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Chapter 17 Questions 1) Identify the cytoskeletal structures depicted in the epithelial cells shown in Figure 1.

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Figure 1 2) Which of the following statements about the cytoskeleton is false? A) The cytoskeleton is made up of three types of protein filament. B) The bacterial cytoskeleton is important for cell division and DNA segregation. C) Protein monomers that are held together with covalent bonds form cytoskeletal filaments. D) The cytoskeleton of a cell can change in response to the environment. E) There are alpha helices in intermediate filamants. Indicate which of the three major classes of cytoskeletal elements each statement below refers to. A. monomer that binds ATP B. includes keratin and neurofilaments C. important for formation of the contractile ring during cytokinesis D. supports and strengthens the nuclear envelope E. their stability involves a GTP cap F. used in the eucaryotic flagellum G. a component of the mitotic spindle H. can be connected through desmosomes I. directly involved in muscle contraction J. abundant in filopodia Which of the following statements about the cytoskeleton is true? A) All eucaryotic cells have actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments in their cytoplasm. B) The cytoskeleton provides a rigid and unchangeable structure important for the shape of the cell. C) The three cytoskeletal filaments perform distinct tasks in the cell and act completely independently of one another. D) Actin filaments and microtubules have an inherent polarity, with a plus end that grows more quickly than the minus end. E) C and D are true. Rank the following cytoskeletal filaments from smallest to largest in diameter (1 = smallest in diameter, 4 = largest)

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______ intermediate filaments ______ microtubules ______ actin filament ______ myofibril 6) Place the following in order of size, from the smallest to the largest. A. protofilament B. microtubule C. -tubulin D. tubulin dimer E. mitotic spindle

7) Which of the following statements about microtubules is true? A) Motor proteins move in a directional fashion along microtubules by using the inherent structural polarity of a protofilament. B) The centromere nucleates the microtubules of the mitotic spindle. C) Because microtubules are subject to dynamic instability, they are used only for transient structures in a cell. D) ATP hydrolysis by a tubulin heterodimer is important for controlling the growth of a microtubule. E) B and C are true 8) For each of the following sentences, fill in the blanks with the best word or phrase selected from the list below. Not all words or phrases will be used; use each word or phrase only once. Microtubules are formed from the tubulin heterodimer, which is composed of the nucleotide-binding __________________ protein and the __________________ protein. Tubulin dimers are stacked together into protofilaments; __________________ parallel protofilaments form the tubelike structure of a microtubule. __________________ rings are important for microtubule nucleation and are found in the __________________ , which is usually found near the cells nucleus in cells that are not undergoing mitosis. A microtubule that is quickly growing will have a __________________ cap that helps prevent the loss of subunits from its growing end. Stable microtubules are used in cilia and flagella; these microtubules are nucleated from a __________________ and involve a __________________ plus two array of microtubules. The motor protein __________________ generates the bending motion in cilia; the lack of this protein can cause Kartageners syndrome in humans. basal body myosin dynein GTP twenty-one -tubulin -tubulin UTP thirteen centrosome -tubulin kinesin ATP nine -tubulin four vimentin two

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The hydrolysis of GTP to GDP carried out by tubulin molecules ________________. A) provides the energy needed for tubulin to polymerize B) occurs because the pool of free GDP has run out C) tips the balance in favor of microtubule assembly D) allows the behavior of microtubules called dynamic instability E) requires ATP hydrolysis The microtubules in a cell form a structural framework that can have all the following functions except which of the following? A) holding internal organelles such as the Golgi apparatus in particular positions in the cell B) creating long thin cytoplasmic extensions that protrude from one side of the cell C) strengthening the plasma membrane D) moving materials from one place to another inside a cell E) A, B anc C Which of the following statements about actin is false? A) ATP hydrolysis decreases actin filament stability. B) Actin at the cell cortex helps govern the shape of the plasma membrane. C) Actin filaments are nucleated at the side of existing actin filaments in lamellipodia. D) The dynamic instability of actin filaments is important for cell movement. E) A and B are false. For each of the following sentences, fill in the blanks with the best word or phrase selected from the list below. Not all words or phrases will be used; use each word or phrase only once. There are many actin-binding proteins in cells that can bind to actin and modify its activity. Some proteins such as __________________ bind to actin monomers, sequestering them until needed for filament formation. __________________ proteins bind to the end of actin filaments. The __________________ proteins are important for nucleation of the branched actin structures commonly found in the __________________ of moving cells, whereas __________________ proteins are important for the formation of unbranched actin filaments commonly found in __________________. Proteins belonging to the __________________ family of GTPases regulate changes in the actin cytoskeleton in response to extracellular signals. capping integrin filopodia Rho severing lamellipodia ARP bundling gelsolin cytochalasin thymosin formin GAP contracting lamin

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Answers 1) (A) (B) (C) actin microtubules intermediate filaments

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(c). The protein monomers of the cytoskeleton are held together by noncovalent interactions between the protein monomers. All other statements are true. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. actin intermediate filaments actin intermediate filaments microtubules microtubules microtubules intermediate filaments actin actin

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(d) is true. Not all eucaryotic cells have cytoplasmic intermediate filaments (choice (a)). The cytoskeleton is not rigid and unchangeable; in fact, it can be quite dynamic (choice (b)). Each of the three cytoskeletal systems is not completely independent. For example, proteins such as plectin are known to link intermediate filaments to the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton (choice (c)). __2___ intermediate filaments (10 nm diameter) __3___ microtubules (25 nm) __1___ actin filament (59 nm) __4___ myofibril (12 m) C, D, A, B, E (a) is true. Microtubules are nucleated by the centrosome (not the centromere, choice (b)). Although microtubules are subject to dynamic instability, their interaction with microtubule-binding proteins can stabilize them so that they can be used to form stable structures such as cilia and flagella (choice (c)). GTP (not ATP) hydrolysis is important for controlling the growth of a microtubule (choice (d)). -tubulin -tubulin thirteen -Tubulin centrosome GTP basal body

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nine dynein 9) (d). The hydrolysis of GTP to GDP occurs after a GTP-bound tubulin molecule is incorporated into a microtubule, and it makes the microtubule more susceptible to disassembly. It is the resulting switch in microtubule stability that gives rise to the phenomenon known as dynamic instability. (c). One function of actin filaments, but not microtubules, is to provide a meshwork beneath the plasma membrane that helps to form and strengthen this membrane. Microtubules have all of the other functions that are listed. (d). Dynamic instability is a phenomenon associated with microtubules and not actin. Actin disassembly and assembly are both important for cell movement. However, this differs from dynamic instability in that the growth of actin filaments occurs at the leading edge; this growth occurs in a directed fashion because of actin-binding proteins that promote the formation of new filaments at the leading edge. Actin-binding proteins that destabilize actin filaments promote actin disassembly away from the leading edge. The actin assembly and disassembly in moving cells differs from the stochastic growth and disassembly of the microtubules. thymosin capping ARP lamellipodia formin filopodia Rho

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