 10.12, Callister, 6e. (Fig. 10.12 courtesy United States Steel Corporation.)

Adapted from Fig. 10.13,

400

B
10 0% % 50 0%

to M transformation..
-- is rapid! -- % transf. depends on T only. -- remaining material is retained Austenite 105 time (s)
0% 50% 90%

Callister 6e.

200

M+A M+A M+A 10 10-1 103

COOLINGEX:FeCSYSTEM(1)
Co = Ceutectoid Three histories...
Case I
800

Rapid Hold Rapid Hold Rapid cool to: for: cool to: for: cool to: 350C 104s Troom 104s Troom

T(C)
600

Austenite (stable)

A A

250C 102s Troom 102s Troom 650C 20s 400C 103s Troom
S

P B
10 % 50 0% 0%

400

100%A
200 M + A M+A M+A 10 10-1

100%B
0% 50% 90%

Adapted from Fig. 10.15,

Callister 6e.

103

100% Bainite 105 time (s)

COOLINGEX:FeCSYSTEM(2)
Co = Ceutectoid Three histories...
Case II
800

Rapid Hold Rapid Hold Rapid cool to: for: cool to: for: cool to: 350C 104s Troom 104s Troom 250C 102s Troom 102s Troom 650C 20s 400C 103s Troom

T(C)
600

Austenite (stable)

A A

P S B
0%
50 % 10 0%
Adapted from Fig. 10.15,

400

100%A

200 M + A M+A M+A 10 10-1

M + trace of A 103 105 time (s)

0% 50% 90%

Callister 6e.

COOLINGEX:FeCSYSTEM(3)
Co = Ceutectoid Three histories...
Case III T(C)
800 Austenite (stable)

Rapid Hold Rapid Hold Rapid cool to: for: cool to: for: cool to: 350C 104s Troom 104s Troom 250C 102s Troom 102s Troom 650C 20s 400C 103s Troom

100%A
600

A A

50%P, 50%A P S B 50%P, 50%B

10 0%
Adapted from Fig. 10.15,

50%P, 50%A
% 50 0%

400

200 M + A M+A M+A 10 10-1

50 103 %P 105 time (s) ,5 0% B

0% 50% 90%

Callister 6e.

SUMMARY:FeCProcessing
Austenite () slow cool Pearlite moderate cool Bainite rapid quench Martensite (BCT phase
diffusionless transformation)

( + Fe3C layers + a ( + Fe3C plates/needles) proeutectoid phase)

Martensite T Martensite bainite fine pearlite coarse pearlite spheroidite

reheat Ductility Tempered Martensite

Strength

( + very fine Fe3C particles)

General Trends

Spheroidite ?

TTTforHypoeutectoidcomposition

FeC:ContinuousCoolingTransformations

TEMPERINGMARTENSITE
reduces brittleness of martensite, reduces internal stress caused by quenching.
TS(MPa) YS(MPa) 1800 1600
Adapted from Fig. 10.25, Callister 6e. (Fig. 10.25 adapted from Fig. furnished courtesy of Republic Steel Corporation.)

TS

1400

1200 1000 800 200 400 600 %AR

60 50 %AR 40 30

Tempering T (C)

produces extremely small Fe3C particles surrounded by . decreases TS, YS but increases %AR

9 m

YS

Adapted from Fig. 10.24, Callister 6e. (Fig. 10.24 copyright by United States Steel Corporation, 1971.)

PRECIPITATIONHARDENING
Particles impede dislocations. 700 Ex: Al-Cu system T(C) Procedure: 600
--Pt A: solution heat treat (get solid solution) --Pt B: quench to room temp. --Pt C: reheat to nucleate small crystals within crystals.
500 400

A C

+L

L +L

CuAl

+
20 30 40 50

Other precipitation systems:

Cu-Be Cu-Sn Mg-Al
Adapted from Fig. 11.20, Callister 6e.

(Al)

300 0 B 10

Temp. Pt A (soln heat treat)

Adapted from Fig. 11.22, Callister 6e. (Fig. 11.22 adapted from J.L. Murray, International Metals Review 30, p.5, 1985.)

composition range needed for precipitation hardening

wt%Cu

Pt C (precipitate ) Time

Pt B

PreviewofMechanicalProperties
Al Cu

Precipitationhardeningfortemp,T Longertime,largerppts DifferentcurveforeachT

PreviewofMechanicalProperties

Allpearlite isintheformoffinepearlite.

PreviewofMechanicalProperties

hardness

Ductility