CkVl TiT

UpX - BWiPm Ai

b
b
b Q

RrShl
TPp LZLm
K , - 600 006.

 RrS @W

uW

RtTl 2004

j RXYo
U_o. ]Yo. W. LNu

RXYo CkVl TiThj \,

As TZ BiPYo LX
TiThd Lp, TZ

UXnY[oLs
. Ao. LiQu
Ro X WV[o,
CkVl TiThj \,
As TZ BiPYo
LX TiThd Lp,
TZ.

]Yo. Y. NkW NLo

WV[o RjYj \
CWUxQ `u,
YL]kR Lp,
UXlo,
Nu] 600 004.

XVoLs
.. NkR]m

LXVVo
.Gv. UpXlTs,
UXlo, Nu] 600 004.

U. . LvY

LXVV,
Sojd ULo UpXl Ts,
CWVWm, Nu] 600 013.

. Gv. N[kRWWNu

LXVVo,
Bf UpXl Ts,
NWUm
Nu] 600 093.

TPeLs RVl : RrS AWdLL

Tsd Lp CVdLLm, RrS.
Ckp 60 Gv Gm Rp AfPlThs[.

TiPVo Thi EX. Tds[ SpX S

Sm TWR S. CkV Shu P Ll RU]
GuTo UdvpXo. YtUp JtU, CkVl
TiThu AjR[m. BuLm, Sm TiThu
BYo. LlTZU YnkR TiThtf NkRdLWoLs
Sm. Tu]eLXUL TpY RdLeL[, CkV NkjR
Tm, CRu \Xp X Ut\eLs
Ru]YVV, CkVl TiThu AjR[m
AlTV CkY\. AqYlT TWWNoLm,
t\WNoLm CkVl TiTh Y[ofd ReLs
LPL[f Nndu\]o. OLs, YoLs, Ls,
jRoLs, AYRW `oLs BV A[[oLu EVokR
kR]u RlT CkVl TiT. URu \, ALj
nUV Yj AR]lTPp Y[ofV
Yjm VL AlTPV Lis[ SU
TiT. YReLs, ETPReLs, CLNeLs, WQeLs,
TLYjR Tu\ RjY U\Ls, Tu \Ls,
SXWj qVl WTkRm Tu\ Td CXdVeLs, ULL
LRNu, LmTu Tu\ AhLLu TPlLs Vm
CkVl TiTht EWm NolT]. TpY C]UdLu
TiTm, SLLm, NUVeLm CkVl TiThu
Y[ofd ERdu\]. NUQm, T[jRm, RNUVm,
jYm, CXm Tu\ TpY NUVeLs ReLs V
kR]L[ CkVl TiTht YZe, CkVl TiT
J LXll TiTPL Y[W YYjs[]. UuUV]
kR]Ls GpXl TLkm SmPm YWhm
Gum d YRd LjdLtT, A]jl TiTL
s[ SpX]Yt\ EsYe, CUVU] EVok tT
SU TiT. CkVd LhPPdLX, tTdLX, TUdLX,
KVdLX, CNdLX Shl\d LXLs, BV LXLs
Vm, CkVl TiThu \lT EXt EQojY].
iii

CkVs[ YTh vRXeLs Vm Td CVdLju

TUV T\Ntm. AmN, Au, EiU, SoU,
NljRuU, NLRWjYm, NUR]m, NkRm, JtU,
VLm BV ApXR UlL[ Es[Pd ClT
CkVl TiT. c CWUxQ TWUamNo, Y
YL]kRo, c AWkRo, ULjU Lk Tu\
TUdLs, CkVl TiThu UlL[
EQojs[]o. URu BjUNdVl Tt\
CkVl TiT URu U]lTdYUPk BuU SV
JUlThP EQok, C\jRuU TYR CkVl
TiT Yj\. TiUVm, RnUVm
CkVl TiT Udu\. T\lT], FoY], XeLs,
URu RXV EojRLs A]jm JeQk,
CVtLV CVkR Yr YZ YYlT CkVl
TiTPm. GpXm CutdL ]lTYVpXUp
Y\u UVu TWTWU Gum RU]u
YdtLtT, EXL SXU CkVl TiThu NWm.
Cu\V C[Oo NRVm, SU TWmTVju
TUVm, LXNWju UuUVm, TiThu
\lTm, SLLju SuUVm EQok, Sm TWR
URu JlTt\ EVoY Sm C[OoLs Rm Tj
EXt GjWdL Yim Gu\ SpXiQjPm,
Sm C[OoLs \kR UdL[L, Tis[YoL[L
ShlTtdLYoL[L YZ Yim Gum
dLPm UR] Nu\]dm CkVlTiT
TPjR UpX CWiPUi UQYoLd TPUL
Yjs[ RZL AWd TPp ]o ReL[
U]UokR SuVj Rjd Lsu\]o.

1. TiT TtV LjLm @Ru RPoLm

1. 1 TiT [dLm

1.1.1. TiT YWV\

1. 2. TiThu BVpLs

1.2.1. XjR RuU

1.2.2. Sk RuU
1.2.3. SP\ Yrt TVuTRp
1.2.4. Y[ofd ERRp
1.2.5. T ATYm
1.2.6. ATY Au [
1. 3. BkVl TiThu \lVpLs
1.3.2. AVj RuU
1.3.3. TX TiThd L[ Es[PdV
1.3.4. Nlj RuUm SpQdLm
1.3.5. UR SVm
1.3.6. YtULdPV JtUV Y[olT
1.3.7. RjYd LhTLs
1.3.8. ApXR UlLu XdL[u
1.3.8.1. Au
1.3.8.2. NjVm
1.3.8.4. AmN

TP p ]o

1.3.1. BuL AlTP

1.3.8.3. RoUm

Lpu \l Ti

iv

T[PdLm

1.3.8.5. Nk
v

1.3.8.6. NLRWjYm

2.3.5. U JtU

1.3.8.7. LQ

2.3.6. EPXUlp JtU

1. 4. TiTm SLLm

1.4.1. SLLm

2.4.2. JW W] oYLm

1.4.3. TiT SLLm JtU YtULs

11

1.5.1. AlTP LhTL[ AVf NnRp

2.4.3. Um NUVm
2.4.4. TdYWjm Nnj RPom
2.4.5. YWXm Shl Ttm

1.5.2. RY\j Roj NV EQWf NnY

2.4.6. TWmTVdL TiTh u]p Ym

Sm NnV YiY].

1.5.3. Wf]Lp oLQ ERRp

1.5.4. CVtLV CVkR \Yr

3. k NUY SLLm

2. YtUp ItU
2. 1. YtUp ItU YWV\

16

2. 2. YtU Ls

16

2.2.1. XVp YtULs

2.2.2. C] YT

3. 1. UdLs

27

3.2. SLW @Ul (Town Planning)

28

3.3. LhPPdLX (Architecture)

29

3.4.NRV X

31

2.2.3. U YT

3.4.1. EQ

2.2.4. NUV YT

3.4.2. EP

2.2.5. NRV AUlp YtULs

3.4.3. SLLm

2.2.6. T[RW YtU

2. 3. ItUd Ls

18

2.3.1. XVp AUlp JtU

3.4.4. ALXuLs
3.4.5. T Td

2.3.2. AWVp JtU

3.4.6. TiLu X

2.3.3. NUV JtU

3.4.7. TdYWjj RPo

2.3.4. TiTh JtU

3.4.8. C\kR EPpL[ APdLm NnRp

vi

21

2.4.1. AWNoLs

1.4.2. SLLm - [dLm

1. 5. TiThd Lpu TVuLs

2. 4. TiTh ItUV Y[odL QkR

LWLs

vii

3.4.9. UjYm
3.5. T[RW YrdL \

33

4. YReLs Utm WQeLp LQlTm

TiThd Ls
4. 1. YRm - Np [dLm, BXdVeLs

3.5.1. YNVm

41

4.1.1. YR LXm

3.5.2. hXeLs

4.1.2. BV YojRm

3.5.3. YhPVRp

4.1.3. YR CXdVeLs

3.5.4. t\m SnRm

4.1.3.1. NmRLs

3.5.5. UhTiPeLs

4.1.3.2. WUQeLs

3.5.6. EXLeLm Rl TsLm

4.1.3.3. BWiVLeLs

3.5.7. YLm

4.1.3.4. ETPReLs

3.5.8. A[Ls

4.1.3.5. Utm v

3.6. NUVm

35

3.6.1. Rn YT

4.1.3.6. Su YReLs
4.1.4. ETYReLs - (Upa vedas)
4. 2. tLX YRLXl TiT

3.6.2. Y YT

4.2.1. AWVp AUl

3.6.3. Xe YT

4.2.1.1. AWVp Ls

3.6.4. oYT

4.2.1.2. AWN NTLs

3.6.5. UWYT

4.2.1.3. N Gum NhPUu\m

3.6.6. Vu Utm Sl YT

4.2.1.4. NT Gu\ Vo AY
4.2.2. NRV X

3.6.7. PSmdLLs
3. 7. LX

36

4.2.2.1. mTm

3.8. FjdLs

37

4.2.2.2. TiLs X

3. 9. aWlT SLLju @

37

4.2.2.3. Lp

3.10. BkVl TiTht k

YSLLju LP

39

4.2.2.5. [Vhm TTdm

viii

4.2.2.4. EQ, EP

ix

46

4.2.3. T[RW X

4.3.7. Lp \

4.2.3.1. Rm, YLm

4.3.8. NUV X

4.2.4. NUVm

4.3.8.1. RYm

4. 3. tLX YRLXl TiT

51

4.3.8.2. RjYm

4.3.1. CXdVm

4.3.8.3. BuUm WmUm

4.3.2. AWVp \

4.3.8.4. ], T, U \

4.3.2.1. AUfNoLm AYXoLm

4. 4. YReLu UuUm BuVUVUm

58

4.3.2.2. \

4.4.1. TWRl TiThu X BRWm YReL[

4.3.2.3. YYn

4.4.2. YReLu CuVUVU

4.3.3. NRV X

4. 5. WQeLs

60

4.3.3.1. WUQoLs

4.5.1. WQm Np [dLm

4.3.3.2. bjVoLs

4.5.2. EQojm NnLs

4.3.3.3. YVoLs

4.5.3. LXm

4.3.3.4. jWWoLs

4.5.4. WQl TiLs

4.3.4. BWU \

4.5.5. WQeLu GidLm GVYm

4.3.4.1. WmUfNoVm
4.3.4.2. dWavRm
4.3.4.3. Y]lWvRm
4.3.4.4. NkVNm
4.3.5. mT Yrm UQ\m
4.3.5.1. ULo X
4.3.5.2. EQ, EP Utm T TdLs
4.3.6. T[RW X

4.5.6. WQeLu SdLm

4.6. S] LXjt YReLs Utm
WQeLu GtPU

5. BkVl TiTht RZLju LP

5. 1. Ru]Ll TiT

71

5.1.1. Rrl TiT

5.1.2. Rrl TiThu Ls

4.3.6.1. Y[iU

5.1.2.1. LRp

4.3.6.2. Lp SP Y[ol

5.1.2.2. Wm

4.3.6.3. YLm Rp \m

5.1.2.3. Sh

65

xi

5.1.2.4. kRmTp

5.3.4.7. mTjQ

5.1.2.5. DL

5.3.4.8. YLjQ

5.1.2.6. LP

5.3.4.9. TPi Q

5.1.2.7. LtPU

5.3.4.10. TVp Q

5.1.2.8. EXL JUlT

5.2. jRr

77

5.2.1. CVt\r

5. 4. NeL BXdVeLp LQlTm

NUVdLjLs

90

5.4.1. LPs, CVs, C\

5.4.1.1. YYT

5.2.2. CNjRr

5.4.1.2. YQu YT

5.2.3. SPLjRr
5.3. RpLlVm DQojm YrdL \
(@Lm, \m)

5.4.1.3. CkWu
83

5.4.1.4. Up

5.3.1. EXLjRt\m TtV Lj

5.4.1.5. jReLs

5.3.2. ALYr

5.4.1.6. Fr]

5.3.3. Q YLLs

5.4.1.7. RuXjRo

5.3.3.1. gjQ

5.4.1.8. SLp YQdLm

5.3.3.2. pXjQ

5.4.1.9. Tj YQdLm

5.3.3.3. URjQ

5.4.1.10. Tn, Rm, AQeLs

5.3.3.4. SnRp Q

5.4.1.11. CVtL YT

5.3.3.5. TXjQ
5.3.4. \Yr
5.3.4.1. YhjQ
5.3.4.2. LWkRj Q
5.3.4.3.YgjQ
5.3.4.4. LgjQ
5.3.4.5. EOj Q
5.3.4.6. Sfj Q
xii

5.4.2. \NUVeLs
5. 5. BkVl TiThtj
RrlTiThu LP
5.5.1. UdLP
5.5.2. dLpLs
5.5.2.1. LpLu \l
5.5.3. tTm
5.5.4. KVm
5.5.5. ShVm
xiii

94

6. 1. 6. R EQojm Su UodLeLs

5.5.6. ZdLs
5.5.7. WV [Vh

6. 1. 6. 1. O] UodLm

5.5.7.1. _pdLh

6. 1. 6. 2. CW_ UodLm

5.5.7.2. CkW Z

6. 1. 6. 3. LoU UodLm

5.5.8. \ LPLs

6. 1. 6. 4. Td UodLm

5.5.8.1. d\s

6. 1. 7. Ck NUV ZdLs

5.5.8.2. UjYm
5.5.8.3. CN

6. 1. 7. 1. SVL Noj Z

5.5.8.4. LlTp LhU]m

6. 1. 7. 2. SYWj Z

5.5.8.5. kRmTp

6. 1. 7. 3. TY

5.5.8.6. Sh

6. 1. 7. 4. LkRWR ZdLs

5.5.8.7. LRp

6. 1. 7. 5. d LojL Z

5.5.8.8. Wm
5.5.8.9. U]m

6. 1. 7. 6. YWj Z

5.5.8.10. Lt

6. 1. 8. NPeLm NmWRVeLm
6. 1. 9. Ck NUVd LhTLu dVjYm

6. BkVl TiTht NUVeLu LP

6. 1. Bk NUVm

6. 1. 10. CkVl TiTht Ck NUVju LP

109

6. 1. 1. N]R] RoUm
6. 1. 2. Ck NUVl TULs
6. 1. 3. BYL NUVeLs
6. 1. 4. Ck NUV CXdVeLs
6. 1. 5. Ck NUVd LhTLs
6. 1. 5. 1. AjYRm

6. 2. NUQ NUVm

134

6. 2. 1. NUQm - Np[dLm
6. 2. 2. ojReLWo
6. 2. 3. NUQ NUVl Ls
6. 2. 4. YojRU] UL Wo
6. 2. 5. NUQd LhTLs

6. 1. 5. 2. xPjYRm

6. 2. 5. 1. mULs

6. 1. 5. 3. YRm:

6. 2. 5. 2. VjYRm ApX ASLkR YRm

xiv

xv

7. BkVl TiTht TWWLu LP

6. 2. 5. 3. AmN
6. 2. 5. 4. Ik Tm SuLs ApX
TgNUaWRm

7.1. UVo LXl TiT

7.1.1. LXm

6. 2. 5. 5. SYTRojRm

7.1.2. NuLs

6.2.5.6. NUQ NUV CXdVm

7.1.3. dV AWNoLs
7.1.4. AWVp X

6. 2. 6. CkVl TiTht NUQju Te

7.1.5. NRV X

6. 2. 6. 1. NUQ CXdVm Y[ofm

7.1.6. NUV Y[of

6. 2. 6. 2. NUQoLu A\dLhTLs

7.1.7. LX Y[of

6. 2. 6. 3. AmN

7.1.8. CkV TiTht U[VoLu LP

6. 2. 6. 4. NUQ RjYm

7.2. lRo LXl TiT

6. 2. 6. 5. LX
6.3. jR NUVm

143

6.3.1. jRo
6.3.2. jRW NUV TR]Ls
6.3.2.1. Su EVV EiULs
(A) BV NjVeLs
6.3.2.2. GiYL YLs
6.3.2.3. CPY ApX UjV UodLm
6.3.2.4. oYQm
6.3.2.5. LoU]
6.3.2.6. JdLm
6.3.2.7. \Y\jRo uTt\ YiVY
6.3.3. jR NUVju Ls
6.3.4. CkVl TiTht T[jR NUVd LP
xvi

151

166

7. 2. 1. LXm
7. 2. 2. NuLs
7. 2. 3. dV AWNoLs
7. 2. 4. AWVp X
7. 2. 5. NRV X
7. 2. 6. NUV Y[of
7. 2. 7. LX Y[of
7. 2. 8. CkV TiTht lRoLu LP
7. 3. tLXl TpXYo LXl TiT
7. 3. 1.LXm
7. 3.2. NuLs
7. 3.3. dV AmNeLs
7. 3.4. AWVp X
7. 3.5. NRV X
7. 3.6. NUV X
7. 3.7. LX Y[of
xvii

179

7. 4. tLXf NZoLXl TiT

193

8.2. jYm

230

7. 4.1. LXm

8.2.1. Hv

7. 4.2. NuLs

8.2.2. NUVdLhTLs

7. 4.3. dV AWNoLs

8.2.3. jY Ri Y]eLu TLs

7.4.4. AWVp X

8.2.4. CkV TiTht jY NUVju LP

7.4.5. NRV X
7. 4. 6. NUV Y[of

9. Td BVdLm ( BPdLXm )

7. 4. 7. LX Y[of

9. 1. Td S [dLm

7. 4. 8. CkV TiTht NZoLu LP

7. 5 tLXl TiVo TiT

212

7. 5. 1. LXm
7. 5. 2. NuLs
7. 5. 3. dV AWNoLs
7. 5. 4. AWVp X
7. 5. 5. NRV X
7. 5. 6. NUV Y[of
7. 5. 7. LX Y[of
7. 5. 8. CkV TiTht tLXl TiVu
LP

8. BkVl TiThp BXmUtm jY

NUVeLu Te
8.1. BXm [dLm

227

8. 1. 1. SLs SVLm
8. 1. 2. NUVd LhTLs
8. 1. 3. CkV TiTht CvXV NUVju
LP
xviii

235

9.1.1. Td S Ru\d LWQeLs

9.1.2. Td CVdLju V TiLs
9.1.3. Td CVdLju [Ls
9. 2. BPdLX Td BVdLm
9.2.1. CWU_o
9.2.2. UjYo
9.2.3. CWUSkRo
9.2.4. mTodLo
9.2.5. Lo
9.2.6. SURYo
9.2.7. S]d
9.2.8. YpXTNVo
9.2.9. WTn
9.2.10. NRuVo
9.2.11. dLWm
9.2.12. [RNo
9.2.13. TNYo
9.2.14. HLSRo
9.2.15. oRNo
xix

240

9. 3. ArYoLs

245

9. 3. 1. BrYoLs [dLm

9.4.2.4. UdLYNLo
9.4.2.5. XLiPo

9.3.1.1. BrYoLs

9.4.2.6. CVtTL SV]o

9.3.1.2. tLXjRYoLs

9.4.2.7. C[VuU\]o

9.3.1.3. CPdLXjRYoLs

9.4.2.8. UnTs SV]o

9.3.1.4. tLXjRYoLs

9.4.2.9. j RiPo

9.3.2. BrYoLs l TPpLs

9.4.2.10. NWUu TUs SV]o

9.3.2.1. TnL BrYo

9.4.2.11. UeLVodLWVo

9.3.2.2. RjRrYo

9.4.2.12. XLYVo

9.3.2.3. TVrYo

9.4.3. NkR]fNVoLs

9.3.2.4. UNVrYo

9.4.4. SVuUoLu NUVj Ri

9.3.2.5. SmUrYo

10. NUV, NRV ojR BVdLeLs

9.3.2.6. UWLVrYo
9.3.2.7. XNLWrYo

10.1. NUV, NRV ojR BVdLeLs

Ru\ LWQeLs

9.3.2.8. TVrYo
9.3.2.9. BiPs

10.1.1. CkVu X

9.3.2.10. RiPWl TVrYo

10.1.2. ojR CVdLeLs Ru\d LWLs

9.3.2.11. lTQrYo

10.1.3. ojR CVdLeLu [Ls

9.3.2.12. UeL BrYo

10.2. WmU NU_m

9.3.3. BrYoLu AV Ri
9. 4. SVuUoLs

284

10.2.1. WmUNU_ju RiLs

258

10. 2. 1. 1. NUVj Ri

9.4.1. NUVNVo

10. 2. 1. 2. NRVj Ri

9.4.2. SVuUoLs Xo - l TPpLs

10. 2. 1. 3. GjU

9.4.2.1. O] NmTkRo

10.2.2. CWNWm ULuWn J Ul

9.4.2.2. AlTo

10. 2. 3. WUNU_m CWNWm ULuWn

LXjtlu

9.4.2.3. kRWo
xx

279

xxi

10.3. AV NU_m

288

10.4. BWUxQ BVdLm

296

10.3.1. BVNU_m - [dLm

10.4.1. CWUxQu Yr

10.3.2. BVNU_ju LhTLs

10.4.2. CWUxQu LsLLs

10.3.3. BoV NU_ju NVpTLs

10.4.3. Y YL]kRo

10.3.3.1. YReL[l TWlY

10.3.3.2. CkVl TiThP UdLPm
Gjf NpY
10.3.3.3. Lp Y]eL[ EYdRp
10.3.4. NRV Ri
10.3.4.1. TiLs SXmTRp
10.3.4.2. ZkRLs CpXm
10.3.4.3. RYLs CpXm
10. 3. 4. 4. LPlThP / ASR TiLdL]
BWUm
10.3.4.5. RiPo dLs
10.3.5. NRV UUXof
10.3.5.1. ZkR UQjt GWL
10.3.5.2. TXRW UQjt GWL
10.3.5.3. YVR] BiULu UQjt
GWL
10. 3. 5. 4. BiLm TiLm NLo NU]m

10.4.4. CWUxQ CVdLm YlTPp

10.4.5. CWUxQ CVdLju SdLeLm
dLsLm
10.4.6. YL]kRo TuULs
10.5. WU O] NT

303

10.6. LkVLs YrdL YWX

305

10.6.1. ULjUu C[UlTYm

10.6.2. CkV RXm ULjUm
10.6.2.1. R CVdLm
10.6.2.2. VWwVm
10.6.2.3. NoYRVm
10.6.2.4. AmN
10.6.2.5. NjVWam
10.6.3. NRV NYLs

11. DXLl TiTht BkVu LP

11. 1. \ SLp BkVl TiT

10. 3. 5. 5. N \Lm iPULm

11.1.1. T[jR NUVm

10. 3. 5. 6. RlTjRp (Shuddhi)

11.1.2. NUvRm Rm

10. 3. 5. 7. BVNU_ju RiLs SPTm

CPeLs

11.1.3. CkV RXm ULjU Lkm

10.3.6. Y RV]kRo J Ul
xxii

11.1.4. RoRpLs
11.1.5. A\d LhT
xxiii

325

11.1.6. TgN Xm
11.1.7. Y X CkVl TLs
11.1.8. TpY CVdLeLs
11. 1. 8. 1. UR SVm
11. 1. 8. 2. EVokR RjYeLs
11. 1. 8. 3. \kR EXLjRWm YnkR CXdVeLs
11. 1. 8. 4. RnU, TiU
11. 1. 8. 5. AmN
11. 1. 8. 6. AU
11. 1. 8. 7. iLX
11. 1. 8. 8. VL
11. 1. 8. 9. GUV]Yrm EVokR
kR]Lm

12. BkVl TiTm, tf Zp Lpm

12. 1. tl\f Zp Lp - [dLm

333

12. 2. BkV tfZp

334

12.2.1. UXLs
12.2.2. SLs
12.2.3. UWeLs
12.2.4. T\YLm XeLm
12.2.5. LPm, Lm
12.2.6. TgNReLs
12.3. BVtLV BVkR Yr

339

12.4. tl\f Zp UQYoLu Te

340

xxiv

1. TiT TtV LjLm

@Ru RPoLm
EXp Ym UdLs A]Ym CVpTLY m
\lUL YZ mu\]o. AUm U] Urfm
\kR YrY SpYr Bm. CjRLV SpYr YZ
NRVm Nu\oLs \kRRL CdL Yim.
CR]XV YsYl TkRL,
TiPVol Thi EXLm A@ Cu\p
Uid UnY Uu - Gu\o.

NmUV] Yrt AjR[Un AUY TiT.

CfNp LXNWm G] YZeLl Tt\. LXNWm Gu\
Npd CQV] Rrf NpXL TiT Gu\
NpX . .L.RmTWSR]o AYoLs EYdd
Ljs[o. ClTPjp TiT TtV LjL[m
TiThd LpVp Sm Tm SuULs, Utm CkVl
TiThu \lL[m YLd LiTm.

1. 1. TiT [dLm
TiT Gum Np TiT Bt GuTo
TiTjRp Gu\p oTjRp, NmUl TjRp G]l
TsTm EXL EoLu YrLd CuVUVR
EQ. Cq EQY Spm EZj Rp Tt Pj
YsYo EZYu XjR TXNp EZ Yim Gu\o.
TV Ui LhLs L[m YW EZ Yim. AqY
EYRp Ak Xjt J Gm CP YiP
Gu\o. CqY EYRp Ui LsLPV Ltm
V YfNm k ToLh YiV FhPf NjR
Ru\] Gu\ TiUV EQoj\o. CR]V,
TiTjRp Gu\m.
1

CjRLV TiThP Xjp EZYu Ru RjRYt\

TuUPe Td [T[l T\u. ATX
Sm U]jR SpX TZdL YZdLeL[m. LpVYm,
EVokR ATYeL[m TdYlTj StQjR
Y[olTR TiT Bm. U]R RuU TjRd
LWQm Sm GR U]p kdu\U AR]V
NpXLm NVXLm YlTj\m. G]Y Ru
ALju AZ Ljp Rm Gu\ TZU YZdp
Es[. G]Y U]p SpX GiQeL[ Y[ojd Ls[
Yim. SpX GiQeL[V \kR A, JdLm,
APdLm, T, CuNp \od ERm URSVm Tu\
EVV TiL[ Y[ojdLs[ Yim.
1. 1. 1. TiT-YWV\

TiT Tt Nu\oLm, YWXt YpSoLm

s[ LjLs TiThu \l] [dYRL
AUu\].
1.

E.B. PnXo :- URu NRVjp Ko AeLj]u.

CkXp AYu APks[ A, SmdL, LX,
JdLd LhTLs, NhPm, TZdL YZdLeLs
BVYt\ Rus APdV J UV]
RlT TiT

2.

YpPo:- AYWYo Au\Pl TL[ SoUV]

U]XPm,
SoUV]
SdPm,
UrfPm NnYp Ru TiT o\.

3.

L.Gm. u:- TiT GuT V Yr \,

CqYr \ UdLs SmdL Yjs[ AlTP
UlL[p FddLlT\.

4.

PdPo No... CWUN AnVo:- YrtV

YZdLU] TL[ \UVLf NnYR ETPReLs
2

Yju\]. ETPRd LjL[ WTlTR

TiT.
5.

RZOo Lj:- Rr Up TiT GuT

Nu\iUVV JdLm ApX EVokR Yf
NpRp Gu\ T[ Rus Li YrY
\lTPVf NnY Gu TsT\.

TiThP eLd Pj J URPm

LQlTm u Ls \V EPp, Es[m, BuU.
CYts EPp AVdV. AVR RuUPV Eu
WTlT Es[m. G]Y TiTPY EWm
Es[jRm NmUlTj AL Y[ofV UVULd
LiPR GuTo.

1. 2. TiThu BVpLs
TiT Lt EQWj RdL. EXp Rum GYm
CVpTLY EVV TiT[WLl \lTpX. Ru Ym
NRVjp Ck LtdLsm EVV YrdL
S\L[ \kR TiT[WL EYdu\.

1. 2. 1. XjR RuU:
TiT XV] RuU LiP. TiThd Ls
U\R, AVR RuUPV]. URu AkRm AVR
RuUPV TiT AY]j RPok Ym. CR]V
YsYo,
JUdLi RuLt\ Lp JYt
GUm HUl EPj.

Gu\ \s Xm [d\o. Lp GuT XY

Uhm Ls[Up Su]L[l uTtRXm YsYo
Lp Gu\ \o.
3

1. 2. 2. Sk RuU:
TiT XjR RuU LiPPu Sm RuU
LiP. PlVL Ju\V Ls[Up rXdj
RkRtTX Y[k Rm CVp LiP X CPeLp
L]U] EPm, X CPeLp GUV]RLm
TiThd Ls NVpTYRd Li\m. YsYo
YnUV EVokR A\m Gum YnUu RYRp
P Gum Yj\o. B]p AYW TnUm
t\Ut\ SuUVl \odj RUu YnUVLY
LRlTm Gu\o.
TnmUm YnU CPjR WokR
SuU TVdm Gu
Gum \s Xm [d\o.

1. 2. 3. SP\ Yrtl TVuTRp

TiT R URu u]t\jtm NRV
u]t\jtm EV dL[ AlTPVLd
LiP. SP\ Yrt YiV CuVUVR
YrVp SL[d LiP. YnUVV Tn
TNU, AmNVV \ EoLh e NnVU,
CWdLUV LQ U]lTuU Gu TX Au\P
YrVp EiUL[ GjdLhPLd \Xm.

1. 2. 4. Y[ofd ERRp
JqY Sm \ SLPu HRm J YLp
RPo Lis[]. TZeLXjp YLjRm
TPVlL[m RPo HtThP. CjRPo
TiThj RdLjt jhP. Cu\V Sp AVp
Utm RphT Y[ofVp A]jj \Lm EXL
SLs JuPu Ju SeV RPo Lis[].
CkR Xp TiThj RdLm EiPY CVtLV.
B]p CkR TiThj RdLm GqYLm AkSLu
4

UV] Y[ofd RPVL CpXUp Vm FW

VYm Lo Gu\ TWkR EXL[V U]lTuUV
XShYRt EQVL Es[.

1. 2. 5. T ATYm
TiThPu NVpTY J URd UhU
ApX J NRVjt UhU EV ATYm Au.
A EXLm Ym Ym UR C]m A]jtm
EUV] T ATYm Bm.

1. 2. 6. ATY Au [
EXp GkR C SLu TiTm Ju\L
ClTpX. JqYum Ut\uk UTh
[eu\. JqY TiTm J lhP UdLu
ATY A]p YkR [ Bm.

1. 3. BkVl TiThu \lVpLs

CkVl TiT EXL A[p Eu]R CPjRl
Tts[. Cl TiThu Eu]Rd LjL[Y].

1. 3. 1. BuL AlTP
C\Qo, BuL YhL CqWiU CkVl
TiThu AjR[m. AVR BuUu YhLVV
Tt\VPV C\ EQo CuVUVR. C\
EQoY Y[odL NUVm CuV UVR. NUVm CkVl
TiThu B Yo. NUVjRl \dLjRp CkVl
TiT T[t\R m. NjVm, RoUm, AmN Tu\
TpY A\dLhTL[m LoUS, U\d
LhT, AYRWd LhT BV A]jRm J
NWl Tt \k [eY CkVl TiThu RXY
V RuU G]Xm.
5

1. 3. 2. AVj RuU
SU CkVl TiT Lm TZU YnkR. NU
LXjp Ru Eu]R Xp LrkR GlV, WdL,
EWUV, TXVl TiTLs LX Ys[jp
Ak T]. B]p SU CkVl TiT Cum
XTt EPm Eu]R Xm, Lrk
Y\. AWu BRW CpXUm, TpY AkVl
TPVlLs LrkR Tm SU CkVl TiT
AYt\p GqR Tlm CpXUp BXUWU] k
TWks[.

1. 3. 3. TX TiThd L[ Es[PdV
YWXtd LXjt uk CuYW BV,
WP, TWL, WdL, AWV, IWlV, CXV, jRY
TiTLu V LhTLu hQlTLf \k
[eYR CkVl TiThu Rf \l G]Xm.

1. 3. 4. Nlj RuUm SpQdLm

CkVl TiThu Lf \kR Ti ARu Nlj
RuU G]Xm. A Ru] S YkR RoLs, CXVo,
jRYoLu TiThd L[ YdLpX. U\L
AYtp LQlThP AV EiUL[ Rm
HtdLi AWYQjf NpY CRu EVV TiTm.

1. 3. 5. UR SVm
CkVl TiT, CWdLm, LQ, AmN, Cu]
NnVU Tu\ TpY L[ AlTPVLd
LiP. \od ERm AeQm, CkVl TiThu
\kR \m.
CR]V YsYo,
At\o AT ojRp A@ JYu
Tt\u TsYl
6

Gum \s Xm T[l Tt\Yo \od

ERRX T[l Tt\Ru TVu Gu\o. TR
Uhm Au, \ A]j YL ERL[l TiThPo
\od Nn AVl Lr Tt [eYR YWXtp
Sm Li\m.

1. 3. 6. YtULdPV JtUV Y[olT

CkVj Qd LiPjp C]m, U, GiQm,
NUVm, RjYm, NPe, TZdLYZdLm Tu\ TpY
YrdL XLp YtULs Clm AkR
YtULd PV JtU EQoY FhY
CkVl TQThu \l.

1. 3. 7. RjYd LhTLs
TXL YrdLdj RYV] UjYm,
AVp, LXLs, NRV A, To\, YW, NX,
T[RWd LhTLs BVYtu dVjYjR
EQojY CkVl TiT. J Tu TX XLp
Ck ARu EiU XV AV ERm RjYd
LhTL[ AlTPVLd LiP CkVl TiT.

1. 3. 8. ApXR UlLu XdL[u

1. 3. 8. 1. Au

JYo JYo Njm TNU Au G]lTm.

C@ CWdLm, T, LQ Tu\ TX NtL[p
AZdLlTu\. Au AlTPV AuTm.
1. 3. 8. 2. NjVm

NjVm GuT EiU G]lT\. Es[jk

YY EiUV]m, Yk YYRp YnU
G]m AZdLlT\. EPXp YY UnU
Cmu\m Es[PdV Np NjVUm.
7

1. 3. 8. 3. RoUm

ClWTgNm CVe LilTR RoUju

AlTPXVm. \d ERY (YVYd) Rp
A\m, DL G]l Ts Ls[lT\.
1. 3. 8. 4. AmN

LpXU GuTR AmNVm. GiQm, Np,

NVp CYLu Xm \d uTm NnVU.
1. 3. 8. 5. Nk

U] mUV NkVm. U] mUV U] AUd

YYd\. JYu C\YPjp Ru]
AolTdmT Nk Pd\.
1. 3. 8. 6. NLRWjYm

A]Ym NLRWW. GpXm K]m, GpXm

Ko\ GuTm NLRWjYjR Gj CVmYRVm.
Vm FW VYm Lo, Gu\ LVu eu\]u
Ljm CY.
1. 3. 8. 7. LQ

\ EoLPjd Lhm AuT LQ. UWm, N,

L, , f, Xe Tu\ A]j EoLPjm
NjRlTm CWdLU LQVm.

1. 4. TiTm SLLm

LL[Ll TVuTjR tThPu. Ck

URPV TlTV] A Y[of RuVR
AVXm.
CjRLV URu Aj EXLeL[ Ak
EXLeL[p B] LL[l TVuTj]u.
RPdLjp YhPVV YrkR URu TlTVL
LpSP Y[ol, Toj Rp, SNj Rp G] TX
RpLp DThPu. T[RW u]t\jRp
YNV] L[ AUj YZj RPe]u. Um
Ru \YrYf \lTPVf Nnm BP, ALXuLs,
JlT]l TsLs, EQ YLLs, TjWeLs,
Y][V LWeLs, UP ULLs, AZV
SgNXLs, FoLs, RtNXLs, Y],
RXT, RXdLh, u] AgNp Tu\
\Lp Y[ofVPks[u. G]Y URu Ru
Au\Pj RYLu AlTPp YrdL YNL[
Tdd LiPu. Cl\j RYLu Y[ofV
SLLm.

1. 4. 2. SLLm - [dLm
SLLm Gu\ Np SLo Gum NpXVLl \kR.
SLo + ALm SLWLm SLLm SLLm. to UdLm
SLW UdLs \YrtV YNLs A]jm Tt
[eTYoLs. SLW YrdLV SLL YrdL GuT
Lj. SLLm SLm RuUPV. \Y[of Sd
Ss Y[ofVPk YYRd Li\m.

1. 4. 3. TiT - SLLm - JtU - YtULs

1. 4. 1. SLLm
UR Yru RPdL LXUV TZV LtLXm, V
LtLXjp U] Y[of Utm A Y[of CpXUp
XeL[l TX URu YrkRu. TZV LtLXjp
LWWP] LtL[d LL[L TVuTj]u. V
LtLXjp oUm, YYlm EPV LtL[
8

SLLm TiTm Ju\ Ju RPoPV C

UThP Ls G]Xm. SLLm GuT \ Y[ofVd
u\. TiT GuT ALY[ofVV BuL EVo
Y[ofd EQVL AU\.
UR Yru C AlTPd Ls \V
EPm Em Bm. Cp SLLjR EPp G]Xm.
9

\j RYLu Y[ofVp J S Cus[ Zp

Yru GpXj \Lm EXLl Lr Tt
RPjRl T\Xm. AkS APks[ AVp
\, Rp \ Utm TpY LilLs AkSh
UdLu YrdLj RWjR EVojRXm. Rp Y[ofVp
T[RW EVom HtTPXm. CqY[ofLs A]jU
\Y[of.
TiT Ed CQV]. TiT UdLu AL
Y[of. UdLs U]p Ru Jou\ EVo QeLu
Rl. CfV TiT UdLu GiQm, Np, NVp
CYt\p YlT\. UR Yrp \
Y[ofdPV ALY[ofNVV JdLm, T,
YnU, nU, CWdLm URSVm RX] ALY[ofd
Lu NVp TP TiT G]Xm.
G]Y EPu Eo AUV GuTRtLtT
SLLm TiTm JuPu Ju RPoPV C
AlTPd Ls G]Xm.

YtULs
A. SLLm \Y[of TiT ALY[of.
B. \Y[ofVd dm SLLju LXjR,
RuUV A[hd \Xm. B]p rXLd
HtT UTu\ ALUt\jR HtTjm TiThP
A[P V.
C. SLL Y[of YLU]. TiT J \V]
W] Y[ofVd LiP.
D.

SLL Ut\eLs, Y[ofLs EXp GkR Shp GkR

CPjp HtThPm AYt\ GqR L]m
CpXUp GRL GpXm Ak uTt\Xm.
TiT GuT kR Vtu AlTPp U]m
JuVYoLs, JjRd LjPVYoLs UhU
uTt\d V.
10

GjdLh : RLYp RPo NR]eLu TVuT

ClTWkR EXu GkRl Tm U\R Ju.
Ut\eL[ EPdPu Ak uTt\Xm. U\L
LXLs, CXdVeLs, NUVd LhTLs BV
ALdLhTLp JqY Shtm C]jtm
CPV YTLs Xu\]. G]Y AYt\
HtPj YiV], YiPR]Yt\ BWnk
UtLs[ Yis[.
E. SLLjtm TiThtPV YTLs
LQlTm \kR \ YrdLV AlTPVLd
LiP SLLm CpXVp \kR TiThPd
LQ CVX. AUuU, AfNm, ZlTm,
T\U, Np, EPm, Es[jm, ofVt\
X ApX JqYR X LQlThPp TiT
Y[ofV LQ VR AR X Ru SLL
Y[ofdm HtTm.
eLd u TiTPV ALY[ofu
AlTPp BuU YhLV \ Nn Li
\Y[ofVV SLLd Lp \kR]Yt\ Ht
ApXR]Yt\ d YrkRp CqXL YrdL
CVRm. GjdLhPL Cu A Ndj \p
Tm URm Y[ofm HtThs[. CkR Y[ofV
uNd Utm TpY SXl TLd TVuTjRXm
U\L ANdV At TVuTjR YiP.

1. 5. TiThd Lpu TVuLs

YWXtd LpV] Sm u]oL[l Ttm
YrdL \Ls, AWVp TiTh \L[ AV
ER\. AVp Lp Cu\V Yrt ELkR
AVp Rp hT AY Y[od\. A TX
UjYm, Y]p, YLm, T[RWm Tu\ TpY
TPeL[ AYRu YXL YrY Y[lTjd
Ls\m. Cl TiThd LpVp Sm APm
TVuL[ YLd LiTm.
11

1. 5. 1. AlTPd LhTL[ AVf NnRp

EXu El TsL[V A\m, Ts, CuTm
BV Su]m Ak A\Yr YZ ERY
TiThd Lp. TVu LR LPUV NnRp Gum
LPU EQo, Cu] NnVU, YnU, Nlj RuU
Tu\ TpY EVV AlTP EiUL[ AVf
NnY TiThd Lp Gu\p A LVL.

Tt ]dLs
A. K YLp PV
1.

UdLs GjRLV Yr YZ mu\]o?

2.

SpYr GuT GjRLV?

3.

NRVm GjRLVo \kRRn CdL Yim?

4.

TiT Gu\ Npt CQV] Y J NpX

G.

5.

TiT Gum Npu AlTPV] Np G?

6.

TiTjRp Gu\ Npu Ts V?

7.

U]jR GYt\p TiTjRXm?

8.

TiT Tt E.B. PnXu Lj V?

9.

TiT Tt YpPo Y V?

10.

L.Gm. uu TiT TtV Lj V?

Cu\V Wf]Ls GqY[ dLX]YVL

Clm AYtt o LQ ERY CkVl TiT.
AWVp, T[RW, Y]Vp, UjY LjL[ SU
A\ pL[] d\s RX]Y WTdu\].
CYt\d LtTRu YXL Wf]Ld o Gp
LQXm.

11.

TiThPl Tt ^o. .. CWUvY IVo Y V?

12.

TiThu CVpLs j HRm CWiPd ?

13.

TiT J T ATYm GqY?

14.

ATY Au [Y TiT GqY?

15.

CkVl TiThu \l CVpLp HRm CWiPd

?

1. 5. 4. CVtLV CVkR \Yr

16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.

CkVl TiThu Rl Tg\lTY G?

\YrY \lTPV Nnm LilLs GY?
SLLm Np[dLm RL.
SLL Y[of GjRLV?
SLL Y[ofm TiTh Y[ofm GjRLV]?
TiThd LpVp Sm APm TVuLs CWiPd L.
YWXtd LpVp Sm AY] VY?
AVp LpVYp Sm AY] VY?
EXu ElTsLs VY?
ALY[ofd Lu NVpThP GqY AZdLXm?

1. 5. 2. RY\j Roj NV EQWf NnY

YrVp TiTh SL[ Ak Sm NVpLp
NV]Y GY? RY\]Y GY? G] AX, BWnk
NV]Yt\ HtLm RY\]Yt\ RolTRtm EV
Bt\Xj RY TiThd Lp.

1. 5. 3. Wf]Lp oLQ ERRp

TiThd Lp YXL Sm u]o YrkR CVtL

Yr \V Ak Sm uTt Yrk EVW
ERu\ YReLs. WQeLs BV NUV CXdVeLs
CVtL YT. CVtL EQ, CVtL UjY
\L[j RYLd u\]. AYt\ LtTRp Sm
Sm Yrp uTt \lTPV ER\. SU
RuUV] \kR TiTh TWmTVjR AV CdLp
TVuT\. TZUp UV CQj V Yr
YZ TiThd Lp ER\.
12

13

B. J Tj A[p ApX Tj YLd LUp

PV
1.
XjRl TiTjR YiVRu AYVjR YsYo
GqY \o.
2. TiT TtV RZoLu LjRd .
3. TiThu UVdLjRL \lTY V?
4. TiT XjR RuUV GuTR [dL.
5. SP\ Yrp TiThu TVuThP GL.
6. CkV TiTht BuL EQoY AlTP GqY?
7. CkVl TiT AVj RuU EPV GeM]m?
8. URPV TlTVL A Y[of HtThPR [dL
9. SLLm \Y[of GuTR [dL.
10. EXu ElTsLs G] \lTY] VY?
11. SLLm RuV RjR Y.
12. TiThP GqY UmTjd Ls[Xm.
C. J TdL A[p ApX lT YLd LUp
PV
1.
TiT Tt Nu\oLu LjL[ Rjd L.
2. TiT SkRuU LiP GuTR [dL.
3. Y[ofdl TiT ER\ CR] Bn Nn
4. CkVl TiT TX TiThd L[ Es[PdV
GuTR Y.
5. UR SVU CkVl TiThu AjR[m GuTR Y.
6. CkVl TiThu ApXR UlLu XL[
Y.
7. TiT ALY[of GuTR Y.
8. TiThd Lpu TVuLs CWi] Y.
D. Su TdLeLd LUp PV
1.
TiThu CVpL[ Yj GL.
2. TiT Ttm TiThd LpVp SXmTm TVuL[
Y.
3. CkVl TiThu \lVpL[j Rjd L.
4. SLLm TiT Gum NtL[ [d, RPo Utm
YtUL[ G.
14

2. YtUp ItU
TWR S TZmTm S
o ARu RpYo Ck] ALt\o
Gu\o ULL TWVo.

CjRLV TU YnkR TWR ShP u]

LXjp TWRu BiP LWQjRp TWRLiPm G]m
TWR Yx Gum AZdLlTYRLl WQf
NnL[p A\m. _mj Gu\ Ut\ TVm
YZdp Es[.
BWmT LXjp TWL, WdLl TPVlLu
[Yp CkV, CkvR]m Gu\ TVoLs EY].
CYoL[ TPVlLs k S WjPu u T].
k GuTR AYoLs k Gu EfNjRoLs. CR]j
RPok CPdLXjp YkR vmLm Sm ShP
kvRu Gu AZjR]o.
CjRLV TZUm TUm YnkR Sm S J
TLtT S Gu\ XVp TUV EPV. T V
CUVUXj RPoLs YPdp CVtL AWQLm, RtL
Ckl TeLPm, Zdm Utm \V YeLd
LPm, AWd LPm CVtL AWQL Es[]. Um
CkV iP LPtLWV EPV S Gu\ TUm
EPV.
CRu XlTWl, TpYLlThP C]d Ls, UThP
RhT YlTXLs, X AUlLs. CR] V Cs
rkR LXeV hPVdLUp J LiPju Ti]d
Ljs[]. CkR AUl YWXtp J \lT] CPUL
Qd LiPm Gu\ TUV Rtjs[].
15

2. 1. YtUp ItU YWV\

TWkR SU TWR RNm XVp AUl, C]m, U,
CXdVm, NUVm, NRV AUl, T[RWm, YrdLf
NPeLs Utm NmWRVeL[p YThP L[d
LikRm CkVo Gu\ JUlTh EQo
UdLPm iPLXULY X Yu\. CR]V
YtUp JtU Gu\m. CkR YtUp
JtU Gum EVV LhTP CkV TWmTVju
Rf \l G]Xm.

2. 2. YtUd Ls
2. 2. 1. XVp YtULs
SU S TWkR S. CjRLV TWkR Shp JW W]
CVtL AUlTd LQ V. TpY YLlThP
RhTYlT XL[m, Vp AUlL[m
Li\m. J \m NlT] k LeLf NUYVm
AR SWjp U\m W_R], k TXY]eL[m
Li\m. NlT] Ts[jRdl TLm UP]
PLm Es[]. Bi m UZ Tu\
Av^m UX Wgm, UZV LQR Y\iP
RukVl TLm Es[]. Lem, LPm
U U X YYRd Li\m. CjRLV XVp
YTLs Sm Shp Xu\].

2. 2. 2. C] YT
TZmTm SPV SU Shp TpY C]eL[f
NokR UdLs Yrk Yu\]o. BWmTjkR
CkVp UdLs RL k LQlThPRLY
A\m. SU Shp WdL, NdV, a], `],
AWV, dV BlLV C]UdL[d Li\m.
Cu\V Zp Cum TZe]Wm, SLLjp
16

rV SLWYL[m, Li\m. LW[ UXTo Y]

UdLs odLU] LlTPm, Lxo UdLs SpX
\jRm AZLm Tt\YoL[n ClTRd
Li\m. Av^VoLs CjRLV Ls RYlTm
Rjp ClTRm Li\m. G]Y PdPo vj
CkVY C] AeLhVLm Gu\o.

2. 2. 3. U YT
SU S CeXk, Wuv Tu\ SL[l TX
JW UVl Tm S Au. Sm Shp Nt\ H\jRZ
845 ULs X Yu\]. CYts X ULs
lPjRdLY. NUvRm, Rr, k, YeL, TgN,
_Wj, UWj, Re, Lu]Pm, UXV[m Tu\Y
XYm.
UL[l TXY Gj YYeLm CjRLV
YThP AUlLs Es[]. JW W] Gj \
CpX. TiPV T, RYSL, WkRm BV ULu
Gj\ Cu\V ULu Gj\Lu
tm UTh Es[].

2. 2. 4. NUV YT
CkVp Ym UdLs A]Ym JW NUVjRl
uTtYpX. EXu RX \kR NUVeL[] Ck
NUVm, NUQ NUVm, T[jR NUVm, CXV NUVm, jRY
NUVm To NUVm BVY CkVp uTt\lTh
YYRd Li\m. Um CmUReLp TX EhLs
ClTRm, AYt\m UdLs uTt YYRm
Tod\m.
2. 2. 5. NRV AUlp YtULs
UdLPm LQlTm EQ, EP, ALXuLs, TZdL
YZdLeLm UTh ClTRd Li\m. Ym
17

\p YTLs Es[]. YP CkV UdLu YrdL

\ Ru]L UdLu YrdL \u UTh
ClTRd Li\m. BP ALXuL[ Am
\, EQl TsL[ Eim \ BVYtp
LQlTm YTLs YlTPVLj Ru\].
UdLu UW \Lm NRV AUlLp YTLs
ClTRd Li\m.

2. 2. 6. T[RW YtU
GkR J Shm JW W] T[RW YrdL
XVd LQ CVX. SU Sm ARt XdLu.
Cem J NWo Eim EQd Hem J NWo
Eim EQY Qjm Ym X Es[. UP
ULLp YrTYo J\dL, KXd NLm
JiP VUp Rdm UdLs U\m G]l T[RW
YtUVd LiPLd LQXm.
CqY Sm Shu A]jj \Lm
XLm YtUd Ls \k PlTRd
Li\m. Gm JtU XY Ru CRu Rf
\l.

2. 3. ItUd Ls
2. 3. 1. XVp AUlp JtU
XVp Lp GjRLV YtULs LQlTm
WQ LXkRhP SmS TWR S Gum TV]d
Lis[. XVp AlTPp kV NjW UXj
RPoLs Sm ShP YPCkV Gum RukV Gum
lT Tu LQlTm Sm CkV S TWR LiPm
Gu\ YZeLlT\. CkR JW TVW JtU EQod
dVf Nu Bm. CdLju AlTPp Ru Rn
18

SPV TWR ShP RVL EYLm Nn TWR UR

G] A]Ym LiP Y\m.

2. 3. 2. AWVp JtU
CkV YWXtp NdWYoj Gum V Np Lj
RYL CkV UVm JW AWNo BiP XV
[d\. G]Y AWVm S Udm JtU
EQoY HtTjs[. Um Sm ShP BiP
Uu]oLs \V CW_ W_u, AW_u, HdWh, NmWh,
Wh, NoYT[U Tu\ ThPeL[l Tt m \lUL
BiPU YWXt\p AVlT\. CkV UVm
Yt Li BiPUV ClThPeLs R
Tju\]. Um AWNoLs CW_Vm, AYURm,
Y_TVm Gu\ YsL[f NnRRL A\m. AWVp
JtU X]p UhU CjRLV YsL[ NnV
CVm. G]Y YRLXk RhP AWVp JtU
CkVp XV.
CPlThP LXjp BiP ULXVl TWWNoL[]
AdTo, J[WeLl Tu\o CkV Udm JW UjV
oYL AUlT HtTj]o. S Udm JW W]
NhPeLs, T SQVeLs, AYXL UVL TWL
U, iP SgNXLs G] EYd JtUV
XSh]o. BeXVo S Udm TY]
CWp TRLs, RTp Rk CXL G] JtU EQoY
Y[odm Rjp BiP]o. RkWjt u RN
NUvR]eLs CkVd VWPu CQk CkVd VW
SPL Cu EXp Lr\.

2. 3. 3. NUV JtU
CkVp Es[ NUVeLs TXYtp TmTX]Y
J LPs LhT, BuUu AYt\ RuU, AYRWd
19

LhT, T Gu TX LjLp JjR RuU

PV]YL Es[]. NUVf NPeLm, TZdL
YZdLeLm AlTPV] RuULs Ju\LY
Es[]. YP CkVoLs RtL CWUvYWm YW Rl
TVQeL[ UtLsu\]o. RukVp YlTo
L VjW UtLsu\]o. CkV Udm
CWUVQm, ULTWRm BV C CLNeLm
WLVeL[L LrYPu LR Yp Tdl
TdPu TPlTu\]. Sm Shp LQlTm A]j
NUVeLu UVd LhT Td, AmN, T.
CR APYRtV BuL SLm A\dLhTLm
CkVo A]Ydm HtPV]YL Es[UVp
URSpQdLm SmPV JoYRd Li\m.

2. 3. 4. TiTh JtU
TpY C]jRf NokR UdLs JeL Yrk
EVV TiThP EXLVf Nns[]o. CkVl
TiThP WTdm CXdVeLs TXYtp JW W]
TiThd Ls, kR]Ls ClTRd Li\m. JW
W] CXdVd LjLs, RjY SLs. UWLs, YrdL
\Ls S YRtm JW UVL ClTRd
Li\m. NRV Yru TiTh AjR[UL Es[
NUVf NPeLs, NRV YrdL \, ZdLs, YrVp
SLs BVY JW RuUPu ClTRd Li\m.
TY, RNW, TeLp, xQ _Vk, NWvY _,
SVLo Noj, CWm_u, vUv, ULo _Vk Utm
jR oU Tu\ TiLLs Sm TiTh JtUV
EXLVf Nnu\].

2. 3. 5. U JtU
ANLPV LXjp jRURd LjLs UdLd
Gp [em T Up TWlTlThPRL A\m.
20

NUvR U, k, UWj, _Wj, YeL ULs

CkV JtUd EWm NojR]. RdLQjp Rr, Re,
Lu]Pm, UXV[m, Gum WP ULs Ik
Gu\ TUV Tt\]. G]Y ULs TXYm
AYttPV LjRtU XV GuT
HtPVRm.

2. 3. 6. EPXUlp JtU
BVoLs, NdVoLs, a]oLs G] TpY
C]jRYoLs CkVp V]o. S[Pp
CkVoLPu UVLd LXk ReLs RjRuUV
CZkR]o. CXVoLm, jRYoLm CeL Yk Re
YrkR]o. CkVX Yrk, Ces[ EQl
TsL[ Ei, JWRU] RhTYlT XLp
Yrk Au\P LPUL[ \Yt AVpShPYm
S[Pp CkVW]o. BLY Ce Ym UdLs
A]Ym CkVl TiThj RdLjRp JW BUl
TiTm Tt Yrk Yu\]o.
CjRLV TpY XLp YtULs
JqYum JtUV XShm AmNeL[L
NVpTu\].

2. 4. TiTh ItUV Y[odLj QkR

LWLs
Sm TWR Shu V LhTPV YtUp
JtU GqY o\ GuTR AkRm. C
JtUV Y[odu\ LWL[d LiTm.

2. 4. 1. AWNoLs
CkVl TShP Bh k YWXtp \ldL
CPm Tt\YoLs. ANLo, NkWlRu, NjWlRu,
AXu, AdTo, J[WeLl Tu\YoL[Yo. CYoLs Ui
21

BN LWQUL CkVu TmTV Yt

LiP]o. TX t\WL[ CQj CkVY J
Pu r B[ tThP]o. AWNoL[ RPok WoLs
ReLs Wf NVpL[ XShP m]o. CYoLPV
NVpLm SU TiThPm JtUVm Y[ojR].

2. 4. 2. JW W] oYLm
ShPViP lRoLs, ULXVoLs, BeXVoLs
Bh LXjp GpX UXeL[m, Ju\d W] Bh
AUl]p oYLm NnR]o. CfV oYL AUl
TiTh JtUd jhP.

2. 4. 3. Um NUVm
TZeLXjp NUvRm, RtLXjp BeXm,
km, Rm, TiTh JtUVl TY[odL
QkR]. CXdVeLs, LlVeLs, WQeLs,
CLNeLs G] A]jm CmULp U TVodLl
ThP]. X XdLjRd Li RjRm TiTLhm
HtTj RVdLlThP]. CWUVQm YPUp Yu
YWm, kp [RNWm, Rp Lf
NdLWYoj LmTWm CVt\lThPUV Li\m.
CmYU UVd Lj U\Up RjRm TiThtQeL
RPoPV NnL[d s[]o.
TpY NUVeLdm XdL[]Lj Lm Ck
NUVm UdLu BuL Yrm, ALf kR]m
EVV JtUV TY[odLj Q kR].

2. 4. 4. TdYWjm Nnj RPom

BeXVo LXjp LiYWlThP Cll
TRLs, RTp Utm Rk \, RXT, Y],
Y] Fo, TkLs, NXLs Tu\Y TVQ SWjR
\jRPu TLlT]l TVQjt ERV. Nnj
22

RPoT AjR. CR]p UdLs TX CPeLhm GRL

Nu YkR]o. TiTh JtUd C jhP. Cu
Y[ok Ym AVp Rp hTju LWQU]
RXdLh, L, u] AgNp \ (E-mail),
RX SL (FAX) CYtu TVuTL[ Ak Um
JYPu JYo SeV RPo Li Yru\m.

2. 4. 5. YWXm Shl Ttm

TY] YWXt UWL[ SU CXdVeLm \
TPeLu YXLm A\m. YWXt UWL[
Ak Sm SU TiTh JtUV Y[odL Yim
Gu\ EQo Ru\. RX CVdL YWXt\ Ak
S, ShlTt dLYoL[n YZ Yim Gu\ EQo
UmT\. G]Y TiTh JtUV SU YWXt
A Shl Tt, RV EQo BVY Y[odL
Qu\].

2. 4. 6. TWmTVdL TiTh u]p Ym

Sm NnV YiY]
YtUp JtU LiTR CkVu AlTPd
LhT GuTR EQW Yim. CR] GRojRUn
EQok Sm Sm JtU EQoY To Utm AUdj
eRm Vp, Ys[m, LmTm Tu\ CVtLf Wu
T UhU EXLVf Nn\m. CjRLV SdLd
LXeL[j Roj AUd LXjm Au\P Yrm
Au, AU, NLRW U]lTuU, JtU, \ URjRYW
AWYQjf NpYm SpQdL U]lTuU
EPVYWn YZ Yim.
\Tdm GpX odm Gu\ YsYu
YdtQeL GqR YTm LRUp A]YWm
NUULd Ll TZL Yim. AYoLu CuT uTeLp
Te Ls[ Yim. lTLj Ru]p CVu\ ERV
Ut\YoLh NnV Yim.
23

\ URjRYoLu EQoL[ Uj SPdL Yim.

Gm URm NmURm Gu\ TWkR NUV EQo Yim.
Ju\ Xm, JY] RYu Gu\ EVV LhTh]
SP\ Yrp uTt\ Yim.

Tt ]dLs
A. K YLp PV
1.

TWR ShP TWVo GqY \ld\o?

Shl Tt dLYWn S SUd Gu] NnR

GuTRd LRUp Sm Sht Gu] NnRm Gu\
EQoPu Shu SXdl TTP Yim. SU
AYm Bt\Xm Sm Sht TVuTjR Yim.
EXu A]jj \Lm Sm S Y[m YnkRRL
LZl TTP Yim.

2.

CkVt YZem Y TVoLs VY?

3.

CkVY XVp Lu AlTPp GqY

AZdLXm?

4.

CkVu CVtL AWQL Es[] GY?

5.

CkVu EVV Rf\l V?

Cu EXL AWep YiPlTY NUR]m.

GjRLV YtULdm, EVo RrLdm CPm
RWUp NUR] EQoPu hd Lj YZ Yim.
EXL AUV EVod Y GuTR A]Ym EQok
ARt AVW EZdL Yim.

6.

CkVY PdPo vj GqY \ld\o?

7.

CkVp YZdp Es[ X dV UL[d .

8.

CkVp UdLs uTtm NUVeLs XYt\d .

9.

Sm RnSh,P RVL EYLm Nn GqY

AZd\m?

10.

AWNoLs hdLiP ThPl TVoLs XYt\d .

11.

AWNoLs UtLiP YsLs XYt\d

12.

Sm UdLs LiP Um X TiLL[d .

13.

CkVp Ym TpY C]jRYoLs VYo?

14.

CkVY BiP TUu]oLs XWd .

15.

CkVu CTm CLNeLs GY?

NUR] Yrt AlTP NLRWjY U]lTuU.

UR]nj RuV CWUu, YPo XjRXY]]
L]m, We]j RXY]] dY]m NLRW]L
Htd LiPk NLRWj RjYjR AVXm.
Sm Sm YtULd AlTtThP NLRW
U]lTuUV Y[ojd Ls[ Yim.

B. J Tj A[p ApX Tj YLd LUp

PV
1. TWRS CkV G]m kvRu G]m
YZeLlTt\Ru?
2.
24

CkV QdLiPm Gu\ZdLlTYRu?

25

3.

YtUp JtU Gum LhThP Y.

4.

Sm Shp Xm YtUd Ls VY?

5.

CkVY C] AeLhVLm G] PdPo vj

\dLWQm V?

6.

Sm Shp LQlTm T[RW YtUVd .

7.

BeXVo JtU EQo Ru\ GqY

LWQU]o?

8.

CkVu TiTh JtUV Y.

9.

TdYWjm Nnj RPo GqY JtUdj

Q u\]?

10.

Shl Tt Utm RV EQoY Y[odL QkR

GqY?

C. J TdL A[p ApX lT YLd

LUp PV
1.

CkVu XVp YtULs VY?

2.

CkVp LQlTm U YtUL[d .

3.

CkVu NRV
YtUL[d .

4.

CkVu XVp AWVp JtUV Y.

5.

NUV JtU CkVp X\ GuTR Y.

6.

YtUp JtU \lPu UXW Sm NnV

YiY] VY?

AUlp

LQlTm

D. Su TdLeLd LUp PV
1.

CkVp Xm YtUdPV JtU GqY

Lr\?

2.

CkVl TiTh JtUdj QkR LWL[j

Rjd L?
26

3. k NUY SLLm
1922 Bm Bip . R.D. T]o AYoLs SPjV
ALrYWnfp kl Tp XodL] UYhPjp
AUks[ UagNRW GuPjm; R.B. RVWm
Na GuTYo SPjV RpTs ALrYWnfp
TgNl Tp UihLU UYhPjp aWlT Gum
CPjm Lf \kR SLLm Y[okkR G] Gjd
]o. 1924p Rp Ts BWnfj \u
BQVWL CkR No _u UoNp GuTYo RU uu
CkR BWnf]f Nn AR] EXLjtj RVl
Tj]o. CkR SLLm Lm UuU EPVm
BVoLs YLd kRVm Bm GuTR AYW
LjRm. C RW kTvRu Tp NuPW
(Chanhudaro), dLo (Jhukar) Sp (Nal) Utm LXh (Kelat)
BV CPeLp SPjV ALrYWnfu Xm CjRLV
SLLm Y[okkR GuT T]m Bt. CkR
SLLm Uo .. 3250k .. 2750 YWX]
LXLhPjp CkRRLj R\.

3. 1. UdLs
CYoLs GkR C]jRf NokRYoLs GuTp NjW
BVoLPV TX LjLs Xu\]. CYoLs
BVoLs Gu J NWo YR UoNp (Sir John Marshall)
tm Uj CYoLs BVoLs ApX GuTR TX
BRWeLPu Gjd \o. LoPu pP (Gordon
Childe) GuTYo, CYoLs UVoLs Gu \o. B]p
ARtL] BRWjR Gjd\ CVXpX. WP
C]jRf NokRYoLs Gu WLXRv T]o (Rakhal Das
Banerjee) \o. ALrYWnfp PjR NuL[d
Li PdPo L (Dr. Guha) Tu\o CYoLs TX
C]jRf NokRYoLs Gu \oLs. TmTX]
27

AOoLs k NUY SLLm WP UdLu LP

G] Jjd Lis[]o. G]Y Ce YrkRYoLs WP
C] UdLs GuT RY\. CmUdLs GkR C]jRf
NokRYoLs GuTRj RYLd \ CVXhPm,
SLLjp Eu]R XV APkkRoLs GuT
Uhm RY] EiU G] Y X YWXt BVoLs
u\]o.

3. 2. SLW @Ul ( Town Planning )

UagNRW Utm aWlT Tu\ SLWeLs

SdLWp AUVl TtkR]. k Sk 3

Up RXp UagNRWm W Sk 6
Up RXp aWlT AUks[]. CqY
SLd ALUp AUkRRp Bt Ys[jp
CkSLWeLs TX RPY Ajf NpXlThP].
JqY\ AkR Tm im im CkSLWeLs
oUdLlThP] GuTR BWnfLs du\].
NXLu AUlTl Todm T SLW AUl
Eu]R XV Gh CkR GuTR EQWXm.
dVU] NXLs 33 A ALXm LiPYL[L
CkR]. Ut\ NXLs 9 Ak 12 A YW
ALXPVYL[Lm CkR]. RYWeLp
R[dLs AUdLlThkR]. Lod LpYnLm
\lTL AUdLlThkR].
hPPlThP TX RdLs UTm L WLtm
LpYnLs \lT AYt\f jRlTjRp
Tu\Yt\ TodmT \lTV] SLW oYLm
Ju CkdL Yim; AkR oYLm Lm
TXs[RL CkdL Yim; AR]p Ru
\LuT Lm RdLm AUkkR]
G] LoPu pP (Gordon Childe) \o.
28

Lo LpYnLs TV NeLtL[m Utm

LtL[m PlThkR]. LpYnLs R
YWeLp TV LpYPu CQdLlThkR]. CY
NeLtL[p LhPlThkR]. Lp Nm lTL[d
LhP Ru CTdLeLm lTj RhLs
AUdLlThkR]. UtVYt\d LY]jp Li
TojRp SLWm jRULm nUVLm CdL kR
AdL\ Gjd LiP]o GuT RYm.

3. 3. LhPPdLX ( Architecture )
SLWjp AUdLlThP A]jd LhPPeLm, X
lhP YWV\LdhThP LhPlThkR].
LhPPeLs 30 A [m 26 A ALXm LikR].
AYtp Su ApX Ik A\Ls AUdLlThkR].
TV LhPPeLs, V LhPPjRl Tu CWi Te
[, ALXeL[d LikR. ALThNm 30 A\Ls
LiPRL CkR]. TX \ ALs HtThPm
AYt\ u L[Ld Ls[Xm. RXY
TZeLXm, CWiPY UjV LXm Utm u\Y
tLXUm. Ys[jRp AkRm im JW WL
hPhPlT Rp CWi LXjm LhPlThkR].
B]p tLXjp LhPlThP LhPPeLs NVLj
hPPlTPUp RWjp RrkRYL[L CkR]. C
tLXjp LhPPdLXu AYV d\ GuTo.
PdPo ^pLo (Dr. Pusalkar). RiVdLlThP L[
u YLL[Ll du\o.
1.
2.
3.

dm Ls
TV LhPPeLs
Td VX\Ls.
Rp CWi YLdLhPeL[l Tt UX TojRm.
u\Y YLV] LhPPeL[ C TolTm.
29

UagNRW u LlTV LhPPm. fNp[m

8 A BZm LiPRLm CkR. ARf t

Tj\Lm Vp A\Lm AUdLlThkR].
ARd LhYRt hP NeLtLs TVuTjRlThkR].
fNp [jp Wf NjRm Ad W YVt\m
RjRV HtTLs NnVlThkR]. QLk
o fNp [jtd Li NpXlThP. QLs hP
NeLtL]p LhPlThkR]. AR Tu aWlT
m fNp [m AUdLlThkR. ARPV A[
[m 39 AVLm ALXm 13 AVLm BZm 8
AVLm CkR. Zd LXeLm, NUVf NPeLs
Nnm Tm UdLs fNp [jp W]o. NUVj
ZdLXeLp WYR RULd L ARt
dVjYm AjR]o.
AWNeLm ApX Td LhPPeLm Ri

GdLlThP]. AYLs 460 A [m 280 A ALXm

LiP]Ym. C RW aWlT p RVd PeLm
LQlThP]. 50 A [m 20 A ALXm LikR].
ARu ZYpLs SV Sd AUklTRp o
YVl TdYWjt UdLs TVuTj L\oLs
GuT RYm. CR RVdPeLs AWNeLju
Nld L[gVUL LrkdL Yim. C RW 150
A [m 75 ALXm LiP LhPPm Jum 280 A
[m 78 A ALXm LiP Ut\uUL CWi
LhPPeLs Ri GdLlThs[].
CYW k NUY LXjV UdLs LhPPdLXd
dVjYm LjR UhpXUp Lj nUV]
YrdLV UtLid\oLs GuTRd LiPm.

30

3. 4. NRV X
3. 4. 1. EQ
NY Utm ANY EQ YLL[ UdLs EiP]o.
dVUL LU, To, A, Tp, u, LPp BU
Utm Bh\f BV] EQl TsL[L CkR].
C RWm TfNmTZm AYoL[ lTU] EQYL
CkR.

3. 4. 2. EP
Tj Utm LmT BPL[ AkR]o.
tTPLs UagNRW SLu dV YLUL
CkR. GUV] BPL[ Ej]o. BiLs UX
i Tu\ BPm Z Yh Tu\ BPVm
AkR]o. TiLs RXUp Tu\ AUl
LiP BPL[ AkR]o.

3. 4. 3. SLLm
CmUdLs Lm SLLjp ShPm LiPYo
L[kR]o. Xo Rm Nm YjkR]o. RkRjp
B] lm, YiLXjRp B] LiQm, ETVLl
Tj]o. TiLm SLLjp ShPm LikR]o.

3. 4. 4. ALXuLs
ReLm, Ys, jR[ Tu\ EXLeL]p
NnVlThP ALXuL[ AYp AdLXjp
TiLm kR BoYmLikR]o GuTRm
BWnfLs XlTju\]. RkRj]p B] ALXu
Lm m AVlThP]. LjR, Y[Vp, UWm
Utm LRLs BVY dV ALXuL[m.
31

3. 4. 5. T Td

3. 5. T[RW YrdL \

TLPdLnLs J YLV] NWeLm BVY

TY] TTdLL CkR. RhPm Lm
lTm Es[RL CkR. CRt TX TLPdLnLs
ETVdLlThP]. YhPVYm kR BoYm
LikR]o. ZkRLs LUiQp TmULs Nn
[V]o. T\YLs Y[olTm BoYm Lhd
u\]o. J Y[ T\YL[f NiPP h
ARlToj Urf APkdLd m.

L Y[of APkR UagNRW Utm aWlT

BV SLWeLp YrkR UdLu T[RW YrdL
\L[ ARtf Nu\m. AYt\d rdLiP Rp
Utm YLm BVYtu XUL AYm.

3. 4. 6. TiLu X
TiLu YrdL Tm UuU APkkR.
BiLd LWL NU EUL[l TiLm NRVjp
TtkR]o. RnjRnY YTh\ CkR Gu
A\m. CY TiLs Lm Tt\lThPoLs
GuTRtf Nu\m.

3. 4. 7. TdYWjj RPo
Uh YiV dVU] TdYWjf NR]Un
TVuTjRlThP.

3. 4. 8. C\kR EPpL[ APdLm NnRp

C\kR EPX APdLm NnYp u YLV]
YL[l uTt]o. RXYRL C\kR EPXl
RjR]o. CWiPYRL GjR EPu GgV TLeL[l
RjR]o. u\YRL C\kR EPpL[ Lh Xe
LPjp h RXL CkR. No _uUo^p
(Sir. John Marshall) tlT CWiPY Y\L[
Tm TZdLjp CkR.

3. 4. 9. UjYm
GkR YLV] UjY\Vl TVuTj]oLs
GuT RYL AV VpX. Clm
YlXu dVjYjR AkkR]o.
32

3. 5. 1. YNVm
YNVm AYoL[ RuUV]j RXL
AUkkR. LU, To, A, Tj Utm
LnLLs BVYt\l To NnR]o. LXlT u
ETVLjR AkkR]o.

3. 5. 2. hXeLs
dVUL T, G, GU, NmU B, Ys[
Utm JhPLm BVYt\ Y[oj YkR]o GuTR
BWnfp Ri GjR jWLs XULd LQXm.
CYoLs WL[l Tt AkdLpX.

3. 5. 3. YhPVRp
TTd Uhu YrdLj RY]l
TYRtLLm YhPVRX UtLiP]o.
LeLu Rp, Utm Gm BVYt\ YLm
NnR]o. u jRm Lm TVo TtkR.

3. 5. 4. t\m SnRm
t\m, SnRm UdLPV TZdLjp CkR]
GuTR ALrYWnfu NuLs Gjd Lhu\].
Tjm, XeLu RpLm BP SnYRtl
TVuTjRlThP].

3. 5. 5. UhTiPeLs
k NUY UdLs UhTiPeLs RVlTp Lm
Rof TtkRoLs. AY NdLWj]p NnVlThP].
33

Rio P YlTRtL] TjWm, TsL[

NlTRtL] TjWm Tu\] NnVlThP]. CjPu
Nm, Ys, jR[ Utm eLu BV EXLeL[d
Li YXlT AUkR TjWeL[f NnR]o.

3. 5. 6. EXLeLm Rl TsLm
ReLm, Ys, jR[ Tu\ EXLeL[l
TVuTj]o. ALrYWnfp LijRYLp
TmTX]Y Nm Utm YiLXjRp
NnVlThPYLs Bm. CYoLs JY[ Cmu
ETVLjR AVUp CkdLd m.

3. 5. 7. YLm
TZeLX SLLm, AiP SLPu LikR
YojRLjR GjWd\. dVUL Ls YojRLjp
TVuTjRlThP]. UVp X lhP TsLs
LidLlThP]. AY k NUY UdLPVRl
Tu\ CkR. C Cq SLPV YojRLm
SPTt\ GuTR E Nn\. UtLV
SLPm YojRLm SPTts[. TmTm o
YL[ YojRLjt TVuTjRlThP].

3. 5. 8. A[Ls
YLjt RWLs GPdLtLs BVYt\l
TVuTj]o. X TdLtLs AL GP LiPY.
AYt\ TV Lt\d LhV dL m. V
GPdLtL] SL VTLs ETVLlTj]o. CjPu
[jR A[lTRt A \Ls TVuTjRlThP].
CYWp k NUY UdLs Lm BdLoYU]
T[RW SPYdLL[ UtLi Yrp Tm
UmT APkkR]o GuTRd LiPm.
34

3. 6. NUVm
ALrYWnfp PjR TpY YLV]
XLm jWLm kNUY UdLs NUVlTt
ALm LiPYoLs GuTR T\Ntu\]. ALl
TV] XLm, LUiQp B] TmULm (TerroCotta) CYoLs EYYThp ALm SmdL
LiPYoL[ GuTR SUd EQoju\].

3. 6. 1. Rn YT
Rn YT CmUdLu NUVYrp Tm Te

YjR. aWlTp PjR L iP jWu Xm

Rnj RnYju EYjR Sm AVXm.

3. 6. 2. Y YT
CmUdLs Y] YTRX ReLds TZdLULd
LidLXm. aWlTp LiPjR jW Jup
Yu Tu\ EYm TdLlThs[R A\m.
A u LeL[d LiP LPs VL Xp
AUoklT TXm AR]f t V], Utm
GU Tu\ Xe]eLs rklT TXm
AUks[. C YdV L, TT Utm
ULV Gum AmNeL[ EQoju\].

3. 6. 3. Xe YT
jWLs Xm SUd RY k NUY
UdLPV Xe YT CkR RV Y\.
CqYThP u YLVLl dLXm RXYRL
T URu EYd LiP]. CWiPYRL, Ak
Ls[ VR]; u\YRL EiUV] XeLu
EYeL[d LiPRLm AUks[].
35

3. 6. 4. oYT
BWmT LX RtLiP SLs RU]YVLY
LRlThP]. UagNRW p LidLlThP TV
WRp Gu\ YZdLm UdLu NUVYrp o Lf \kR
dVjYm YnkRRLd LRlThP. NUVf NPeL[
BWmlTRt u Ru]f jRlTjd LsYRtLL
WRp YZdLjp Ck Yks[.

3. 6. 5. UWYT
LidLlThP jW Jup LPs JYo
UWeLd SY ClT Tp jdLlThs[.
Um Ym Tu\ UWeLs RU]YVL
LRlThP].

3. 6. 6. Vu Utm Sl YT
TX jWLp NdLWm, Yvd (Wheel and
Swastika) ClTRd Li V LP[ UdLs
YThPRLj R\. CR Tu SldV LP[
YTRXm AVXm.

EYeLs TdLlThPs[]. jWLs, RkRj]m,

LtL]m Utm LUiQm TdLlThs[].
X UdLVR LtLs SLLp TdLlThP]. Um
CYoLs CN Utm SP]jp AL ShPmLikR]o.
YiLXj]X] SP]Uu X CYoLu
Eu]RU]l TPlTt\Xd Lh\.

3. 8. FjLs
BWnfp LidLlThP GjL[ jW
Gj Gu\ ApX LiQj YL Gu\
lPXm. CRPV YYm Gu]Yu LQ
CVXpX. GjLs CPk YXU] J Ym,
YXk CPULm GRlThs[]. CY UV, Gl
BV GjLd RPoPV] TX LQlTu\].
DWl TVo k NUY GjLm, Um RZ
Gu s[o. CYoLu Gj\ jW
Gj\ Bm. (Pictography)

3. 9. kY SLLju @

3. 6. 7. SmdLLs

CkV SLLjp Lf \k [eV kY

SLLm AkRRtL] LWQeLs TX Es[].

UdLs TX SmdLL[d LikRoLs GuTRt

L] BRWeLm ALrYWnfp Pjs[].

1.

k Btp HtThP Ys[jRp CkSLWm rdLd

m.

2.

ALrYWnfNu T PjR UR Gmd

L[ BWnkR AOoLs AYLu Up
LQlTm RLs Tod LXeLs G]
Nnu\]o. AkVo TPVl SPTtdL
Yim.

CYW Sm TjR TX NnL[] UWm, o, Vu

Sl Ut\m XeLs BVYt\ YTRp Gum
CVtL YT CkR.

3. 7. LX
jWLu YXL Sm CYoL[ LX
dLeL[ LQ CVm. Bi RnYm, Ti RnYm,
TpY YLV] XeLs BVYtu EYeLs
TdLlThs[]. UiTiPeLp P LeLu
36

T[RW rf]p UdLs CPm TVok ShP

hf NudLXm. BVoLs YLVp TX Ut\eLs
HtThP]. AYtu [Yp SLW SLLm AkdLXm.
37

CVL kNUY SLLjtm YRLX

SLLjtm Es[ YtUL[ . _uUoNp
(Sir. John Marshall) GuTYo rLiPY \o.
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

k NUY SLLm AlTPp SLW SLLm

Bm. B]p YRLX SLLU AlTPp WU
SLLUm. k NUY UdLs YNVjRm,
YLjR RuUV] RXLd LikR]o.
YRLX UdL[ SPL[L CkR]o.
k NUY UdLs EY YThp SmdL
LiPYoLs. Rn YT Y YT UW YT
Utm Xe YT BV YTL[f
NnRYoLs. B]p YRLX UdL[ EY
YThP Tt\pX. CYoLs CVtLV
YThP]o. o, Sl, BLVm, Vu BVYt\
YThP]o. AYoLs Slt dVjYm
LjR]o. B]p k NUY]p AqY
NnVpX.
kNUY]o tUL Cmu ETVLjR
AkdLpX. B]p YRLXj]o BWmTjp
ReLm, RWm BVYt\ ETVLlTj]o.
S[Pp Ys, Cm Utm YiLXm
BVYt\ ETVLlTj]o.
WLu dVjYm Utm ARu TVuT
BVYt\ k NUY]o EQokdLpX.
B]p YRLXj]W, W Utm T
BVYLd dVjYm LjR]o.

3. 10. BkVl TiTht kY SLLju

LP
TZUm TUm YnkR kY SLLm
CkVl TiTht uYm AV LPL[
YZes[.
1.

kY UdLu SLLm J \kR SLW SLLm

Bm.

2.

k Y SLL LXjp RuV SLWeLu

YYUl Cu\V SLWeLu AUlTd Lhm
UmThPRL CkR.

3.

SLWm U APYR RodL iQm L[YnLs,

SLu Jdl \jp AUdLlThPRL A\m.
L SUd TL GuTR EQokkR]o GuTR
CfNVp SUd EQoj\.

4.

k Y UdLs Rt \kR LpX GuTR

EXLVf Nnm Th RnYTh]
UtLiP]o.

5.

AV Xe]U] Jt\d Lm G Tt
CYoLd RkkR. LUiQp B] Jt\d
Lm Gu TmULs Pjs[]. Um
AYoLs CkR Jt\d Lm G] RnYUL
Tt YQe]o.

6.

CYoLu LXj\] YiLXjX] SP]Uu

X EXLVf Nn\.

k NUY]o GRm, Gj \m
LtkR]o. AR]p LX Utm LXNWjp UXe
CkR]o.
38

39

Tt ]dLs
A. K YLp PV
1.

kY SLLjR EXLV NnRYo Vo?

2.

kY SLL LXm G?

3.

kY SLL UdLs C]m Tt .

4.

kY UdLu T Td] L.

5.

kY UdLu Gj \ V?

6.

kY UdLu X V?

7.

kY UdLu UjY A] lL.

8.

kY UdLu ALXuL[ lL.

B. J Tj A[p ApX Tj YLd LUp

PV
1.

kY UdLu NRV Yr] GL. aWlT

SLLju AtL] LWQeLs VY?

2.

kY UdLu EP, EQ Tt G.

C. J TdL A[p ApX lT YLd

LUp PV
1.

kY SLL UagNRW, aWlT SLWeLs Tt

Y.

2.

kY UdLu NUVm Tt Y.

3.

kY UdLu LX] Y.

4.

kY UdLu T[RWm Tt GL.

5.

kY UdLs CkVl TiTht AjR

LP] Y.

D. Su TdLeLd LUp PV
1.

kY SLLm Tt Yj GL.
40

4. YReLs Utm
WQeLp LQlTm
TiThd Ls
4. 1. YRm - Np [dLm, BXdVeLs
YRm Gu\ Np j (Vid) Gu\ NUvRf Npu
AVLl \kR. YRm GuT A Gum RnLf
kR]Ls WmTl Tt\UVp R A G]m
Ts Ls[lT\.
Rp j Gu\ Np R Gu\ T[j R\.
RV] \VL Y[ok TV UWU jd Lnj
eY Tp YReLs UR Yru A]jj
\Lm BuL Utm As EQoY Y[olT]YL
Es[].
YReLs \V d, Vo, NUm, ARoYQm Gu\
Su Bm.
CqYReLs RuV LXm, EQojm AV LjLs,
CXdVeLs UdLu YrdL \ Utm EVV
TiTh SL[d LiTm.

4. 1. 1. YR LXm
k YSLLjtlu ARt tm UThP
WU SLLm CkVp YuV. CRt jhPYoLs
BVoLs. BYo. CYoL[ oLm Tt TpYThP
LjLs Xu\]. UjV BVk CkVu
YPUtL Es[ LTo Utm TXu LQYnLs YVL
YkRYoLs GuT TmTXo Lj. CeM]m YkRYoLs
CkR BVoLs G]lThP]o.
41

4. 1. 2. BV YojRm

4. 1. 3. 1. NmRLs

CkVp BVoLs k Utm LeLf NUYp

Yk V XVL YrkR]o. NlT] XlTm,
Yt\R o Y[m AYoL[ YrdLd Y[U NojR.
BVoLs VV ClT BV YojRm Gu
AZdLlThP.

Ad LXULj LrY]. CYtu QVp

AdLX UdLu AWVp, T[RW, NL, NUV YrdL
\L[ AV \. JqY YRjtm
RjRV NmRLs Es[]. CYts d YR
NmRLs Ll TZUV]Y. d YR NmRVd
Li tLX YR LX TiThP YL AVXm.
\ YReLu NmRLs YXL tLX YRLX
UdLu YrdL X Utm TiThf \l]
AVXm.

CkV BVoLu TRp SPThd

LikR NUVm YReLs Ru]. CdLXU YR
LXm G] AZdLlT\. TZUV] d YRm
RuV LXm kV YRLXm G]m Ut\ YReLu
Rt\m Utm CXdVm Y[okR LXjRl kRV
YRLXm Gum YZeYo.

4. 1. 3. YR CXdVeLs
YR CXdVeLs Lm Ttl TLdLlTP
YiV, Lm dVU] Uls[ BVoLu AV
LPVm. CqXdVeLs BWdLQdL]
BiL[L UdLd SpY Lh TiTh]
Y[ojR]. A, LoUm, YT GuT] YR CXdVeLs
EQojm AV EiUL[m. CYt\ YLd
LiTm.
CXdVeLs YLlT
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

NmRLs - Samhitas
WUQeLs - Bramhanas
BWiVLeLs - Aranyakas
ETPReLs - Upanishads
Utm v - Sruti and Smruti
YReLs - Vedas

G] YLlTj YLd LiTm.

42

NmRLs GuT] lTPpLs, YTh \Ls,

YsLdL] jWeLs, BVYt\d LiP
RlTm. Ysd LXeLp CY UVL
TVuThP]. ARoYQ YR NmR Uhm p, Vm,
N, UkWd Lh GuT]Yt\d \.
4. 1. 3. 2. WUQeLs

YR UkWeLdL] [dLWPu GRlThP

TLs WUQeLs Bm. YReLp Es[
lTPpLdV EWSP pLs G]Xm. NUVf
NPeLs, YsLs TtV [dLeLm AYt\f Nnm
\Lm Es[]. WRoLd NV] YVd LhP
CY Tm ERu\].
4. 1. 3. 3. BWiVLeLs

AUVLd Lhtf Nu Ae Ltj Rk

Ls[ YiV NnL[d LiPUVp
BWiVLeLs Gu\ TVo Tt\]. YsL[f NnV
CVXR VYoLs, \Ls Kn Tt Lhtf Nu
u]o LtTRtLL EY]Y. CYtp YsV P
AUV] V]U Lm UX] Gu
YjRlT\. A SLs Utm RjYd LjLs
43

APeV Ljl ThPLm G]Xm. BVoLs BuLj

\p APkR TiThu Eu]R XV
GjdLhY]Ym.
4. 1. 3. 4. ETPReLs

YReLu NWU ETPRm Gu\p A LVL.

BVoLu BuL, NUVd LjL[ CY Ydu\].
C\Yu BuU, EXLm, LoU], d Tu\
LjL[ BWnk RY] [dLeL[ EXt
Adu\]. Um U\Ts, O]eL[ [du\].
EXL TkR TNeLu Th Tt] APV
O]m RY GuTR [du\]. TWmT[V
WmUu Ju\ Gu\ LjRm XSh\. H\jRZ
200 ETPReLd Up Es[].
4. 1. 3. 5. Utm v

Ls
N YV Lh EQWl Tt\ NnLu Rl
G]lTm.
BVoLs LXjp Gj\ CpXUVp
U]lTPULY CXdVeLs Ykdu\]. ]Yt\p
YVL Ym Ad LXUL YkRY jWeLs. CY
YReLu J T ApX. YReL[ SeV
E\PVY. CY u YLlTm. AYVY].
A) RU jWm:- BVoLu SmdLL[d
u\.
B) fW[jR jWm:- C VLeLs Utm NPeLs
Nnm \L[d u\.
C) yV jWm:- C BVoLu YrYd
u\.
44

vLs
CY EVokR Es[eLu kR]j RlLs
jWeLs, RU NvWeLs, CLNeLs, WQeLs GuT]
vL[m. CY GRl Tt\Y. Cp RU NvWm
GuT NhPm, NRV SP\L[ Ydu\]. TpY
Nd LPUL[m, TpY Y]eL[m
(AUlL[) [du\]. SP\ Yrp t\m,
t\eLdV RiP] \, ULYt (adoption),
UWUVL NjR Tm NhP EULs
YdLlThs[].
4. 1. 3. 6. Su YReLs

YRm GuT TtV LjL[ u]W AkRm.

CqYReLs J lhP LXjp GRlTPpX.
CY TpY L[p TpY LXjp GRlThPY.
X AOoLs CY .. 1000p RdLlThPYVum
Y Xo .. 2000dm 3000dm CPlThP LXjp
RdLlThPY Gum u\]o. Rp RuV
d YRm G]m \ YReL[V V_o, NUm, ARoYQm
u]o RuV] Gum \oLs.
A) d YRm - (Rig veda)

LlTZUV]m Rp RuV Gu\ TUm

LiP. C Tj UiPXeL[m 1028 dReL[m
LiP. Ad, YQu, CkWu Tu\ RnYeL[l
TtV l LQlT\. C .. 1200p
GRlThdLXm G]j R\.
B) Vo YRm - (Yajur veda)

CqYRm SP\ NPeLs, YsLdL]

TPpL[d LiP. C dX V_o YRm, xQ
V_o YRm Gum C L[d LiP. 40
AjVVeL[d LiP.
45

C) NU YRm - (Sama veda)

4. 2. 1. AWVp AUl

C YdLRo Gum J lhP WRoL[p

TPlTt\ TPpLu RlTm. C 1459 TPpL[d
LiP G]m CNV C\Y] lTRtL] TPp
Rl G]m Yo.

CkVp VV BVoLs CdLXjp TX

dL[Ll j YThP CPeLp YrkR]o.
CddLd _] Gu TVo. JqY _]tm
Ko AWNu CkRu. AYu TYL CW_u
Gu\ZdLlThPu. AWN EU TmTm TWmTW Y
Yk LikR. X NUVeLp \kR AWNu AWN
Utm WdLs mTjk Ro NnVlThPu.

D) ARoYQ YRm - (Atharvana)

C WmUYRm G]lTm. C 731 TPpL[d Li

20 TL[L Es[. C EfNP]m UkLm Tu\Yt\p
VNdL[m GL[m Yu EXLjp Yt Tm
YL[d Y G]Xm.

4. 1. 4. ETYReLs - (Upa vedas)

JqY YRm ETYReL[d lu\].
AY Su. Bo YRm, Ro YRm, LkRoY YRm,
pT YRm GuT]Ym.
A) BoYRm:- d YRju ETYRm. C Uk,
L Tu\Yt\d lu\.
B) Ro YRm:- V_o YRju ETYRm. C
TodLXV YWULd u\.
C) LkRoY YRm:- NU YRju ETYRm. C CN,
SP]m, BV iLXL[ [du\.
D) pT YRm:- ARoYQ YRju ETYRm. C LhPPd
LXV Ydu\.

4. 2. tLX YRLXl TiT

LlTZUm TUm YnkR d YRLXjp
YrkR UdLu AWVp, T[RW NL, NUV YrdL
\ Utm UdL[ CXdV LX UmThPm
lTR TiThu YlT Bm.
46

4. 2. 1. 1. AWVp Ls

mTm ApX Xm GuT Ko AWu R.

ARu RXYu XYu Gu\ZdLlThPu. TX
mTeLs NokR WUm. ARu RXYu WU
Gu AZdLlThPu. TX WUeLs Nok ` G]m
TX `dLs NokR J _]m Gum AZdLlThP.
ALWm: AWNPm , BV CWim CkR].
AWNoLs NVL CVeLR T AYoL[ Xd
RkRYoL[ RokRdm ALWm UdLd CkR.
AWNd ERY AUfNoLs VdLlThP]o. AUfNoLs
AWNd TpY \Lp AW SpYLh
SpXh SPT\ ER]o.
4. 2. 1. 2. AWN NTLs

AWN] ALW YWm N , NT Gu\ C

AYLu LhlThp CkR. AWNu Ru mVY
GkR m GdLVR X CkR.
4. 2. 1. 3. N Gum NhPUu\m

TYL UdLs Uu\m N Gu AZdLlThP.

UdLs Uu\jp LXk LsYm, Ap LjL[
Yj UtLsYm AWNu LPUVL
LRlThP. Um AWN] RokRlTm ARu dV
TLp Ju Gu TWVo _nvYp \o.
47

4. 2. 1. 4. NT Gu\ Vo AY

4. 2. 2. 3. Lp

VoLs ApX WdLu AYVL C

[eV. NTu hPeL[ NhPUu\ A\p
hPlThP]. AWVp Utm AWVp ApXR TYr
\L[ SP\lTjR ERV.

Lp YnUVLY AUkR. Lp UQYu

EPp, Eo CYtu Y[ofd Y NnR. Lpu
dLs TW ApX Tt\ APY Gu\ EVV
X CkR.

: AWN] YZeYRl TjRUhp

EVokR]Lj LrkRu. t\eLs \k LQlThP].
LUV]d t\eLd UWQ RiP]m, X
t\eLd \j RiP]m ATWRm dLlThP].

4. 2. 2. NRV X
4. 2. 2. 1. mTm

d YR LXjp UdLs WUeLp YrkRoLs.

NRVjp Lf V \] mTU Yru AlTP
AX. JqY mTjtm AdmTju jRY]
RXY]L CkRu. AYu aT Gu\ZdLl
ThPu. RYL[d LilTm NUVf NPeL[ Nn
SpYr YrYm mTj RXYu LPUVL
LRlThP.
4. 2. 2. 2. TiLs X

NRVjp TiLs Ulm UVRm dLYWn

CkR]o. UQm nUV]RLm, RU]RLm
dL VR Ju\Lm Uj Tt\lThP. ZkR
UQm CpX. RY UQm BRdLlThP. N ApX
EPuLhPVm YZdLm CpX. ULu UQjR
AY[ CN]l Tt\ Tt\o j YjR]o.
CdLX ULoAm TiTm JeL AUVl
Tt\YWn [e]o.
48

4. 2. 2. 4. EQ, EP

BVoLs GUV] YrY UtLiP]o.

LU RX] RVeLs, TZYLLs, Tp, YiQn,
Ro, Ru Tu\Y AYoL[ EQl TsL[m.
Ysd LXjp AoTLUL C\fVm, NU, W
T]eL[m Ak]o.
Tj, EWUm, UuRp, LmT[m Tu\Yt\p B]
BPL[ AkR]o. TYL BPV YvWm
Gu\ZjR]o. ZPV Gum UXPV
BYv Gum AZjR]o. TYL RXlTL
AkR]o. AZV YXlT LiP, ReL
YXlTPUkR BPL[ m AkR]o.
4. 2. 2. 5. [Vhm TTdm

Ro, Wl TkRVm, RhPm, SP]URp, CNTRp

AdLX UdLu T Tdf NVpL[L CkR].
CNd LLu TV] AYoLs AkkR]o.

4. 2. 3. T[RW X
Y[iUV dV RXL CkR. LU,
To, Sp, Tj, GiQn jdLs Tu\Yt\
ThP]o. olTN]jtV o QLs, LpYnLs,
HLs Xm T\lThP. UdLs TmTm UZVV
Sm CkR]o. C GL[ LjRp CQj XjR
Su E [XUdl ThP]o.
49

TYl RU]j RnYU] Ujl Ttl

TLjR]o. LpSP Y[ojRp CYoL[ Ut\
RXm. JYW NpYju Ul AYo TtkR
TdLu GidLVm AYtu TVuTL[m
AlTPVLd Li UlPlThP. Lp TdLs,
GLs, WLs, BLs, LRLs, SnLs RV]
h XeL[L Y[odLlThP].

4. 2. 3. 1. Rm, YLm
CdLXjp Y[iUVj RW \ RpL[m
YLjRm UdLs UtLiP]o. TiPUt \
YZdLjp CkR. RU] T] A[ LXLd
Li TiPUt YLm SPkR. YLm Tm T
RW YV SPTt\. LPp YLjRm AkkR]o.
LlTpL[m, TPL[m TdYWjtm, YLjtm
TVuTj]o. AdLXjp TtLpXo, RfNo, LUo,
SNY[o G] TX Rp Yo Yrk \kR]o.

4. 2. 4. NUVm
CYoL[ NUVm GUV]. CVtLV RnYUL
YThP]o. Y]m, Vu, CkWu, Y YQu,
Tu\ GiQt\ LP[oL[ YThP]o. BVoLs
RnYeL[,
A) iXLj RnYeLs
B) TUiPXj RnYeLs
C) UiXLj RnYeLs
G] YLlTj]o. RnYeL[ UrdL
YsL[f NnR]o. Tp, Sn, RVeLs, UNm, NU
Gum T]m RX]Yt\ LPd LdLVd]o.
UR EoL[l Tm YZdLm CpX. BXVeLs
CkRRL NuLs CpX. UhNjR APV LP[
YQe YsL[f NnR]o.
50

TYL Pj BVoLs CVtLV CVkR

Yr UtLiP]o.- GUm SoUm C\Qom
dLYWnj LrkR]o. SpYr Yrk StL APYR
Rm Yru EVV dL[Ld Li YrkR]o.

4. 3. tLX YRLXl TiT

RPdLm: d YRjRj RPok NU, V_o,
ARoYQ YReLm CXdVf NdL NmRLs
WUQeLs, BWiVeLs, ETPReLs Ru TiThP
EVoYPVf NnR LXU tLX YR LXUm.

4. 3. 1. CXdVm
CdLXjp RuV CXdVeL[ YL Rp
LiPm. Um YR AeLeLs Gu\ Bm Ru
Y[ofVPkR].
A)
B)

hN
LpTm

G]lTm JVp
G]lTm NPeVp, NUV JdLm

C)
D)
E)
F)

VLWQm
dRm
_Pm
NkRm

G]lTm
G]lTm
G]lTm
G]lTm

CXdLQm
NpXdL [dLm
Y]p
o. Gu\ B\m.

4. 3. 2. AWVp \
VhV YR LX Cp XV] Bh
\VL AUkR. AWU TWmTW Y YkR. VW
\ TmTm CkR Tm X TLp Vh
\Vd LQ kR. AWNoL[j Ro Nnm
\m CkRRL X AOoLs \oLs. AWNoLs
kR ALWm TtkRm AYoL[ ALWjt
X RPLm, YLh SLm LQlThP]. N, NT
AUlLm LQlThP].
51

4. 3. 2. 1. AUfNoLm AYXoLm

4. 3. 3. 2. bjVoLs

CdLXjp AWNdj Q Vm SpY LhPm

AUfNoLs Utm AYXoLs GidL TV.
AYts X.

ShP BsYm, ShPd LlTm CYoLdV

LPULs. Wm TkVYWm BkRuU
EPVWLm LrkR]o. Ru]Xm LRUp \Wd
Ldm LPU EQo dLYoLs.

WRo, LXjRo, YYlTo, RWh,

AWiUQ AL ]Oo, TPjRXYo, WU, NPT
( WUeL[ BsYo), NhYu (AUfNo) GuTo
XWYo.
4. 3. 2. 2. \

AWNoLs YZeYp dV Tl Ht\]o.

LXd t\m LUV]RL LRlThP. Am
WUQWd LX NnY Tet\UL LRlThP.
AWNjWLm Ld LUV]RL LRlTh UWQ
RiPQ dLlThP. X dLX] YZdL[ Uu]o
NTu Q Li olTjRo.
4. 3. 2. 3. YYn

tLX YR LXjp UdLPk \V] Y

YdLlTP pX. CdLXjp A WdLlThP.
YdL Taau Gu\ AYXo VdLlThPo.
ARoYQ YRjRp \lThlT Tp YYp Bp
J Te RVULY XeL[LY YdLlThP.

4. 3. 3. NRV X
CdLXjp Nl TT Rp AlTPp
LQlThP. AYVY]. WUQo, bjVo, YVo,
jWo Bm.
4. 3. 3. 1. WUQoLs
Lp LtT, NUVf NPeLs NnY, YUL[l
TY, NRVjt SpY LhY. EXL SuUdLL
C\Y] VlT CYoL[ YrVp JdLm.
52

4. 3. 3. 3. YVoLs
YLjm, TVp SPYdLLm DT
EPVYoLs. SoUV] YLm Nn A\Yp
ThYR dL[Ld Li YZkR]o.
4. 3. 3. 4. jWWoLs
Rp u ]oLdm YiV TL[f
NnRp, XjR E TRp CYoL[ TL[m.
RUd CPlThP TV \Yt Ei Ym L
YrdLV ATjR]o.
4. 3. 4. BWU \
URu \ Yr GuT BiL[L
LRlThP. AR]XV TVoLs BoYdm T
NUvRjp ^RU]m TY NRm Gu\p
\iLs YrYVL! Gu Yrju\]o.
Ckt\iLX Yr Su TL[L ApX XL[L
dLlT\. CR] BWUm Gu lhP]o. AY
\V
1). WmUfNoVm

3). Y]l WvRm

2). WavRm

4) NkVNm GuT]Ym.

4. 3. 4. 1. WmUfNoVm

Ru]PdL X ApX UQYl TYm BVo

Ldd LhTh AYoLd TPL[ Nn
53

Tu NUVf NPeL[ Nn Su]PjR EPVYWn

Lm UQYl TYU WmUfNVm.
4. 3. 4. 2. WavRm

CpX\ Yrp DTh A\m \ZUp R] RoUeL[f

Nn YrRp, UdL[ Tt\j Lp Lh, SuX
APVf NnRp. AYoLd UQm Nnj SpYr
YZf NnYU] LXm. CTjRkd UtTh
ImTd EhThP LXm.
4. 3. 4. 3. Y]lWvRm

CpX\ Yrp LPUL[ \VLf Nn jRu

U]Pu Lht Nu RY Yr] UtLsRp.
T[NV tm \jRm TN TkReLk
TlTVL TRm. CdLXjp Bt\ YiV
LPUL[m. eLd u \Y\ YrdLd
BVjRlTjRp Bm. ImT YVt Up GTjRk
YVd EhThP LXUm.
4. 3. 4. 4. NkVNm

TkR TNeLu Th Ru] Yj \

UtLsRp. CdLXjp CPm h CPm Nu EPp
LjRj \k, LP[ VlTm, Ru AkR
EiUL[m L[m UdLd Rm Bm. NUV
Yrp UdL[ DTPf NnRp. tm \kR XV
NkVNUm. GTjRk YVt UtThP LXm.

4. 3. 5. mT Yrm UQ\m
AUV] mT YrY CdLXju \kR AmNm.
LXl UQeLs Htd Ls[lTP pX. TXRW UQm,
YWRhNQ \, ZkR UQm, N Gum
EPuLhPVm YZdLm Tu\ RY\] \Ls
NRVjp CkR]. JW CPjm E\ \m
UQm NnY RdLlThP.
54

4. 3. 5. 1. ULo X

ULo EVoLp Ttf V APu LrkR]o. Lo,

UjW Tu\ TiTp RjY OLs YrkRRL
A\m. Gm ULo BPYd NUU]YWL
LRlTPpX. Ti ULu \l Tm YR]
RYRLm BiULu \l A[pX Urf
RYRLm LRlThP. TiLs Rf NPeLs
NnVm, YReL[d LtLm AUVdLlTPpX.
NjU AdLlTPpX. Lt S Tt\lTt\.
4. 3. 5. 2. EQ, EP Utm T TdLs

EQ Utm EPp GqR Ut\m CpX.

Lhm \p X Ut\eLs CkRu. C\f EiT
Tt\lTPpX. NUT]jR J Y WLd L
Ak]o.
Wl TkRVm, RWhPl TkRVm, YnlThd L,
CN, SP]m, RhPm Tu\Y dV LdLL[L
CkR].

4. 3. 6. T[RW X
4. 3. 6. 1. Y[iU

Y[iUV UdLu dVj RXL CkR.

NlT] NUYl Tp C\ NT NnR]o.
XjR ERp, R RjRp, AYP NnRp Tu\
YXL[ BVoLm NnR]o. LU, To, Sn
Tu\ RVeL[l ThP]o. A[Yt\ XeL[l
Tt\ WdLs CkRRL A\m.
4. 3. 6. 2. Lp SP Y[ol

T Ulh AXLLj LrkR. UdLs Tm

GidLp TdL[ YjdL m]o. AWNoLs
T, L[Ls, WLs ALm T\ C\Y]j jR]o.
55

V]Vm, hXeLL Y[odL Vu\RL ARoYQ

YRjRp A\m.
4. 3. 6. 3. YLm Rp \m

Rp \p SpX u]t\m LQlThP. RfNo,

u lTo, EZYo, h YX NnYo, YVp YX
NnYo, NUVp Rp Yo, PPYo, L
RVlTo, Ro NnYo, BP SnYo, NXY
NnYo, TtLpXo, NVYo G] TX Rp
Yo YrkR]o. AZV YXl TPUkR
BPL[ AkR]o. Ys]p RVdLlThP
TXYL ALXuL[ AkR]o. TiPUt \p
YLm NnR]o. xL Gu\ SQVm YZdLjp
CkRRL A\m.

4. 3. 7. Lp \
Lpu dLs BuU , C\Yu ApX
TWmTs TtV AYl TYR GukR. Xd
Lp \p 12 BiLs BVPu Re Lp
Tu\]o BVd Ysp ERRp, Lp SPVl
TWUjRp, Um t YiV EQY R YRp
CuVUVRd LPUL[Ld LRlThP].
Lpp Tm u]t\jR LQkR. Tfl
ThLs, Th Uu\eLs SPjRlTh TLs AdLl
ThP]. Lp YrdLd ELkRRL TlTVL Ut\m
Tt\.

4. 3. 8. NUV X
CdLXjp NPeLs, BuURjYd LhTLs
\X Tu\Y NUV YrdLp Ut\eL[
RtjR]. WmU, x Yu BV
mojL[ YQe]o.
56

4. 3. 8. 1. RYm
RYm NnY \lT]RLd LRlThP. U]Rm,
BuUYm nUTjR RYm TkQ YRLd
L]o. TWYm, UR Bt\d AlTtThP
XVm APV RYm ERYRLd L]o.

4. 3. 8. 2. RjYm
NPeLPu RjYd LjLm T]. BuU,
C\Yu, SWLm, U\ LoU], NodLm, T
Tu\Y RjYjp CPmTt\]. UdLs CjRLVj
RjYd LjL[ EQok uTt StLVPkR]o.
AWNoLm, BhV[oLm DT LikR]o. Um
Cj RjYd LjLs Y[Wj Q kR]o.

4. 3. 8. 3. BuUm WmUm
BuU Eu AVR AlTPd. Cq
EiUV ETPReLs HtdLsu\]. EPPReLs
NPeL[m YsL[m HtLpX. BuUu
dV dLs AYt\ TWlWmUjR APY. CR
ETPRUL YdVU] RjYU Ru A GuTm
ALm WmUv Su WmUm GuTUm.
ClTiUV APV EXL BNLm BQYU
RPL[L Es[] Gu\ Lj XV.
4. 3. 8. 4. ], T, U \

CdLXjp AYWYo Nnu\ ]dLtT Yr

AUm Gu\ Lj XV. ]VY Sp],
] G]lThP. Cq ]Lp Ck Th
Tt\ APYR dVm G] LRlThP. CkX
APVRYW Nn]dLtT U\ Ei Gu\
LhT CkR.
CqY tLX, tLX YR LXeLp LiP UdLu
YrdL \Ls NUV, RjYd LhTLs AdLX
UdLu TiThd LXeL[L AUkkR].
57

4. 4. YReLu UuUm BuVUVUm

4. 4. 1. TWRl TiThu X BRWm YReL[
A) YReLs LXm LPkRY. UR] VY. UR
NmTkRU CpXUp RuVY. GjdLhPL
ol Nd Gu\ NRWQ Nd URd u]W
ClT. CfNd GqY Gu RuVR
ATXjRu YReLm. AkR UR Ndd V
YR EiUL[d LiPkRYoLs Ru Ls.
B) YRUV Jp Ck Ru WTgNm EXLm
RuVRLd LRlT\.
C) Zuj jRUn EfNlTRp YR UkWeLd
Nd HtT\ GuTRp AYt\d LRp Lh
LtTR \kR. CR]XV YReLd Gu\
TVm RuV. Um CR]p Ru YReLd
GRd [ GRlTPUp Lh EQWjRdLY
Gum TVo X Y\.
D)

YReLs GiQt\Y. Ap Sm Ldj

RuVY Su.

E) YRm TpY EQoL[j iPdV JL[

EPV. YojRL[m L EVokR Ts
EPVY. EXL YrdL, BuL YrdL
CWitm TVuRm ETRNeLs YRjp Ei.
JqY Em Ru Uu\ YWp GqY
YrkRp U]\Y APV m GuTRtL]j
RjYeL[d LiP.
F) RUR YrdL, NL YrdL, RURu NLjp
GqY SPk Ls[Yim, T UdLu LPU
TtVpXm YReLs [ds[].
58

G) Ru]jR] Ak Lsm BjU TXU

YRju dV CXhVm Bm. G]Y ETPReLs
GpX YReLm Nok J T[jRu
Npu\] GuTR [du\].
CjRLV UuU TkV YRjRd LtQok
Sm Yrp uTt EVoYR UR Yru dL[n
CdL Yim.

4. 4. 2. YReLu CuVUVU
YReLs C\Yu, BuU, EXLl Tt UhU
\pX. CYt\ SeV RPoPV UR JdLm
Ttm YLd s[]. C\Yu BuU Tt JYu
GjRLVd LjL[ Lis[] AqY\ AY]
JdLm AUm. Um C\Yu BuU G] Ei
GuTR HtdLsTYdm HtLRYdm YtULs
CkR m.
YReLs URu LPUV IkRLl js[]:
RnYm, OLs, Wo, EPuYm \ UkRo, Utm
CRW WLdm Ru]p CVu\Yt\f NnV URu
LPUlThPYu Guu\].
CR]V YsYo,
RuXjRo RnYm k JdLp Ru Gu\e
ImXjR KmTp RX.
GuT lPj RdL.
YReLm Ik LPUL[d u\]. \m AR
Ik LPUL[ Yju\.
YReLs UR YrVp JdLSL[ \lTj
uTt\ YiY], NnV YiY], RodL YiY]
G] YLlTjd u\].
59

Um VSXuU, VLm, Au, kRmTp

BVYt\ CuUVR A\eL[L YReLs u\].
RPp, \u U] ZRp, Tn TRp, U AkRp
BVYt\ Tm TYf NVpL[L YReLs
Lidu\].
G]Y YReLs R UR Yrtm NRV
Yrtm EV EVV LjL[d YRp Uj
Tt\lTP YiV Al ThPLeLs GuTR EQoRp
AYVm.

4. 5. WQeLs
CkVu CTm CLNeL[V CWUVQm,
ULTWRm Ru Ck NUVju RjYd LhTL[
WTjR]. Lt\kR Nu\m, LpVpXR
TUWUdLm AV EiUL[ EQm YiQm NnR
TUdV]. Cq CLNeLm, WQeLm Sm
TiPV YrdL S\L[ Sm Am YiQm
ERu\]. C ClWQeLs RuV LXm Utm
AYtu TiLs, SdLeLs, EQojm dVd
LjL[ YLd LiTm.

4. 5. 1. WQm Np [dLm
WQm GuT YPUfNp. Cf Npd TZU
GuT Ts. G]Y CYtp \lTm. NnLs
TZeLXjRf NokRY G]d LRlTu\]. WQm Gu\
Np TYLj Ru Rh YZeYkR RnLd
LRL[d du\. WQm GuT TZV LR Gu
TsTm.

4. 5. 2. EQojm NnLs
WQeLs TiPV YWXtl ThVpLs, UWWd
LYLs, RjYm, VLm, AXLs BuLjR
60

EnjQm X Tu\Yt\ Ru]LjR LiP].

CdLjL[ AlTPVLd Li AYt\ GUVL
EQojm YiQm iP ApX V EWVPpLs
WmV Am ThPLeLs G]Xm.

4. 5. 3. LXm
WQeLs LlTZUV]Y. GlT RuV]
G]j hPYhPULd \ CVX. JqYum Y Y
LX YWV\p GkRRLj RVY\. X AOoLs
AY ETPReL[lTu TZUV]Y Gu
Lu\]o. WQLXm .. 300k .. 1000d
EhThPR] .Gv.NoU l\o. .. SuLm
t\itm .. B\m t\itm CPlThP
Gu Y Xo Lu\]o. ClWQeLp Ll
TZUV]RL LRlTm Y WQm .. SuLm
t\ip GRlThdL Yim Gu\ Lj X\.

4. 5. 4. WQl TiLs
TYLl WQeLp uYm Ik LjLs CPm
Ttdm. CYt\ TgNXhNQeLs Gu YZeYo.
AY \V:
1.

TPl (AiPlTPl)

2.

EXu TPlu m, JdLm (Aj s[

TPl)

3.
4.
5.

B YmNY UuYkWoL[l TtV Nn

AdLXf NmTYeLs YWX
V NkWX AWNoLu YmN [dLm (AWN
YlThVp).

4. 5. 5. WQeLu GidLm GVYm

WQeL[j RjRYo YRVNo G]m,
GVYm CYW Gu\ Ut\ Ljm X\.
61

ClWQeLu RlT EXtj R TjdLhl

kLsm XV HtTjVYo R WLo
G]m u\]o.
WQeLs m ojLu AlTPp YWQm,
x WQm, WmU WQm G]l dLlThs[].
Y WQeLs : ClTjm YTUu
TUVd Y].
Y WQm (G) Y WQm
TxV WQm
UodLiPV WQm
CeL WQm
YWL WQm
UjvV WQm
oU WQm
WmUiP WQm GuT]Ym.
x WQm CkSum Uu TUV
Y] Bm.
Y]Ym G]lTm
TLYRm G]lTm
SWVm G]lTm
LPm G]lTm

x WQm
TLYR WQm
SWR WQm
LP WQm

WmU WQeLs CqWim WmUu

TUV [dY] Bm.
WmUm G]lTm WmU WQm
TUm G]lTm TjU WQm
Adu TUVd m Bd]Vm G]lTm
Ad WQm, Vu TUVd m WU
YojRm G]lTm WUYojR WQm.
BL ClWQeLs GidL T]h GuTo.
62

Rrl WQeLs
tLXjp Rp RuVY RrlWQeLs.
YTUu UR Ep Ru Y]VoLd hN
Ajm, VWeL[ TdLm NnRo. CfNVpL[
[VPp G]m CYt\ CV Rp Su
WQeL[L Y Y]kRo \o. AY \V
Y WQm, TV WQm, YTWd WUm Utm
[VPt WQm GuT]Ym.
T]Q WQeL[ UL WQeLs Gu
YZeYo. CYt\j RW T]h WQeLs ET
WQeLs Gu\ZdLlTm. AYVY]
V WQm :
Lp WQm
oYN WQm
LX WQm
SkLvYW WQm
TT WQm

GuT] Ym.

LQNWQm
N]jUW WQm
YxP WQm
TWNW WQm
LjRoU WQm
U]Y WQm

LL WQm
SWma WQm
TodLY WQm
LmT WQm
TW] WQm
jLX WQm

4. 5. 6. WQeLu SdLm
WQm NUVd LjL[ LiP CXdVm. WQm
Ko AVp, A EXu RPdL LXm Rp Yrk
Ym UdLu YrdL S\L[m V
TiThPm \kR GjdLhLs XULm LRLs
YVXLm [du\]. LtTYoL[ Yru EVV
XV APVj iu\]. BrkR iV
LjL[f YV] LRLs Xm UdLu U]p
GRL TVf NnYR CRu RXVV SdLm.
YRd LhP[L[] EiU T - ^jVm YR RoUm
Nn RoUm NW GuTY]Yt\ GV dLRLs YXL
UdLs U]p EQoj LPdLf NnY WQju
63

SdLUm. NUV SpXYm, C\ TdVm LXkR

RnL EQoY Y[olT WQeL[m.

5.

AdLX UdLu YrdL, AW \ RX]Yt\

AVl TkQ u\].

EXu TPl, Uu LXm, AWN UWLs RXm (CPl

TU) ojRm (iV o XLs) WRm (LlT WRm)
UkWm, VLm, Td, O]m, LUm, , C\Y]
TtRtV ^LvW SUm, AxPjWm, RUm, Yu
[VPpLs x AYRWeLs G] TpY
LjL[ UdLs AmT NnYR SdLm G]Xm.

6.

WQeLs LPs Gem Cd\o, AYdl TX

SUeLs Ei, UR CRVjp LPs Cd\o
Gu\ LjL[ [dd u\]. TdRu, NjVm,
RUm, X]PdLm, RnYTd, Nlj RuU,
Ru]mdL BV QeL[ Y[ojd Ls[
Yim. CdQeLd GjdLhL[L CWUu,
LiQu, Aof]u, aUu, NT, L_kWu Tu\
TjWeLs TPdLlThs[].

WQeLu CuVUVU
WQeLs TZU YrkRY Gum NUVd LjL[
UhU WTjR] G]m LsRp RY. WQeLs
Yru TpY XLp UdLd TVuTm AV
EiUL[ GUVL HtdLsm YiQm
s[].
1.

WQeLs RnYeLs, Aj RnYeLs AYRWeLs

Xm LrjV Ag NVpL[d u\]. AjPu
AWVp, UjYm, NPeLs, NL \Ls
YRkRm, RjYm, NUVm Gu\ TpY XLh
iP [dLeL[j Ru\].

CjRLV SpX pL[l TlTRu Xm SpX

UdLs EYdLlT\oLs. AfNkW SPLjRl
Toj ULjU Lkm, WQd LRL[ Lh CWU
xQm, YL]kRm, Ym EY]RL YWX
u\. TYL UdLs ALUL Rm YrVp EVV
SL[ GRLl kLi uTt\ ERY]
WQeL[ Gu\p A LVL.

4. 6. S] LXjt YReLs Utm WQeLu

GtPU

2.

TiPV SLLju \ld Ls G] Tt\lTh

Cum EXp Xjs[ El TsL[V A\m,
Ts, CuTm, BVYt\l Ttj RY]
LjL[j Ru\].

YReLp \lThs[ AV EiULs Cu\V

EXp AVp EiUL[ Lm HtTPV]Yn
LQlTu\]. Um Cu\V Yru AlTPl
TiThd L[m WTdu\].

3.

TPl, A S, x WQjp \lTm

TWUjUt UX] HpX Gu\ EVV
LjLs WQeLp CPm Tts[].

1.

4.

LoU ]Lkm, AYtu [Lp Ckm

Th AU TYRtL] Y\L[d
u\].

u YV, iYLu GpXLs, Vu

EhT, Y]p TtV LjL[ YReLm,
WQeLm s[]. AY A]jm Cu\V
AVp EXLp HtdLs[lThP EiUL[m.

2.

BoYRm G]lTm UjY CVp, Ro, YRm

G]lTm TodLX, LkRoY YRm G]lTm
iLX BV um YReL[m, CLNeL[m

64

65

[dLlTu\]. Cu\V AVp LilLm

CR] HtdLsu\].
3.

UjYj\p EVokR XVL Cu ElL[

Utm AYf fNVj Rrl WQm \.
SVuUoLs JYW] iQ]o G]lTt\
LiQlTo Ru C\Td Vp YTUu
Lip Ck YVlTt\ CWjRjR jR Ru
J LiQl TVoj AlVRLm Um Ut\
Lik CWjRm YW EP] U LiQl TVoj
Al C\Yu VW TdVRLm A\m.

4.

jR YjVm Gu\ \ BuLjRm

UjYjRm CQd\.

5.

L UjYm TtV RY] AY BoYR

NvWm \.

6.

EXL Vp TtV LjLs YReLp RYLd

\lThs[].

CqY\ Yrp CuVUVR A\dLjLs

TXYt\m YReLs RYLd u\]. UR SVU
Yru EVokR S GuTR EX Cu Ttu\.
B]p LlTZUV] YReL[ RYWeLs, XeLs
RX]Yt\m RULl T Y[odL Yim
Guu\]. Cf NVX UR SVjt AlTtThP
YLiV JdLm G]Xm.
YV TWd LiPTRpXm Y]u,

Gu\ Ys[Xo Yd CR] Unldu\. CqY

Sm SP\ Yrp SPTm JqY Lrm
YReLm, WQeLm EQojm TiTh SLs,
AVp oYULm BuL EQoYLm ou\].

7.

LXd LQdd ERm LRNvW Am YRjp

\lThP YnTPVm.
8. iYp LQlTm TpY WLeLs
ShNjWeLs Tt [dLU] NnLs YRjp
LQlTu\].
9. VV YNLm Gu\ A gO]m Au
AUlTm,
RuUVm,
Bt\Xm
lu\.
10. YRjp CkVu ClPm Vp YpSoL[p
\lThs[ AhN, odL WLLs RY\Up
\lThs[]. WaQeLs NmTdu\ LXjR
uhV LQdm LXV YReLs [dd
u\].
66

67

Tt ]dLs
A. K YLp PV
1.

YRm Gu\ Npu Ts V?

2.

Rp j Gum Npu Ts Gu]?

3.

YReLs GjR]? AYVY?

4.

tLX YRLXm G]lTY V?

5.

tLX YRLXUY V?

6.

CkR BVoLs l YWL.

7.

BVYojRm Gu\p Gu]?

8.

WUQeLp \lTm NnLs VY?

9.

Su YReLs VY?

10.

ETYReLs VY?

11.

_] Gu\p Gu]?

12.

WUj RXYu GqY AZdLlThPu?

13.

d YR LX [Vh, TTdLs VY?

14.

tLX YRLXjp RuV CXdVeLs VY?

24. CkVu CTm CLNeLs GY?

25. WQm Gu\ Npu Ts V?
26. WQeLp Ll TZUV] G?
27. WQeL[j RjRYo Vo?
28. WQeLs GqY dLlThs[]?
29. xWQeLs VY?
30. Bd]Vm Gu\p Gu]?
31.

WmUWQeLs GY?

32. WUYojR WQm GuT V?

33. WQju SdLm V?
34. YReLp LQlTm AVp LilLs VY?

15. YR AeLeLs VY?

16.

tLX YRLXjp YYp NnRYu TVWd .

17.

tLX YRLXjp mT Yr, UQ\ Tt GL.

18.

tLX YRLXjp \k [eV TiULs

CYWd L.

19.

tLX YR LX UdLu T Tdf NVpLs

VY?

20. RYjRp APm SuULs VY?

21.

23. tLX YRLX UdLu TiThd LXeL[L

AUkRY VY?

RjYd LjLs UdLd EQojY] VY?

22. C]L[Ld \lTY] VY?

68

B. J Tj A[p ApX Tj YLd LUp

PV
1.

YR CXdVeLs VY? AYt\ YLlTj

2.

NmRLs Y.

3.

BWiVLeLu YXL Sm AY] VY?

4.

ETPReLs [dL.

5.

, v Tt o AY] VY?

6.

YReLu Rt\m TtV LjL[ ?

7.

ETYReLs m NnL[j Rjd L?

8.

N, NT Tt Y.

9.

d YR LX T[RW XV [dL?

10.

tLX YRLXj Rp YLm Tt l YWL.

11.

d YRLX NUVX [dL.

12.

tLX YRLXjp XV AWVp \V Y.

69

13. tLX YRLXjp ULo X GqY CkR?

14.

BuU, WmUm TtV tLX YR LX LjLs VY?

15.

WQm EQojm NnLs VY?

16.

WQeLs RuV LXm Tt AY] VY?

17.

TgNXhNQeLs Tt J TdL A[p PV

18.

YWQeLs VY?

19.

Rrl WQeLs Ttd .

20. WQeLu SdLeLs VY?

21.

YLV JdLm Gu\p Gu]?

C. J TdL A[p ApX lT YLd

LUp PV
1.

Su YReLp \lTm NnL[j Rjd L?

2.

d YRLX AWVXUlT Y.

3.

dYR LX NRV XV Y.

4.

tLX YRLXjp NRVXl Ttj Rj

GL?

5.

tLX YRLX UdLu T[RW XTt [dL.

6.

tLX YRLX NUVXl Tt o AY] VY?

7.

T]i WQeLs VY? YLlTjL.

8.

WQeLp CuVUVUV Y.

D. Su TdLeLd LUp PV
1.
2.
3.
4.

tLX YRLXl TiT Tt Rjd LhW YWL.

tLX YRLXl TiT TtV NnL[d LhW
Yp [dL.
YRju UuU CuVUVUVl Tt LhW
YW.
S] LXjt YReLs, WQeLu HtPUV
Y.
70

5. BkVl TiTht
RrShu LP
5. 1. Ru]Ll TiT
LpRu UiRu\d LXjR Y[ u
RuV jR. Rrd. CR]p Rrd u
TZUm Wm XlTu\. URu Rt\m GqY[
RuUV]R AqY[ TZUV] Ru]LlTiT.
Ru]Yo YrkR ShP WPm Gum AYoLu
UVj WP U Gum YWX \.

TiT dL AYoLs TV U Rr. U]p

\ll Tt\YoLs RZoLs. EQ RPp LWQUL
kRYoLs, ReLds RPo CuUVp TV
ULp Ut\eLs HtThP]. AYV Cu WP
ULs Gu \lTm Rr, Re, Lu]Pm,
UXV[m Bm.

5. 1. 1. Rrl TiT
RZo Uo CWiPWm BiLd uT
TiThm SLLjm \kkR]o GuTR NeL
CXdVeLs EQoju\]. Ud CXdLQm YjR
RZoLs UR YrVdm CXdLQm Yj YrkR]o.
RZo YrY ALYr, \Yr G] CWiPL CXdLQm
Yj YrkRU TiThu LWULd LRlT\.

5. 1. 2. Rrl TiThu Ls
CXdVeLs LXju LiQ; Ru RuV LX
UdLu SLLm, TiT, TZdLYZdLeLs, YrdL \,
AW, AUfo, Bh\, To, Wm, LRp Tu\Yt\
71

SUdd Lh tu\]. SUdd Pjdm NeL

CXdVeLk RZo TiThP Su A\m.
TiThu Ls XYt\l Tt Ce LiTm.
5. 1. 2. 1. LRp

RZo LRX Auu IkQ Gu\]o. C@

JYm Jjm LiP E[UjRj VLRp
YrdLVm. C L[, Lt G] CWiPL AUm.
IkQ JdLjp RXUdL[L [eTYoLs. Am,
NpYm EPV SpXXjp \kRYoLs.
CdLRp SPLjp RXYu, RX St\n, NjRn,
R, TQu, T Tu\m Fo UdLm
TjWeL[L YYo. CdLRp Yr A\jk
UTPUp Auu YlThPL AUm.
UeLXm GuT U]Uh Ut\Ru
SuLXm SuUdLh T

Gu YsYm LRpYYkR U] UhVf

\ldu\o.
5. 1. 2. 2. Wm

TiPV RZoLs WjRj RpLlVl \jQ

CVp Gjd u\. TmTm RtLl \p
Ru To SPTt\. RolTP, V]lTP,
WlTP, LXhTP Gu\ SpYLl TPLm Tp
DThP]. Yh, Yg, EL, mT Gu\ Su
\jQ TLm RZoLu To\Ls
RpLlVjp LQlTu\].
AdLXj RZPm A\lTo \V AUkkR.
CR] ShUVo \lTPXp AVXm.
TdLm, TY JjR TolT]oLm, TiLm,
SPVYoLm, RpYoL[ T\RYm, Vm Am
72

YRtu TLlT] CPjtf NpeLs, G] Wu

JYu Yk RZu A\lTo \ [em.
Bm BVt TolT] UdLm

Tim P m Tj
RuX YrSod Ae LPu Cdm
Tu Tt RpYol T\A m
Gm Am Lu m AWiNou
Um Wo ApXRYoLs, \eLhP KYo, iThPo,
Vo, C[Vo, CYoLs TPdLXm NjRXL
GuTm \St\p AV \.
5. 1. 2. 3. Sh

NeLLXj RZo Sh] Tm Uj YrkR]o.

YsYm EiUV] Shd CXdLQm s[o.
LmSL ShT ShTu SgNj
ALSL ShT Sh.

Es[uPu U]m Urk Sh LsYR EiUV]

ShTUu\o.
LXm T\m UXjRXYu Tm ShTkR]o.
Tu ULo CYWm T C\kRu LXW UQj
Yd\o. Um LXo NWu NpYd LeL
YVR]d Li T\m Shu Y[m, Tu \l,
AYu Wm, AY]l k Ym UdLs XVd
\o. Ru YUVd \, SiTu Y
NWUu]Pm m X AYoLs Shu BZjRd
Lh\.
LlTgNZu Rm UdLPm ShP h U]m
Sk YPdk Eo \dL Vp\u. A Lh,
CYW LlTgNZ] Sp TWUX Shd
73

LikR XYo WkRVo Rm SiTPu

YPdk Eo\dL Yk mVY Eo \d\o.
A ]Y d, Bnj AuLi
ApXp EZlTRm Sh

Gu\ YsYu YdlT UV d, SpYp

Nj, uTm YmT EPk ATlTR
ShTm GuTRtj RU Nu\\o WkRVo.
AVUu SU]gPm Sh LiP J[YVo
RiP UPm Nu AVUu Wm YlTU
YgNlLrfVLl T SPdL kR TmTWj
RjRm NeL CXdVeL[p AVlTm NnL[m.
AVUm Arm CV SpdLV RiQ
J[Ydd Lj UrkRu. NeL LXj RZo Sh]
Tm Ujl Tt]o.
5. 1. 2. 4. kRmTp
k Gu\ Npdl U GuT Ts.

E\]m SiTm ApXRYWn VWL SmPm Ym

UdL[ k Gu\]o RZo. AVRYoL[m
AZj EQYj CPUj ETNj UrkR]o RZo.
Npk Km Yk TojlTu
Spk Y]j RYod

Gu\o YsYo. A\Yod AjRp, AkRQo

KmRp, BV A\eL[j Ru NnV hPu Gu
LiQ Ykd YR XlTLWm EQoj\.
k]oL[ Yp CdLf Nn Ru Uhm
hu Es[ EiRp NYUd UkRV AoRUL
CkRm YiPlTYpX GuTR YsYo,
k \jRRj RiPp NY
UkRm YiPtTt \u
74

Gu Yk kRmTp NeL LX UdLu

TiTL CkRU AV \.
5. 1. 2. 5. DL

LPk YThP DL. YsYo DLd

CXdLQm Yjs[o.
YVodJu DYRDL; Ut GpXm
VolT W EPj

Gum \p Tp ER NnV VR HZLdd

LlTR DLVm; \ LPLs Vm TVu
GoTojd Ldm RuUV EPV Gu\o.
Ck DL GuT YVYoLd Tp ER GoTW
Ldm ERV DL G]d Ls[Xm. YVo
T ojRX JYu Ru NpYjRf Noj Ydm
CPUu NeLLX UdLs Gi YrkR]o.
5. 1. 2. 6. LP

NeL LXjp AWNoLs LP Ys[pL[L

Ckd\oLs. RmUl T Ym XYoLdm
Ut\Ydm Tu]m T[m YWV Lj
UrkRU NeL CXdVeL[p EQW \. T, K,
L, TLu Tu\o LPV Ys[pLs Gu
Tt\lThP]o. T pXdj RWm TLu Udl
ToYVm Aj AVl Lr Tt\]o.
BtlTP CXdVeLs Uu]oLu LPj
RuUVd Y]YL CjRXd Li\m.
LpYhdLs, NlTLs Xm Uu]oLu
LPjRuU AV \.
5. 1. 2. 7. LtPU

NeL LX UdLu CpX\m SpX\UL SPkRU

CXdVeL[p AV \. TiLs RtLjjRt
75

LiPs T. NtLjf No CpXRYoL[Ld Ltd

LPmi CkRU AV \. YsYo
RnYm RZAs LSu \RYs
TnV]l Tnm UZ

Gu \o. LXjp Tn Ldm UZdf

NUU]YoL[Ld LtPV Tio Uj YQeLlThP]o.
BiLs To RVYt\p C\k TRu, Bi C]m
\kR CkRUVp J Bi CWi ApX u
TiL[ UQk YrkRU AV \..
5. 1. 2. 8. EXL JUlT

5. 2. jRr
EVoRf NmUVm RrU Lm RuU
YnkR. UVp YpSoLs BnLs TX Nn Rr
Uu RuUVf NuLs s[]o.
eL[m NmT Ru]m iQm
EdL[m Te LPp CYt\m \kR Rr Gu
TWRNu V Lj Ce SdLjRdL.
Bi TX Bm [Uj \jR Lm kRr
U CVt\r, CNjRr, SPLjRr Gum
lL[d Li [e\.

TiPj RZoLs SLLm TiThp \k CkR]o.

RrShp EZ, SN, YLm Tu\ RpLm
AYtu No RpLm \kkR]. LPpLPk
YSLdm Nu RZo YLm Nn \kR]o.
SU TiT, SLLm, U Vm YSLp \dLd
LWQm TiPj RZoL[.

UR Y[jR UmTj, UR SVjR Y[odu\

CXdVl TPlLs \kR RrU. A CVp, CN,
SPLm G] jRZL rk EPp, Es[m, BuU BV
uu Y[ofV UVd SpX Y[U] BUV
Ad\ Gp LVL. G]YRu Sh UdLd
SpY \ZkR Rr Rh J[YVm SVLW
NeLj Rr um R Gu Yiu\o.

LVu eu\]o Gum XYu \lTPp Ju\

Sm RZu EXL JtUd LsLV EXdl
T\Ntm.

UVp [dLlT CVt\r ALfkR]L[m,

CNjRr BuUu CVp]m, SPLjRr EPu
UnlTL[m lh tu\].

Vm FW VYm Lo
m Sum \oRW YW

EXL UdLs VYWm E\YL Gim TiPj

RZu Es[m EVokRRVm.
LVu eu\]u Vm FW VYm Lo
Gu\ \lTPp Y IdVSLs NT Z Yp
BeX UTVolPu Lpp Yj TdLl
Ttd\ Gu Gi UZjRdL.
76

Lidm Ljdm, Ndm, kR]dm

kRlT jRr. YkRo U RYrk fNeLm Rp
Y[okR jRr, YdL YpXod dLf N\L Cdm
RuU LiP.

5. 2. 1. CVt\r
jRp Rp tm CVt\r, H]V CWitm,
Udm AlTPVn AU\. U RtLWQUV
AjWs J, AeLjRp, CRrRp, S, AN CYt\p
YqY GjR\. CqYjLs RjR RPokR
77

NpX\. NtLm Nt\PoLm Ts

jR]YL AUu\].

XVL JlTl Th. ClT Ht\ RZo Yrp

GiQt\ ThdLs CPm TtkR].

LhWLs, LRLs, ]eLs, LRLs,

NnsLs, dLRLs, SPL CXdVeLs, UoN]eLs
\]nLs, EWVVoLu [dLeLs Gu
A]jm CRs APem.

Ti Gum Rrf Np CNVd j u\.

jVUdLlThP, TiTjRlThP CNV Ti
Gu\]o RZo. URu Ru CVpT] EQofL[,
JelTjRlThP KNPu V ThPd Cu\u.
CN EXL EoLu L[lTm, AlTm A\Y
ALt\. SPl TPpLm, Shl\l TPpLm
CjRuU YnkRYV! C\YThm CN EVokR
CPjRl Ttd\. C\Y] LXdL CNVd
LVd UrkR]o RZo. CqYTh \V
SRTN] Gu\]o YPUV[o. CRVjRj
Rhm CN, LLdm Toj \ L[WYl
Tu]P Gu \o LOo .UjR.

BZULm, ALXULm Y[ok Ym AVp

\NokR UjYm, TVp, Rp hTm, LQdVp,
YLVp, iVp BV GiQt\ CVdL]
pLm CVt\p APem.
EXL BhLsu\ A]j AVp \NokR
pLm Rp EWSP Yp YW Yim. \Sh
SpXOo NjWeL[j Rr Up TVojRp
Yim. C\YR LPV pLs Rr Up
CVt\lTRp Yim.
CVt\r URdV LpVl LhPl TVuT\.
URu kR]V Y[lTj Yr NdL YYL
Nn\. t\m Ldm LVn A]l TdLl
TVuT\.

5. 2. 2. CNjRr
BuUY T\ AkRWeL U CN, C\Y]
HNVn CNlTV]n [eTYu R]! Rr Gu
RuVR Au\ CNm RuV. RZo Yrp
CNlTh CQk Y[okR. LY\ RPe LpX\
YWdm CNV CVkR Yr YrkR]o RZo.
\kR ZkRdj RXhl Th, [Vhl Th,
YdLV Ad k Ydm LRl Th,
Rp Th, St SPl Th, GoThP CpXR
Ht\lTh, UQl Th, FgNp Th, YSPl Th,
C\YThd EV Tdl Th, Cp LV
78

TZkRr CN pL[L Cu AVlTTY

TSW, Te, TgN TWVm, CN dLm, TgN
UW, R[ NjWm, LfNP YiT, CkWLVm, T]
TPXm, R[YL LYVj, CNj Rrf Nns
\dLY, Cu]\ TXYm. CkpLs SUd
UVLd PdLlT\pX.
CuTj RN GU A
CuTkRmT YnkR SpA
GuTo TYkRo TWRNu.
SVuUoLs NmTkRo, AlTo, kRWo Ym
C\YTht EQVL CNVl Tt Y[ojR]o.
Sm CuNVp Rrl TWlm O]NmTkRu Gu
O]NmTkRl TUu Tt\lT\o.
PWNlTd LWVo, CWUeL AL[o, LTX
xQ TWVo, Qe UvRu N, Nu [m
AiQUX WhVo, TYkRo TWRNu Tu\o
\V CNl TPpL[ CVts[]o.
79

RNV Y[odLd LXgNu\ CW_ No

AiQUXf NhVo BtV AkRi
A[PtLV. RNf NeLm, RNd Lp CYt\
m, RNl Th, RN BWnf Tu\Yt\
SPjm AYo RN \dL A]j YLm
Vu\o.
NeL LXjp IYL Xjm \V glTi,
TXlTi (TgWm) pXlTi (NR), URlTi, SnRp
Ti (NqY) Gu\ AlTPl TiLs TYL
CNdLlThP]. Um YS[m, LUWm Tu\ TiLm
CkRRL AV\.
NeL LX CNd LLs, Vr, Zp, B, TRX,
Tip, RP, RiU, LWL RX]YVm.
gVr, TXVr, pXVr, URVr, [Vr,
Vr, TVr Tu\Y CNdLlThP].

SPLm. StTiL[d LPlj JYRu \lT

[dY SPLm.
RN Tp, RuUV] Rr SPL pLm,
SPLd LX dL pLm Ak T].
RpLlVu UnlThVp, SPLd LXOoLs
YlTjR YiV SL, AL, CYWp (C),
UhL (Vl), AfNm, TRm, ]m, EYL Gum
Gh UnlTL[m, AY RuYRt Yim
XdL[uL[m lhs[.
Yp, NVkRm, Qp, NtVm, NVu\,
UYQ]o SPLjRr Gum pLs \V AVod
SpXo, VlTeLX EWVVo, C\V]oL[VW
BVo BVWp lPlThs[].
jm, SPLm SPdu\ BL[m Tt Y]
NnLs XlTLWjp \lThs[].

tLXjp pXeZp, SRYWm, [Sh,

BoUVm, Q, LQ, YVu, hPo, _XRWeLm
RV CN YjVeLm Rp, TgNLm YjVm
PUWm, EdL, TmT, LPm, Loe, ReLm, LgW,
PXd, _XW Tu\ R[ YjVeLm Ru].

CPdLXjp RuV CWN WN _Vm mVo,

XjeL NZ NR Tu\ SPLeLs CkRU
tLXf NZo LXjp SPLdLX \kkRRd
Lh\.

TjlTh, GhjRL, d\s, XlTLWm,

UULX, T]i rdLQd pLs RV]
CNVl TtV lL[j Ru\].

18Bm t\ip AQNXd LWVu CWU NR

SPLm, LTX xQ TWu SkR]o NjWd
ojR] Gu\ SPLm Lr Tt\]Ym.

5. 2. 3. SPLjRr

19Bm t\ip SPLm UuUm Su

Y[WjRPeV. TUt LXOu LXY, TY,
U]NVm Gum SPLeLm SPLVp Gum SPL
CXdLQm TtV m TUlTPjRdL]Ym.

jRu u\m TV] SPLj Rr \l dL.

C CVt\Zm, CNjRZm Rus Li
Es[Rp UdLPjp CRu RdLm ALm LQlT\.
UdLu AL,\ CVpL[ Slu Xm UPp
YlTjY SPLm. Yru SpX, V L[
GjdLh, AR]p [m TXuL[m jlT
80

TWVo kRWm s[u U]uUVm SPL

m, AYWl uTt AiUp XYo B. GV
AfN A SPL m SpX LYlTl Tt\].
81

SPLju RkR G] Tt\lThP TmUp NmTkR

RVu U]LW, XY, YR[ EXLm, NTT
Tu\ TpY SPLeLs \lTL AUk A]YW
TWhPm Tt\].
SPL EXu CUVm G]d LRlThP NeLWRv
YLs TY[dL, N AV, YsUQm,
NjVYu Nj Gum WQ SPLeL[m,
BeXm, YPU BV ULk U TVojf
NnVlThP Rr SPLeL[m CVt]o.
SYl CWNUdLm s[, Gm. LkRN RVo
Tu\ SPL EXL _mTYuL[ VWm U\dL V.
UVlT YLs, hPlT, L.. kRWmTs BVo
SlTt\m Wp Y[m LiP LXOoL[Lj
LrkR]o.
CTRm t\ip GiQt\ SPLd dLm, SPL
BVoLm, SPLj Rdj RiPt Yu\]o.
RrS AWm CVp, CN, SPL Uu\ju Xm StT
Bt Yu\.
N. xQ oju AkRUu L,
T.XLiPu sp W_, Gu.Gv.L. SPLd u
Sm CYo, TjVdLWu, SWQ WdLiQu
EWVm PdPo. . YWRWN]u PdPo Ap,
A. WUSRu, CWNWN NZu, TWOo AiQu
YXdL, Ko CW, NkWRVm, RYu UVdLm,
LXOo. LQu Uk U, dUP Tu\
SPLeLs UdLs Ujp TmTWhPl Tt\].
WTiV LhPTmUu, UR NLRWoLs Tu\ YWXt
SPLeLm Lr dLYVLj LZkR].
LWmT .L. NiLm, .L.TLYm, SPLdLXd
BtV Ri A[PtLV. Bo.Gv. U]Lo
LhL[d Liu LiYk jm AtRU]
UP AUlLPu SPLeL[ SPj SPLd LXd
82

AUV] Ri Nns[o. NLvWSUm, Gu.Gv.

xQu, L.Bo.WUN, Gv.Gv.CWNkWu,
Gm..WUfNkWu, Y LQNu Tu\ WdLXOoLs
SPLj\ Xm WEXd YkRYoLs Gu
AmT SPLju \l Um \.
LUp YSRu Rio, Rio SPLm
UdLPV Tm TWTWlT EiPdV.
N. CWUN, U[, WQm vYSRu, U],
Gv..NLo, W ULu Tu\YoLm, Rdjd
LXd U Rm jlThPW AUlT[oLm
SPLd LXd jh Yu\]o.
LXYs[ju YLjRm, AVp u]t\j
Rm, Y] SPLeLs, RXdLhj RPoLs, UP
SPLeLs, LR SPLeLs Gu TpY TUQeLp
SPLdLX Y[ok YY TUlTP YiV
Ju\m.
NYo YQem YTUu LfXm u
]VL ClTTp RZoLu Rr Um CVp,
CN, SPLm G] u\L AUk RZoL[j RX
ok tLf Nn\.

5. 3. RpLlVm DQojm YrdL \

(@Lm, \m)

Cus[ Rr pLp LlTZUV] p

RpLlVm Bm. C Rp XL LrkRm
ALjVm Gum CXdLQ d YXuTo.
s[Yo, ALjVo Gum YWp NnVlThP Rp
Rr CXdLQ p ALjVm Gu Yo. A@ RtT
PdLl T\UVp RpLlVm Rp XV.
Rd UhUpXUp RZo Yrdm AUdLlThP
AtRU] CXdLQ p G]d LRlT\. CRu LXm
83

Tt YqY LjLs Xu\]. Gm ..

CWiPm t\i G] AOo TXm Htd Lis
[]o. RpLlVjR CVtVYo TZUV] LlVd
p RuV RpLlVo Gu LRlT\.
Ckp Gj, Np, Ts Tt [d\.

5. 3. 1. EXLjRt\m TtV Lj
Xm, o, Sl, Lt, Yu BV IYL CVtLl
TsL[d Li R]LY CqXLm RuV Gu\
LjR RpLlVo YlTjs[o.
Xm, o, , Y, mT Ikm
LXkR UVdLm EXLm
Gu EXLjRt\m Tt A AlTPp AZLLd
u\o.

5. 3. 2. ALYr
TVoL[m, Tt\oL[m fNdLlThP
UQ \Lm, BPYo Tio RULY Li
LRjj UQm Nn Lsm TZdLm CkRRL
RpLlVm \. NPeLp WRoLs
TVuTjRlTPpX.
BPYo, Tiu XTt RpLlVo [d\o.
NRVjp BPYo Tim EVoYLY LRlThP]o.
Bi B[l\kRYu Gum, Ti LtTl Td Lj
CpX\m V Q tTYs Gum RpLlVo \o.
TWjRVo Gum Fol TULo NRVjp CkR]o.
TkRR LUYhLVp YV YWmu BN
LsYm, JYo Uhm LRpLsYm RpLlVWp
LidLlT\. Ck CpX\m \ldLRLd
LVUm, UdLs Wm, AYt\p dLYoL[L CkR]o
GuTm AV\.
84

EYjRm, TYjRm, ALYVm AYm

JjR RXYu RX Nok YrY ALYr.
RXYm RXm Fr]l TV]p Ju j Rm
njR CuTm CjRLV G] \odl XlTjR VRR
ALYrdLVm. CR [dY ALjQ G]lTm.
Q GuT JdLm TtV Tm, \ GuT
ALjQp AUkR EhLs Bm.

5. 3. 3. Q YLLs
Rr UdLs YrkR Xm IkRLl dLlThP. Ae
Ym UdLs JdLm XjR CVkRRnd
LQlThPRp X YTLs CYoLds CkR]. X
AUl Ut RPe Zd YW, \V UXLm,
Lm, NUYLm, LPtLWm ClTR g, pX,
URm. SnRp G]l TVh u]o TX Gu\ V
XjRm Ap YrUdLu JdLjRm Ak
CVm]o. BLY Q IkRL dLlThP. CjQLs
UdLu AL YrdLV [dYRp Ap \lpX
[em Ut\ CWi JdLeLdd Ld[,
TkQ G]l TVh AR \jQL[
NojR]o. Ld[ GuT J RXdLUm. Bi Ti
CYp JYo Uhm LRp Li ClT. TkQ
GuT TkRd LUm. YV okRYo L C[VYo
Tp LRp LsYm TXYkRm NnYm Bm.
5. 3. 3. 1. gjQ

UX XUV g Xjp Ym UdLu

JdLjRd Y gjQ Bm. UXm
UXVf NokR CPU gVm. RXYm
RXm Nok Urk ClTR ALm mY
CRu ElTs. CqYdPV Lm Nkl,
ARtV LWQeL[ GjWlTR g JdLm
85

ApX gj Q. CjQu RnYm UVu

G]lTm Lu BYo.
5. 3. 3. 2. pXjQ

Lm, L NokR Xm pX Xm. CRu RnYm

UVu (Up) k Nu\ RXYu mmYW LR
Ru Ltu YUVp Ru VWjRl Tjd
LilT pXVdLm. AYs BRp
TRtV LWQeL[d Rm, pXj QV.
CjQu JdLm Bt CjRp Bm.
5. 3. 3. 3. URjQ

YVm, YVp NokR CPm UR Xm Bm. o Y[m,

XY[m AUkR XlTVm. CRu RnYm CkWu.
SpX AWm, SLLm, h YrdLm AUVl Tt\
Xm URm Bm.
RXYu, RX CYPV Rum FPp,
AqPu LWQeLs Ttd m CjQ. FPp dm
YXL TQu, jRu, TeLu, R BVo
NVpTYRd Ym CjQVm.
5. 3. 3. 4. SnRp Q

LPm, LPp NokR CPm SnRp XUm. CkX

JdLjRd Y SnRp QVm. CkXjj
RnYm YQu. RXYu YWdd LjjRp, RuU]j
VW \Pm Rm SnRp JdLUm. CWeLp
Gu\ XV SnRu JdLUm.
TiPj RZo Yrp AUkR LRp L[, Lt
Gu\ XLp UQYrYL AUm. CkS\L[
Gjd YR ALju UVdLhT.
86

5. 3. 3. 5. TXjQ

TX XjX Lm JdLjRl Ttd Y

TXj Q. pX Y\iT] XlTV TX
Xm. CRtj RpLlVo RXm lPpX. Y]m
Tnj Y\i T]p GkR Xjm TX Ru\Xm.
Gm XlTLWjp C[eLYLs TXXm Ttd
mT. g Xm AR Aj AUks[
pX Xm Nkdm CPjp Xm UVe TX Gu\
Xm Ru\ GuT Ru\ gm pXm
\Ut k TX GuTRo TUm Lsm
Gu\o. CRtj RnYm Lt\Y. CjQdV
JdLm . RXYu RX Yl Tm TPpLs
TXu TPpL[LY LRlTm.

5. 3. 4. \Yr
UR Yru ElTsLp A\m, Ts,
Gu\ u\l TtV NnLs Ce \lTu\]. \jo
VYdm XlTm JdLjRl Tt YRp
\lTs G]lThP. Cl\ JdLm Tj YLlTm
AY \V YhjQ, LWkRj Q, YgjQ,
LgjQ, EOj Q, Sfj Q, mTj
Q, YLj Q, TPi Q, TVp Q
GuT]Ym. Xo Ld[, TkQ Gu\ CWi
ALlTs \jQL[m Noj GiYo.
5. 3. 4. 1. YhjQ

TLYo Shu TPVdL mm AWNu Ru

TLUV EQojR TLYo Sh TdL[ LYok YWf
NnYu. AqY LYok YWfNpm WoLs Yhl
UX Ak NpYo. CY Tdd LWQUL
AU\.
87

5. 3. 4. 2. LWkRj Q

5. 3. 4. 7. mTjQ

Yh UX V WoLs LYok NpXj RPeV

TdL[ TLUu]u WoLs LWkRlUX Ak
hf NpYo. C LWkRj QVm. AdLXjp
UL[ NpYULd LRlThP. AL ULs Es[Y]
NpYkR]Ld LRlThPu. AR]p U Gu\
Npdm NpYm Gu\ Ts YZeLXt.

CTm YkRoLm Ss j, TPjp To

NnRp mTj QVm. CqWo CTdLjRYoLm
mTl UX l To NnYo.

YsYm,
LCp fNpYm Lp JYt
UApX Ut\ VY
Gu\ CPjp UPu\ Npd NpYm
G]lTs LsRp SdLtTX.
5. 3. 4. 3. YgjQ

TLYo Shu Up TPVjf NpRp

YgjQVm. CqWoLs YglUXV
fNpYo.
5. 3. 4. 4. LgjQ

Shu Up TPVj Ym YgUXo V

WoL[ LgjQ WoLs Sh GpXp Rj
jYo. CqWoLs LglUXV fNpYo.
5. 3. 4. 5. EOj Q

TLYo Shu TPV Nu UX Y[jl

TY EOj QVm. CqWoLs EOl
UX Yo.

5. 3. 4. 8. YLjQ

To Nnm CYkRs JYo Yt TYo.

AqWoLs YLlf YtV Urk LiPYo.
Yt Tt\YWl Lrk Tm TPpLs YLj
QVf NokR TPXm.
5. 3. 4. 9. TPi Q

RlThP JYu Wm, LP, Lr RV

JdLjRf \ljl TRp TPi Q G]lTm.
5. 3. 4. 10. TVp Q

Ut\lThP JuT QLp YLlTjR VR

TPpL[] A\m m TPpL[m, A m
TPpL[m ClTVp Qp APdd Yo.
CYts Yh, LWkRj QLs TdL[ LYoRp,
AYt\ hPp G]m, Yg, Lgj QLs TLYo
ShuUp TPVjRp, AYoL[ Shs PUp
RjRp G]m, EO, SfjQLs UX Y[jRp,
ARd LjRp G] AUk Go Go QL[L
AUkjRp \lPV.

5. 3. 4. 6. Sfj Q

Ajd \lTm mTl To\, CPm, Ss, SWm

jf NnVlTm A\lTWL Wm [V u\ GuT
lPjRdL.

UX Y[jl To Nnm EOj Q WoLs

Us LUp Rjl TTYo. Sfj Q WWYo.
CYoLs Sfl UXVf l To NnYo.

YtVl TWhRp YL GuTR AUVUp,

Rt\Yo TdLjm Wm YlTP To NnRYoL[m
\lj, TY] Wm, LP CYt\l Tm TPi

88

89

Q. RZo SLLjt Gjd LhPLj Lr\.

EXp GkR Um CpXR EVV QlTT
GuT JdLju Eu]R X Gu\p A LVL.

5. 4. NeL BXdVeLp LQlTm NUVdLjLs

NeLLXj RZPV AYoLdL EV NUVm
CkR. CfNUVju NpYdLj RURPm LQ
kR. CfNUVm AYoLu NL Yrp dPpX.
NUVju Q Li UR E\Ym, LPPu
QlTm T\ m]o. tX NPeLs CkR].
C\ltl u]p LZ lTRf kdLj RXlThP]o.
RuPV Xju RnYjR YThPR
AUVUp YL NUV YTh \m CkR.
NodLm, SWLm, T, U\l, ]lTVu TtV
SmdLLm CkR].
WoLu SLp YQdLm, C\kThP u]o
YQdLm CkR. UWm, Lp, UX, XeLs Tu\Ym
YQeLlThP]. UX VYttf NuL[Lf
XYt\l TolTm.

5. 4. 1. LPs, CVs, C\
R RtTs, A[p Bt\PV CVs
G]lThP. ARd LPs Gum AZjR]o. SmU
CVdTYu CVs Gu\ZdLlThPu. SmUd LPkRYu,
AVVRYu, B]p Es[Yu GuT Ru\ LPs
Gum AZdLlThPu. EXLlTsLu EsPLm,
AYt\d LPkm ClTYu LPs G] \lThPu.
A]jm dLU\ \k JoTYu C\ G]
AZdLlThPu.
90

5. 4. 1. 1. YYT

NeLLXj RZo Y] YT NnR]o. lWm

GjRYo, dLi RpYo, YoNPd LPs, Gu\pXm
AZdLlThP YTUu YTLP[Ld Lp Xm
Hk CkRu G] AVlT\.
5. 4. 1. 2. YQu YT

UZdd LPs YQu, YsYm Yu\l

G] UZVl Tts[Um, C[eLYLm
UUZ Tt\m G] YQ YThPd LQ \.
SnRp XjRnYm YQu G] Nu\o YjR]o
CXdVeLm CR]l Tou\].
5. 4. 1. 3. CkWu

URX UdLs CkW] YThd\oLs. GlTm

CuTm Zk BPp TPpLp U]m Njm
CkW]l TXY CuTm Zk YrkRU NeL
CXdVeL[p AV \.
5. 4. 1. 4. Up

Up pX X UdLu RnYm BYo. Up

TiPj RZoL[p YQeLlThPYo. TTPp Gum
CXdVm Up TU]l TLm TXWUo YTm
\ll TtkR.
5. 4. 1. 5. jReLs

jReLs RZo UdL[p Tm UdLlThP].

GoYm UV u EQojY] jReLs Bm.
Td Npm u jRUm Ti Sm RZPV
CkR.
91

5. 4. 1. 6. Fr]

Lhp Qm u YrYRL Sm]o. t\m

NnTYoL[ Rm Ridm Gum Sm]o.

Fr Gum ]lTV] UdLs UjR]o.

t\lp NnR ]lTVuL[ Fr]l TVu
Gu\]o. RPok AjR \m Cq]l TVu
LWQULY AUm G] Sm]o RZo.

5. 4. 1. 11. CVtL YT

YsYm Ft TY V[ Gu
]u\o. UPXm LYXu Tt Lk AL[Pjd
eLp CdLYXu CmU NnRX Vu Sp]
CjjR UUd LkPu Dil TkR
u] Gu\o. CR]p Fr]l TVu RlT Yk
Nm.

5. 4. 2. \NUVeLs

5. 4. 1. 7. RuXjRo

C\kThP u]oLs CPXLm Jup YrYRL

Gi]o. AYoLs Ym EXLm Ru Np ClTRL
Sm]o. AR]p AYoLs RuXjRo Gu\ZdLl
ThP]o.
5. 4. 1. 8. SLp YQdLm

TodL[jp WUWQm APkR WoL[ APdLm

NnR CPjp AqW] TVo, Lr, \lVpL[
GV LpX Sh YQe]o. CRt SLp YQdLm
Gu\ TVo YkR.
5. 4. 1. 9. Tj YQdLm

LQY]j RnYUL Uj YrkR TiLdf

XVjf \l YTLs NnRUV XlTLWm
YXL A\m.
5. 4. 1. 10. Tn, Rm, AQeLs

Tn, Rm, AQeLs ClTRLm AY UdL[

AfjYRLm L Ag]o. AQeLs, UX, [m,
LPp Tu\ CPeLp ClTRL Sm]o. TnLs
92

TZkRZo CVtLV YT NnR]o. Vu, UZ,

B, UWm, (Ym, AW) BVYt\ YT Nn
YrkR]o.

UULX Gu\ \l YnkR LlVjR

RrU AfNUVjt YZef \ld\.
Y[VTm, iPXLm, T[jR LlVeL[.
WNVm Gu\ CXdLQm T[jRoLs CVtVR.
CkV Shu RuUV] NUVeLp NUQ NUVm
Ju. NUQoLs UWp YfW Sk NeLjR j
Rrj Ri k YkR]o. NeL LX NUQlXYo
EXfN]o, LiP]o Gum CYo. NUQW]
C[eLYLs XlTLWjRl TPjRo. YL
kRU jRdL RYo Gu\ NUQf Nu\Wp
CVt\lThP. CY RW Ig LlVeL[V ERVQ
UW LVm, SL UW LVm, VNRW LVm, [U,
XL BVYm NUQl TVoLs TVRVm.
pLs TXm, CXdLi pLm, Lim, NUQl
TVoL[p NnVlThdu\].
NUVjp NW BuLjR Aj m d\s.
EXLju RX\kR ULs A]jm UVdLm
NnVlTh, ARPV AVp, TVp, CuTVp
LjLdLLl Tm Ttl TWhm XVl
Ttd\. C YP CkV ULs A]jm U
TVodLlThs[.
93

5. 5. BkVl TiThtj RrlTiThu LP

RZoLs Lf \kR TiThPm, SLLjRm
EPVYoLs. CR] EXL YWXt BVoLs JU]RL
Htd Lsu\]o. CYoLs CkVl TiTh Y[ofd
YZes[ LP A[PtLV.

5. 5. 1. UdLP
ULgNRW, aWlT Tu\ CPeLp TX
t\iLd uT WPoLs L EVoSR
SLLjPu YrkRR A\m. YPSh ULs
TXYtm, Ru]h ULs A]jm Rrf
NtL[ Cum LQ \. CkVt YV
LPpLPkR SLXpXm, CkV SLLjR Nu
TWs[ CkV U RrUV GuT EXLkR
EiU. YRLXjXV NUvRjp LXkR Rrf
NtLs TXYm.

5. 5. 2. dLpLs
YVok u CkShu NUVl TiTh
Y[ofL[ GjdLhm AZV u]eLs RZLju
dLpL[m. dLpLs TiPdLXjp
TiTh UVeL[Lj LrkR]. LXd PeL[Lj
LZkR]. CY EVokR LhPP, tT, KVdLXLs \k
[eY]YL CkR].
TiV, TpXY, NZ Uu]oLs LXjp CdLXLs
Tm Tt\lThP]. GiQt\ LpLs GkR].
CYV]jm RZLm CkVt YZeV LP
G]Xm. CR AUlp YPCkVp TXLpLs
Gks[Rd LQXm. RZLd LXl TWmTVm EXLU
Vk TWhm YLp AUVlTts[. NUV T[jR
NUVeL[f NokR TsLm, LpLm, PYWd
LpL[m RZLUem LQ\. f, RgN,
Y]dL, RmTWm, UW, fNko, RuL, Lg,
94

kRWm, YWeLm, dLdu\m, PkR, LuVU,

CWUvYWm Tu\ CPeLp Lf\l YnkR Ck
NUVjdLpL[d LQXm.
5. 5. 2. 1. LpLu \l

LpLp UR] Xe Xk EVoj

UR Xd Um RnY Xdm EVojRl TX AV
LjL[ Lh TVuT\ NtTLs SPjRlThP].
RZo TiThP [dm LrfLs SPTt LpLs
TiTh UVeL[Lj LrkR].
UdLs Ru Xp EVW UdLs T NnV, VL
EQo T\ Tdm, Aum AYVm G] EQokR]o.
\kR YTh\, BLUeLu NWU] UkWYT
LiP LpLs Tdu \lPULj LrkR].
LPs CdPjR UhNm, YiPm, YXLm,
T Gm YojRL[p EQoj]o. NeLjRr
Aus[m LiPYo Es[m, HZu l CYtp
C\Yu ClTRL Gi YrkR]o. AqPjR
LXLd Li \ljR]o.
YV GuT EW V EPd Ei Gum
BuUt CpX. BuU Ru Gk YkRR AX
NW Vu YRX XVURp GuTo. CqPeLs
TmTm LXLY CkR]. BRXp LpLs,
BuU XVUPeL[L CkR] G]Y LpL[
BXVeLs G]m AZjR]o.
LpLp LXLs Y[ok \kRRm UdLs
AYt\d Li UZkRRm LpLs iLXLs
Y[u\ CPULj Lru\].
RYW, YNLl TPpLs, Yu LpLp
TPlTt\]. TVoLdm ZkRLdm
TdLlThP]. LpLs \Ls Y[PUL
95

CkR].
UZ, Vp, Ys[m Tu\ LXeLp UdLdl
LPULj LrkRY dLpL[m. Um
UQm, ZdLs Tu\Y LpLu UiPTeLp
SPTt YkR]. G]Y LpLs NRV LPULm,
FolT Uu\eL[Lm CkR] G] AV\.
RZo Yr LX CQkRRLY AUkR.
J[YVm, BXVm RY NXm Su Gu\o.
Lp CpX Fp dL YiPm GuT TZU.
CdLpLs Xm BuLm Y[okR. UdLPV
JtU Ke UR SVm UXPULjdLpLs
LrkR] GuTR A\m.

5. 5. 3. tTm
RrShu
dLpLs
\TdLXd
GjdLhPLj Lru\]. C\Yu C\ ULs,
iLp YdLlThs[ tTeLs, LWeLp
AUdLlThs[ R YXf tTeLs CY AtRUL
YYUdLlThPY. WQ CLNd LRd LhL[
[dm YiQm AUks[]. TgN EXLeL[p
YYUdLlThP C\Yu ULs Cum RrShp
YYUdLlTh EXu TX SLdm AlTl
TYRd LmT TiPj RZo tTdLX
dLeL[ YeLXf NkR]d hf Nus[
Td`Um.

5. 5. 4. KVm
U RuYRt uT KVm RuV G]Xm.
KV GjdLs Cum U GjL[Ll
TVuTjRlTYR _lTu, ] ULp LQXm.
KVeL[ TiPj RZoLs LtLp Yjm,
LpLp YWkm Y[ojR]o. YiQm hPlTt\
KVeLs Lp Ytm Up W R]eLm
96

YWkR]o. CLN, WQdLhLs CRu Xm

[dLlThP]. RgNl TV Lp CWNWN NZu
YWXt SPLd LhLs Cum ClTRl TodL \.
CqYiQd LXYLs LXYs[jRp AV YiQm,
U\ YiQm hPlTtdm kR Cum
TtRtV.

5. 5. 5. ShVm
TiPj RZoLs ShVd LXp \k [e]o.
ShVm GuT CNV V j Bm. XlTLWm
j YLLs Tt CVm\. LhX]m CuTjRj
RY BPtLX. EPp No, U]fNoYm dm
YLp BPm, TPm Gu\p LVL.
TiPdLXjR BPp LrYRt AWeLs CkR].
UWZpLm RdLm, Lp t\jm,
UPULLm, UiPTeLm ULo XmTdL
B]o. L YdLiLm LiY U]m NpX
BRX BPu hTUm.
BPYpX SP]ULs \ Gu\ZdLlThPs. SP]
ULu jRu Gu\ZdLlThPu. Ysd j, L]
YTh Bm u\dWY, UX YlTh Bm.
BnfVo WY TiLs LLjRm WYd j
eLd j, QXd j Tu\Y CXdVeLp
LQlTm j YLL[m.
Yu Bu\ j RiPYm G]lTm.
NYlTUdLs Ru C\Y] Bm LP[L, AmTXd
jR]L, BPp YpX]L SPWN]Ll Tt YQe]o.
YQYl TUdLm UXd Zd
LVPu Bm LiQ]Ll Tt]o.
Rr Shj dLpLu SP]UkRoLs TXo
ShV LrfL[ Lrjd\oLs. CYoLs
97

C\Yu [VPt LhL[ ShVU UdL[

Tdl TWYNlTjd\oLs GuTm LpYhLs
Xm AVlT\. CkSP] UkRoLu SP]dLhLs
LpLp tTeL[L YYUdLlThP]. CYtkR
Cu\V TWR ShVm Gu\ LX RuV. C\Y]m
BPp AWN]Ll TojR. Sm RZo NRVm LXj d
u\m SPWNo U, SP]dLXd Ko
GjdLhPm. CkVl TSht TWRdLX J
\kR LP Gu\p LVL.

5. 5. 6. ZdLs
Rr UdLs EZlT NpYUL Li YrkR]o.
W LPXm WVm Rl Ts Y[m Td]o.
Urf \kR UdLs Yrp ZdLdl TgNpX.
Ru Xj RnYeL[ YQe ZdLs NnR]o.
EojRXm EZjRp Nn UrkR]o. To
Y[oYRtm UZdm LWQU] V] YQe Z
YjR]o. NodLW TeLh, Lm Yjl TPVp
Nn V] YThP]o. AjS[ RURm RpSs
TeLp S[Ld LiP]o. EZdm Rdm
ERV LpSPLd Su TWhm ZYL USs
Uhl TeLp Z LiP]o. Au TWh ERV
E\dm Shdm k Yj Lm TeLp
ZYjR]o. CqY TeLp Ss RZo S[L
Cum [eYRd LQXm. Um CkSp
UgWh, tTo UtTo, YsTo Tu\ W
[VhdL[ [V UrYo
Rp NdL ERV LYVtd Z GjR]o.
BURm 18Bm Ss BlTdLL LiP Sm
m \dL Um AU Yi YThP]o.
CjRZo TeLp ZY YPdp ULW NeLWkVLd
LiPPlT\. CkV TShdj RZo
YTh\m YLhVL CkR]o.
98

5. 5. 7. WV [Vh
TiPj RZPV Wm [Vhm CQkR
CkR]. UtTm, tTm, W [VhPLY
Ckd\. C RW Ti ZkRLd AmU],
FNp Tu\Ym Bi ZkRLd tp, T\,
Ro Tu\Y [VhPL CkRU AV \.
RZo f Nok [Vm [VhdLs Xm
JtU EQofm, Nok Ym BoYm T
ShlTt\m UlTt\m Y[ojR G]Xm.

5. 5. 7. 1. _pdLh
TiPj RZu W[Vhp _pdLhm Ju.
CR AdLXj HRYp GuTo. APdLVR
L[L[ APdl TNLl TiL[ UQlTo. TiPj
RZo. CqZY RtTm Lm TeLXu
_pdLhPL SPT\.

5. 5. 7. 2. CkW Z
UR XdLPs CkWu. CkW] YThP UdLs
CkWu LdLLp UrklTRl TXY ReLm,
UrkdL m, YNkR LXju X S[
CkW ZYLd LiP UrYo. CqZ um
uUL 5, 6 ShLs SPTm. UdLs LdLLm
W [VhdLp UrklTRV mYo. Ts
TPjRo, EQm, Tm Aj UrYo. TX
UPLp CNm, jm SPTm. CqZ
NeLLXjp \kkR GuTR XlTLWm Xm
A\m.

5. 5. 8. \ LPLs
5. 5. 8. 1. d\s : EXLlTU\Vm d\s
RZoLu LPVm.
99

5. 5. 8. 2. UjYm : jR UjYm Gum L

UjYjR EXt YZeVYoLs RZoLs.
5. 5. 8. 3. CN : RN RZoLu TiThP EQot
\kR GjdLhPm.
5. 5. 8. 4. LlTp LhU]m : Tu]eLXjt u]W
LlTp LhU]jRm, Rp hTjRm AkkR]o.
RZoLs LlTp TdYWj RZoLs LiP Rp
hTUm.
5. 5. 8. 5. kRmTp : TZkRZo k]W YWYt
ETNlTp TUrf APkR]o.
5. 5. 8. 6. Sh : TZkRZo Sh] Em UX]Rn
Ujl Tt]o. EQofVj TZRX Sh Gu\]o.
5. 5. 8. 7. LRp : RZo LRp Gum NpX Au
NjRp RXV TX XLp TVuTj]o.
5. 5. 8. 8. Wm : TiPj RZu Yr \V AYoL[
Wm NkR Yr \ G]Xm.
5. 5. 8. 9. U]m : Uo lu Eo YZd LYUu
Gu RZoLs U]jR Em UX]Rn Tt]o.
5. 5. 8. 10. Lt : LPs Sd UX]Rn TiLs Lt
Sp Yrk AVl Lr Tt\]o. CdLtPU
RZu EVV JdL SVm.

CYt\ SdmT TiPj RZo, CkVl

TSht YZeV A[Yt\ TiThd LP Tt
AV \.
100

5. 1. Tt ]dLs
A. K YLp PV
1.

WP ULs VY?

2.

RZo TiThu LWUn GR]d \Xm?

3.

TiPj RZu TiThP AV ERY] VY?

4.

RZu ALYr GqYLp AUkR?

5.

IkQ JdLju RXUdLs VYo?

6.

U]UhV YsYo GqY \ld\o?

7.

TiPj RZu WjR GYtp AVXm?

8.

SpYLl TPL[L \lTY] VY?

9.

NeLLXjp To Gm\p SPTt\?

10.

RpLlVm m \jQLs VY?

11.

kRY V?

12.

ArRUVm YiYpX GlT?

B. J Tj A[p ApX Tj YLd LUp

PV
1.

NeL CXdVeL[p AVlTm NnLs VY?

2.

RZo TiThu \ld \V UQYrdL Ttd

L.

3.

ALYru TjWeL[L TPdLlThPWn

CXdVeLs Y] VY?

4.

NeL LXj Ru A\lTo \V Y.

5.

GYo TPdLXm NjRd PR] \S

\?

6.

NeL LXjp Shu UuUVf Nu\p [dL.

101

7.

k Tt NeL CXdVeL[p AVlTm Nn

V?

9.

XlTLWjp SPLm Tt AY] VY?

LtPU Tt NeL CXdVeLs Y] VY?

10.

tLX NZoLXjp SPLd LXVl Tt .

11.

U]uUVju BVo Vo?

C. J TdL A[p ApX lT YLd

LUp PV

12.

SPL EXu RkR G]lTTYo Vo? AYW

SPLeL[d .

1.

RZo TiThd Lp RXVVRV LRp, Wm

Tt Y.

13.

SPL EXu CUVm G]l Tt\lTTYo Vo?

2.

DL Utm LPV NeL CXdVf NuL[p

[d.

14.

TWOo AiQu SPLeLs CWi]d .

15.

3.

NeLj RZu Sh, kRmTp Te] Rjd

L.

SPLj\ YXL WXp WLjR SpYWd

l.

16.

SPL EXu _mTYuLs Vo? Hu?

4.

EXL JUlThp NeL LX UdLu Te] Y.

17.

LrdL C YWXt SPLeL[d L?

8.

D. Su TdLeLd LUp PV

B. J Tj A[p ApX Tj YLd LUp

PV

1.

1.

NeLj Rr um R G] J[YVo YiPd LWQm

V?

2.

CVp, CN, SPLm Gum um GYt\ [du\?

3.

CVt\r Tt BVo Y] VY?

4.

CVt\p APem NnL[m AUlTm L.

5.

CNjRu \l]d ?

TZkRZu TiThd L[j Rj GL.

5. 2. Tt ]dLs
A. K YLp PV
1.

BVo Ru RuUV GqY [d\o?

2.

jRZY V?

3.

ALf kR]L[ GjRr lu\?

4.

BuUu CVp] G lu\?

6.

RZo Rm Yrp CPm Tt\ TPpL[ YNlTjL.

5.

EPu UnTL[ GjRr lu\?

7.

SRTN] G] YPUVo GR]d ]o?

6.

CNd Ti G]l TVo YWd LWQm V?

8.

7.

CNlTPpL[ CVtV Nu\o CYWd ?

CW_ No AiQf NhVo RNd BtV

AmT V?

8.

CN TtV lLs LQlTm CXdVeLs CWiPd

L?

9.

SPLj Ru \lTL BVo Y] VY?

10.

Gi YL UnlTL[d .

102

103

C. J TdL A[p ApX lT YLd

LUp PV

8.

Yh, LWkR QLs l GL?

1.

CVt\r Tt BVo m NnL[j Rj

GL.

9.

Yg, Lgj QLs Tt GL?

10.

TPi QVY V?

2.

TZkRZo CN pL[L AVlTY] VY?

3.

NeL LXl TiLm, CNdLLm TtV

NnL[ Rjd L.

4.

18 Utm 19Bm t\iLp SPLj \u

Y[ofV Y.

5.

SPLd LX Tt TUlTP YiV NnL[j

Rj GL.

D. Su TdLeLd LUp PV
1.

CNj Rr Tt BVo m NnL[j Rj

GL.

2.

SPLj Rr Ttm ARu Y[of Utm ARu

CuVUVUVm Y.

5. 3. Tt ]dLs
A. K YLp PV
1.

RuUV] C Rr CXdLQ pL[d L.

2.

RpLlVju BVo Vo?

3.

Q Gu\ Npu Ts V?

4.

IkQLs G] RpLlVo Y] VY?

5.

gjQu ElTs Utm RnYm Tt

GL?

6.

URXUY V? CkX ElTs V?

7.

\lT[Y V?
104

B. J Tj A[p ApX Tj YLd LUp

PV
1. EXLj Rt\m Tt RpLlVo Y] VY?
2.

BPYo Utm Tio XVL RpLlVo Y]

VY?

3.

ALjQVY V?

4.

gj Q TtV NnL[d L.

5.

pXj Q TtV NnLs VY?

6.

SnRp Q TtV NnLs VY?

7.

RpLlVo m \ JdLeLs Tj]d L?

8.

mT, YLj QL[ Y.

C. J TdL A[p ApX lT YLd LUp

PV
1. RpLlVo Q YLL[Ll TTjVUV
Y.
2. TXu Rt\m Ttm CkXf NnL[L
RpLlVo Y] VY?
3. RpLlVu \jQ NnL[j RjR
Te] Y?
4. IYL XlTTL[m, UnlTh EQoL[m
Y?
D. Su TdLeLd LUp PV
1. RpLlVm Ttm, RpLlVo m ALjQ
TTL[ Y?
2. RpLlVo m \jQ TTL[j Rjd
?
105

5. 4. Tt ]dLs

5.

NUQ NUVd LlVeLs Tt BVo Y] VY?

A. K YLp PV

6.

d\u TUV BVo GeM]m l\o?

1.

NeL LX UdLu NUVj RPoT] SmdLLs VY?

7.

IgLlVeLs VY?

2.

CVtLV YQe]o RZo GuTR GqY

AVXm?

8.

RZu CVtL YT Tt BVo Y] VY?

3.

LPs Gu TVPd LWQm V?

4.

YTUu Y TVoLs VY?

5.

Up Tt NeL pL[p AVlTY] VY?

6.

jReLs l YWL.

D. Su TdLeLd LUp PV

7.

RuXjRo Gu\ZdLlThPYo VYo?

1.

8.

Tj YQdLUn XlTLWm Y] VY?

9.

WP ETPRm Gu\ TUdV G?

10.

T[jR NUVd LlVeLs CWi]d ?

11.

XlTLWjR CVtVYo Vo?

12.

YLkRU VWp CVt\lThP?

B. J Tj A[p ApX Tj YLd LUp

PV
1.

LPs, CVs, C\ G] NeL CXdVeL[p

AVlTY] VY?

2.

YQ YT Tt BVo Y] VY?

3.

SLp YQdLm Tt o AY] VY?

4.

NY SV GjWdm pLs XYt\d L?

106

C. J TdL A[p ApX lT YLd LUp

PV
1.

Fr] TtV NnL[j Rjd L?

2.

NUVj\dL] Td CXdVeL[L RZLm

YZeV]Yt\ Rjd L?
NeL CXdVeLp LQlTm NUVd LjL[L
BVo Y]Yt\ Rj GL?

5. 5. Tt ]dLs
A. K YLp PV
1.

dLpLs TiTh UVeLs GqY?

2.

BXVm CfNpu T[d ?

3.

LpLs NRVl LPeLs G]lThPRu?

4.

RgNl TV Lp VWp LhPl Tt\?

5.

TeLp Ss YPShp Gu] TVp LiPPl

T\?

6.

TZkRZu W [VhLs GY?

7.

_pdLh CRu NeLLXl TVo Gu]?

8.

BPpYpX SP]ULs, SP]ULu GqY AZdLl

ThP]o?
107

B. J Tj A[p ApX Tj YLd LUp

PV
1.

CkVl TiThd RrUd LP G] BVo

Y] VY?

2.

dLpLu TUL[ BVo lm

NnL[d L.

3.

LpLs iLXLu \lPm GeM]m?

4.

KVeLu \lT BVo GeM]m [d\o.

5.

RZo TiLVm TeLp S[l Tt GL.

C. J TdL A[p ApX lT YLd LUp

PV
1.

dLpLs CkVl TiThp RZL Te]

EXLVf NnRUV Y.

2.

ShVd LXu \lTL BVo m NnL[

Rjd L.

3.

RZL WV [VhLs XYt\ Y.

D. Su TdLeLd LUp PV
1.

CkVl TiTht RZLju LP]j Rj

GL.

108

6. BkVl TiTht
NUVeLu LP
EXL URoLs A]Ym uTjR d CuTjR
APV mu\]o. AquTm j Xj
CdLYim Gu Um mu\]o. B]p EXL
UdLs A]Ym ReLs YrSp LXm CuTjRm
LXm uTjRm UU ATj YYRd
Li\m.
EXLl TsLs YVL UdLs ATdm CuTm
tuTm G]lTm. , YNp, U] UdLs Nj,
Lm GuT]Vm CftuTjRV RWYpX].
EXLlTsLs A]jm Am RuU EPVY
BRXp tuTm XTt pXUp Ak\.
EXp AVUp XTt u CPV\Up
ATdLj RkR CuTm Es[. AquTm TuTm
G]lTm TYr. ClTuTl TYrY UdLs
ATdL TVoLs C\Y] A[ YjR YV
NUVeL[m CfNUVeLp Ck NUVm, NUQ, T[jR
NUVeLu Rt\m, LhTLs, Utm AYtu
TiThd L[ YL ClTPjp LQXm.

6. 1. Bk NUVm
BVoLs kS Wjp YjYkRT AYoL[

kdLs ApX CkdLs G]l TWLm, WdLm

AZjYkR]o. AYoLs uTtV NUVU Ck NUVm

Gu X NjW BVoLs u\]o. CkV Sh]u
URU Ck URm G]lTs Ym Ei.
109

J Shu TVWX, J Btu TVWX SU

JlVoYt\ URm HtThP GuT TjRUt\. BRXp
CRu EiUlT[ AV YiY AYVUt.
Ck URm Gum TVo ARu LsLV
UtLiYkRRm.
Ck ApX k Gu\ NpX m+ G]l
dLXm. m mNp, dlTYu G]l Ts
Tm. Ko Eo GkR LWQj]XY YkYRL CkRp,
AjVWjR R]d HtThP VWULd L ALt\ uYW
Yim. AjRLVY] Ck BYu. AlTidL
UdL[ LiP URU Ck URUm.
AuT LPs. C\Yu GpX EoLPjm eLUp
Yr\u. GpX EoLu EPmTV AYu LXL
Lis[u. BRXp GkR Eu EPdm uTm
SWYiQm AYLPm Au Nj]p As
YYUV BiPY] As T\Xm. CR] Xo
Rm UkWjp,
Aum Ym CWiPuTo AXo

AuT YUY Rm AXo

AuT YUY Rm AkRu
AuT YUn AUokk RW Gu\o.

6. 1. 1. N]R] RoUm
Ck URm GuTRt N]R] RoUm G] Y J
TVo Ym Ei. CRt ApXR A\m GuT
Ts. Um Ck NUVm \V S, AsS
RYS, UVkS, NuUodLm Gu\ TX TVoL[d
LiP. NUVm GuTRt NU GuT TVn EPmT
Y[olTRt EQl T[f NUlT TX C\Y]
APYRt TdYlTjY CRu T[m.
110

6. 1. 2. Ck NUVl TULs
Ck NUVm LXjRp Lm RuUV]. A
JLXjp EXLem TWkR GuTR RtLX S]
RTs BWnf RVYt\p AVXm.
\ NUVeLs m LsLLs TX SU Ck NUVjp
dV CPm Tts[]. BRXp EXp Es[ GpX
UReLdm Rnf NUVUL Ck NUVm Es[ G]Xm.
Ck NUVm \ NUVeL[ CTjRUp AYtu
LhTL[ Uj AWYQjf Np\. \ UReLs
ReLs URU EVokR G] WNWm NnR Tm A Tt
AgNUp Ru Xp Ck RZUp EVok [e\.
Ck NUVm Ym SmdL EQoY uPUp
JqY LsLVm BWnk NkRLeL[ ALt
A]l LhY.
UR EQoL[d LhlThds EhTjRUp
RkWUn Ym EUV AlTm Ck NUVju
\lT] AmNm Bm.
CpX\jRm \Y\jRm SpYru YXL d
T\Xm Gum EiUV EXLVf Nn\.
EXL YrdLV NUV YrdLVm CQj
StL APVf NnY CRu Rf \l.
d TYRtL] Y \L[ UdLu YV.
A ofd HtT GRd uTt\f NnYm V
\m.
UdLs NnR Sp] ]Ldj RkRY
U\l Ei GuTR Yj, UdLu CuT, uT
Yrdd LWQm AYV GuTR [dY.
111

X UReLs AVd TjRUt\ LsLL[

EPV]Yn CdL. Ck URm gO]jRm EQW
VR UnlT[ R] UngO]jRp CRL
CVm\.

LQTjVm : LQTV RtTWm Ts.

KeLW Y]]L AYW YTP Yim Gu\
LhThP EPV LQTjVm. CR] LQTjVm
G]m YZeYo.

CjRLV TUL[ Yt Shl TUdLu

hPeLp Y YL]kRo Tu\ CkUR OLs
GjVms[]o. AYt\d LhP TX UX Sh
AOoLm, TjLLm Ck URjR TUlTj
Tm Gm TWhs[]o.

L[UWm: UW]V L] LPs. TuT

Y]]L AY] YTP Yim Gu\ LhThP
EPV.

CjRLV m \lm dL NUV TUL[ Sm

AYPu \o Am YiQm [dd StTVt\
Yim.

6. 1. 3. AYLf NUVeLs
Ck NUVm \V NYm, YQYm LQTjVm,
L[UWm, NdRm, N[Wm Gu BYLVLl Tjd
\lT\. Xo CR] Ju\ To Y B
ARt[ Gu \o.

N Y m : Y TU] Rt LP[L
HtdLiP NUVm NYm G]lThP. NYjp T,
T, TNm Gum lTs EiU Lm [dLUn
\lT\. CYt\ C\Yu Eo, R[ G]m Yo.
T-CR] Eo G]m BuU G]m Yo. EXp
GiX EoLs E[. TYV Eo TNjR h
e]p Tt\ APVXm Gu\ LhThP
[d\.

NdRm: NdV YT LP[Ld Lsm NUVU

NdRm Bm. Nd YT NdV RnYm. AYWj
RVL YTP Yim Gu\ LhThP EPV.
N[Wm: V] YTLP[Ld LsY N[W
NUVUm. TW Y]]L AY] YTP Yim
Gu Y CfNUVUm.
YO] jVo, AYLf NUVjRodm AqYYo
T[n LPs CVe\o G] CVm\. CRu
APV[ULY SU Y BXVeLp LQT, Lu,
Vu, x, AmUVlTo Utm odLVmUu BV
YeL[ AUj YT Nn Yu\m.

6. 1. 4. Ck NUV CXdVeLs
JqY NUVjtm dVU] NUV p JqYu
Es[. SU Ck NUVjtm YRm, BLUm, RjWm,
NjWm, CLNm, WQm G]l TX pLs Es[].

YQYm : xY Rt LP[Ld Li
YTm NUVm YQUm. C YPLX, RuLX G]
CYLlTm. YP LXVo YP Up Es[ YR
NjWeLd RPm LlTo. Ru LXVo Rr
Up Es[ BrYoL[p A[lTt\ WTkReLd
Htm RYo.

YReLs: RnLU] LjL[j Rus APd

U\j YjlTRp A U\V]l TVo Tt\.
YReLs Su. YReL[l Tt YL u]W
TojRm. YReL[ VNo SuLL Yjs[o.
YReL[ RPoTPV NmRLs, WmUQeLs,
BWiVLeLs Utm ETPReLs Ck NUV CXdVeL[n
TU Nodu\].

112

113

BLUeLs: CY UjRm CTjRh GuTo.

BLUm Gu\p BuUdLu TNeL[ d Tt\
ARp G]Xm.

RjWm:
Tu \Ls : \ GuTRt RmU
APkRYoL[ YUVdu\ \V]l Ts
Yo. NYj \Ls TuWi.
O]NmTkRo AV RYWm Rp u
\L[m. (dLPdLl)
SdLWNo AV RYWm Su, Ik, B
\L[m. (lTh)
kRW oj YLs AV RYWm HZm
\Vm.
UdLYNL YLs AV
dLYVo GhPm \

YNLm,

ULj RYo RXV JuTuUo AV

NlT, lTpXi JuTRm \Vm.
XRYSV]o (Xo) AV UkWm
TjRm \
YXYPVo, LWdLXmUVo RV
TuYo AVY T]u\m \
NdZo YLs Af NnR TV WQm
G]lTm jRiPo WQm TuWiPm \

SXWj qVl WTkRm:

YQY NUVjp, xY Rrl TUXL[p
YThP Tu BrYoLs Af NnRY. Arm
CV Rp [mV CYoL[ TWeLs Ru Tu\
RnL EQoY FhY] Bm.
114

NYjRkR NjWeLs:
NjWeLs 14 Bm. CYt\ Un LiP NjWeLs
GuTo. CYtp RX \kR YO] TRm. Ym Gu\p
JlTt\ Unl Ts. O]m Gu\p AR] ARp.
TRm Gu\p RRp. G]Y YO] TRm Gu\p
JlTt\ UnlT[V LP[ Ak RV ERm
p Gu Ts C Un LiP RYWp Af
NnVlThP.
CR]Vj AQk YNV YL[p
CVt\lThP YO] jVo GuTRm. Um EUT
YNVWp Gh pLs GRlThP]. Un LiPo,
As Sk, EUT Ym BV NkR]fNVoLs NY
jRkRjR \lTjVYo Gu\ TU
TPjRWYo.

CLNeLs:
CkVu C JlTt\ W LVeLs CWUVQm Utm
UaTWRm Bm. CLNm GuTRt ILjR TQm
Nnm YWX Gu Ts. CWUVQ LVjR
CVtVYo Yp YWYo. Cp AWN, NjV
TTX]m. s[Lu LPU, TVo YT, Ltu
UuU BV EVV SLs [dLlThs[].

TWRjR CVtVYo VN Yo. CR] IkRm

YRm Gu \ljd Yo. Cp CpXR Y Gem
NpXlTPpX Gu\ \l] EPV. O]pLp
RX\kR TLYjR CRs APes[. CqY
CLNeLm RoU, ARoU TWhPjp RoUU p
Yt Tm GuTR Su [ds[].

WQeLs:
WQm GuTRt TZUV] YWX GuT Ts
GuTRm WQeL[ GVYo YR VNo GuTRm
115

CR] EXt AjRYo RWLo GuTRm

AYm. Um ULWQeLs T]h Gum AYt\p
EQojRlTm EiUL[m AYm.
CjRLV Ck NUV CXdVeLs A]jm YRm
EQojm ^jVm YR, RoUm NW GuTRV Yj
u\]. Ck NUVjRYo A]Ym CmUX]
EiUL[j Rm Yrp LPj V YrY
UtLsYm.

6. 1. 5. Ck NUVd LhTLs
Ck NUVm Yjm NRWQ A\d LhTLs
RW dVU]Y CWi;
1)

YRkR SLs

2)

TLYj Rp \lTm Su VLeL[V

UodLeLs.

YRkR SLs \V AjYRm, xPj YRm,

YRm Bm.
6. 1. 5. 1. AjYRm

AjYRd LhThP EXtLjRYo NeLWo. CYo

Uo 1200 BiLdu LW[UXjp LX Gum
Fp AYRjRo. C[m YVXV \V YRkRd
LjLp LWLiPYWn LxWm YW LpSPVLY
Nu\o. Nu\ CPeLp GpXm SU EVV AjYRd
LjL[ TWl]o. UPXVeL[ ]o. NUQ,
T[jR URd LsLL[d Lij YR Yt LiPo.
CYW YtVp TZV YRkR S im RZj
ReV. AjYRd LhTLs YRkR URm Gum
CR]l uTtYo YRkLs G]m Yo.

CWiPt\ Ju ALmoUv Su WmUUn

Cd\u GuT. WmUm Gu\ J T[ EiU,
XV]. YuLs A]jU WUm BYo. C\Y]l
TWUjU Gum EoL[ YjU Gum JqY
YjUm TWUjU Ru GuTR Cq EVV LhT
Bm. Sm Lm EXLm, Ltp Lm TmTlTp
Tnj Rt\l T[m. JW Vu oj YXLs
TXYtp TXYLj RuRp TX J WUU GpX
EoLm Xjs[u. SmPm Es[ AjRVp
(TNm) ClTuTjR EQW VUp Cd\m.
AjRd LhLs A]jm X O]m Rum T
EiUV] CuTm Pdm Gu\o. CkXp WmU
UVU Tt\ APVXm Gu\o.
6. 1. 5. 2. xPjYRm

CqYRkR SV EXt AjRYo CWU_o

BYo. CYo NeLtTh UYhPjp Es[ cTmp
.. 1017p AYRjRo. RU T]kRm YV YW
hXV YRkRj RjYeL[ Lt\kRo. u]o
cWeLm Nu TV SmL[d YLd Li Um
Rm RjYd LhTL[ AkLiPo. CpX\jp
CkR CYo Rm T]hPm YVp \ UtLiPo.
WmU jWm TLYj R RVYtt RU
xPjYRd LsLlT EW G]o.
xP + AjYRm = xPjYRm. AjYRm
CWiPt\ Ju\L Es[. xPm N`m.
xPjYRU] YjUm TWUjUm JW
T[X]Y Gum YjU TWUjUk
YlThP Gum \. j, Ajf NodLVp
[em CWiPt\R] WmUm EiPuTR EhLj.

AjYRm Gum NpX A + YRm G]l

dLXm A = CpX, YRm CWi. AjYRm =

WmUm JYW. AYo Nj Gum WmUm Gum

DvYWu Gum x Gum TVo T\o. AYo

116

117

j Gum BjUPm Aj G]lTm NPjRm

GlTm Nokd\o. TWUjUY XV]Yo. RkWm
EPVYo jm Ajm AYWf NoklTY. BNV
Au, , v SmdL, UhN lTm, EXL
BN ARp, RU kR], YR TWVQm, N NeLUf
NodL RX]Yt\p LoUTkRjR h d T\Xm.

1.

O] UodLm

2.

CW_ UodLm

3.

LoU UodLm

4.

Td UodLm GuT]Ym.
CY \V O]S, CW_S, LoUS Utm
Td S Gum VLm Gum Tt\lTu\].

6. 1. 5. 3. YRm

CkSV ApX NUVjRl TWlVYo UjYo. CYo

Y Shp Es[ Eld Ap ASkRvYWm
Gum WUjp AYRjRo. RU JuTRm YVp
AfRWLNu PW \ UtLiPo.

6. 1. 6. 1. O] UodLm

YRm: Gu\p CWi. WTgNm, TWUjUm

Y\]Y. TWUjU R, Ut\Y Ap NWRY GuTRm.
TWUjU, YjU, _P EXLm CY GYWm
EiPdLlTPR jVl TsLs. EXLm J Rt\m
Au. RkWm C\Yd Uhm Ei. LoUjR
d]p Tt\ APVXm.

oUV] APVYoLs SpXRm LhPRm

Ak, Gum XjlTRm, Wp Ak
YRm kj EQm Bt\p EPVYoLs. Cq
Au Q Li NjVjRm UV]
TWmT[ Rm YV O]UodLm G]lTm. Sp
At YLhY] \V YRkReLs, ETPReLs.
TLYjR BV]m, CWUQUL, AWkRo, RU]Yo
Utm Xo Utm TX Bu\o BVu
ETRNeLm Bm.

6. 1. 6. R EQojm Su UodLeLs

6. 1. 6. 2. CW_ UodLm

URu Ru Tu\ TdXV Ru] hPp

AYu TlTVL R]Un Y[ofVPYu. Ko A
Ek B\s[ UR]L Y[okR TQU Y[of
Vd Li\m. Um JT Nu RnLj RuU
APVXm. ClT LXjR Y[of R] Lm G]
CRX Gm Y ApX lL UodLm GuTo.
U\L URu Ru EPp f, U]m A BVYt\
TVuTj T Vt Nn C\V[l Tt
Wp Ru] u]td LsY aeLU UodLm
ApX T\dm Y G]lTm.

URu V EQoPu EPm, f, U]m CYt\d

LhlTj, JeTj, R]ds[ JkPdm
NdL[j i YlTjY W_VLm G]lTm
CY CW_UodLm G]lT\. CRu C CXhVm
U]p ApX EQop Rum AXL[ APdY
Bm. Jm Gu\ WQYm Ce YTPlTu\.

Ru]j R] EVojd Lsm UodLeLs (SLs)

\V,
118

6. 1. 6. 3. LoU UodLm

YrdLp URu Nnu\ JqY NVdm

CWi RU] TVuLs CdL Yim.
1.

AfNV]p NRVjt XTm PdL Yim.

2.

AfNVp AYPV RnY TdV Y[odL Yim.

119

CkR CRU] TVuLs EPVYVL JqY

NVXm Bdm Vd LoU S Gu\ TVp TLYj
R EQoj\. Rp YrdL, \YrdL Gu\
Y YrdLVm jRp, SPjRp, EiRp, R]m
NnRp Tu\ NkR YrdLu NVpLs BV
A]jU R]d AL CuTm NRV SXm Y[mT
Nnu\]. J URu Ru NkR YrdLp Nnu\
BN]m, WQVUm, RYm, SuX BV A]jm
EXL SuUdm ERmT GpXm CuT YrYZ
R Y Npu\.
G]Y NRVju AeLj]WV JqYYm
RjRm LPUL[ \VLm \UVLm BtYR
LoUUodLm G]Xm.
6. 1. 6. 4. Td UodLm

TWmTs LiP Au]p URu ALkRV

Jj, Ru UVj Roj, EXL[V
EQos[Y]n VLm, Au YVXL EVV XV
APY Td UodLm.
TdRu GR Sm\] AYLY Ru
B\u GuT Rp LiQu Lj. CR
EQm Rm Sm uYY]Ytp LQXm. APdLPV
NWvY Tu\ RnYeL[ YQemT TdRm
TPYu B\u. Tt\t\ Y]W YQem T
TdRm Tt\t\Y]\u. Au kR LiQ] YQem
T RUm BV B StQeL[d LiP C\Y]
TdlTWYNjRp YTmT Sm AkR B
StQeL[ EPVYW\m.

UdLs U]p Au, CWdLm, DL, UR SVm RX]

StiL[ Y[oj BuL AYl Td Y[U]
YrdL YZ ERu\]. CjRLV ZdLs TX AYts
X.
6. 1. 7. 1. SVL Noj Z

SVLo BXl Ts. AYW KeLWju

YYYm. C\YPjk Rt Li RuV JV
KeLWUm. BRu AYW A]Ym YTh Rm
\L[ L[k Cuu\]o. AYd BiRm
BY URm AUYNdl u Ym SuLm Ss
Noj Au Zd LiP Uru\]o. CqZY
GpX BXVeLm, BXVpXR CPeLm, Lm
SPj Uru\]o. BXVpXR CPeLp RtLLUL
UgNs, NkR]m, TgNQm, LUi RVYt\p EYm
Nn YTYo. CYt\ Z kRu p
LWjYo. YP CkVp LQx Noj G]
LiPPlT\.
6. 1. 7. 2. SYWj Z

C\Y] TWQ As TdRd Pdm GuTR

]hP ZdLs LiPPlTu\]. CqZdLs

SYWj GuTRt JuT CWLs GuT Ts

WhP Ujp AUYNdl u Ym JuT ShLs
CWp NoY YpXU TkV TWNdVl TX YYL
YTh Z SPj Yu\]o. Ru u ShLs ToY
RVm. S u ShLs CXh RVm C
u ShLp NWvY RVm \VL YTh
TjRm Ss _VRN ZYf \lTLd LiP
Yu\]o. YP Shm, Ru Shm Es[ GpX
LpLm CqZ \lTL LiPPlT\. Tj
CWLs CqZ SPk YYRp CR] RNW G]m
YZeu\]o. UP Wu Gu\ AWdL] Aj
RYoL[d LjR TWNdVd LiPm Z Ym.

120

121

6. 1. 7. Ck NUV ZdLs

6. 1. 7. 3. TY

AWdL Qm TPjR SWLW] YRm Nn

SpXYoL[d LjRYo Up. Ru NdWRjRp SWLW]
Aj UdL[ LjR]o. Um CkS[ UrPu
LiPm Rjp Au Vp GiQn Rnj
j jRP Ak ClL[ Ei UrYo.
ThPdL[ Yj Yo UrYo. YP CkVp T
Jj S[Ld LiPPlT\.
6. 1. 7. 4. LkRWR ZdLs

LLjp LiLiP RnYUnj Lm Ll

TU] ]k RYm CVtm ZdLs u. AY
YWWRm G]lTm YsdZU WRm.
ShNjW WRm G]lTY URkRm jL
ShNjWjRu L] YTRp, WRm CjRp.
WRm G]lTm NxVu L] YTh
UtLsm WRm.
Cmu ZdLU W] Aj RYoL[d
LjR Ll TU] YTm ZdL[m.
6. 1. 7. 5. d LojL Z

LojL URm T[oQ Sp LojL ShNjWm

Ym Au LiPPlTm ZYm.
LojL Sp YN YNVL [dLt Gem
WLNUn LiPm YZdLm Ll WR] LXkRhP
CkY\. CjZ YiQUXp Lf
\lTLd LiPPlTh Y\. Au AiQUX
AZt N UXVn, AQNXUn, NQ Vnj Lm
(AQm, NQm Yl \m N UVm). CmUX
H\jRZ YWm A EVWjp Es[. LojL Au
UXUp TV TjWm Jup Sn Ft, j h,
122

LtWjR Ch [dYo. TX .. RXt AlTm

TX ShLm CfN Jm.
]dL d Rm RXUV YiQUXp

C\Yu UXYYn Lh AlTRn Lu\]o

T[oQ, AUYN, Rr URl \l, WR`m RXV
ShLp UXV YXm Yu\]o.
6. 1. 7. 6. YWj Z

CqZ U URm Rn\ NojRp SPTm

ZYm. Au YXVeLp CW Su LX _Ls
SPTm. Au Li j TLm CWm ETYNm
ClTo. CkSp Ys T\ ZYo BLUeL[
BWnk, AYtp NpVV _V Au]XV
U]p Vj oj, ojRm, RXm Gm um \k
[em RXjR APk Ae GjRs[
YTU] YTYo. CqWRjR UtLsYRp
A\m T, NpYjRl Tt, CuTj\m Ttj
[dLXm. Y]s UVn Pdm GuTp
IVpX.
CqZdL[j RW CWUu, LiQu Tu\
AYRWeLu \kR ShLs \V CWUSY Gum,
c_Vk ApX cxQ _uUxP G]m S
Ym \lTLd LiPPlT\. YR VNu
] S[] oU \lPu LiPPlT\.
Um TX ZdL[ LiPPlTu\]. AY
A) U UL Z U URm T[oQ ULShNjWm
B) Te EjW Z TeURm T[oQ EjW
ShNjWm
C) jW T[oQ Z jWURm T[oQ
jW ShNjWm
123

D)

YL NL Z YL URm. T[oQ NL
ShNjWm

E) Bj UgN]m BURm EjW ShNjWm

F) Bl Wm Yj RXeLp AmTdm.
Ypjp, BiPdm CqZ Lf
\lPu LiPPlT\.
G) WR` Z JqY URjm Y[o\,
Rn\ BV C LXeLm WVR Au
LiPPlT\.

6. 1. 8. NPeLm NmWRVeLm
NPeLs - [dLm
YRjR k Ls[m, [dd Li U
APVm B AeLeLs Es[]. CYt\ YReLeLs
GuTo. AY \V
1. hN Gu\ GjXdLQm
2. VLWQm Gu\ NpXdLQm
3. dRm Gu\ TXdLQm
4. LpTm Gu\ NVp \
5. NkRv Gu\ VlXdLQm

CfNPe] V GuTo. RpLlVo CR] LWQm

Gu\o. UkWeLPu NnVlTY] \lT]Y Gum
UkWm ALm LXYUp NnVlTY] TY]Y
Gum \lTu\]. AYtp X UhU RtLXjp
SP\p Es[].

1. LdLs[p (m^Y]m)
J Ti Lt\ u\Y URjp LolTjt
GqR Fm EiPLRY C\Y] YiYRm.

2. Y[Ll (UkRm)
Ti Lt\ SuLY ApX GhPY URjp
ZkRu LltLL X RYoL[ YiRXm.
Lolu RXV YjRp, ReLs TRp, Y[Ll
Rp RX] NmWRV \Ls uTt\lTu\].

3. _RLm LjRp (_RLoUm)

C ZkR \kRPu NnV YiV VVm
Rm Snm LXk RYRL[ BWlTo.
YklTYoLd TZm NodLWm YZeYo. ZkR
iP BPu YZm, jd oU EiPLm,
NUojVm AZ RX]Y T\m WojR] NnYo.
CkWu NpY Y[jR LdLm YiYo.

CkR B AeLeL[ TVuTj Nnm NVpLs

EPXm, U]jRm, ImXuL]m NnVlTm. CY
Bm YRju B AeLeL[ BRWULd LiPY.
CY `PeLeLs ApX NPeLsGu YZeLlT\.

4. TVo hPp (SULWQm)

RkRu RkR ApX Rn ApX Ru RkR
ApX Rn, Utm Rm Xjp Tt\l ThPYoLs TVW
ZkRd Yj BoYlTo. Xo C\Yu
lTVWf hYo. RtLXjp Gi _`lT TVo
hu\]o.

dVf NPeLs

5. nUlTjRp (iV YN]m)

Ck URjp \lTRt um, \k Ym

LXjm, C\kR \m NPeLs dLlThs[].

Cp NP UkWd VLs Gm CpX. ju

Th iV YN]m Nn AkW UXL[p

124

125

6. wV`m Gu\ NPm

hu TX TLm RlTo. URoLs m

AlRW RlTo. CR]p j HtTYRL LYo.

6. ZkRV YV Li NpXp
(xdWUQm)
ZkR \k SuURm B]u Ru RXLd
ZkRV hPh Ld ApX E\]o
ht Gjf NpYo. CqY ZkRu TVQeLs
YtLWUn AUV C\Y] YiYo.

EPmd BWdVm R\. SpX NnL[, St

LjL[ Nu Es[ NjRYim; LhP V
NnL[ Es[ NjRUp [ YVL YV
Nj P Yim GuTRm CfNPe d\.

10. YjRp (N[[m)

ZkRd Ru RXL NYWg Nn YjRXm.
Ru Up ZkRV Yjj RkRm EPu Ck
Nnm V Bm.

7. NhRp (Au]lWN]m)

11. p AjRp (ETSV]m)

B\m URjp Nm, Rm, Snm, Rm LXk

s[d Ru RXL NhRXm. ZkR EPp
SXjRm, iP Ss EQ \VL Ei YZm
LPu A[ YiYo.

ZkRd HYVR]m ETSV]m ApX p

CRp Gum NPeL SPj YdL Yim. Cp dV
AmNm LVj UkW ETRNm Bm. ETSV]d V
NnVRYoLd hN Nn YdL Yim. ETSV]m
ApX hN TYRt u J \lm ETSV]m
ApX hNl Tt\u J \lUL J URd
J \lXV C \l Ei G] Ck URm \.

8. Lp RPeRp (jVWmTm)
C ZkRVl Tsp Nodu\ ZYm.
ZkRd Ik YVR]m SYWj Z Y]
_VRN ]jX Y SpX SX Ru Rp
Lp LtL ZkRL[ Tsp NolTo.
a Km, c LQTV SU G]d LQTV
YQeLf Nn u YrL! Y Q Gu
Y YQemT NnYo. u NWvY RV YQe
RVjp ARY Sp ApX Ap a Gum
GjR GRm NpXm NnYo. CqY LpVd
LtLj RPem XV jVWmTm G]lT\.

12. Tsp NojRp (XYNm)

ZkRLs Xjp Pu Ck Lp Tu
YY SU oL YZdLUm. Xjp Lpm
Su]PjRm LtdLdLlTm. UQYo V
TPL[ NnV Yim. BPmTW YrdLu
AUVm rlTRXm Lp TX Yim.

13. UQm (LpVQm)

L jRu SdLm iPXm. R RV

LRL[ AYRm. ReLju YVLl Tm o

X YNm kR u, u AUPu
UQm Nn LsYo. UQf NPeLs Sm AkRR.
UQU]Rt APV[UL UQULu R] NLRu
ERV UeLXSQ BfNVu LdL UQULs
Ljp AlTo.

126

127

9. L jRp (LoQ `Qm)

14. ATRm Bi \ Z (Nx AlR oj)

Tt\Pm Su Njm Thm AYoLu
EPp SXm u\Up PmTP SXjPu j YZ Yim
G] Yi s[Ls LiPYRm. tuT YrY
Yjd LPs TV UtLi CUp BuL
Sp XT\ Yim G] AjRmTVo E
UtLsYR CkLrf [d\.

15. BWm \ LiPZ (NRPLm).

GiT ApX GiTj Su BiLp Nnm
NPet NRPLm Gu TVo. GiT BiLd
Up YrkRYoL[ BWm \ LiPYo G]d Yo.

16. C\kRu Nnm V (ATWdV).

BjUt G] EQW Yim. NoY YpXU TkV

TWmT[ R APVY CfNPeLs YLh
L[Lm i LpL[Lm Cdu\].

6. 1. 9. Ck NUVd LhTLu dVjYm

Ck NUVd LhTLs GpXU EVokR RjY
AlTPp [dLlThPY. TdYlTPR BuUdLs
T\Pm YTh \L[] EYm Utm BXV
YThPm u\].
Ck NUVm NPeLs, TZdL YZdLeLs, ZdLs
Tu\Ytt LWQ LVeLs Ei Gu Gjd
\. Ck NUVU] BuLj \p LPXp
ClTYm, LPjRt\m TYRt GV Y\L[d
JqY URu GoLXjtm JVj Rk
Lid\ CQVt\ NUVUm.

JURu C\kRu AY] BuU SXm APm

Th, AY] ULu RXVo Nnm Vd
ATWdV Gu TVo. ULu Nnm V C\kRY]
DPt\. UL]l jWu GuTo. jWu GuTRt
jRum SWLjp RkR k YkRUp
LWVtTYu GuT T[m.

6. 1. 10. CkVl TiTht Ck NUVju LP

1.

C\kRYoLh RpYo RXVo Nnm VLs

Nk Adu\]. BRXp Rn, RkRVod AYoLs
C\kRu s[Ls NnV YiV LPUL[
SmdLPm, WjRPm NnV Yim. ClTf
NnYRp Sm NkR RZdm GuT Bu\o Yd.

Ck NUVjp LQlTm CpX\m, \Y\m, TXLPh

LhT, URU] EQo, Nlj RuU, EVokR
BuLd LhTLs Tu\Y CkV TiThPf
\lTPVf Nnu\].

2.

Ck NUV CXdVeL[] YReLs, ETPReLs,

CLNeLs, WQeLs Tu\Y CkdLdL,
CkVt UhU NkRm G] GiQVUp
EXLU CYt\ TtYRu Xm, AUV]
YrdLdL] VL SV YZeYRu Xm
CkVl TiTht Ck CXdVeLs Um
\lTd h Ck NUV NUVju EVod
YYdu\].

3.

LhPPdLX, tTdLX, KVdLX, CNdLX

CYtp URu BuL EQoLs Tk

dVjYm:
CjR] NPeL[ NnYRp J URd Gu]
TVu Gu\ GiQm TXd GZXm. SpX Am Bt\m
EPV JYu CjR] NPeLm ZdLm,
UVRm, Aum RuPV Ym EPd ApX
GuTR EQW Yim. Es[ E\m RnYUVU]
128

129

Pdu\] GuTR EXtd LhV NUVm Ck

NUVm Bm.
4.

5.

EY YTh\, T\PYRtL] A\Sd

LhTLs AjYRm, hPjYRm, YRm, NY
jRkR SLs Tu\ RjYd LhTL[m
CkV TiTht AjlTT Ck NUVkRu
GuTp m IVpX.
NUVm, RjYm CWiu AlTPp Yrk BuU
DPt\m T\Xm G]d V Ls, OLs, VLs,
jRoLs, NUVf Nu\oLs, RjY OLs,
odLRLs Tu\YoL[m VL EQo]
YlTjm aUm, VLm Tu\ YTh
\L[m, ImXuLdm AlTtThP L[
EXt EQoj, CkVl TiThP GpXm Tt\f
NnYm SU TZmTm Ck NUVju
YXLjRu Gu\p A LVL. GpXYttm
UXL GpX NUVjRf NokRYoLm HtdLsm
RjY SL[PeV R X] TLYj RVj
Rks[ NUVm, Ck NUVm GuT EXLem
WjRU] EiUVm.

6. 1. Tt ]dLs
A. K YLp PV

1.

CkGu\ Npu T[d L.

2.

Ck NUVju \lTmNm V?

3.

AYL NUVeLs VY?

4.

YQY NUVju CLs VY?

5.

NdRm l YWL.

6.

YReLs U\ G]lTYRu?

7.

BLUeLs Gu\p Gu]?

8.

\ GuTRu Ts V?

9.

UdLYNLo GV pLs GY?

10. Xo GV p G?
11.

SXWj qVl WTkRm l YWL.

12. YO] TR BVo Vo?

13. CLNm GuTRu Ts V?
14. CWUVQjR CVtVYo Vo?
15. Ck NUVd LhTLs Tt G. Ck NUVm
Yjm dV YRkR SLs VY?
AkSL[j RtjRYo Vo?
16. Ck NUVm Yjm Su UodLeLs VY?
17. CW_UodLm Gu\p Gu]?
18. TdUodLm Gu\p Gu]?

130

131

19. Ck NUV ZdLs Tt GL.

20. LQx Noj Ge GlT LiPPlT\?
21. V Gu\p Gu]?
B. J Tj A[p ApX Tj YLd LUp
PV

C. J TdL A[p ApX lT YLd

LUp PV

1.

Ck NUVl TUL[L BVo Y] VY?

2.

AYL NUVeL[ YjR.

3.

NeLWu AjYRd LhThP Y.

4.

CWU_o YjR xPjYR SV Y.

5.

UjYo TWlV YR SVl Tt GL.

6.

Ck NUV ZdL[ Y.

7.

YWj Z Utm UR ZdLs Tt Rj

8.

UjYu YZdLV Y?

9.

ATWdV Gu\p Gu]? AYt\ NnV

1.

NUVm Gu\p Gu]? AYts XYt\d ?

2.

Ck URju Rt\m Tt GL.

3.

Ck URm Tt Xo Y V?

4.

NY NUVd LhThP Y.

5.

Tu \L[ YNlTj?

6.

NY jRkR NjWeLs VY?

7.

CLNeLs EQojm EVV SLs VY?

8.

Gm Y, T\dm Y Tt GL.

D. Su TdLeLd LUp PV

9.

O]UodLm Tt GL.

1.

Ck NUVjRYo uTt\ YiV NPeL[m,

NmWRVeL[l Tt Y.

2.

Ck NUVd LhTLu dVjYjR Y

(ApX) CkVl TiTht Ck NUVju Te]
Y.

10. LoU S Tt R Y] VY?

11.

Td UodLm Tt Y.

12. RNW TiLVl Tt GL.

GL.

YiVRu AYVm Gu]?

13. LkR ZdLs Tt Y.

14. CkdLs LiPm TYl TiLl Tt
GL.
15. dLojL Zu \lTd .
16. NPeLs Gu\p Gu]?
17. jVWmTm Tt l YWL.
18. ETSV]m, X YNm Tt GL.
132

133

6. 2. NUQ NUVm

6. 2. 3. NUQ NUVl Ls

CkVs[ TZmTm NUVeLs NUQ NUVm

Ju\m. TZUV] d YR UkWeLp C NUQ
ojReLWoL[l TtV RY] lLs Es[]. TX
NuLs YXL CfNUVm YL NUVjRl Tu
TZUV] NUVm GuTR AVXm. CTj Su
ojReLWoLu TR]Ls APeV NUQm G]d
Lu\]o. Rp 22 ojReLWoL[l TtV YWX
PdLl T\pX. LP CYWV ToNY SRWm
UL WWU YWXt BVoLs Htd Li
[du\]o.

NUQ NUVjp LmTWoLs, YRmTWoLs Gu\ C

]o Es[]o.

ToNYSRo EodLX P, Tn TRp P,

NjdLs TtjRp P. Rp P Gu\ Su
EiUL[ EXLm Ak Ht YmTf NnRo.
TdRoLs Yi\ BP AV AUdLlThP]o.
ULWu Tt\m ToNYSRW TR]L[l
uTtVRnj R\.

6 .2. 1. NUQm - Np[dLm

]u Yf NpTYoLs _]o NUQo G]lThP]o.
_u GuT j Gu\ Tu AVLl \kR. j
GuTRt _jRp, YtTRp GuT Ts. ]u
Gu\p Yt LiPYu ARY R] U]Rm
TL[m APd Yt LiPYo GuT Ts.
AjRLV ]oL[d LiP NUVU NUQ NUVm.

6. 2. 2. ojReLWo
ojRm GuT B [ju \ Gu Ts
RnYj RuUm, UnQom Tt\ ojReLWoLs UdLs
U]p Es[ AVU Utm AgO]UV C[
ALt BuU J LWVtTYoLs BYo. Ru LiP
SVl \dl TVuTP ERVYoLs Gu Ts
Ls[Xm.
134

LmTWo = d + AmTWm d N. AmTWm BP

LmTWo Gu\p BP AVRo G] TsTm.
GYu NL[ BPVLd Li Yr\] AYu
LmTWu BYu.

YRmTWo
Yi\ BP AYo YRmTWo Gu
AZdLlThP]o. YRm nUV] Yi\m GuT
Ts.

6. 2. 4. YojRU] ULWo
CYW CVtTVo YojRU]o. CYo NUQ NUVju
LP ojReLWo BYo. CYW RkRVo jRojRo Gum
RVo NX Gum A\m. CYo YNd Ap
Es[ iPd WUm GuPjp .. 546p \kRRL
PdPo CWR j Lo l\o. CYW U\
.. 468p GuTR] YWXt BVoLs Htd
Lsu\]o.
CYo VNR Gu\ UeLV UQk CpX\ YrY
UtLiPo. VRoN] Gu\ Ti ULYl Tt\o.
u]o YojRU]o \ UtLiPo. TuWi
BiLs AXk kRo. RYYr] UtLiPo.
Tuu\m Bip C_TL GuPjp Np
UWj]p oYQm G]lTm EVo XV APkRo
Gu \lT\. ARu \L ULWo Gu\ \ll
TVo YZeLlThP. ULRm, LNXm BV SLm,
\ As[ TLm NUQ NUVd LjL[ [d
135

YrkRo. RU 72Bm YVp TY GuPjp EVo

jRo.

3.

LpXU, TnTNU, PU Nj NodLU,

LtPU BV Ik SpXdLeL[ uTtY.
CR] NmVd NjWm G] YZeYo.

TjR EiULs:
NUQd LsLL[ NmUlTj \VL
A]Ym Htm Rm YZeVYo ULWo BYo. ToNY
SRo EXt AjR AmN, NjVm, AvRVm,
ATdam Gu\ SuPu ULWo WmUNVm G]lTm
Ru]PdLjR UtLs[ Yim Gu lhPo.
LPs Gu\ JYo CpX Gum URPm
U\kdu\ EVokR QeLm Lf \kR TiLm
LPs RuU TkV Gum Xp EXLm
CVtLVL CVe\ GuTR Yj]o.

6. 2. 5. NUQd LhTLs
]l TVkR RX Tt StL APYR
NUQju dV SdLUm. CRt mULs ApX
u CWj]eLs Gum EVV SL[ uTt\
Yim. mUL[Y] Su]mdL, SpX,
SpXdLm GuT]Ym
6. 2. 5. 1. mULs
1.

Su]mdL:

Tt] APV YojRU] ULWo TjR

HRjYeLm UV] SmdL Ls[
Yim. CY SpX SmdL G]lThP. CR]
NmVd RN]m G]m YZeTo.
2. SpX:

CkR EXLjR Vm TPdLpX, C CVtLVLj

RuV. Gu\ UV] O]m ApX
NmVdO]m Tt TsL[l k LsYR
SpXYm.
136

StNVp:

6. 2. 5. 2. VjYRm ApX ASLkR YRm

NUQ NUVju L EVokR LsL Vj YRm

ApX ASLkR YRm Bm. JW Ts TX CVpLs
TkV Rn ClTR ASLkRm TpY LQeLp
TodmT JW Ts ASL CVpLs Es[Rn
LQlTu\]. GlT[d jm hPYhPU]
RY] Lj] YP V GuTR CRu
[dLm.
GjdLhPL CWUu GuTYu JYd ULu
Gu\p Cu]Yd RkRVLm, u\UYd
AiQu ApX RmVLm. SuLUYd UU]Lm
CdLXm. Um JYu Ut\Yd SiT]m Y
JYd TLY]m LhVd\u. CqY JqY
T[m ASL LQeLp TolT ASLkR
YRmBm. J Ts GYLVL CdLXm G]
YY VjYRm Bm.
6. 2. 5. 3. AmN

NUQoLu AlTPd LhTL[] Cu]

NnVU, APU, LpXU, Xp UjRp BV
Sum CQkR AmNV NUQm Gu\ NUVdLlTu
SeWUm.
6. 2. 5. 4. Ik Tm SuLs ApX TgNUaWRm

1.

AmN (A) Cu] NnVU

2.

NjV (A) YnU

137

3.

AvRV (A) \o T[d LYWU

6. 2. 5. 6. NUQ NUV CXdVeLs

4.

AlTWa (A) Tt TNm CYtk TY

5.

WmUfNVm (A) ImXuL[m APdVu\

Ru]PdLm

NUQju CXdVU] BLUjRkRm 12 AeLeL[d

LiP. _]j\V] AojRUL Up
RY GuTYu RXUp jVUdLlThP.
CY EWSPm Nns SPm LXkRYVm.
6. 2. 6. CkVl TiTht NUQju LP
6. 2. 6. 1. NUQ CXdVm Y[ofm
NUQoLs CkVl TiThp ReLu AdLVR
jWL[l Tjd\oLs. WRm, Rr, T,
Tu\ UL[l Tj AYtu Xm NUVd
LjdL[l TWl UV Y[ojRoLs. RpLlVm,
Sup, YLkRU, Y[VT Tu\ Rr pL[
AjRYoLs NUQoL[ Utm Ck, _Wj, UWj,
Lu]Pm, NUvRm Tu\Ytm NUQ CXdVe
L[m, RjYeL[m Ajs[]o.
6. 2. 6. 2. NUQoLu A\dLhTLs

6. 2. 5. 5. SYTRojRm

BuUu TQUeLs JuT

1.

Sp] ] ALt R]LY A]jRm

Es[ Es[TV Am Yu.

2.

EPX LhiP Xp CuT uTeL[j ndm

AYu (Eo At\Y).

3.

SpXiQm, SpX NVp, SpX Np CYt\p [kR

iVm. (Sp]).

4.

V GiQm, V NVp, V Np CYt\p [kR

TYm. (]).

5.

EoLs NnR iV TYeLdLtT TVuLs Yk

Nm Gum Ft (BvWUm).

6.

U]m, Yd, LVeL[ APd Sp], ]

EW Yk APVUp Rdm Nl. (NmY[)

7.

C ]Lm EPu NWUp RjRu HgV

]L[ dm Eol. (o_W).

8.

kR, Np, NVp, ImXuLs BVYt\p EiP]

]Ls EW LXlTRV TkRm. (Lh).

9.

ImX BNL[m A\Y Aj C

]Lum e EVokR T APY.
(UhNm)
CYV
NUQjp
\lTm
SYTRojReL[m.
138

UR Eo R] LoU ]Lk TP
ALjnU, \jnU Yim GuTRp fNVjRp,
EiQ Su Tu\ NVpL[l \j nUdm,
T, T, Lp. V]m, EPX Yjl TYjtl
TLWm RPp, EiU TRp, RYm Tu\Y
ALjnUdm uTt\ YiV S\L[L
NUQjp \lThs[.
SpX SmdL, SpX A, SpX JdLm Gu\ u
CWj]eL[l uTt BuU RXVV oYQ
XV APV YiV YV Yjd Lhu\].
CpX\ Yrp DTh ClTYoLs AmN, NjVm
AvRVm, AlTWam, WmUNoVm Tu\ ImTm
SuL[m LPdL Yim. CkR AWReL[
X Je \L[ NUQj\Ls uTtmT AY
UL WReLs G]lTu\].
139

6. 2. Tt ]dLs

6. 2. 6. 3. AmN

NUQodV TpY A\eLs AmNV RX

\kRRm. kR, Np, NVp CYt\p \ Eodm
uTf NnVUp AuTm, LQVm LhYR
AmN Bm.
6. 2. 6. 4. NUQj RjYm

EXp Es[ GpX Ym Utm AYm

Ju\Vu NoklTRp HtTm \l, C\l Gu\
iP TVQjk TP Yim. ARtd LUV]
A\dLhTL[m, SL[m uTt\ Yim
GuT NUQj RjRYm.
6. 2. 6. 5. LX

NUQoLs ReLs OL[ TUlTjm YLp

vLs Gl]oLs. UW, TkRpLih, UjV CkV
Tu\ CPeLp NUQ LhPPdLXu CTLm,
LpYhL[ V TUeLm, ojReLoLu
XLm LQlTu\].
Up NWYQTXXp LQlTm 59 A
EVWU] LUvYWo X NUQdLXd Um \lTd
hYRL AUks[. Um ERVs[ dL,
GpXWs[ CkWNT, A, LWa Tu\
CPeLs[ BXVeLm NUQoLXd LhPPd LXf
\l] Lhu\].
CqY NUQm NUVj\V pXUp LX,
CXdVm, SP\ Yrp uTt\YiV JdL
SL[ UmT APVf NnRRu YXL CkVl
TiTht TkRiPts[.

140

A. K YLp PV

1.

]o Gu\ Npu Ts V?

2.

ojReLWoLs GuTYo Vo?

3.

NUQ NUVju CLs VY?

4.

NUQ NUVd LlTu SeWUL Tt\lTY V?

5.

TgNUaYWRm G] lY] VY?

6.

LUvYWo X Ge AUks[?

7.

NUQoL[p EYdLlThP Rr pLs VY?

8.

ALjnUVL NUQm uTt\ YiV YLs

VY?

B. J Tj A[p ApX Tj YLd LUp

PV

1.

NUQ NUVju Rt\m Tt GL.

2.

LmTWo, YRmTWo [dL.

3.

ULWo TjR EiULs VY?

4.

NUQo LX LX Y[ofV GL.

5.

NUQNUV A\dLhTLs VY?

141

C. J TdL A[p ApX lT YLd LUp

PV

1.

UaWu YZdLV Y?

2.

NUQNUVm m mULs, ASLkR YRm Tt

Y?

3.

NUQ NUVjp \lThs[ SYTRojRm Tt o

AY] VY?

6. 3. jR NUVm
Ck NUVjp XV \TL[] Pl
TZdLYZdLeLs YsLs, NPeLs, Nd LULs
Tu\Yt\ dL Y LQ Yim Gu\ kR]u
[Y jR NUVm Ru\d LWQUm.
jRURU] T T[jRm, U\ T[jRm,
Ru]h T[jRm, RWYRm ARY vRWYRm Gum
TX TVoL[p AZdLlT\.

D. Su TdLeLd LUp PV

6. 3. 1. jRo

1.

YojRU]u YrdL YWXt\m AYo TjR

EiUL[m LhW Yp GL.

2.

CkVl TiTht NUQ NUVju Te] Y.

jR URjRj RtjR jRu CVtTVo jRojRo

CYo ST[ Shp LX Yvp Es[ m Y]jp
jRR]dm UV Rdm UL]Ll \kRo. CYo
NdV YlTf NokRYo GuTRp NdV Gum
BuLj \p jRo G]m AZdLlThPo.
jRR]o, jRojRd C[UXV VNRW
Gum UeLV UQm j YjRo. LXl Tdp
AWiU] YrdL dLUp AUV CZkR AYo
T TdtLL AWiU]V h YV
NuLikRT AYo LiPLh AYo U]R
UtV. YV okR URu, SV, Qm, \
Tu\YoLs Tm uTjRd Li ARl TdL YLQ
Vu\o. R] 29Y YVp EiUVd LQ AWiU]
YrY h YV]o.
\V] jRd BVoLu AWm,
LkRYm TV]dLR Xp EYXs[ T
UWjRp AUok 7 YWeLs V]m NnRo. Cp
JSs LUV] RYm NndLidmT V
J RuV. 36Y YVp O]RVm Tt oYQm
Gum EVV XV APkR. Rp AYo jRo G]

142

143

AZdLlThPo. R] 80Y YVp SLWjp CqXL

YrY j ULoYQ XV APkRo.

6. 3. 2. jRW NUV TR]Ls

jRo Rm LiP EiUL[ 45 BiLs TX
CPeLdm Nu, TjRYm TUWm kLsm.
YiQm TR] NnRo. A]jf Nl Y
NokRYoLm jR NUVjp NojdLs[lThP]o.
BNV JjRp Ru U] AUVm, B]kRjRm
APV m Gum, ARtj UL[d L[k
SuUL[f NnRp BN ALum Gu TjRo.
6. 3. 2. 1. Su EVV EiULs (A) BV NjVeLs

1.

CqXL YrdL uTUVU] , l, NdL

BV uTeLs SmUj RPok Lidu\].

2.

Ru CuTUL YZYiUu\ Ru]X BNV

uTjtd LWQm.

3.

Ru]X BNL[ JjRp uTeLs A\Y em.

4.

GiYL YL[ UtLiPp BNL[ Jj

uTeLk Th oYQm Gum EVV
XV APVXm.

4.

StT \ YrdLu Xm StTL[f NnRp.

5.

SpX YrdL fN Gj YrYm SpX

SL[l uTt YrYRm.

6.

SpX Vt NUVd LhTL[ \VLl uTt

YZ VtlT.

7.

SpX kR] UR EPp AjRU] Gum,

XVt\ Gum U]p Li SpXYt\
]p LsRp.

8.

SpX V]m U]jR SpX]Ytp X j

U[]jR UtLi U] AU TRp.

6. 3. 2. 3. CPY ApX UjV UodLm

T[jR NUVjp ALm Ei, E\em CuT

YrdLd CPpX. EiQUp, E\eLUp R] Yk
YRm P Gu\ LhThPd LPlj, EXL
CuTjR Yj, Lk RYm VUp Ck \V]Yo
jRo. G]Y C YL EfNXL[m (Extremes) Roj
GV Yp StL APRp Yim. CR] CPY
Gum (Middle Path, Golden path) YZeYo.
6. 3. 2. 4. oYQm
BNV ALtYR oYQm Gu jR PLjp

6. 3. 2 .2. GiYL YLs

1.

SpX SmdL jRPjm, AYW LsLm

SmdL YjRp

2.

SpXiQm CpX\ YrdLVd LRp, SpX

]L[ U]p TVf NnRp.

3.

SpU jRPV LsLL[j mTj mTf

NpY \o Es[eL[l iTjm NtL[l
TNUp EiUm CUm LXkR NtL[l
TY.
144

\lThd\. \l, C\l Gu\ uTeLk

Th oYQ XV APV V Yrm, Gi Y
UodLeL[l uTtYU CRu AlTPVL
AU\.
6. 3. 2. 5. LoU]

Ck NUVju LoU]d LhThm, U\lm

jRo SmdLd LikRo. ] RjRYu ]
AlTu, Q RjRYu Q AlTu Gu\
145

Ud HtT LPkR LX Yru TV] ClTRV

Yrm EPm Bm Gu\o. G]Y ]k Vm
RlT V GuTR Yj\o G] AV \.

jRo Yn UXokR ULs, ]Vm ApX A\SLs,

ARUm (A) RjY CVpT] BnLs G] u
YLlTm.

6. 3. 2. 6. JdLm

6. 3. 3. jR NUVju Ls

CpX\jRm, \Y\jRm uTt\ YiV JdL

SLs Tj G]d LQdh rdLiPY Rp Ik
CpX\jRdm, Ut\ Ik \Y\jRdm \lThs[.

jR NUVm a]V]m, UaV]m G] CWi YL

Es[].

CpX\jRo uTt\ YiVY

1.

Y@LU (A) \o Ts mTU

2.

TnVU

3.

LpXU

4.

\u U] ZVU

5.

LsiQU

6. 3. 2. 7. \Y\jRo uTt\ YiVY

]V]m GuT TNjYoL[p uTt\lThP.

TZUV] EiUL[ HtdLsY. CfNUVjuT
jRo NRWQ URWL UdLlThPo. jRu SpXdL
SLu Xm oYQm APVXm GuTR YjV
NUVm a]V] jRNUVUm. RjYd LhTLs T
Up GRlThP]. Cl ANLo LXjRf NokR.
UaV]m, jRWd LP[L ]j YQeYRu
XkRu oYQ XV APV m GuTR
YjV. G]Y jRd BXVeLs Gl X
YdLlThP. NPeLs, YsLs SPjRlThP]. UaV]
jRNUVd LhTLs NUvR Up GRlThP].
Cl LxLo LXjRf NokR.

1.

BPp TPpLp Te Ls[U

2.

UXo, SUQl TsLs Tu\ BPmTWl

TsL[l TVuTjRU

6. 3. 4. CkVl TiTht T[jR NUVju LP

3.

ALXjp EiQU

1.

4.

UrfVdm TdLLp E\eLU

5.

TQjR YjdLs[U.

jRu EVokR A\dLhTLs, A\dLsLLs

UdLu EQoLd HtTm, A]Ym AkkR
Um, d LRLs XULm LtdLlThP].

2.

VLm, nU, A\m, EiU, Ru]PdLm, Au,

CWdLm Tu\ EVV TiL[ YjVR
UR SXdLLl TV Yim GuTRm jRo
EQoj]o.

3.

jRu AmNd LsL Ck NUVjp LQlThP

RYpXR NPeLm, YsLm U\Vd
LWQU]. UaV] jRURj]Wl uTt

CYt\p jRu YrdL, AYo TjR LsLLs

RVYt\l TojRm. C jRo uTtV NUVm, ARu
pLs RVYt\l Tt YLl TolTm.
T[jRURju YRp PLm Bm. CR UWu
u PLs ARY YLf NhPm ApX Rd
LsLLiP U\ Gum Yo. AY jR ApX
146

147

BXVeLm UPeLm HtTjRlThP. EY

YTm HtdLs[lThP.

CXdV Y[of
1.

aWeLs G]lTm T[jR UPXVeLs EYdLl

ThP]. WdRm G]lTm Tf Up
CXdVeLs Tm Y[ofVd LiP].

2.

T[jR dLm, Ti \Lm, TdLR

TUWoLm kdLsm YLp AYoL[ Tf
Up NUVd LjL[l TWl]o.

3.

jR NUV YR p \. C T Up
CVt\lThP.

4.

Bo YRm Gum UjYp SLo_]o

GuTYWm NUVjRPoT] EWSP pLs,

SPLeLs Tu\Y AYL` ao`o
Tu\YoL[m GRlThP].

NU EUm, Nlj RuUm

1.

N, C]m, Tp Gu\ YTu GpXm jR

NUVjp Nok ARu LhTL[l uTt Yrp
EVoX APVXm Gum YnlT jR NUVm
AjR.

2.

CR]p Nd LULs U\k NUjYm XjR.

3.

AU, Au, LQ, TU, NljRuU Tu\

EVV TiLs CkV TiTht AjR TU
jR NUVjRV Nm.

4.

jRo RuPV PoLs NUVd LsLL[ Lij

R]UL HtdLs[Up TjR]l TVuTj
BWnk HtdLsYR m]o.
148

T[jR LX
jR URm RuYRt u CkR YRLX
CkVp LX GuT J HYt TiQLd LRl
ThPRp LhPPdLXV, tTdLXV Y[ofVPV
pX. Ys NnYRtL] VLNXLm, TPeLm
LhPlThP].
jRo, TNjYo, CYoLu ]f u]eLu
LpXp LhPlThP vLs Tu\ LhPPdLXLs
URu BuUY YlTj \l NnR.
BXVeLs, aWeLs, ]f u]eLs BVYtp
AZV YXlTL[ jRu YrdL YWXLs
NdLlThP]. LdLX EYdVYoLm
CYoL[. Toahm, Ng, AUWY Tu\ CPeLs[
iLm Lua, LoX Tu\ CPeLs[
LdLpLm T[jR NUVf tTd LX]l
T\Ntm Lf \kR LXf u]eL[L [eu\].
LxLo LXjp Ru LkRWd LX RuV.
jR NUVm CkVp RuVRp CkVl TiThu
RjRuU e YSLPu RPo Lsm
Ynl HtThP. jRdLm, AOoLm jR
NUVjRl TWlT YSLs Nu\T CkVl
TiThPm ReL[ UkNu\Rp ], UeLV,
UgV, LV, _lTu, ToU, NYLm UjW, CkR]
Tu\ SLp CkVl TiT TWV. jR NUVjR
RV AkVoLs iV V], YtUp JtU
LiP CkVt Rl TVQm UtLiPRm CkV
TiThu \l Um YShp TWYdLWQUt.

W
CqY NUVeLs CkVl TiThu FtdLiL[Lj
LrkR]. EVV YrVp SL[ Ak uTtU
Nns[].
149

6. 3. Tt ]dLs
A. K YLp PV

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
B.

jRu CVtTVo Gu]?

CPY ApX UjV UodLm Tt GL.

jRNUVju CLs VY?

T[jR UPXVeLu TVo Gu]?
jRNUV YRp G? A GmUp GRlThP?
LkRWd LX Gu\p Gu]?
T[jR NUVm GkSLp TWV?
J Tj A[p ApX Tj YLd LUp
PV
1. Su BV NjVeLs VY?
2. GiYL YL[ [dL.
3. \Y\jRo uTt\ YiY]YL jRo Y]
VY?
4. jRNUVju CL[ [dL.
5. T[jR NUV CXdV Y[of Tt Y.
C. J TdL A[p ApX lT YLd
LUp PV
1. jRu YrdL YWXt\ Y.
2. oYQm, LoU], JdLm TtV jRu
LjL[ Y?
3. T[jRo LX LX Y[ofV m \m Li BnL.
D. Su TdLeLd LUp PV
1. jRu YrLVm, NUV TR]L[m Y.
2. CkVl TiTht T[jR NUVju LPV
Y.
150

7. BkVl TiTht
TWWLu LP
7. 1. U[Vo LXl TiT
U[VoLs YL CkV YWXtp AWVp,
TiThj \Lp J V AjVVjRj
RtjR G]d \Xm. CkR AW UW. NkW lR
U[VWp YlTt\. U[VoLs JW W] YL
\V SPj YkR]o. CYoL[ Bhd LXjp AWVp
JtU, NRVjp AU, T[RW Y[of, NUV
Nlj RuU CYV]jm \lT] Xp
CkRRm LQXm. LhPPd LX, CXdVm, Tu\Y
Eu]R Xp CkRRm Liu\m.

7. 1. 1. LXm
NkW lR U[Vu .. 322k .. 298 YWm,
kNWu .. 298 k .. 273 YWm, ANLu
.. 273 Rp .. 232 YWm, ANLdl \
Bhd YkR AWNoLs .. 232 Rp . 182 YWm
Bi YkRL A\m.

7. 1. 2. NuLs
U[VoLPV BhVl Tt Ak Ls[
ULvRv GV CiL NQdVo GV AojR
NvWm NLRjRo GV jW CWhN^m Gu\ AWVp
SPLm, NUQ, T[jR NUV pLm (TYmNm, ULYmNm)
WQeLm, LX, LpYhLs, tTeLs Utm
SQVeLs BVY U[VoLu SpX TiTh
YrdL Tt AV ERm NuL[L [eu\].
151

7. 1. 3. dV AWNoLs
1. NkWlR U[Vu (.. 322 .. 298)
2. k NWu (.. 298 .. 273)
3. ANLu (.. 273 .. 232)

7. 1. 4. AWVp X
UV AW

UV AW, AWu SW oYLju r CkR. AWNo

A]j ALWeL[m LiPYWL CkRm, UdLs
AYW Gp AL kR. AWNo TPj RXYWLm
RuU TVLm LrkRo. Gj\mAYPV
Y C YL CkR.
UV AW YL dLeL[m AUfNoLu
TL[m, CWY NVp \]m, Shp SPTm
H]V LrL[m, Jt\oLu TVm NqY]
TWUdL Yim. AUfNoL[j RW AWNd AYNW
LXeLp BXN] YZeL Uk T`j G]
AZdLlTm BXNoLm CkR]o.
NVXLm

lhP]o. T[jR NUV RUjR UdLdl

WLP]lTj, TRLoL[Lm, NUV OL[Lm
CkRYoLs. RU ULUjWoLs Gu\ JYL
AYXoL[ ANLo VjRo. LX RdLV[o
Lm VdLlTh CkR]o.
UX AWLs

U[Vl TWW TX UXeL[Ll dLlThP.

JqY UXjtm AW mTjRf NokR
C[YWNoLs ApX AWN mTjRf NokR UWWoLs
RXUVt UX BSWL BhlTlT SPj
YkR]o. UXeLs UYhPeL[Ll dLlTh AYt\
vRLo GuTo RXUVt SPj]o. UYhP
BhV[oLs AdWS G] AZdLlThP]o.
WUm Ru YLjp J RVL CkR.
ARu TlT Ht\ AYXWd WLu G]m Tj
WUeLdl Tls[ AYXo LTu G]m
AZjR]o.
Jt\o \

U[V AWp \kR Jt\o \ CkR. AW

AYXoLu SPYdLL[d LiLlTm CWLV
NnL[j lTk AWdj Rjm YkR]o.
CYoL[d L[pVo R`oLs Gu AZjRo.

AW AYpL[d LYdLl TpY \L[

Es[PdV NVXLm YlThP. JqY \m
AjVbo Gum LiLlT[u r CVe YkR.

YLm

UYhP BhV[oLs AdWS G]m, SLW

BQV[oLs AvSUn G]m AZdLlThP]o.
SLW YLjRd LYdL ULUjWoLs Gu\ EVokR
AYXoLs VdLlThP]o. GjRoLs R G]m,
Nn ToLs TYPLoLs G]m AZdLlThP]o.
EVokR X NVl WRo Gum C[YWNW
YW_ Gum N]j RXYW N]T Gum

YZeYRt AWN] RXYu TPjWjp

Shu EVokR YZem NT CkR. S Ym
Uu\eLs YlTh CkR]. AYLh
ULUjWoLs Utm CWdLoLs GuTo RXUVt\]o.
RUvRVm, LiPdL NR]m Gu\ CYL
Uu\eLs CkR]. V YZdLs WUl TgNVjL[p
odLlThP]. RiP]Ls LUVL YZeLlThP].

152

153

CWY YLm

U[V CWYm LXh TP, WlTP,

V]lTP, Ro TP Utm LPtTP Tu\Y APe
CkR]. To WoLh \kR \p Tt AdLlTh
Lj \UVLm SpX JdLm, LhlTLPm
NVpTh YkR].
YYnj \

Shu dV YYn XYVm. [fNp

Sup J Te, YVL YdLlThP. X YV,
AdWS GuTYo YjRo. YLo, L]Oo TpY
Rp TYoLm Y Nj YkR]o. Uu Um
Y YdLlThP. SQVULm T[Lm PjR
YYV AW UdLs SXdf NXhP.
olTN]m

olTN]l TL[d LYdL ARtL] J \

YlTh, oj RdLeL[d LhPPd LpYnL[
AUj o Y[iUdd PdL A]jf \kR
\L[m LViP Utm S m BeLeL
HLs AUj LpYn Xm TN] \ NmUl
TjRlThP.
TlTLs

NX AUl \L[d LYdL J \

NVpThP. CRu Xm V NXLs AUdm Tm,
TZV NXL[ T Todm Tm UtLiP]o.
NXVWeLp Rem Ls (RUNX) AUjR]o.
NXLu C Uem Zp Rm UWeLs
Y[odLlThP].
SLWh YLm

Ew, RhNXm, TPjWm BV SLWeLs

SLWh, oYLeL[p oYLm NnVlThP. CYt\
154

oYLm NnRYoLs SLWLo Gu AZdLlThP]o. SLW

BQV[oLs AvSUn Gum AZdLlThP]o.
SLW oYLm NVpTm RjRl Tt AojR NvWm
Lm \lTL Gjd \.
UjY YNLs

U[Vo LXjp T UdLhm, XeLhm

UjY YNL[ HtTjd LjR]o. AY
fNd ARtV LL[ RVo NnR]o. Uk
LLs EtTj NnVlThP. RLm, UjYfLm
AdLXjp Ck YkRRL Au\m. Um \l,
C\l UdLhRL LQdLlT \lTjR J
XV] \ NVpTh YkR.

7. 1. 5. NRV X
EVokR JdLm

Au\V NRVm EVokR JdLm \kRRn

AUkkR. UdLs GUVLm dL]ULm Yrk
YkR]o. AYoLPm EiU, SoU, SQVm, RVm,
AYt\p BV A]j StTiLm JeL
LQlThP].
ANLu A\dLhTL[p UdLs TYm, iVm,
CmU, UU BV SmdLLPu Yrk YkR]o.
h GuT m LQVR X CkR.
NlLm LPULm

U[VoLu NRVjp YRLXjp LQlThP

Tu WUQoLs, bjVoLs YVoLs, jWoLs
Gu Su YL N Ls LQlThP].
1.

WUQoLs:- KRp, KjRp, YhPp, YhjRp,

DRp, TRp Tu AYLlThP RpLs
NnR]o.
155

2.

bjVoLs:- KRp, YhPp, DRp, ToRp,

ShPl TLjRp Tu\ RpL[f NnR]o.

YrkR]o. WULoLs GuTo BuU UWQm GnR,

UV UWQm Gnm Gu Sm]o.

3.

YVo:- KRp, YhPp, DRp, YNVm, VTWm,

B U Y[ojRp RV] NnR]o.

4.

jWo:- UtV u N]dm T NnRp,

B U UnjRp, L]j Rp Rp,
BPm, TPm DTRp Tu\ NVpL[f
NnR]o.

WUQoLs (aXVn) GuTo \L[Yo. U,

UNm, Ti CuTm d LLp YrkR]o. T[jRoLs
GuTo nUV] A\YrdLVl Tt YrkR]o.

UQ \

JW Np UQm Nnd Lsm TZdLm Htd

Ls[lThP. Clm, LXl N UQU]
AXUj UQm Utm W XU UQm (EVoXl
Ti RrkR X Bi) SP\p LQlThP.
SuYL BWUeLs

tLX YRLX TiThp LQlThP Tu

U[VoLu NL AUlm R URu YrdL
Sp SuYL BNWUeL[d LPldLlThP.
AY
1. WmUfNVm
2. WLvRm

NRVl TZdL YZdLeLs

N Gum EPuLhP Hm YZdLm SP\p
CkR Gu AvP Xv Gu\ BVo l\o.

U[Vo LXjp UdLs YsdLXm RWl tLXeLp

U AkVRLj RVpX. A AYoLPV
XV] EQYL CkR. NkVLm WUQoLs
UNm NlP pX. Tu]X] RhLp RjRV
AUok Nlm TZdLU U[VoLPm LQlThPRL
WdLoLs u\]o.
BP ALXuLs

BPLs GUVn CkR]. Xo XVokR

BPL[ AkR]o. \Ls UWL[m Uu
RpL[m Ak kR]o. NpYkRoLs XVokR
ULs, YXlTLs APeV Uvu BPL[
AkR]o. Yh, i, RXlTL AkR]o.
RkRjRm, ReLjRU] ALXuL[d L, d,
Lj, Cl, LLs BVYtp TiLs
AkdLiP]o.

3. Y]WvRm
4. NkVNm

TiLs X

UnOLs

UnOLs G]lTTYo, WUQoLs, WULoLs,

WUQoLs, T[jRoLs G] Su YL ]o CkR]o.
WUQoLp EN WUQoLs (BVo WRo)
NRLaQ WUQo (_Pm RkWm) G] C ]o
156

NRVjp TiLs SpX Xp CkR]o Gu

\ V. Xo RjYdLp Tu Ru]PdLm
\kRYoL[L YrkR]o. Xo AUL[Lm CkR]o.
AWiU]Lp ShVUm TPpLs Tm
UrjR]o. TiLs ReLs LQYPu NUVf NPeLp
157

DThP]o. LQYo DhV T[ U]Pm LjRo.

UQU] Tio R pL[p AYl TYRtj
RPdLlThP G]d \lT\.

ANLo Rm ULu ULkW]m ULs NeLjW

Vm CXeLd Al jRNUVd LsLL[l
TWl]o.

LdLLs

T[jRoLdPVkR Yt\UL[ ALt

JtU HtTjR J ULShPd h T[jR URju
Y[ofd YLh]o.

UdLs TpY ZdL[d LiP Urf

APkR]o. YNkRLX Z TY, _ RV
ZdL[d LiP]o. TiLs Tk [V]o.
YhPVRp, TPLhRp, kRp dVl
TTd. pjR Lt\p, XeLPu TPp,
RWhPl TkRVm Tu\Ym WjRU]Y. NWeL
[Vhm [V]oLs.
BPp, TPp, CNdL hPp Tu\] TiLdL
EV RXLd LRlThP].

7. 1. 6. NUV Y[of
YRLXf NUVjPu NUQ NUVm, T[jR NUVm
UdLPV Wj TtkR]. NkW lR U[Vo
NUQ NUVjRl uTt]o. Rm YrSs Cp AWN
TRVj \k TjWT Gu\ NUVj\Pu Ud
As[ NWYQ TXLX Gu\ CPjp Yk Tp
YrkRo. C\kR \ ]YL NkWTv G]lTm
Lp Ju LhPlThP.
U[V TWWNWL [eV ANLo LeLl Tdl
\ jR \V] ^ G]lTm ETlRPu TX
CPeLdf Nu jR NUV LhTL[ UdLPV
TWl YkRo. UNTPV, V, Gl, Tj, ],
ToU Tu\ SLd jRj \L[ Al YjRo.
Shp UdLs V, JdLU] YrdLV YZ
Yi, RoU ULUjWoL[m, RoUdRWoL[ ANLo
VjRo.
158

RoUSd LjL[ S Ym TWl

GdLXjm UdLs AR] Am Th LtLm
iLm, T\Lm, Ld LpLm TjRo.
T[jR Sd LsLLs LiP RoUdLhP[L[
\Yt\ TX RoL[ VdLlThPR LpYhp
s[o. Lxo, LkRWm, Uo, Y]Y, ATWkRLm,
ULWxWm, CUVUXl TLs, YoQ SLd
Als[o.
ANLo LXkRW \LXeLp YRLX RnYeL[
YThP]o. x, Yu, vLkRu Tu\ RnYeL[
UdLs Tt YQe]o. NY, YQY Yp TdS
S m TW].
ANLo LXjp T[jR NUVm AWNeLju NUVUL
[e]m Ut\ NUVj]o ujRlTPpX.
YSLm CfNUVm TWV.

7. 1. 7. LX Y[of
Lp

U[Vl TWWu TmTp TsLm EVoLp

Y]eLm AWNm, T A\ XVeL[m
SPjRlThP]. WUQoLm jR \Lm TPeL[d
LtjR]o.
RhNXm, Ew_, L Tu\ CPeLp TpLXd
LZLeLs YlThP]. CXdVm, NUVdLp LtdLl
159

ThP]. TPj hPjp CXdLQm, TfdLX, LX,

AWVp, T[RWm RUNjWm, RjYm
NodLlThkR]. TiLdd Lp Ti UPXVeL[p
LtdLlTh YkR.
iLXLs

U[VoLs LXjp tTdLX LhPPd LX Lm

Lr Tt\ [e]. NWSjp LQlTm Lti YWXt
dVjYm YnkR Ju. SU Shu RV u]jm
SQVeLm Su L eLeLs CPm Tts[].
RVd Lp RoUfNdLWm CPm Tts[.
ANLo GiQt\ vL[ (8400) RmPV S
m ]o. CYtp \l YnkR. Ngm,
YN, TLh Gu\ CPjm YlThPYVm. Ng
v 771/2 A EVWm 121/2 A dL[m Es[. CRu
Su TdLeLm EVWU] ZYpLs AUks[].
CjiLs Vm tTdLXd \kR GjdLhL[m.
LhPPeLs TmTm UWjRm, LtL[m LhPl
ThkR]. U[VoLs LhV AWiU]Ls EXLjXV
L AZ YnkRY. TVu CR], CdLhPPeLs
LPu TPlLs Tu LhVdu\] GuTo.
ANLo LXjp NdLlThP LLs Lm
\lPV]. jRLVt YPdp TWTo uLp
LQlTm LLm, SLo_]d uLp LQlTm
LLm dVU]Y. CW_ Ljt Ap R
U ALm u LQlT\. XU L
Lm \lPV. Eh\m LiQ Tp T[T[lTLm,
C\jm CiLs tL Yj LhV TX
L AUks[. ZYp dLQ YYU]
WPV.
160

LpXX] vLdm, Ld LpLdm

LhPPeLdm U Ht T[T[lTL Cum LiQ
Tp um YLp Nns[]o.
ANLo RmPV 7Y i LpYhp RoUU]
iPSs Ym Th GeLpXm LtiLm,
LtTXLLm LQlTu\]Y (T\Ls) AeLpXm
(RoUm BQLs) TdLl TYRL Gu s[o.
BLY, TX CPeLp LQlTm iLu AUlTm,
CPjRm L, AeLpXm LpYhdL[l TdLf
NnRo.
U[Vo LXd LXu \lL[d Li
AYt\d rLiPY dLXm.
1.

ANLu Jt\dLp iLs

2.

ANLWm \Wm PVlThP LLs

3.

TPjW AWiU]

4.

Ng, NWSj LpLs

5.

Ls (vTm)

6.

CkdLpLs

7.

CRW LhPPeLm tTeLm

CXdVm

U[Vu Bh LXjp NUvRm T, WRm

Tu\ ULs YP CkV m \ll TtkR].
Utm Lu]Pm, Rr Tu\ ULs RukV WP
C]jRYu UL[L \lt [e]. CkV Zdl
Tp WR UV AWNeL UVL CkR.
CXdVjt NUvRm Tft Tm UdLPjp
GUVLd LV[lThP].
161

1.

L[pVu AojR NvWm

2.

TjWTu LpTjWm

3.

qVu VdLWQm (CXdLQm)

4.

Tu AvPjV

5.

YjvVV]u LUjWm

6.

Tk u YNYRjR ShV RW (ShV LX)

7.

Y GuTYo YN LVm

8.

T[jR NUVp PLeLs

9.

LlVeLs CWUVQm, ULTWRm

10. YRkR pLs yV jWm

11.

4.

Ck RoUd LhTL[m Au, AmN Tu\

T[jR NUV SL[m YSLp TWl CkV
TiThtl TU NojRYoLs U[V TWWNoLs.

5.

U[VoLs Lp, LX, CXdV Y[ofp LY]m

NjV Tu, WRm (BhU) NUvRm
(CXdVU) T (GV UdLs Tm U) Tu\
ULu Y[ofdm dVjYm LjR]o.

6.

L[pVu AojR NvWm, T[jR NUV X]

PLm, CXdLQ X] VdLWQm Tu\
pLs CkVl TiTht U[Vo LXjp
YZeLlThP LPL[m.

7.

Tl Tj\Lp NXlTdYWj, olTN]

YNLs Utm NXVWeLp RU NXLs,
UdLdm XeLdm UjYU]Ls
Tu\Y U[VoLu CkVl TiThu L[L
[eu\].

8.

ANLu RoUd LhTL[] 1. AmN 2. NjVm

3. RV (CWdLm) 4. R]m 5. N[Nm (\jnU) 6.
UojRYm (APU) 7. NoR (AU) 8. ATTkRR
(dL]m) 9. NmVU (X]PdLm) 10. TY j
(ALjnU) 11. R RdOR (SuPU) 12. RR
TdR (AuPU) 13. xN (Tt\dl
TP) 14. Afj B[Vo (Tt\d
UVR) 15. RoU ULUR (A\m NnRp) 16. TVm 17.
Td` (Ru]mdL) 18. EjNa (Urf) Tu\Y
CkV TiTht YZeLlThP LPVm.

eLXo GuTYo NkR jWeLs

12. Xu NvYo SPL jWeLs

13. YU]o Gu\ LOo LVXeLW j j
Tu\ CXdV TPlLs U[Vo LXjp
GRlThP]Ym.

7. 1. 8. CkV TiTht U[VoLu LP

1.

U[VoLu Bh \p UV AW, RXUf

NVXLm, UX AWLs , YLm, Tl
Tj\ SLWh \ Tu\] SUd
AdLlThs[ LPL[m.

2.

RhNXm, Ew_, L Tu\ U[VoLX

TpLXd LZLeLs Cum SU CkVl TiTh
UVeL[Lf \k [eu\].

3.

U[Vo LX LX LhPPd LX, tTd LX,

LpLs Utm UPeLs Tu\Y CkVl
TiThu WTlTl T\ Ntu\].
162

163

5.

U[VoLX BP ALXuL[ [dL

A. K YLp PV

6.

U[VoLX Su YL NLm LPULm VY?

1.

U[VoLu BhdLXm V?

7.

U[VoLX UV AWu NVpTLs VY?

2.

NQdVo (L[pVo) GV p V?

3.

U[V Uu]oLp \kRYoLs VYo?

8.

U[VoLX LXu \lL[d Li GjR]

YLL[Ll dLXm?

4.

Uk T`j l YWL?

9.

U[Vo LXd Lp X V?

5.

RU UL UjWoLs GuTo VYo?

10. ANLu HZY LpYhu Nn V,

6.

WLo l YWL

7.

R`oLs GuTo VYo?

8.

SLWLo l RL

9.

AdWS GuTYo Vo?

7. 1. Tt ]dLs

C. J TdL A[p PV

1.

U[VoLX AWVp XV [dL.

2.

U[VoLX NLXV [dL.

10. SLWh YLm CkR CPeLs VY?

3.

U[VoLX NUV XV [dL.

11.

Su YL BNWUeLs VY?

4.

U[VoLX CXdV Y[ofV Y.

12. UngOLs GuTYo VYo?

5.

U[VoLX LX Y[ofV Y.

13. NWYQ TXLX l YWL.

6.

U[Vo LX NRVl TT Utm AYoLPV

TZdL YZdLeL[ Y.

14. WUQoLs GuTo VYo?

15. BV ULs GuTY VY?

D. Su TdL A[p PV

B. Tj YLd LUp PV

1.

U[VoLXl TiT Tt J LhW YWL.

1.

U[VoL[l Tt AV ERm NuLs VY?

2.

2.

U[Vo LX TiLu XV?

CkVl TiTht U[VoLu LP Utm LX

AmNeL[j Rj J LhW YWL.

3.

AXU, WXU UQ \ V?

4.

U[Vo LX UdLu T TdLs VY?

164

165

7. 2. lRo LXl TiT

7. 2. 3. dV AWNoLs
1.

RXm NkW lRo (.. 320 .. 330)

lRl TWW CkVl TiTht YZes[ LP

A[hd \ CVX. CYoLs AWVp, NRVm,
T[RWm, Lp, LX, CXdVm, NUVm, CN, SP]m
BV A]j \Lm Lf \kR Xp
LQlThPoLs. ALY Ru YWXtp lRoLXm
TtLXm Gu \lT\.

2.

NjW lRo (.. 330 .. 380)

3.

CWiPm NkW lRo (. 380 .. 415)

4.

vLkR lRo (.. 456 . 468)

7. 2. 1. LXm

lRoLu LXjp \UdL Lf \kR YL

AUl Yl TtkR. AYoLs ReLs ShP
L[L j \lTL Bh NnR]o.

.. SuLm t\iu BWmTjp c lRo GuTYo

TPjWjp V AW Ju\ AUj lR UWT
RtjRo Gu \lT\. CYoLs LXm .. 300
Rp .. 500dm CPlThP LXUL YWXt AOoLs
L\oLs.

7. 2. 2. NuLs
lRoLu YWXt\ AV CXdVeLm,
WQeLm, YShPYu lLm Utm
RpTs BWnfV[oLu lLm NuL[L
Pjs[].
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

NLRjRo GV jW CWhNNm,
LRNu CXdVeLs
TQu ao` NRm
T]h WQeLs
]lTV TVu lLs
NjW lRu AXLTj Lti
SQVeLs
jWLm YWXtf u]eLm
BV] SUdf NuL[L PdLlTts[].
166

7. 2. 4. AWVp X

1.

UjV YLm

2.

UX YLm

3.

UYhP YLm

4.

WU YLm

5.

SLW YLm

1. UjV YLm

UjV oYLjtj RXYu AWNu BYu.

Uu]d NhPVt\m, YZeLm oYLm NnVm
A]jl Wf]Lhm oLm Tl]l
TtkRu. j \dm AWN] RXY]L
[e]u. S Ym EVo ALL[ Vdm
Tl AWN]V NokR. TPVlL[j RU
SPjf Nu Uu]oLs TX YtL[ X Sh]o.
AWNu A]j ALWeLm TtkR Tm
AYu RufNVLf NVpTPpX. AWNd
BXN] YRt Uk T`j (Uk UiPXm)
Gu\ AUfNo CkR. AUfNWYp CkR jR
167

Ukd dV Uk Gu TVo. TYL AUfNWY

TWmTWl TRVL CkR.
UjV YLj \Ls

3.

TX LWLo (CWYj R[T)

4.

UL WLWo (BSu RXU AL)

5.

ThTLo (RXUd LQdLVo)

6.

LojR jLo (RXUf NVYo)

7.

J[RWeRo (YYp m EVo AL)

8.

AdWLLs (AdWLWjR UtToYRp)

9.

RRdRo (LXj RXU AL)

1.

UL N]T (CWY oYLm)

2.

UL RiP SVLu (j\ oYLm)

3.

CWQ TPLLs (TodLLs Utm EQ

NLjRp)

4.

ULTXLWu (CWYm RePm, Toj RkW

\Ls Tu\ TLs)

5.

RiP`Lu (LYp \)

11.

6.

ULNk Lu (ShPd LiLlT To (A)

AU XShY)

7.

TiPWLLWu (LX AYXo)

8.

VR vRLu (NUVj\j RXYu)

CYoLs EsShd ZlTeLum AkVu

TPVlum UXeL[ TLjR]o. UXj
RXYu (BSo) NhPm, Je, AU Tu\ TL[
XShP Yim. TlTj \Vm LYdL
Yim.

9.

ULTdN TRu (AW AYXL Ll Utm

NX]eLs LYjRp)

10. NoYVdNu (UjV oYLj RXUf NVXo)

2. UX YLm

lR TWW TX UXeL[Ll dLlTh UXjR

d ApX RNm, WxWm, UiPXm G] AZjR]o.
UXeLp Uu]u WVL BSoLs
VdLlThP]o. TmTm C[YWNoL[ ClTlp
VdLlThP]o. BSd ERVLl TpY ALLs
VdLlThP]o.
1.

UL RiPSVLo (j\V LYjRp)

2.

RiP TN LWLo (LYp \jRXYo)

168

10. BYNLo (A\ XVj RXU AL)

WiVNRVLo (AdLX NX EVo AL)

3. UYhP YLm

UXeLs JqYum TX UYhPeL[Ll

dLlThP]. AYLs d Gu\ TVPu AZdLl
ThP]. du RXYo ETLo Gu AZdLlThPo.
Um dLs (UYhPeLs) `VeL[Ll
(YhPeL[L) dLlThP]. `Vju RXYo
`VT BYo.
UYhPj RXSLd AhPQm Gum UYhP
BhjRXYu AYXLm ALWQm Gu
AZdLlThP]. UYhP ALu r
1.

N[pLo (eL AL)

2.

Y LWLs (XY AL)

169

3.

ULhN TPLo (BYQd LlT[o)

4.

TiPLW Ro (LN[o)
Tu TXo CkR]o.

4. WU YLm

[ds[o. EVo Uu\m RXSLm (UjV) Ut\

Uu\eLs UXeLp dV SLWeLm CkR].
olL[ Nu\oLs LiP J Rd NWQ
SPjm lVPVRYo EVo Uu\jp Up \
NnVXm AWYo u LYXWL Ck RXSLp
YZdL[ NjRo. RtLL Uu\eLm
AUdLlThkR]. WUeLp WU TgNVj \m
CkR.

`Vm (YhPm) TX WUeL[Ll dLlThkR.

WUm ThP Gum AdWaWm Gum dLl
ThkR. WUju RXYo WUVLo G]lThPo.
WUj RXYdj QVL LQdLo, GjRo (LWLo),
XY AL, YYnj\ AL, XjRLW odm
VVjRo Gu\ TX ALLs NVpThP]o.

7. 2. 5. NRV X
1.

lRoLs NRV X \k [eV, mTm,

hd mTUL CkR

5. SLW YLm

2.

CkV Tp UdLs BPL[ AkR]o. AWNoLs

BPmTWU] BPL[l TVuTj]o.

3.

Bi, Ti CTXm TXYL ALXuL[

Ak YkR]o.

4.

EQ YLp NY, ANY EQl TsL[

EiP]o. TmTuUV] UdLs NY EQYV
TVuTj]o.

5.

TiLs EVokR Xp Yj UdLlThP]o. ULo

LpV Tt\]o; oYLjp Te Tt\]o;
NLjRp Tt\lThP]o. LQYu Su]PjRd
YLhVL U] [e]s. LXlf NVf
NRVm HtLhPm, A RodL VRRdV.
LQYu C\kR \ EPuLhP Hm\ YZdLjp
CkR.

6.

WLjNmRu Su N\ CkRRL lPl

Ths[. WUQoLs EVokRYoL[L LRlThP]o.
NiP[oLs (LXl N]o) rNd LWoL[Ld
LRlThP]o. AYoLs iPjRLRYoL[Ld L,
Fdl \jR Yj YkR]o.

lRo Bh LXjp SLW YLm Ck YkR.

SLWjRl Wm Gum ARu BhjRXY] WTXo
(ApX) SLW WhNLu Gum AZjR]o. CYo UX
BSWp VdLlThPo. SLWjRf t LhPm
ALm AUdLlThkR].
CWYm

lR AWNoLs YU, Wm, RkWm, Bt\p

dLYoL[L [e]o. LXh TP, WlTP,
V]lTP, RolTP Gu\ Su TPLs CkR]. \kR
WoL[j RokRlTp NjWlRW uu\o
GuTRp, TPLu Y[ofd Uu]o AjR FdLm
ULjR]Rm.
j\

lRo LXj \L[l Tt WLvT, SWRo,

LjVV]oTu\o lhs[]o. YZdL[ 1. p
YZdLs 2. t\ CVp YZdLs (]p) Gu
CYLlTj]o. SWRo 18 YLlThP NhPeL[
170

171

7.

YhPVRp dV T Td Bm. B,
GU, V], Uu CYLPu NiP TYm
ZdLXeLp BlT UrYm dVl
TTd.

8.

TodLLs, LP]Ls, RhPjp Rt\YoLs

AUlTjRlThP]o.

7. 2. 6. NUV Y[of
lRo LXjp NUVX UXeV Xp
LQlThP. YR NUVm (Ck NUVm) jo Tt\.
Um Ym EVokR LP[oL[Ld LRlThP]o. NUV
YsLm NPeLm SPjRlThP]. NjW lRo AY
URVLeLs SPj]o.
Y WQm, UfN WQm Tu\ WQeLs CVtf
YTUu TUVl Tt]o. Um, Yu,
Up BV LP[oLdd LpLs Glf NUVjR
Y[ojR]o. Uu AYRWeLs ElTt ZdLs
SPjRlThP]. V YT, SL YT, Nd YT,
SVLo YT Tt\lThP]. xu Tj AYRWd
LhTh] Sm]o. R CPeLd VjW Npm
TZdLm UdLPm CkR.
Ck NUVjt BRW RkR Uu]oLs jR, NUQ
NUVeL[ YdLpX. X lR Uu]oLs jR
NUVjRl uTt]o. UW, ERV Tu\ CPeLs NUQ
URju ClPeL[L CkR].

7. 2. 7. LX Y[of

TPjhPjp, Su YReLs, YRkReLs, WQeLs

VV UmNeLs, Ro YRm, LkRoY YRm, AojR
NvWm Tu\Y NodLlTh LtdLlTh YkR].
Um Y]Vp, LRm, NPm BVY lhP
TPeL[Ld LtdLlThP]. A[Y CVp, RjYm, VVm,
CXdLQm Tu\ TPeLm LtdLlThP].
CXdVm

lRo LXjp TX CXdV AOoLs TpY YL

CXdVeL[ G YPUp V UUXofV
HtTj]o.
1.

LRNo NkRXm, dLWUoYVm U[Ld

jWm (SPLm) CWYmNm, UWNmTYm,
(LlVeLs) ULRm, NmaWm (TPpLs).

2.

NLRjRo jW Wb^m, RNkWlRm Tu\

SPLeLs

3.

YjvVV]o LUjWm

4.

YWLWo Lj NmR (LR) LRm, NPm

5.

NkWo NkWfNV VdLWQm (CXdLQm)

6.

_]kWo _]kW VdLWQm

7.

AUWo AUWLNm

8.

TULo LVXeLWm (LR)

9.

YdThPo AxPeL NeWL, AxPeL RV

NmR (UjYm)

10. BVThPo LR pLs, Y]Vp

Lp

YReLm jRNUVd LjLm Lp XVeLp

TdLlThP]. X Lp \m RPok jR.
BVoLPu UQYoLs 14 YV YW Rel TjR]o.
172

11.

YWLWo TgN jRkRLm (Y]Vp)

12. NUiPLu NvWm

13. WN]o VLWQm
173

LhPPdLX

tTdLX

lRoLs LX Y[ofd Bts[ Ri Lm

Tt\jRdLRm. lRo LX LXY[ofV LhPPdLX,
tTdLX, KVdLX, EXLdLX, CN, SP]m,
SPLdLX G] YLlTjRXm.

1. Ld LpLs

lRoLX tTeLs Lm AZ YnkR, CkVdLXl

TVj RV LQlThP]. CkdLPu
EYeLp SWmU oj, YWL oj (ERV) Yu,
ToY Tu\Y lPjRdLY. jRW GiQt\
XLs NWSj m UWm LiPdLlThs[].
VLo Utm UWp Es[ x X, Ls[
LojLVu X, L[Nms[ V XLs Um
YeLeLs, NUQ XLs Tu\] Vm lRo LXf
tTdLXu \lTl T\Ntu\].

2. U]Ut\ LpLs

KVdLX

3. UP LhPlThPd LpLs

A_kR, GpXW, Td (Bagh) Tu\ CPeLs[

KVeLs L AtRU] KVeL[m. TiLs UkR
CPPm AZV ALXuLPm LhPlThs[]o.
A_kRp LQlTm LLu KVeLp Rm Nm,
jRu \, UWQlTdLp Cdm AW, SP] ULo,
WeLs, jRo, EYeLs AYW TR]Ls, YrdL
LrfLs Tu\] jdLlThs[].

lRo LXjp AVl T[] LeLp TVuTj

LhPPeLs Lh]oLs. CYoLs LXjd LhPPdLXV
Su YLL[Ll dLXm.

4. NeLt LpLs
Ld LpLs A_kRp Es[]. J[WeLTjd
Ap Lpp PkR TuWi LLm CRtf
Nu\m. T[jR, NUQ, Ck NoPV Ld LpLs
GpXW GuPjm LQlTu\]. Um Ngd
Lp, VLs[ LeLd Lp Utm ERVlo
Lp Vm CqYLVf NokRRm.
SfN]dRW s[ ToY Lp, UW s[
Yu Lp Tu\]. U]Ut\ (W Uhm Ei)
LpL[m.
RLp LQlTm xLp SfN]dRW
s[ Es[ ULRYo BXVm UP LhPlThP
LpLs Bm.

CNm SP]m

lRo LXjp CNm SP]m NjReV

LXUm. CNm SP]m Ju\LY CkR]. UjR[m,
EdL, Vr, T\, Ne Tu\ CNdLL[d Li
tm LXOoLm SP]URo ASVm j Bm
LhL[d Lu tTeLm KVeLm
SQVeLm LQlTu\]. LXd LiQVL A_kR
L KVeLs Cum oYRd LQXm.

RoLu Lp (Luo UYhPm), VLW Lp

(_u UYhPm) NWSjp Es[ TV Lp, LY
p Es[ Yu Lp (_Tpo UYhPm) UWp Es[
Yu Lp (UjV WRNm) Tu\ LpL[ LeLp
Utm NeLtLs Q Li Lh]oLs.

LRNu NkRXm, CWYmNm, UWNmTYm,

ULRm BV] SPLd LXdf \kR Gjd
LhL[m.

174

175

SPLdLX

R NkWlRm, L[ ULjNYm Tu\

7. 2. Tt ]dLs

SPLeLm SdLlThP]. Um SPLd ]oLd

Uu]oLs Tm ER NnR]o.

A. K YLp PV

7.2.8. CkVl TiTht lRoLu LP

1.

lR Uu]oLu BhdLXm V?

1.

2.

LRNu CXdVl TPlLs VY?

3.

lR Uu]oLp Lf \kRYoLs VYo?

4.

lRoLu Su YLlTPLs VY?

5.

YTUu TUL[l Ttm WQeLs

VY?

6.

lRoLX YTLs VY?

7.

lRo LX Su YL LhPPd LXLs VY?

8.

lRoLX KVeLs Ge LQlTu\]?

9.

lRoLX SPLd LXd \kR GjdLhLs

VY?

2.
3.

4.
5.
6.

7.

UjV AW Utm UjV YLj \Ls UX

AW Utm UX YLj \Ls, UYhP
Bh\, SLW Utm WU YL NTLs
Tu\Y CkV TiTht lRoL[p YZeLlThP
LPLs G]Xm.
LRNu NkRXm, .dLWUoYVm, CWYmNm,
UWNmTYm, ULRm Utm TX CXdV
TPlLs lRoLXd LPVm.
Um BVThPu LRp, Y]Vp
YdThPu AxPeL NeWLm (UjYm) YWL
Wu TgN jRkRLm (Y]Vp) NkWu
NkWfNV VdLWQm (CXdLQm) Utm AUWWu
Li Tu\ pLs CkVl TiTh Y[ofd
ERVL CkR].
lRo LX j\ UjV, UX AWLu r
NVpThPR Cu\V j \Vl Tu\
\L[V T\Ntu\].
lRo LXju NUVf NoTt\ Bh\V] SU
CkV TiTht ALV G]Xm.
lRo LX Ld LpLs Utm LhU]d
LpLs lRoLu LX Y[ofdm, NUVY[of
dm \kR GjdLhL[L [eYPu CkVl
TiTh Y[ofdm Q kR].
NWSj, UW, A_kR, GpXW, Td (Bagh) Tu\
CPeLp Es[ tTeLs, KVeLs Tu\ LX
AmNeLs Vm CkVl TiThu \kR L[L
[eu\]. G]Y lRo LXm TtLXm GuTo.
176

10. lRoLX tTdLXd X GjdLhLs ?

11.

CNm SP]m lRo LXjp \k [eV

GuTR GqY AYn?

B. Tj YLp PV
1.

lRoLXm TtLXm GuTR GqY AYn?

2.

lRoLXm Tt AV ERm NuLs VY?

3.

lRoLX UjV oYLm GqY NVpThP?

4.

lRo LX j\u NVpTh \]

[dL.

5.

lRoLXf NUV XV [dL.

177

7. 3. tLXl TpXYo
LXl TiT

C. J TdL A[p PV
1.

lRo LX AWVp XVl Tt [dL.

2.

lRoLX NRVX GqY CkR?

3.

lRo LX Lp Utm CXdVm j [d GL.

4.

lRoLX LX Y[of j [d GL.

D. Su TdL A[p PV
1.

lRoLXl TiT Tt J LhW YWL.

2.

lRoLX LX, CXdV Y[ofLs j J LhW

YWL.

3.

CkVl TiTht lRoLu LP j J

LhW YWL.

tLXl TpXYoLu BhdLXm RZL YWXtp

J TtLXULj LrkR. CYoLs NZ, TiVoLd
Bhj\p u]L[n LrkR]o GuTo.
TpXYoLu TWW RiP UiPXm GuTo. C
YPdL xQ S Wjk RtL L YW
TWkkR. AYo Rm Bh \u \lL[
CXdVeLm LpYhdLm [du\].

7. 3. 1. LXm
CYoLs .. 6 Bm t\i Rp .. 8 Bm
t\i V RiP UiPXl TV \lPu
Bh NnR]o.

7. 3. 2. NuLs
TpXYoLu BhLXm Tt AV

178

1.

LNd Nll ThPVm

2.

ULkWu UjR XN WLN]m

3.

u\m SkYoU]l TtV SkdLXmTLm

4.

RYWl TPpLs

5.

]l TV Yu Yeu lLs

6.

Bmo Utm Jds[ WdLtLs

7.

UUpXW TgNTiPY WReLs, LPtLWd Lp

PYWdLpLs
179

7. 3. 3. dV AWNoLs

Bh\

1.

RXm ULkWYoUu (.. 590 .. 630)

2.

RXm SWmU YoUu (.. 630 .. 668)

3.

CWiPm ULkWYoUu (.. 668 670)

4.

RXm TWUvYWu (.. 670 690)

5.

CW_ mUu (.. 690 .. 730)

6.

CWiPm SkYoUu (.. 731 796)

TpXYS TX WxWeL[Lm, (UiPXm), WxWeLs

LhPeL[Lm (Y[SL[Lm), LhPm SL[Lm,
S FoL[Lm dLlTh oYLm NnVlThP.
LhPeLs ARu CVtTVXV Bh NnVlTh
YkR]. AY Zp LhPm, L[jo LhPm, Bmo
LhPm, Yo LhPm G] 24 LhPeL[Ll
dLlThkR.

Tu\o lPjRdL Uu]oLs BYo.

7. 3. 4. AWVp X
TpXYoLXjp Uu]oLs UdL[p Tm
Tt\lThP]o. Uu]W C\ G]m Lu G]m
AZjR]o.
TpXYs RkRdlu jRULu Bhd YY
J TiTPLd LRlThP. Y At\ LXjp u]s
Uu]u NLRWo Bhu TlT Ht\u. , oYLm,
CWYm Tu\Ytt AWN] RXY]Yu.
AWNd BXN] YZeL Uk UiPXm Gu\
NVpThP. AUfNoLd WmUW_u, TWVu
Gu\ ThPlTVo YZeLlThP].
AWNd ERVL AkRWeL BXNLo, CWLV YX
NnYo, Yp LlTo, ThPV GjRo, LWLo, Rr
ALWLo Tu\o NVpTh Bh oYLjt ER
NnR]o.
YYn \, XYj\ X A[Yj \, LYp
\, Y]j\, CWYj\ G] TX \Ls
dLlTh RjR EVo ALLu r \kR \p
NVpThP].
180

WxLo GuTYo UX BSWYo. CYo r TX

ALLs T kR]o. AWNUWu GuTYo UXl

u BhV[WkRo.
S GuT toL[ Pl TVm LhPeL[
Pf VUm. AR] ShPo GuTo LhlTj]o.
Shd AjR Fo. AR] FWo GuTYo LhlTj]o.
BrYo GuTYo tW BiYkR AY]o BYo.
Uu]o dm LjR (BQ) ShPo TUdLh
AlTo. AR] A\KX GuTo.
toLs GuT RX Bhlu C AeLUm.
CftoL[ WmURVf toLs, RYR]f toLs
G] AZjR]o. JqY tm WU NT Ju
CkR. H YVm, RhP YVm G]l TpY
YVeLs WU NTu TL[f Nn YkR].
\

TpXYoLXjp SLWeLp A\em AYLs

CkR]. AY ALWQeLs Gu TVo TtkR].
CRu RXYo ALWLo Utm ALWQ TNLo
G]lThP]o. CYoLs YZePm ALWQUiPTm
G]lThP. V FoLp CkR fNT LWQm
G]lThP. CRu RXYu LWQjRu G]lThPo. TpXYo
181

LX Uu\eLs YZdL[ u R BRWeL[d

Li NjR]. AY 1. Nh 2. BYQm 3. AVXo
Nh GuTRm.
GpX Uu\eLdm RXU Uu\UL
(TUu\m) [eV Uu\m RUN]m GuTRm. C
AWNW SWd LiLlp CkR. LWQ RiPm,
ALWQRiPm G] RiPQ YZem \m CkR.
CYttLpXm UXL Uu]] Shu RXUV]
TVLf NVpThPo.
TPVUl

TpXYo LXjp V]lTP, WlTP, LXh

TP, RolTP, Utm LPtTP G] Ik YLlTPLs
CkR]. Wm ThPVm TPu YUVm To
\L[m u\. Um, Yo ThPVm
TPdLL[l Tt RlTju\.
CYoLs LXjp \kR LPtTP CkRR]j R\.
RXm SWmUu R] SiTu U\YoUdLL CXeL
TP SPj Ytd LiPu. LPtTP ERVp
CW_ mUu XhNj Y Yu\u.

7. 3. 5. NRV X
TpXYo LXjp YQWU RoU \ uTt\lThP.
WUQo, bjVo, YVo, jWo Gu\ Su f
NRVjtl TpXYoLs dVjYm LjR]o. Ck
NvWd LhTL[l uTt NRVjR AUjR]o
Gu RXm TWUvYWu Wm ThPVm SkYoUu
LNd ThPVm lu\. WUQoLs, bjVo
L[j RW, YLoLs, LXOoLs, TtLpXoLs,
LUu, RfNu, EZYoLs Tu\Wl TtV lLm
LQlTu\].
182

Um NRVjp TpY Rp NnTYoLm

CkR]o.
TiLs X

TpXYo LXjp TiLs EVoYLd LRlThP]o.

AYoLs NUVjm, Lt TLm DThP]o.
AYoLd NjUm CkR. TmTm JYu
JjVV UQdm TZdLm LQlThP. AWVm
AWNXl TiLm TmTm LtTLXV
DThP]o. Ut\ NLl TiLs pt\p, SN NnRp,
Tp t\p, t\p Tu\ VTWeLp DThP]o.
SP] UkRo Lp TLp DThP]o. UQm
Tt\u CNPu SPTt\.
EQl TZdLm

NkSp, YiSp, j AlTm LXkR ti,

mUV A (Tlm YiQm) AdLW Ap
(NodLWl TeLp) Sn LXkR N, AYp A, Utm
Rof Nm EiP]o.
BP ALXuLs

TpXYo LXjp TYL iP AeV] Yh

AkR]o. NpYkRm, AWNd mTjRm EjRVm
G]lTm BPV AkR]o. Um LeLm, Th,
RmTWm Tu\Ym NpYkRoLs AkR]o. YjR
BP, Yo BP Tu\Y NUVj \Lm NkV
Lm AkR]o. t\P, UXP, NX Tu\Yt\f
NRWQ UdLs AkR]o.
Lj ALm, L ALm, Lp LLm
AVlThP].
AWVo RXp UPm, X EVokR SLLs
AkR]o.
183

7. 3. 6. NUV X
TpXYoLXf NUVYrdL LXf tV
AUkkR. Yu, x Gum LP[o Td
TdLjRV. Nd YTm \ltkR Utm
NlRURo, _xP YTm tLX NUVjp Y[of
Tt\]. TpXYo LXjp CkNUVj] LQTjVm,
L[UWm, N[Wm, NdRm, NYm, YQYm Gu
BYLf NUVUL j UdLs YlThP]o.
TnLVrYo, RjRrYo, TVrYo \V
Lg, UUpXWm, UXlm \kRYoL[Yo. UN
BrYo NeLtTh UYhPm kRYpd Ap
\kRYo. UeL BrYo BiPs Tu\o TpXYo
LXjp YQY NUVjRl Tt Y[ojR]o.
L[lWo BhdLXjtl \ NY YQY
NUVeLs NjRe]. NUQm T[jRm U\Vj
RPe].
NY NUVjp TX [Ls CkR]. TTRm, LTLm,
L[Lm, ULWm, Tu\Y lPjRdLY.
G]Y, tLXjp .. 7Bm t\itl \
NUVY[ofp J UUXof, RuV. RYWm, SXWj
qV WTkRm Tu\ NUVpLs \V NY, YQY
NUVeLu LXUL [e\.

NUQm T[jRm

YwWSkVp RtdLlThP UW WP NeLm

Xm NUQmTm u]t\m Li RZLju
RuLYW TWYXt. Lg, YsUX, Tuo,
dLhlTs, NkRX, SLUXl dLhP Tu\
TLp Re NUQo NUQ NUVjR Y[ojR]o.
Rp RXm ULkW YoUu SdLWNo Utm
u TiVu Tu\o NUQ NUVjtL BRW Sp]o
GuT YWXtu t\m.
T[jRm

ANLo LXjk RZLjp T[jR URm TWV.

NeL LXjtl \ tLXl TpXYo LXjp NUQm
T[jRm Su Y[oft\. TpXY Uu]o, TXo CRt
BRW Sp]o. Yu Ye YLu T Lgp
100 jR UPeLmAp 10,000 jR \Ls CkRRLm
RU lp s[o.
TUeL, TZV\, SL Tu\ CPeLp
T[jR NUVm NpYd Tt [eV. NYoLm
YQYoLm NUQoL[m, T[jRoL[m
TXYReLp Yu CYoLPV NpYdL JjRPu
NUQ, T[jR \Ls TXWd LXtd Lu\]o;
NUQl TsLs CdLlThP]. T[jR BXVeLs Ls[
AdLlThP] Gu \lT\.

7. 3. 7. LX Y[of

TjWTPu NkWlR U[Vo NWYQTXLX

(Ud Ap) YkR RtLiP NUQm
Ru]Ljp TWY BWmjR. L[lWo LXjp A
UuUm \l Tt [eV.

CkVd Lt LhPPdLXV SLWd LX,

YNWdLX, WPd LX G] u L[Ll
dLlThP. WPd Lt LX TpXYo LXjp J
Tm WhVd LiP. Lt LXp AVl
T[d Li RXm ULkW YoUu Tm WhV
HtTj]u.

184

185

NUQm

LhPPdLX

3. LhU]d LpLs

TpXYoLXd LhPPd LX] u Tm

L[Ll dLXm. AY,

TpXYo LXd LhPd LXu J V Ut\jR

CW_mUu HtTj]u. CqYLd LpLp
NdLlThP LtL[d Li LY\, ARuUp
U]m) AojR UiPTm, L UiPTm, tl\f Yo
Tu\Yt\ HtTj]u

1.

PYWd LpLs (Rock Cut Temples)

2.

Jt\dLp WReLs (Monolithic Rathas)

3.

LhU]d LpLs (Structural Temples)

1. PYWd LpLs
Ru CkV YWXtp Rp \V] TpXYo LXjp
RXm ULkW YoUu LXjm, UUpXu LXjm
T\Vd Pk LpLs EYdLlThP].
UiPLlTh, TpXYWm, YpXm, UUio, WeLi,
ULkWY, VUeLXm, R[Yo, f, jRu]YNp,
BVY ULkWYoUu LXjp PVlThP PYWd
LpL[m.
UUpXu Td Ld LpLs, PYWd
LpLPu CWReL[m HtTj]u. UUpXu
PYWd LpLs TmTm UUpXWjXV
LQlTu\]. CdLXj UiPTeLp LQlTm
iLu \l AU u]eLpLp u
u]eLpLp AUoks[ TXd LQlTYRm.

2. Jt\d Lp CWReLs

TpXYoLXd LhU] LpLu YLL[

CW_mUu T, SkYoUu T G] C L[Ll
dLXm.
UUpXW LPtLWd Lp; T] UX Yu Lp,
Lg LXVSRo Lp, CW_mUu Td
LpL[m.
Lg jRYWo Lp, Wm TUs Lp,
jR YPUpYWo Lp, UpXm TWUvYWo
Lp Tu\] SkYoUu Td LpL[m.
tTdLX

UUpXWjp LQlTm Jt\dLp eLm, V],

Sk, We TuTodm Lh, U`WUoj UiPT
TodLX Lh, moj UiPTjm W[T
WRjm LQlTm tTeLs LYojR]Vd LiQu
dm Lhm Aof]u RYdLXm G]lTm LhLs
Vm tTdLXdl tLXl TpXYoLu \kR
NuL[L Cum [eu\].

UUpXu Gm RXm SWmUu LlTm NR]

UUpX Wjp Jt\d LpXV NdLlThP WReLs
Bm. JW CPjp Cdm Ik CWReLs UjRUL
TgNTiPY WReLs G] AZdLlTm. AYVY].
W[TWRm, Aof]WRm, UWRm, RoUW_WRm, SX
NLRYWRm BV]Ym.

TVoL[d LiP TpXY Uu]oLs \k

[e]o. NeWQ N, TY (Qp YpXYu),
NjVdL (PYW LX LhVYu) Tu\

186

187

CNdLX

TVoL[ ULkW YoUm; YjV jVRWu, BRjV

Rm (BRV Q YlTp YpXu), QSWRu
Tu\ TVoL[ CW_mUm TtkR]o.

Tdm CPULm, YPU Ltdm PULm \k

[e]. RoUTXo GuTYo Lp LtTRtLL SXkR
TpLXdLZLjtf Nu\RL lLs Es[].

TpXYoLX CNdLL[] Vr, Zp, u],

LdL, Q, RdL, ZYm, UkR, ReLm, UjR[m,
Rk, RLm, , R[m, EdL, LLh, RjRXm,
PZ, WNm, Tu\Y TVuTjRlThPRL RYWl
TPpLs Xm Au\m. CN TtV NnL[
Vu UXd LpYhuXm Au\m.

Lpt LWXR LgU SLo G] AlTo LZWm

SP]m, SPLdLX

TpXYo LXjp SP]dLX \l TtkRt \kR

GjdLhL[L TpXYu LpL[ [eu\].
YkRl TUs Lp LQlTm Yo tTeLs,
Lg LXVSRo Lt tTeLm KVeLm
SP]dLXu \lT YTj\.
SP]d LXPu SPLd LXm \l Tt CkRR
ULkW YoUu UjRXN WLN]m Gu\ YPU
SPL p NUVd LjR UdLs YrdLl Ttm
GjVm\.
KVm

jRu] YNp, Lg LXV SRo BXVm, T]UX

vYWo BXVm Tu\Ytu YoLm, iLm
L AZV YiQ KVeLs LQlTu\].
RXm ULkWYoUu KVm Gm jWd LXp
\kR Bt\p TtkRRp CYWf jWdLWl G]
LpYh TWh\.
Lp

hs[o.

Um, AdWaWeLm, WmULm Lp Utm

LX Y[ofp Tm Q kR]. TpXYo LXjp
LpLm UPeLm Lpd PeL[n NVpThP].
GjdLhPL Lg LXNSRo BXVjp tTm, KVm,
CN, SP]m, SPLm Utm ULTWRm, CWUVQm
LtdLlThP].
SL, Lg, cToYRm, RuVLPLm RV CPeLp
T[jR aWeLm Lpf NXLm Utm
lTlo, lTjd u\m Tu\ CPeLp
NUQl TsLm CkRRL LpYhLs Xm A\m.
CXdVm

tLXl TpXYoLXjp, NeL LXjRl Tu

nUV] Rr CXdVUL AUkdLpX. LWQm
TpXYoLs tLXjp YPUVV NUvRjtd
LjR NpYdLVm. AYoLs NRYL]u rT
kRTm L[lWo LXjm WRm, NUvRm
UL[l Tt]o. Lgp J NUvR Lp
Yj SPj]o. G]Y TpXYoLs YP Ud
dVjYm Lj Rp LXl U Ru\ Y
YjR]o GuTo.
YPU CXdVm

TpXYo LXjp Lg, Too TZmT Tu\

CPeLp Lpd PeLs CkR]. CY EVoLp

mUxu LXjk CW_ mUu LXm YW

(.. 557 Rp .. 730 YW) NUvR Uu
TtLXUm.

188

189

1.

TWu WRo _Vm / WLN]m

2.

RXm ULkWYoUu UjR XNl WLN]m

3.

TRV] TLYLm

4.

Riu RNUWLRm, AYk kR, LRf NWm

Utm Yl]YNYRjR, XLTLm LVRoN]m

Tu\ NUvR pLs YPU CXdVjt AZ
NolT]Ym.
Rr CXdVm

TpXY TWWNoLs YPUVl TtV

EiUVp AYoLs Rr UV WLdLpX.
AYo Rm LpYhdLs, ThPVeLs BVYtp TmT
RXV YWVlThPYVs[]. G]Y, TpXYoLX
Rr Y[of Tt Ce LiT L AYVUm.
1.

NWUu TUs SV]o O]X, TuYiQj

AkR, mUd LY

2.

LeLSh Uu]u Le Yo LeYo

ULR (TeLR)

3.

u\m mUYoUu YjR YiT

4.

RX UjRYo [U

5.

TkRY]o TWR YiT

6.

AlTo, kRWo NmTkRo RYWm

7.

UeLVrYo YnU

8.

BiPs lTY

Utm SkdLXmTLm (3Bm SkYoU]l TtV)

jRs[Wm (YkRoL[l TtV), Utm CXdLQ
pL[L NeLVl ThVp p, UWQm Tu\Y
CdLXjRf NokRYVm.
190

7. 3. Tt ]dLs
A. K YLp PV
1.

tLXl TpXYoLu LXm V?

2.

Uk UiPXm l YWL.

3.

ALWQeLs l G

4.

Ck NUVju AYLf NUVeLs VY?

5.

tLXl TpXYoLX LhPPd LXu u Ls

VY?

6.

NoY UeL[m l YWL.

7.

tLXl TpXYu CNdLLs VY?

B. TjYLd LUp PV
1.

tLXl TpXYo LXjR AV ERm NuLs

VY?

2.

tLXl TpXY Uu]oLp dVU]YoLs VYo?

3.

tLXl TpXYoLu j\V [dL.

4.

tLXl TpXYoLXl TiLu X V?

5.

tLXl TpXYoLu CNdLLs VY?

6.

tLXl TpXYoLu Lp X Tt GL.

7.

TpXYoLX \ GqY CkR.

8.

tLXl TpXYoLu NUV X GqY CkR?

C. J TdL A[p PV
1.

tLXl TpXYoLu AWVp XV [dL.

2.

tLXl TpXYoLu NL XV Tt [d
G.
191

3.

tLXl TpXYoLu CNdLX Tt G.

4.

tLXl TpXYoLX Bh \V [dL.

5.

tLXl TpXYoLu BP ALXuLs VY?

6.

tLXl TpXYoLu NUV Y[of Tt Y.

7.

tLXl TpXYoLu LhPPdLX Y[of Tt

[d G.

8.

tLXl TpXYoLu CXdV Y[of j YL

GL.

9.

tLXl TpXYoLu YPU Utm RrU

CXdV pLs VY?

D. Su TdL A[p PV
1.

tLXl TpXYoLXl TiT Tt J LhW YWL.

2.

tLXl TpXYoLX Lp, LX, CXdVm j J

LhW YWL.

7. 4. tLXf NZoLXl
TiT
NZS NPj GuT U. C

CkShu Y[jRd Lh\. Y][V LpLm,

LiQd LYm KVeLm, U]R UVdm tTeLm,
LjR im CXdVeLm \k Tt\lThP
NZoLXjp UdLs hPhP UdL[hVd LiP]o.
A]j UdLm U]\Y Tk Y[U]
YrdL Yrk YkR]o.
eLd u, A]j \Lm \ Tt\
Xp LQlThP. G]Y Ru RZL YWXtp NZo
LXm TtLXm Gu Tt\lT\.
7. 4. 1. LXm

tLX NZoLs H\d\ .. 846 Rp .. 1279

YW \kR \p Bh Nn YkRoLs. .. 13 Bm
t\ip tLXl TiVu Gf]p NZl TWW
rfds[] GuTo.
7. 4. 2. NuLs

NZoLX BhVl Tt Ak Ls[ LpYhLs,

SQVeLs, LhPPdLX, tTdLX, KVdLX, TUdLX,
RV]m (Iconography) NZoLX Lf \kR XYoL[V
J[YVo, NdZo, LmTo, JhPdjRo, LZk
BVu CXdVl TPlLs Utm LlVeLs,
CXdLQ pLs, LiLs NYj Rr CXdVeLs, NY
jRkR NjWeLs, UPeLs, LpLs Tu\] NuL[L
[eu\].
192

193

7. 4. 3. dV AWNoLs

1.

TWLN _VXV NZu (.. 846 .. 881)

2.

CW_LN BjV NZu (880 . 907)

3.

TWLN RXm TWkRLu (907 955)

4.

RXm CW_W_u (.. 985 .. 1012)

5.

RXm CW_kWu (.. 1012 .. 1044)

6.

RXm CW_ W_u (.. 1044 .. 1054)

7.

RXm XjeLu (.. 1070 .. 1120)

Tu\ AWNoLs tLX NZoLXjp dV

AWNoL[L [e]o.
7. 4. 4. AWVp X

NZ Uu]oLs RgNo, LeL LiP NZWm,

LgWm Tu\ CPeL[j RXSLWeL[Ld Li
Bh NnR]o. VhPu V Vhp NZo
LX YUm RokRdLlThP \m
LQlThP \l AmNeLs Y\kR Bhm
LQlTPpX.
NZ Uu]oLs ReLdl \ Bhd YYRtV
RmPV RpYoLp jRd Rm Bhd
LXjXV C[YWl ThPm h Bhp ATYm
T\f NnRR TPVlL[m UtLi, Bh
oYLj \Ud A L]o. GjdLhPL CW_W_u
LXjp, Rm ULu CW_kWd C[YWl ThPm hl
TX ToL[ UtLs[f Nn ShP Yd]u.
NZo Bhp WU NTLs LiYkR
oU]eL[ UjV AWN NVpTjRd LPU ThkR.
YZdL[ Njj olTlT WU NTu
194

TlTL CkR. WU NTVp odL VRl

Wf]L[ AWNu Ru ALL[ Al oj
YjRu. X NUVm Uu]u _Vm NnR CPeLm
NWQ SPj ol YZeVRL LpYhLs TLou\].
ALWeLs A]jm Uu]PU kdL pX.
BLY AWNu RufNVL GRm NnV V.
NZ Uu]oLs h AWN EU Tm Su]p,
EPVo, NdLWYojLs, Y] NdLWYojLs,
L]uUd LiPu. CW_ LNYoUu, TWLNYoUu,
LlTW LN, CW_ W_u Gu\ ThPeL[ U U
]k LiP]o.
AWVp ALLs TkR]m, R]m (Gazetted and
Non-Gazetted officer) G] CYLVL NVpThP]o.
Uu]u NVXLjp rLiPY TV[oLs
VdLlThkR]o.
1.

Ynd Ls (AWNu BQL[ EPdPu

YTYu)

2.

UkW KX SVLm (Uu]u BQL[ KXp

GTYu)

3.

UkW KX SVLm (RXUf NVX[o - Chief

Secretary)

4.

LUu (BQL[ Shu TX CPeLd

Li NpTYu)

5.

S LYXL (Shp AU LlTYu)

6.

WYjQd L[jRo (XYd LZLm)

7.

WYjQd L[jd LiL (XYd LQdL[

UtToY NnTYo)

8.

YlTjRLd LQd (RdL AL)

195

9.

Ld LQd (AWiU]d LQdL[ NTolTYu)

10. S YL NnYo ([ Xju RWjRl lTYu)

NZl TWWu EhLs

Bhp SX]d L NZl TWWN TX

UiPXeL[Ll jkR]o. JqY UiPXjtm
C[YWNoLs ApX E\]oLs BSoL[L
VdLlThP]o. UXjp AULlT Wf]L[
UjV AWd GjWlT, UjV AWu BQL[f
NVpTjY BVY AYoLPV TL[m.
JqY UiPXm TX Y[SL[Lm Y[SLs
TX SL[Lm SLs t\eL[Lm YZeLlThP]
SL[ Aj NoY UeLXm G]m, JqY
NoY UeLXm X toL[d LikR]. UiPX
AL UiPLs G] AZdLlThP]o. Sh AL
SPuYu, Sh SVLm, SPVu Gu
AZdLlThPu.
WU Bh \

NZoLX FWh\ EXLm Vdm YiQm

\ll Tt CkR. WU NT RokRdm \
ARu NVpTLs j (EjWUo NoY UeLXjf
NTVl Tt) EjWUo LpYhp lPlThs[.
NTLs Su L[Ll dLlTh CkR].
AYVY]
1. NoY UeLXjkR NT WUQoLs WURV
EUPu YjR]o.
2. dLdV RYR]eLp CkR NT
3. WUQo ApXRYo YrkR FoLp LQlTm NT
4.

YLoLs YrkR SLWeLp CkR NT

196

FuLi Yj YkR R Tt\ A]j

BiUdLm WU NTu R Tt\ El]WYo.
AfNTL[ Te Gum UL NT Gum Yo.
CfNT]o SPjm PYX \p RokRdm
RYnkR El]oLs WUl TLp DTm TpY
YVeLp CPm TYo.
RoRp \

RoRp S[u Fo UdLs A]Ym Ju Yo.

lT mTeL[Ll dLlTh RPVu
TVoL[ KXp G AkRkR TL[f NokR KX
GuTR AV AR] RjRV lT LhL[Ld
Lhd Pjp Yo. u]o Y] AZj Ko
KXdLhP GdLf Nn, Arj Ut\ Pjp
Ch d AfY]V J KXV Uhm GdLf
NnYo. CqY RjRV lT LhLkm lT
ToLs PYX Xm RokRdLlTYo.
YVeLm LPULm

PYX \p RokRdLlThP TpY

El]oLm TX YVeLp NodLlTh TYoLs.
1.

NmYj NWYVm (Fu T LVeLs NnYo)

2.

HYVm (Fu oXL[d LYjRp)

3.

RhP YVm ([ XeLs \mTd XeL[d

LYjRp)

4.

TgN YVm (TgNjRf NNnV Fo UdLPm RVm

NLj TLjRp)

5.
6.
7.
8.

Tu YVm (Tu EWjRp, TtLL[ BWnRp)

LQdYVm (Fo LQd LiLjRp)
Le YVm (olTN]jRd LiLjRp)
RPY YVm (Fo YfNXL[f NlTRp)
197

TP YLLs

NZoLXl TPLs CYLVLl dLlThkR].

1. XlTP

2. LlTtTP.

XlTPp V]lTP, WlTP, LXh

TPLs CkR]. TPjRXYu TP R, N] R
G] AZdLlThPu. lTPj R[TV URiP
SVLu G] AZdLlThPu.
7. 4. 5. NRV X
N\

NZoLX NL X N AlTPVLd Li
AUdLlThkR. JqY Nm ARu
RYL[m, EUL[m E\L[m TLjd
LsYp LY]m Nj]. UW Yp RpLs
uTt\lThP]. G]Y, YRLX N\L[ NZo
LXjm RPok CkR] Gu\o.
WUQoLs

WUQoLs LpVm, YReL[ Su

Lt\YoL[Lm \k [e]o. NRVjp EVokR
Xp LQlThP]o. AYoLd WmU RVeLm
AdLlThP]. AWNdV BfNVoL[Lm,
AUfNoL[Lm, TPjRXYoL[m Utm YReLs
Km YsLs Nnm Uu]oLu SmdLdl
TjWU]YoL[Lm CkR]o. CYoL[ TL[l
TWh WUWV ThPeLm HLTL WURVm
AdLlThP]. Lp oYLjRmAYoL[ LYjR]o.
NjVoLs

NjVoLs Shp AU LlTm GpXL[d

LiLlTm, TodLXeLp AWN] YtLd
198

EQVL tTm NjVoLu TL[m. Uu]oLs

RmU NjVo G]d d LsYR Tm m]o.
RXm CW_W_u Ru] NjV LU Gu
dLiPu.
Ys[[o

Y[iU dVj RXLd LRlTh,

AWNeLjp CYoLd TX NLLs AdLlThP].
LX RiP]km Xd AdLlThP.
GdLWQm Lim CkR C]jl TiL[f NTd
AZj YWd P Gu L TdLjd LpYh,
u\. Ru Rh XjR E NRVju
LmTL CYoLs [eYRp CYoL[ NjWU
TV ShPo Gum lPlThs[]o.
YLm

YLm NnTYo YVo, Gu AZdLlThP]o.

Es Sh YLm YSh YLm \ll Tt
[eV. CYoLp SLWjRo, UWUjRo, YXgVo,
S] RVj NVWj ItYo Gu\ TX YLd
dLs CkR].
TiLs X

NZoLXl TiLs EVokR Xp LQlThP]o.

AYoLd NjU CkR. NUV CXdVeLs,
WQeLs BVYtp Rof Tt CkR]o. LQYu
C\kRu Ru NjRd Ld GYlTm,
LpLs Lh TX YkReLs Adm EUm Tt
CkR]o.
LQY] RnYUL ]j YThP]o. TiLs
LQYu C\kR u Xo EPuLhP VV Ttm Xo
ZkRLdLL Yi EoYrkRRm LpYhdLp
LQXm.
199

UQeLs

EQYL

UQjuT Tid YWRhN]m, R]m

XULY, TiPULY LdLlThP]. NjR Rj
GYm tL V. TmTm Nj UQeL[
SPTt\]. JYu TX TiL[ UQdm TZdLm
CkR. Gm JYo UhU ThPj AWVL CkRo.

NkSp NgN, Ys[, T, YW, Gs, Q,

UXV, N[m, Lm, Ek, AYW RV RVeLs
YZdLjp CkR]. fN, RofN, SnfN,
LV RV] EQYL NUdLlThP]. C\f Utm
HZLs LgVm EQYL EhLiP]o.

SP]UkRo RYWVo Gum RfN TiLs

Lp QdLs Gum AZdLlThP]o. LXj
nUVL Yj ClTm, ZdLXeLp
SP]UYm UX LhYm, YNLm TYm
RXLd LikR]o. CYoLs AWiU]p
SP]UYo, LpLp SP]UYo G] C
L[Ld LQlThP]o CmUkRoLs.
AU \m NZoLXjp XV. BiLm
TiLm Xo AUVdLlThP]o. SP]UkRoLs
AWiU]m LpLm LQlThP]o. CYoLs
Ld tLlThP]o.
BP ALXuLs

UdLs TjVm ThPm BPLs AkR]o.

RnVu (Tailor) GuTYu Lp XLdj L[j

Rj AjRu. Bi Ti CTXm PY
AkR]o. UpV BPVm TiLs m]o. TP
WoLs YhP AkR]o.

TTd

LfNiP, o [Vh, TkRRp, CNdL

hPp, SP]m, SPLm LRp, NUVf NtTL[d
LhPp Utm YhPVRp, jfNiPRp
Tu\]Yt\ TTdLLd LikR]o.
SmdLLm TZdLeLm

LX SWm TojRp, _RLm TojRp, NpXp, Tn

N, iVm, TYm, Tp NpRp, LLm LWRp,
L]u TXu, mUp Tu\Ytp SmdL
LikR]o.
ZkR \kR u Ui ThPp, _RLm LjRp,
TVoh Z SPjRp Utm NUV NPeLs Tu\
TZdLeL[ UW Yp uTt YkR]o.

7. 4. 6. NUV Y[of

ALXuL[ BiLm, TiLm Tm

mVkR]o. j, TYZm, UWLRm, UdLm,
UUX Tu\Yt\ ALXuLp TVuTj]o.
Lj ALm LLlLm Cl ALm TiLs
AkR]o.

NZo LXjp NUVj\p J V AjVVm

RPeLlTh Ck NUVm NjRe]. NY, YQY
NUVj RjYd LjLs Yu Lt TLs EVokR
X APk NZo LXjR NUVj\p J TtLX
Ud]. NZ Uu]oLs LpLdm UPeLdm Xm
R]UL YZe Y[of\f NnR]o. 1. RYR]m (Yu
Lp) 2. PVhPm (Up Lp) 3. Tsf NkRm
(NUQ, T[jR Lp) 4. UPl\m (UPeLs), 5. NXTLm
(AkRQo, YV) 6. WURVm (YRm Tu\ WUQo)

200

201

YQYm

RgN, LeL LiP NZWm, RWWm Tu\

SLWeLp TV LpLs LhVR As[
WUeLm TX V LpLs LhPlTh NUVl Td
Uu]oLs Tm ER kR]o.
NY, YQYd LpLs TX AUdLlTh, TpY
LP[o AYRWeLm, Rt\eLm, XL[L
YYUdLlTh YT Nn YkR]o. C RW Ckd
LP[L YQem TpY LP[oLu XLm
LpLp AUj NUV Y[ofd Um jhP]o.
NZ Uu]oL[l Tu\ AWVm NUV
Y[ofdmTmBRW RkR]o. NmVu UR,
kRY, TgNYu ULR, Y]Yu UR, Tu\o
YkReLs Aj NUV Y[ofdl TThP]o.
Um, NZoLXjp BfNVoLmNUVd
LsLL[j RjY \p TWl]o. CWU_o
vPjYj RjYd LsLVl TWlVR
RrjRlThP UdL[d Lds Nu YTPf NnRo.
RXm TWkRLu LXjRYWL SRLs
BrYoLu TWeL[ SXWj qV WTkRm Gu\
TVp RjRjRo.
NYm

NY NUV Y[ofd SVuUoLu Ri

AmTm RiPm. SWo SmViPo Sm
Tu \L[m, NY jRkRjR
NkR]NVoLm (Un LiPo, As Sk, U\O]
NmTkRo, EUT Ym) NUV Y[ofd TkRi
kR]o.
202

SP]dLX, SPLdLX, CNdLX XULm

NUVdLjL[ GV \p TUWUdLdl mT
GjWjR]o.
Um, CXeLl TPVlu T CW_W_u
Ae YXVeLs LhVR AdLd TX
XR]eLm LjRRLd LpYh Xm AVXm.
Utm, YRpLs, CWUVQm, ULTWRm RX]Y
TX YRTP NXLs Xm LtdLlTh NUV Y[ofV
FdjR]o.
NZoLs Lp ZdL[ LiP]o. Lp
ZdLu T SPLju Xm NUVjRl TWl]o.
AeL NUV NjWeL[m U\L[m UdLd
AqYlT W Nn NUVd LsLL[ Gjd
]o G]d LpYhdLs XUL AVXm.
NUQm, T[jRm

NZ Uu]oLs TXo TX YkReLs Aj NUQ

TsL[m T[jR UPXVeL[m HtTj Lp
Utm NUV Y[ofdl TThP]o.
NZoLXjf NUQp jRdLRYu YL
kRU Vm. Tsf NkRm G]lTm NUQd Ld
YpX XR]m Ajs[]o. RXm W_W_u, RXm
XjeLs LXeLp XR]m Aj NUQNUVm
Y[ofd TkRiPts[]o.
SLlTh]m jRoLu dV Th]UL NZo
LXjp [eV. SLlTh]m T[jR LWjd Ad
LlThP WUR]m Tt Pu NlTLs u\].
Lgm T[jR NUVm NpYd TtkR.
CXeLp SPTt\ jR ULSht NZ
Shk jR hLs Nu\]o. ARu Th eL[
203

Uu]u TX AuTlL[f NZ Uu]d AjRu

Gu TYmNm u\.

7. 4. 7. LX Y[of
Cu EXLm Ttm Eu]R LXUL NZoLXm
[eYRt AdLXjV LhPPdLX, tTdLX,
TUdLX, CNdLX, SP]dLX Utm SPLdLX
Tu\Ytu Y[ofV LWQUm.
NZoLX Lp LhPPd LX :
1.

tLXf NZo Lt LhPPd LX (.. 866 Rp

985 YW)

2.

tLXf NZo Lt LhPPdLX (.. 1170 Rp

1270 YW)

tLXf NZo LpLp RgNo WLvYWo

Lp, LeL LiP NZWm Lp, RWWm Lp
YQm Lp BV] LrYrkRY CYtp EXLl
LrTt\ RgN WLvYWo BXVm RXm W_W_]p
LhPlThP. LeL LiP NZWm Lp RXm
W_kW]p LhPlThP.

tTdLX (Sculpture)
Lpm LTm GuTRtLtT NZoLXf tTeLs

Cl UkRoLd Gjd m. AjRLV tTeL[d

rLiPY dLXm.
1. RnY YYeLs
2. UR EYeLs (Uu]oLs EYm)
3. SVuUoLu YYeLs
4. SP]UkRoLu SP]l TUeLs
5. i tTeLs
6. XeLu EYeLs
Tu\]Ym.
204

TUdLX (Iconography)
Lpp X YjRRl Tu EXLeL]p
Yolf XLs EiPdLlTh YT NnVlThP.
AY, Nm, YiLXm, Ys Tu\Yt\p
YYUdLlThP].

KVdLX (Painting)
NZo LXjp RgNd Lu LY\u Ytp
LQlTm KVeLs Lf \lPVRm. AYtp
RjRh LiP kRWo YWXm, YTUu jRp
AUoks[ LXV Lhm kRWo Ys[ V]
AUok Npm Lhm, NWUu TUs SV]o
W AUok Npm Lhm Lm
AtRU]YVL Cdu\].

SP]dLX (Dance)
RmTWm, RgN, Lg Tu\ LpLp LQlTm
SP]UkRoLu tTeLm, TVWQm, LmTWUVQm
Lhm SP]dLXm NZoLX \kR SP]dLXdf
Nu\m.
Lp SP]m TtjRYu jRl TWWVu
Gu AZdLlThPo. ShVd LXp \kR
TiLdj RXdL Gu\ ThPm YZeLlThP.

SPLdLX (Drama)
c CW_ W_fWm, c CW_ W_ _Vm Tu\
SPLeLs SPTt\] GuTR RgNp LQlTm
LpYhdLu Xm AVXm. CY CW_ W_u TP
Vl Utm NR]L[ [dYRL AUkkR].

CNdLX (Music)
SVuUoLs BrYoLs BVu TPpL[
CNPu TP KYoLs CkR]o. Vr YjlTm
205

TQoLm CNdLt\T SP]Um SP]UkRoLm

CkR]o. Uu]oLs CNd dVjYm Lj
Y[ojR]o. LpLp LQlTm tTeLp
TXYLlThP CNdLL[d LQXm. Um SPW_o
Xu Lp EdL ClTRm SP]UkRoLu
SP]jtLtT TXYLlThP R[eLs, U[eLs,
CNdLLs Vm CN YpSoLPm ClTR Lp
tTeLp LQXm.

Lp (Education)
Rp TWkRLu YR TP NX SPjR UuVm
Ajs[ Nn LUlpo LpYh TLou\.
Rp CW_ W_u LXjp YReL[m CXdLQe
L[m Ltdm BVu RL[ Ap
LQlTm LpYh l\.

Y]m, GiQWm, Yto, Ylo RV

CPeLp Rr UdLpf NXLs CkRL A\m.

CXdVm
NZoLXjp ImTm LlVeL[] XlTLWm,
UULX, Y[VT, iPXL, YLkRU
Tu\YLp Rp CWi RW Ut\ u
LlVeLm CXdV Y[ofdf NuL[L Es[].
Ig LlVeL[] ERV] UW LVm, SL UW
LVm, VNR LVm, [U Utm XL Tu\
Yt\ NUQ T[jR LlVeLm lPj
RdLYVm.
CY RW CXdLQ pL[V Sup, WNVm
RiVXeLWm Utm LiLs Vm NZoLX CXdV
Y[ofd GjdLhPL [e\.

Rp CW_kWu Giod LpYhp

AqkR LpVl Ttm Ae TkR
BVoLu FVm, UQYoLs Tu\ TPeL[l
Ttm u\.

LrYnkR XYoLm TPlLm

J[YVo

Bjf, Lu\ YkRu,

SpY, O]d\s

WW_kWu dPp LpYhp Lp

oYLju r Lp, UjYU] CkRRd
lu\.

NdZo

TVWQm ApX
jRiPo WQm

LmTo

LmTWUVQm, HWT
NPLTWkR, NWvY AkR,
CXd AkR

LZklXYo

S[TdV]m

JhPdjRo

YX, s[j Rr
(XjeL NZu)

_VeLiPo

LeLjlTW

LfVlT YfVo

LkR WQm

dWU NZu PUodLpYh UjYm

Tm UQYoLs UPjp EQ Tt\Rm,
Yto LpYhp J CXdLQ TPNX AUjR
Nnm, PdLs[ LpYh, UXV[j
k Yk YRkRm Tm UQYoLd UPjp
EQ AjRRm u\].
CYVu CWUVQm, ULTWRm, WQeLs
RVYtp NtT SPlTt\ Nnm LpYh
u\.
206

207

Ytu \lT] AmNeLs Vm

TiThtf \kR LPL[m.

Tu\ tTPlLs NZoLX CXdVjt

TU NolTYVm.
SmViPo Sm GuTYo NYj \Ls
TuWim RjRPu, Um Tj pL[m RU
CVts[o.
Um NY NUVm NjWeLs TSu pLm
NdZo LXjRj RPok CVt\lTh Es[].
CYVm NZoLX CXdV Y[ofd NuL[L
[eu\].
7. 4. 8. CkV TiTht NZoLu LP

1.

Uu]d Y CpXR T AWN mTm NWR

JYo Uu]WL RokRdLlThP \ NZoLXjp
Vh \ UXokRRtf \kR Gjd LhPm.

2.

WU NTLs LiYm oU]eL[j Ru UjV

AW NVpTjR Yim Gu\ X YUV]
J \kR _]SVL Bhd ALV G]Xm.

3.

WU NT El]oLs PYX \p
RokRdLlThP RoRp \V] CkV
TiTht NZoLs SpV \kR LPV]Xm.

4.

NZoLXjp UdLu SXu L HtTjRlThP

TpY YVeLs (\Ls) Cus[ _]SVL Bh
\d YZeLlThP LP Bm.

5.

NZoLXjp BuLju Xm UdLu

YrdLV SlTjR SVuUoLm BrYoLm
Utm BfNVoLm Ri k CkVl
TiTh Y[ofd Tm Q kR]o.

6.

NZoLX Lp LhPPdLX, tTdLX, TUdLX,

CNdLX, SP]dLX Utm SPLdLX Tu\
208

CkVl

7.

ImT Utm Ig LlVeLm, CXdLQ pLs,

LiLs Tu\Y Rr CXdVl TPltm
CkVl TiThtm \kR LPL[L [e
u\].

8.

SRL[p RjRjR SXWj qVlWTkRm

NZoLXjp YZeLlThP \kR LPVm.

9.

SmViPo Sm GuTYo TuWi \L[j

RjRR RU Tj pL[ CVt Ck NUVj
tm CXdV Y[ofdm Tm RiPts[o.

10. NY jRkR NjWeLs T]uL YZeVm,

CkVl TiThPl WTdm Yp
WUVQjR Rp LfNdLWYoj LmTo CVtVm
NZoLs CkVl TiThtf YZeV LPVm.
11.

NZoLXjp YRdLp Utm UjYdLp

Tu\Y A]jm CkVl TiTht Uh
Y]YL AUks[].

7. 4. Tt ]dLs
A.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

K YLp PV
tLXf NZoLu BhdLXm V?
NZ Uu]oLs ]k LiP ThPeLs VY?
NoY UeL[ NT l YWL
PYX \ Gu\p Gu]?
jWU TV ShPo l GL.
RYWVo GuTo VYo?
209

7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
B.

Tu \L[j RjRjRYo Vo?

NY jRkR pL[ GVYoLs Vo?
TUdLX (Iconography) l GL.
ImTm LlVeLs VY?
Ig LlVeLs VY?
NZoLX CXdLQ pLs VY,
SXWj qVl WTkRjRj RjRjRYo Vo?
Tj YLd PV

1.

tLXf NZo LX TiThPd dm dV

NuLs VY?

2.

tLXf NZ AWNoLp dVU]YoLs VYo?

3.

NZ Uu]u NVXLjp TkRYoLs VYo?

4.

NZl TWWu EhLs VY?

5.

NZoLX WU Bh \u Su Ls
VY?

6.

NZoLX RoRp \ V?

7.

NZoLX YVeLm ARu LPULm VY?

8.

NZoLXl TiLu X V?

9.

NZoLXl UPeLs GqY NVpThP]?

C. J TdL A[p P GL
1.

NZoLX AWVp XV [dL.

2.

NZoLX NLX GqY CkR? [dL.

3.

NZoLX NUVY[of Tt [d GL.

4.

NZoLXjp NUQm, T[jRm GqY

NVpThP]?

5.

NZoLX, Lp Utm CXdV Y[of j [d

GL.

D. Su TdL A[p PV
1.

NZoLXl TiT j J LhW YWL.

2.

NZoLX, LX Utm CXdV Y[of j J

LhW YWL.

3.

CkVl TiTht NZoLu LP j J

LhW GL.

10. NZoLXf tTeLs GqY YLlTjRXm?

11.

NZoLX BP ALXuLs VY?

12. NZoLX Lp X GqY CkR?

13. NZoLXf tTdLXV GjR] YLL[Ll
dLXm? AY VY?
14. NZoLX CNdLXVl Tt [d.
210

211

7. 5. tLXl TiVo
TiT
AWN mT UWp Ll TZU YnkR \l
dLYoLs TiVoLm BYo. CYoLs UWV
RXSLWLd Li RZLju RuTV (UW,
CWUSRWm, SpY, LuVU UYhPeLs
APeV) Bh NnR]o.
TiV AW TR Y EPVRLY CkR. ULu
CpXRT Uu]u NLRWu TRd YkRi.
TiVoLs TpY \Lp lPjRdL \l
L[l Tt SpX SojV] TiTh] EYd]o.
tLXl TiVo LXjp lLs ALU].
YLm TV. R XeLs [ XUdLlThP].
o XL[l Td UdLs UrPu GpX SXm
Tt YrkR]o. CR]p LXl TLp V TQU
Y[of HtThP.

7. 5. 1. LXm
tLXl TiVoLs .. 1179 Rp .. 1311 YW
Bh kR]o Gu lPlTu\. NZdj
RXYQe RXSLo UWVj \kR u]o
NPVYoUu XNLWu (.. 11901216) LXjp TiVo
NZoL[ APd Bh NnR]o. U\YoUu kRW
TiVu LXjp tm NZoLs RtLdLlThP]o.

LVp (Numismatics) Utm UodLTXu lLs,

]oLu lLs Utm Yl, Ao, CuThP,
TW Tu\u lLs Xm Sm A\m.

7. 5. 3. dV AWNoLs
1.

NPVYoUu XNLWu (.. 11901216)

2.

RXm U\YoUu kRWTiVu (.. 1216 1238)

3.

CWiPm U\YoUu kRWTiVu (.. 1239 1251)

4.

NPVYoUu kRWTiVu (.. 1251 1284)

5.

RXm U\YoUu XNLWu TiVu (.. 1268

1311)

Tu\o tLXl TiV Uu]oLs RX\k

[e]o.

7. 5. 4. AWVp X
UWVj RXSLWLd Li tLXl TiVo
Bh kR]o. TiV S oYL YNdL] TX
Y[SL[Lm (UiPXeLs), Y[SLs t\eL[Lm
(LhPm), t\eLs WUeL[Lm dLlThkR].
Y[SL[ AWN mTj]o Yj YkR]o.
UjV UX Utm Es[h AUlLdPV SpX
RPo Ck YkR. AR]p Bhu YLm
YtLWULm YUPm NVpTh YkR.

TiVoLu BhVl Tt LpYhdLs, Nll

ThPVeLs RX WQjp APes[ YWXtd lLs,
AdLX CXdV pLs, NUV pLs, Lp LhPPeLs

Shu YLjt Uu]W l Tl Ht\o.

ALWm A]jm AYPU CkR. AWNd
BXN] YZeL J AUdLlThkR.
AUfNoLs Lp AOoL[L Uhu RnYTd
WmVWLm Sh SXp AdL\ LiPYWLm
[e]o.

212

213

7. 5. 2. NuLs

Uu]dj QVL TX ALLs CkR]o.

AYoLd ALlYW RLs Gu TVo.
AqYLLs LeLWVo, LeLWVu, UZYWVo,
]VLWVo, ZlTWVo Gu \ll TVoL[l
TtkR]o Utm,
1.

SYL NnYo (Xm RWm j YjRp)

2.

UkW KX (AWu BQL[ GTYo)

3.

UkW KXSVLm (BQL[ LVlTh

YTYo)

4.

WYj QdLXm (YYnj \ EVo)

5.

ULRiP SVLu (TPu EVo RXYu)

Tu\ EVo ALLm TiV Uu]oLu

Bhd EQVL CkR]o.

FWh YLm
TiVoLu Bhp Es[h AUlLs YU
Tt LrkR]. Cp u YL NTLs NVpThP].
1.

WUQoLs CkR WURV NT

2.

WURVm ApXR FoLkR NT

3.

YLo Yrk YkR SLWNT

UtLm NTL[l Tt Uo LpYhp RYL

lPlThs[. NT El]oL[ PYX
\p RokRj, RdLtT TpY YVeLp
NVpTPf NnR]o.
TPYU

CkRRL A\m. TPLp YU dL J Tm

TP (Regiment) Ju CkR. Cp Gh V TPLm
CkR]. UL NUkRu, UL RiP SVLu GuTm
TPu EVo RXYoL[Lm, N]T NUkRu,
RiPSVLu Tu\o TPLu RXYoL[Lm
CkR]o.
LpYhdLu tToTPVo Y[Yu EshP
TmTPVo, YXeLU N]Vo Gu\ TPlLs
dLlThs[].
YYnj\

Ylj \V] WY QdL[m,

C\ThPm, LPU, CPY, C]Y, XY, \LY,
RpY Utm YLY Tu\ TpY YLs
YdLlTh AWd LXjp NodLlThP]. XR]m
NnTYoLd XY YdLlTPpX.
j\

TiVu BhdLXjp \V] oYLj \

CkRRLj RVpX. Clm Fo UdLu
Wf]L[ FofNT oj YjR. YZem
VVjRo YWR Xp YZdLs AWNYd Gjf
NpXlThP. AWNm RkR RiP]Ls YZe Shp
Vm AUVm X Sh]u.

7. 5. 5. NRV X
TiVo LXf NRVjp, AkRQo, YLo, Y[[o,
U\Yo, UjYo Utm NPo, Gu\ TX ]o Yrk
YkR]o.

TiVoLu Tol TPp Rol TP, V]l

TP, Wl TP, LXh TP Utm LlTt TPm

TYL CYoL[ WUQoLs, Y[[oLs, BVoLs,

LmU[o, SLWjRo YXeL CPeL Yl]o Utm
TgNXoLs G] AZdLlTh YkR]o.

214

215

NLXl Tt UodLTX Utm Yl

BVu lLs :
1.

TiV Shp Ym UdLs TdL[ Tt

YQeYo; ARd LpX UhPoLs.

2.

CpXjR () NQm Th U Lm nUVL

Yj CkR]o.

3.

EVo Rr Cu A]Ym RWp AUokR]o.

Uip \k UiXV U\m AR]p
UiQ Uj YZ Yim GuTo.

4.

CYoLu BP BTWQeLs Lm GVRL

CkR. Bm, Uu]u AW BVu BP
BTWQeLs X EVokRRLd LQlThP].

5.

Z]m jd lTo. YXdLp Uhm

EQiTo. o AkmT Y[V ERhp
Yj dLUp UX EVoj lTo.

6.

Rp Tj E\eYo. U AkY UV]m,

TYU]m L]o. U AkTYo m NhV
Htd LsYpX.

7.

TiLs EVokR Xp CkR]o. BiLd

LWLY CpX\ YrdLp DThkR]o. Tn
PRp, St SRp, Ro, Uo, YiQn, u
t\p Tu\ RpLp DThP]o.

8.

TiLs EVoLp Ltl TPpLs CVt]o. AWN

mTl TiLs NUVjt dVjYm Rk
LpLd XR]m NnR]o.

9.

UoL URjp Lul TiLu Su CkR]o.

LXh KVjR YWkR]o. UQm Tt\u
lTlTV SPkR. TihPW UQf NXY
Ht\]o. Um, TiLdf R]m LdLlThP.
216

10. TiLp RYWVo Gu\ Yl]o LpLp

Tkm SP]Um YkR]o. YN TPjR TiLs
BiPYd AUV NUVjRi kR YkR]o.
11.

LQYuUo C\kRm U]Vo EPuLhP Hm

TZdLjRm NRVm AYoL[ EVoYLl
TtYRm LQ\.

12. Tuu YVR]m BiULu Thm

Th Yp AlTlThPu. AY] R]d
EQ RP Yim. Rndm EQYjRu. J
Sm RkRu EZlp YZpX.
jdjRp

jdjRp TiV Shu J dVU]

Rf\l YnkR TVm. jddmT ReLs
Ed BTjpXUp Ldu\ UkWYLd CTp
J Te AjR]o GuT UodLTXu t.

7. 5. 6. NUV X
CPdLXl TiVo LXjp NUVl Np Ck
YkR. B]p, tLXl TiVo LXjp NUVlNp
CpX. TiVoLs Ck NUVjR dL dL
BRjR]o. G]Y, NYm YQYm \k [eV.
L[lWo LXjp CkNUVm o XdLlThP.
NUQm T[jRm NjRe]. NUQoLu BdLm
RX dVT im UWp TiVoLm,
RiP UiPXju TpXYoLm Gft Ck
NUVjR Tt\ BWmjR]o. CR]p LXLm \kR.
AU AkR. u TiVu LXjp TpXWd
LQdL] NUQoL[j ujVRLm LXtd
Lu\RLm YWX \.
lRoL[l TX TiVoLmAYUR VLm,
Y_TV VLm Tu\ VLeL[m; WiV LolTm,
217

XTWm Tu\ R]eL[m Nn AdWaWm TX

HtTj Ck NUVjt im jo Fh]o G]
TiVu NlTLs, LpYhdLs Xm AVXm.

NYm (Saivism)
TiV Shp NY NUVm Y[okRRt Uu]oLs
NnR Ri lPjRdLRm. TiV Uu]u
ALN Gu\ u\ o SU\u GuTYu NUQ NUVjRj
R CkRu. NY NUVd WYo O] NmTkRu
VtVp AmUu]u NY NUVjd U, Tm BRW
YZe]u. AYW U] UeLVodLW, AUfNo
XfWVm NY NUVjtl TThP]o.
TiV Uu]oLs TXo TX YkReLs YZe
NYdLpLu Y[ofd TkRi ks[]o.
YWQ TiVu fNko Nkp BiPYu
Ldm, RXm NPVYoUu kRW TiVu RmTWm
Ldm, XNLWTiVu UWd Ldm TX
RiLs kR]o.
LpLp ZdLXeLp TdlTPpLm (UoL
URm) SP]eLm SPjRlThP]. SVuUoLu EYf
XLs LpLp YdLlTh JqY SVuUo
\kRSs ShNjWjm Zd LiPPlThP].
Uu]oLs \kR SsLm ZdLs LiPPlThP].
BLUeL[ AlTPVLd Li EY] YO]
TRd LjLs TiVo LXjp TWlTlThP]. ARtL]
S m UPeLs TX HtTj NUVjRl TWl]o
GuTR CWiPm U\YoUu kRWlTiVu LpYh
Xm A\m.

SXWj qVlWTkRUm. CR RjRj

SRLs BYo. TiV Sh BrYoLs, SmUrYo,

UWLVrYo, TVrYo, BiPs BV SpYm
YQY NUVjR Y[ojR]o.

NYd LpLd YkReLs AjR Tu\

TiVoLs YQYd LpLdm YkReLs YZe
YQY NUVjR Y[ojR]o. Um YQY UPeLs
XULm YQY NUVjRl Tt Y[ojR]o.

NUQ, T[jR NUVeLs

TiVu CPdLXjp NUQ URm UWl
TLp Lm NpYdl Tt LrkkRR
TVWQm \. TpY CPeLp NUQo
CdLLs CkRRtL] BRWeLs UiPTeLm
(UPeLs) LpYhdLm LQlTu\].
tLXl TiVo LXjp NUQo UX dV
CPULj LrkR. WYQ TpLX s[ (Ud
Ap) Xf NeLjRf NokR TXfNkW RYo Utm
BV RYo Tu\o NUQo UXp NpXLQm
(EiQ Su i YPdjRp) \lT Eo
\kR]o.
Utm, Yg, Lg, mLo Tu\ CPeLp T[jR
ClPeLs CkRRtL] NuLs Es[]. RoU oj
GuTYo tLXl TiVo LXjRf NokRYo. CYo
CXeLp hPlThP T[jR UShp dV
TeLt\Yo BYo.

BrYoLs LXjp YQY NUVm \lTL Y[of

Tt\. BrYoLu RnLl TPpLu Rl

CqY TiVo LXjp Ck NUVeL[] NYm

YQm Su Y[of Tt\. TiV Uu]oLm
AWVm NUV Y[ofdl Tm Q u\]o. NUQ
NUVm, T[jR NUVm KW[dL LQlThP G]Xm.

218

219

YQYm (Vaishnavism)

7. 5. 7. LX Y[of

YoldLX

LhPdLX

TX EtNY ojLs BrYoLs SVuUoLu Nl

TUeLs Utm RmTWm SPWNu XVm Yold
LX Y[ofdf \kR GjdLhL[m.

tLXl TiVo LXjp Lp LhPPdLXu

Ydm V AUl \Ls BWmTU].
Yl\jp EVokR A[X] LWeLs, LY\,
AojR UiPTm, ULUiPTm tl\l WLWeLs, TX
i L[d LiP UiPTeLs Tu\] GlTl
Ths[].
tLXl TiVo TjRm t\i RtLi
Z Yp Tm LWeL[ Lh, LhPPd LXp
Ut\jR HtTj]o. RmTWm, cWeLm Tu\
LpLp Qd LpL[m UiPTeL[m,
Utm LWeL[m Lh]o.
UW ]hd Lp, SpY, YSRo
Lp, RuL AZLo Lp, SpX YSRo Lp
Tu\Y. XNLWl TiVo LXjp \lTPkR].
CYtp AojR UiPTm, U UiPTm, Nu], u LWm
RVY LhPlThP].
tTdLX

lTWeu\jp LQlTm NUvLkRo Up,

odL, LQT BVu tTeLm SWmUo YWLo,
SPW_o, YL u]d p LQlTm x tTm
Um, UW, SpY, RuL, RmTWm Tu\
CPeLp Es[ tTeLm tTdLXd \kR
GjdLhL[m. tLXl TiVu kV LXf
tTeLs _VSLWd LXf tTeLu RuUV CQk
hPRd LQXm.
220

CN, SP]m, SPLm

SP]d LXOoLs AWiU]m, RYWVoLs

LpLm SP]m B]o. SP]dLXu \l Utm
ARu Y[of] LpLp LQlTm tTeLsXm
AVXm. RmTWm Utm lTWeu\jp Es[
SPW_u NWRiPYj dLXmSP]d LXdf \kR
GjdLhPm.
CNu UuUVl Tt UjR[m LhP YNeLm
uR Gu\ TPu Xm Su AVXm. TiV
AWNoLm CNVl Tt Y[ojR]o. Um CNVl
Tt, WUjR[m, UjR[m, X, NUdLXm, fu]m
Tu\ CNdLLs Vm Lt tTeLp
LQlTYu Xm TiVo CNVl Tt Y[ojR]o
GuTR AV \.
TiV Uu]oLs SPLd LXVm Tt
Y[ojR]o. LpLp SPLeLs SdLlThP]. AZVl
TiVu Pm Gu SPL AWetl TVm CkR.
SPLjp SlTd jdL YZeLlThP. BPp
ULd RXdLp Gu\ ThPm LdLlThP. j
Nkd j, ]Rd j G] CYLd jLs
CkR] Gu Bjo Lp LpYh Xm Au\m.

Lp
TiVo LXjp Lp Y[ofd Tm BRW
RWlThP. WUeLp iQl TsPeLm,
LpLm, UPeLm UdLd LpVhm Tp
DThP]. LpLp XLeLs CkR].
221

XLeLs NWvY TiPWeLs G] AZdLlThP].

RmTWjp 13 Bm t\ip Y RYo GuTYo
XLjR AUjRo. NWU R Gu\ CPjm XLm
CkR. GpXRU] ARY LRm, YRm, RjYm,
NUVm Tu\ TPeLs LtdLlThP]. CN, ShVm,
SPLm Tt Y[odLlThP]. Tm BVoLdl
ThP j, NXTLm RVY YZeLlThP].
AkRQoLs YPUd Lpd PeL[ SPj]o. AY
LL, jVvR]m Gu\ TVoLu YZeLlThP].
UQYoLh JdLm, SoU, dVU]
LhPVlTjRlThP. TiV Shp CkR NY, YQY,
NUQ, T[jR UPeLm BuLd Lp (NUVdLp)
TjR]. NY jRkR YpSoLs lTjo UPjp
Re TPm LtjR]o. CdLXjp Um YRm, ETPRm,
CLN WQeLs, SXWj qVl WTkRm Tu\Y
LtdLlThP]. LpLm LpV Y[ojR]. YpX
XR]eLm (XdLP) Aj CNdLpm,
SPLm Tt\lThP.
cYpXl
TgNX
(EVoLp
Pm)
LuVUm, LkRo NX Y]kRWjm, Bn
Shp TojLNLW Wjp K Lpf NXm
SPTt\]. UQYoLd CXYN EQ YZeL, X
R]eL[f NXTLUL AjRRL R\.
YReL[Vu, AWN YL Tt, WYm RWlThP].

CXdVm
Rr Y[ofd TiVo Tm BRW RkR]o.
RrdPp Gu UWV YLf NlT Lr\.
SmUrYo, UWLVrYo, TVrYo, BiPs
BVu NUVlTVl Tp CXdVl Tm
TtRtV.
222

1.

SmUrYo YnU

2.

UWLVrYo SmUrYo TtV H TLeLs

3.

TVrYo TVrYo U

4.

BiPs lTY

5.

UdLYNLo YmTY
Tu\ pL[ Gs[]o.

TiVo LXjp Rdm YPUdm FdLm

Aj CXdV Y[ofd TR kR]o.
SpYL YRm SuPu Y[W Gu RXm
U\YoUu kRWu UnWjp lPlThs[.

CWiPm U\YoUu kRWu Unojp, m

Rm Rp Y[eXY G]d lPlThs[.
U\YoUu XNLW TiVu 18 Bm Ai Un
ojp,
AkR BV U NUVjR\ Sm
ku\ USk \mT RZjReL
jRm Um SuU\ Ym
GjRYf NUVm CPu [eLm

Gu \lTYk YPU, Ru U G]
TW CWitm NUUL BRW RkR]o. TiV Uu]oLs
GuTR CRu Xm Au\m.

7. 5. 8. CkV TiTht tLXl TiVu

LP
1.

TiVoLu WU Bh YL AUl \
CkV _]SVL AUlTd Li [eV. WU
NT El]oL[j RoRp \p RokRjR]o.
223

2.

3.

Lt LhPPd LXp \kR Ut\eL[d Li

Yk tLXd LhPPdLX Y[ofd Tm Q
kR.
Lpf NXp CXYN EQPu AW YLl Tt
Utm CWYl Tt AjRu Xm Cus[
AW YLjt AY J LPVL Lr\.

11.

jdL GuT V?

12. tLXl TiVu CNdLLs VY?

B. Tj YLd LUp PV
1.

tLXl TiVoL[l Tt AV ERm NuLs

VY?

2.

tLXl TiV Uu]oLu dVU] AWNoLs

VYo?

3.

tLXl TiVo LXjp NUQ U]m jR URm

GqY NVpThP]?

4.

tLXl TiVoLX tTdLXd

GjdLhLs Rk [d.

5.

tLXl TiVoLX YYn\ j [dL.

6.

tLXl TiVo j\Vl Tt [dL

A. K YLp PV

7.

tLXl TiVu CXdV Y[of Tt [d.

1.

tLXl TiVoLu BhdLXm V?

8.

2.

TgNXoLs GuTo VYo?

tLXl TiVu FWh oYLm GqY

NVpThP?

3.

Ck NUV UPeLs VY?

9.

tLXl TiVu \ V?

4.

hPjYRd LsLL[l TWlVYo Vo?

C. J TdL A[p PV

5.

WYQTXLX j l YWL.

1.

tLXl TiVu AWVp XV [dL.

6.

RUTXo GuTYo Vo?

2.

tLXl TiVu NLXV [dL.

7.

TiVo LX CNdLLs VY?

3.

8.

Rrd Pp l GL.

9.

NWvY TiPWm l G.

tLXl TiVoLu NLX j

UodLTX Utm Yl BVu lL[
Y.

4.

tLXl TiVu NUV Y[of j Y.

4.

NWvY TiPWm Tu\ XLeLs HtThPu Xm

5.

TiVoLX Lu iLXLs (CN, SP]m,

tTm, KVm) Vm Cum \lTLj LrYPu
AY CkVl TiTh Y[ofdf \kR
Td`ULj Lr\.

YReLs, WQeLs TtdLlTh CkVl

TiTh Y[ofd Tm Q kR.

7. 5. Tt ]dLs

10. RoUoj GuTYo Vo?

224

225

5.

tLXl TiVu LX Y[of j Y.

6.

tLXl TiVu CN, SP], SPLdLX Tt

[dL.

7.

tLXl TiVu CXdV Y[ofVd j

[dL.

8.

tLXl TiVu Lp X j [d GL.

9.

CkVl TiTht tLX TiVu LPLs

VY?

10. tLXl TiVu LhPPdLX Tt [dL.

D. Su TdL A[p PV
1.

tLXl TiVoLu TiT Tt J LhW

YWL.

2.

tLXl TiVoLu LX, Lp Utm CXdVm

j J LhW YL.

226

8. BkVl TiTht
BXm Utm jY
NUVeLu Te
8. 1. BXm [dLm
CXm GuT Ko AWf Np. ARu Ts TRp,

NWQPRp, rlTRp Gu\ XdL[ Es[PdV.

CXm Gu\ Npu SolTs AU GuTRm.
JYu EPXm Es[jRm ApXPm TYL
JlTPdm T AUVl T\u G]l Ts
Tm. ApXu \LdLtTl Tk
NVpTTYoLs CXVoLs GuTo.

UtLm TiL[l TtlTYu GkR C]jRm,

NLjRm, ShPm XUWTm NokRY]L
Clm AYu J vm G] Ap AX U[
\o.

8. 1. 1. SLs SVLm
CXm NUVju odLRVL vmL[p
HtdLs[lThPYo. LU SVYo. CYo UdLp
AlpX A] Gu\ RmTVd UL]nl \kRo.
L_ Gu\ NpY UhV UQk \ CpX\jk
X UdL SLWjt AlTp CkR W Gu\
Lp RYm CkRT C\RWV Lp (Gabriel)
Ru ApXu R YojRL[V EiUL[
AYPm ]o. ARu RlT CvXVju R
X] dWu Bm.
227

8. 1. 2. NUVd LhTLs

2.

Um, TgNVj \, ToL] ApX oL \

(WUeLu JeQl), UYhPm ApX NodLo,
UXm ApX NT, Gu\ AUlLs CXju Xm
CkV AWVp TiTht AlTPVL
AUks[.

3.

CkV TiThu JtUd ApT Gu\ vm

AOo CVdLjR J LPVL YZe
Ckvm JtUV XSh]o.

4.

N Jl, NUjYm, NLRWjYm, VTZdLeL[

JjRp, P SmdLLd LhRp Tu\
LsLL[d LiP CVdLU] SU CkVl
TiTht YZeLlThP J YWlWNRUm.

5.

RjYm, NPm, UjYm Tu\ NUvR

pL[l TWL Up UVdLm Nn SU
CkVl TiThu \l AmNeLs EXt EQojV
TU CXVoL[V Nm.

6.

ULXVoLu LXVmNeLp Ju\] fjW

RVp YXlTLs, YXlTLs AUkR U
UiPTeLs, EXLm Utm ReL YXl TLs
Tu\ Lu LXLs Sm CkVl TiTht
UuUm TU NolT]YL AUks[].

7.

NUVfNoTt\ T AlTPp AUkR [Vh

PWeLeLs, SLW ZYpLs, kRhPeLs,
AWiU]d LhPLs, ULs Utm LhPPd
LXp LQlTm YiQdLtLs, KLs,
NXYdLtLs Tu\]Vm CkVl TiThu
\ld L[Lj Lru\]. EXL ANVeLp
Ju\] RwULp LhPPdLXd CvXju
A[lTm LP G]Xm.

8.

CkVl TiThu \ld L[L [em

Gih\, Y]p, UjYm, LRm,

ApX JYW LPs. LU SV AYPV

odLR. HYLV] EPXNLPu J S[d

Ik\ RL NnY, Wm_u URjp Su
ClTm Yh YeLUp ClT, YrdLp J
\VY p _] Gum R URjp
UdLt LhPVULf Nu YWYim GuT
CXVju Ik iL[]d LRlT\.
C\ RW] Lp ApXu YojRVL LU
SPm VR Htm Nu m, ApXu R
YojRL[ Ht, ARl uTt C\j RuUV
APkR odLR GYW AYW URjRXYo ARY
CUm G] HtdLi Y SPdm V m
CvXV NUVjp HtThP CLs Bm.
J LPhLhThP Htm CXm EY YThP
Htd Ls[pX.
CVtLu t\eLs YrdLu Y
AlTRLm, ]l TV]l Tj JqY
URm NodLm SWLm GuTR APYu GuTm
CXVoLu SmdLVm.
CXVoLs Rm URdLhTLdLtT TpY
ZdL[d LiP Yu\]o. AYtp Tdj,
UaWm, XS, Wm_u Tu\ ZdLs
dVU]Y Bm. CqZdLu Xm Sh, Au,
AU Utm NLRWjYm BVYt\ Yju\]o.

8. 1. 3. CkV TiTht CvXV NUVju

LP
1.

NhPju u A]Ym NUm.

228

229

dLQdVp (Algebra) Tu\ pLs AWVo Xm

IWlT m TW CkVu TUV
UXeLf NnR.
9.

CXV NUVjRdLju [YL CkV m

Td CVdLm Ru ARu Xm YhPWULp
CXdVm Y[of Tt\.

8. 2. jYm

TWXLjdm TWUR ApX NodLm

GuTR APV Au, , LPU Tu\Yt\d
LPj JL Yim GuTm jY NUVju
LsL G]d \lT\. G]Y, Au, LPs, ,
SmdL Tu\Y dV LhTL[Ld Ls[l
T\. Um, EXLjp TNlTm YojRLs Vm
C\Y]V NokR GuTm jYju LhTPm.
jY LhTLs APeV p Ts ApX
Vm (V HtT) GuTRm.
jY NUVj]o BeXl jRi, R Ys,
DvPo^uP v _Vk, DVov Dq Tu\ dV
ZdL[d LiP Uru\]o.

EXLm Ym TmTuUV] SLp

TWdm NUVm jYm Bm. CkVp Ck
NUVjt Aj TmTuUV] UdL[p
uTt\lTm NUVm jYm Gu \lT\.
CRPV StNVpLu Xm CkV NUVeLp
LQlThP PlTZdLeL[m, RYVt\ NPeL[m
d J UV] NUV YrdLV HtTjd Ls[
LWQUn CkR. jYm GuT YWXtu Xm
Am EiUVm. jYm GuT v ARY
H v Gu\ CVtTVk T\lThP NpXm.
H vu EVokR LhTh AmNeL[d j
Y jYm G]Xm.

8. 2. 3. jY NUVj Ri Y]eLu TLs

ZdLu Xm Au, Sh, NLRWjYm, NUjYm

BV StTiL[ Yju\]o.
1.

C]YTL[m NdLUL[m L[V

jY NUVd dLs TkRiPt Yu\].

2.

LXlj UQeLs Xm JuThP NRVjR

EYdYp jY NUVm TmTe
BtYu\.

8. 2. 1. Hv

3.

jY NUVjRj RtjRYo H v BYo.

CYW ^v Gum R NUVjRYo AZlTo. CYo
CvWp Shs[ TjXam GuPjp
LuUu ZkRVLj Ru]o. CYPV RkR
_Nl BYo.

A]R Ls, Vo LlTLeLs , Ys[m,

LmTm Utm TgNm Tu\ CVtLu
t\eLk lTRtL] YWQl TL[
NqY] Nn Yu\].

4.

jY NUVddLs SPem \kR UjYU]

L[ , NRV SXYrl TL[f Nn
Yu\]o.

8. 2. 2. NUVdLhTLs

5.

NRVjp LQlTm \lTL[d L[V,

jY NUVm ilWWeLs UtmpLs Xm
Tk RiPt Yu\.

UR EoLs C\Yu CRVoYULm, V

GiQjPm Au NjR Yim G]m,
230

231

6.

jY NUVd dLs ThRhLm Lpd

PeLs CXYN EQ, E\s, Lp
Tu\Yt\ YZe JdLm, LhlT Tu\ EVV
SL[m, TR]L[m Lh Yu\].

5.

YhPW ULp CXdVm Utm NUV pL[j

RtjRRp A]j CkV ULu
Y[ofdm CkVl TiThu UuUdm
jYm ER kR.

7.

jY NUVd dLs AkRkR YhPW UL[

Su Lt NUVjRl TWlVPu, TpY pL[m
BeXjp U TVoj, A]j CkV
ULu Y[ofdm CXdV Y[ofdm
TkRiPt Yks[]o. lTL WU Yo,
LpYp, ..Tl Tu\ TVoLs Rr
Ud Bts[ Ri A[P V G]Xm.

6.

jY NUVjRdLju [YL Ck NUVjp TX

ojR CVdLeL[] BV NU_m, WmU NU_m,
WmU O] NT Utm CWU xQ CVdLm Tu\
CVdLeLs Ru].

7.

WU Yo RmTYVm, .. Tl AYoLs
YNLm, d\s, SXVo, \S, \lTs
YiT, Tu\Yt\m BeX Up U
TVol NnRo.

8.

Ru]XeLR, EXL NRV SXdLL UTm

TL[d jRY NUVl TWld dLs Bt
Yu\].

Tt ]dLs

CqY jY Ri Y]eLs Vm Lp
Y[ofdm NL SX Yrd TX AV TL[f Nn
Yu\].

A. K YLp PV
1.

CvXm - YWV.

8. 2. 4. CkV TiTht jY NUVju LP

2.

CvXm GuTRu Ts V?

1.

jY NUVj RdLju [YL Ck NUVj]u

Pl TZdLeLs Utm RYVt\f NPeL[ dL
tThP]o.

3.

CvXVo GuTo Vo?

4.

CvXm Tt ApAX U[ Y] V?

N NUV YTPt\, EXL NLRWjYm, NUjYm,

Au, Sh, , AU Tu\ RjYd LhTLs
CkV TiTht Lm Q kR].

5.

CvXVu R p V?

6.

CvXm NUVju CLs VY?

7.

CVdLjRj RtjRYo Vo?

8.

CvXVo LiPm ZdLs VY?

9.

jYm Gu\ Npu T[d .

2.

3.

4.

jY Ri Y]eLu NUV, Lp, NRV

SXYrl TLs CkVl TiTh Y[ofd Um
\l NnR].
jRY NUVddLs CkV YLu T
RmPu AfT CVkWm Li YkRUVp
CkVd A J YWlWNRUL AUkR.
232

10. jY NUVju YR p V?
233

11.

WU Yo GZV u TVo Gu]?

12. .. Tl BeX UVdLm NnR Rr CXdV

pLs VY?
13. jYoLs LiPm ZdLs VY?

B. TjYLp PV
1.

CvXV NUVd LhTLs VY?

2.

LPs j CvXVu SmdL V?

3.

jY NUVju LhTLs VY?

C. J TdL A[p PV
1.

CkVl TiTh Y[ofd jY Ri

Y]eLp TLs VY?

2.

CvXm Utm jY NUVd LhTL[ [dL.

D. Su TdL A[p PV
1.

CkVl TiTht jY NUVju LP Tt

J LhW YWL.

2.

CkVl TiThp CvXm Utm jY NUVju

LP Tt J LhW YWL.

234

9. Td BVdLm
( BPdLXm )
Ck NUVm URu StL APV TpY
S\L[ EYdj Rks[. CkS\Ls
URu Es[m, kR], NVp\u BVYtt HtT
AUks[]. AYWYo U]Xd G GV, CV
Gu Ru\R AR]l uTt StL APVXm.
CjRLV TX SLs Lf \lTLd LRlTY] 1.
Td S 2. LUS 3. O]S. CkSLs Lm
GUV]m Gem, GkRf Zm, GpXWm
SP\d GVU] TdSVm. Td S
Ttm, AkS] TWlVYoLs Ttm YLd
LiTm.

9. 1. Td S [dLm
C\YPjp Sm Njm BrkR AuT Td
G]Xm. Td Gum Np Tw Gu\ Npu YkRRLd
LRlT\. CRu Ts YT. G]Y Td GuT
Es[okR AuT C\Y] YTY GuTRm. UR
C]ju Tm Td HtPVRL ClT CkR Au
SVm. A]Ym AUPu YZ JYo
JYm, J S Ut\ Shu Au NjR Yim
GuTm Sm AkR EiUVm. Ck NUVm AuT
Ym, .AuT LPs Gu\,
Td SVY BrkR AuT C\Y] YTm
UodLm G]l TsTm. C\Y] YpXUV EQok,
m, AuPu Njm Au]V Td G]f
Nu\o u\]o.
235

Tdu YLLs

7.

Td C YLlTm. AY ATWTd, TWTd GuT]

Ym. ATWTd: CkXp TdRu SpX RpXUp
NPeL[ Nnm, TWkR U]lTuU CpXUp V
YhPjs u J lhP RnYjRV YTP
Yim Gu\ LjPVY]n NVpTYu. \
RnYeL[ YTm TdRoL[ Yd\u. AYoL[
YTh\L[, RnYjR HtTpX.

\ NUVjRYoLs YlTPVL Aj NVpThP

J LPs LhT EXp \kRo A]Ym
EPu\kRW Gu\ LsLLs UdL[d
LYokjR].

8.

\ NUVeLp LQlThP NUjYd LhTLs Ck

NUVjp \dLdLlThPYoL[m LYokjR].

TWTd : CkXp TdRu A]j RnYeL[m

YTYPu, Tdu EVokR C Xp NVp
T\u EXLm RV EVokR Au SV TWTdVm.
Cq SLm RuRh YkRYVm.

9. 1. 1. Td S Ru\d LWQeLs
1.

TZUV] CkURm Ru nUVm Rj

RuUVm CZdLj RPeV.

2.

PlTZdL YZdLeLs, NlTTLs, RY\]

TZdLYZdLeLs URju Rj RuUV WjR].

3.

EVo ]WL LRlThPYoLs, \ ]Wd

LUlTj]o. CThPYoL[L Lf
NVpThP]o.

4.

VRnj RuV NUQ, T[jR NUVeLs Ck

NUVjp LQlThP UL[d LijR]. GRL
Htd Ls[d V SL[ Gjd l uTt\f
NnR].

5.
6.

NUVd LhTLs TUW UdLs kLsm T

AUVpX.
CkVp VRn YkR NUVj]o YL NUVU]
Ck NUVjRYoL[m LYm YiQm NVpThP]o.
236

UtV LWQeLu AlTPp NUVjR

SuX APVf NnV Yim Gu\ EVV Sdp
RuV CVdLU Td CVdLUm. ClTd CVdLm Ck
NUVjRj oj, CV NUVleLYd RnL UQm
LUm YiQm NnR. CdLXjp YPShm
Ru]hm Td SVl TWlT, NUVf Nu\oLs
TXo Ru CkR AV TVf \lPu NnR]o. NY,
YQY Utm CRW NUVl L[f NokRYoLm
SPem, YhPW ULp Td SV, TlTYt\
TUW UdLm uTtm YiQm RjRm NtL[m,
NVpL[m TWl]o.

9. 1. 2. Td CVdLju V TiLs
1.

RnYeL[ TpY YYeLp YQe]m AY

A]jm JW C\Yu TpY Rt\eLs
GuTR EQok, JY] RYu, AY]V
YQeLYim Gu\ TiUV YjV.

2.

\V] Td Sp Nu\p StLVV

Tt\ APVXm.

3.

SpX u QPu Ru Sm C\Y] APk

TuT X APV m Gu\ EiU
EQojRlThP.

4.

UdLs EVokRo, RrkRo Gum X P.

GpXm NUm GpXm EPu\kRW GuTR

EQW Yim.

237

5.

TT L[VtThP.

9. 1. 3. Td CVdLju [Ls

6.

PTZdLYZdLeLs dLlThP].

7.

U\pLp Tk PkR AV TiULs

S Ym TWV Td CVdLjRp TpY

[Ls HtThP]. AYVY]:
1.

NUVj \p lTL Ck NUVjRf ojR

CqVdLm TkQkR. Q] NPeLs
X]. PSmdLLs ALu NUVm Ru Rj
RuUV Tt\.

2.

Ck NUVm J LPs LhThPm, EXp

A]Ym EPu\kRW Gu\ LsLVm
YjV. C NL SpQdLjt jhP.

3.

Td CVdLm TgNp dV NUVm Ru\d LWQUn

CkR.

4.

NRVjp CkR N YtULs YuUVL

LidLlThP]. G]Y, ClTTLs eL
CqVdLm TkQ kR.

5.

O], LU SL[d Lhm Td SV GV,

Ht\, \kR G]l Ttm YiQm NnR]o.

dVd LhTLp CRW NUVeLPu JjR

Lj XVRp UR SpQdLm HtThP. JtU
EQo YlTt\.

6.

Ckm CRW YhPW ULm CXdVeLs

Ru BuL EQoY Y[ojR].

12. C\Yu SUjR CPP KRp, jRp

Yim Gu\]o.

7.

UtNu]Yt\ YjYRtLL Td Y]eLs

YlThP]. CY TiThl Tt XVeL[Lm,
A\ EQo, BuL EQo UVeL[Lm NVpThP].

Td CVdLju QVp pV BiP pRuLs

Ck, vm CYPV CQdLjRm,
h\Ym Y[odL Vu\]o.

8.

Td S CvXV TWWNW] AdTW CkdL[m

vmL[m RU TWWu r NUUL SPjR
YYjR.

9.

UdLPV Au, AU, NLRWjYm, CWdLm,

LQ RV YrVp SLs NdLl
TkQ kR].

GV YhPW ULp UVdLm NnVlThP].

NUV EiULs GV d LRL[Ll TUWm
EQm YiQm YYUjj RWlThP].

8.

\ NUVjRYPu JtU EQoY Y[odLf NUVf

Nu\o Tm Vu\]o.

9.

Td SVl TWlT YkRYoLPm N, UR YTLs

CpX. AYoLs HZ TQdLWo, EVokRo, RrkRo
Gu\ TTLs LRUp A]YPm AuPu
TZ, Ei E\e, E\Y]o. AYoL[ CuT
uTeLp TeLt uTeL[d L[k V
GjdLhPn YrkR]o.

10. Td SV[oLs C\YPm Ru] UVL

JlTPj AY] NWQPV Yim Gu\ NWQL
RjYjR EXt AjR]o.
11.

CjRLV NVtLV NY U]lTuU LiP NUVf

Nu\oL[p SP\lTjRlThP ClTd CVdLm. Ck
URm Ru CZkR TUV h, im TPu
LZl TR NnR.
238

239

10. BuL Yrm, A\Yrm UuUm T UR

Yr UmT APV Tk RiPtV.

9. 2. BPdLX Td BVdLm
CkV YWXtp .. 1000 dm .. 1707 dm
CPlThP LXjp Td S R] V TV
\YtVR A\m. RukVp CWU_o,
UjYo, UnLiPo Utm TNYo BVo Ru C\
SmdLV YlTjm RjY SL[l TWl]o.
YP CkVm CdLXjp GiQt\ NUVf
Nu\oLs Ru AmT Bt]o. TX NUVeL[f
NokRm, TX Lk YkRm ClTV
UtLiP]o. AYoL[ Am TLs XYt\
ClTp LiTm.

9. 2. 1. CWU_o
RrShp NeLpTh UYhPjp lTmp
RuVYo. CpX\ Yrp DTh LXjp \
iPo. YQY NUVl Tdj RmU AolTjRo.
CYW LhT hPjYRUm. TuTjR APV
TdV \kR S GuT CYW Lj. NWQL SV
Yj NYTu A]YWm d APVj R
EPVYo Gu\o.

9. 2. 2. UjYo
Ru Lu]Pjp Eld AL WUjp
Ru]o. CYW CVtTVo YRYu. C[m YVXV
\ iPo. AfRl WLNPm hN Tt WQ WdOo,
B]kR ojRo G]m Tt\lThPo. CYW RjYm
YRm GuTRm. \, Td, V]ju Xm C\Y]
Sp EQok T APVXm GuT CYW LhT.
240

9. 2. 3. CWUSkRo
CYW VtVp YQYm YPdL TWV. CWUo
R YThP TWl]o. Nl TTh] A\Y
YjRo. C\Yu u A]Ym NUm G]d ]o.
NUVd LjL[ Ru Rp Ck Up TWlVYm
CYW BYo.

9. 2. 4. mTodLo
CYo RukVp LRY SdLWp
WUjp \kRo. YP CkVp UWtLLs[ W_
Gu\ CPjp YrkRo. CYW Td SVf NokRo
CWR xQ YThp SmdL LikR]o.
CYm NWQL SV Yj]o. CYW LsL
TR TRm Gu\ZdLlT\.
9. 2. 5. Lo
LdLL XLoPX Gu\ Hp RUW UXkR
ZkRV vm SNY[Wp Y[odLlThPYo.
CWU]kRWp PWL Htd Ls[lThPYo Ckvm
NUV JtUdl Tm TThPo. LPPm Au
NjYR StL APV Y Gu\o. EiUV
CVpT]. A GpXo CRVjm E\u\.
AqiU Au]p YlT\ Gu\ LjR
EPVYo TdV YjRR NUVm NUVUu Gu\o.
9. 2. 6. SURYo
UaWxW UXjp TiPWm GuPjRf
NokRYo. NV, EY YThP, T[t\ NPeL[
YuUVLf N]o. EiUV] Tdm, LPs
YTU CYW dV LsLVm.
9. 2. 7. S]d
dV URjRj RtjR CYo TgNl UXjp
CXo UYhPjp PpYk Gu\ WUjp \kRo.
241

CpX\ Yrp CkRm L Nu LUV]

V]jR UtLiPo. CYW CV Utm Es[jR
Edm TPpLs BWkRjp CPm Tts[]. Ju\
LPs Gu\ LjRd Ckvm JtUV
EYdL Vu\o. dV NUVm CYWp EYdLlThP.

CUV]Y. Td SVf YV] TPpLs

YXLl TWl]o. GV Tdm, SmdLU
Tt] APV SpY Gu\o. \lTp GYm EVokRYo
CpX. EVot LWQm NVp Gum LjRl
TWl]o.

JdLm, T, SoU, RUm, EiU, LQ

Tu\Y CYo TR]Lp dV CPm Tt\].
C\Yu TVW GlTm EfNjRp, EPXm
Es[jRm td rlTk SPjRp dVoLu
dV LPUVm. C\Yu SUeL[ CV
TPpL[p CNPu T CRVjRj nU Nn
Ls[ Yim GuT CYW LsL.

9. 2. 10. NRuVo

9. 2. 8. YpXTfNVo
CYo Lp \kRo. RukVt TVok
Tt\Pu YrkRo. Rm C[m YVXV Ltj RokRo.
iVj RXeLd Nu\o. CpYrp DTh C
RpYoL[l Tt\o. YPUm, w Um
pL[ G]o. CYW LhT jR AjYRd
LhT Bm. CR] V J Ts LhT GuTo.
xQ] EVokR WmUm, BjUtm TWUjUtm
YTpX. Tdu Xm d APk TWUjUPu
BjU LXk Ls[Xm GuT CYW LhT.

9. 2. 9. WTn
AWN mTjRf NokR CYo YQY NUV UWp
Y[odLlThPo. xQPm kR DT ZkRl
TYm RX HtThP. Rm LjL[ YhPW UV]
w Up TWl]o. \lC\l Gum
Ztu Th TuT XV APV
xQTd AYVm Gu\o. CYW TdlTPpLs
242

YeL[ UXjp Td SVl TWlV CYo

cNRuV UL W Gu AZdLlThPo. CpYrp

DThP CYo Rm 25m YVp CpYrYj \k C\Yu

lTd RmU DTjd LiPo.
xQu ApX a G] AZdLlTm
`jRUu Up BrkR SmdLm Aum Ls[
Yim GuT CYW Lj. NPeLk Th,
BlT EQol ZmTn C\Yu As Ys[jp
[dL Yim. LiQ] YTh, Yl Tk
Tk YkRp UVp Ck Th C\Yu
YL[ APVXm Gu\o.

9. 2. 11. dLWm
CYo UaWxW O. CpYrYj \k
TdR]Lm, ojRYVLm NVpThPo. UWhV
UdLPm Shl Tt\ Y[odL, Y LXjp YrkR
CYW TR]Ls ER]. LPs Gem dLU\
\klTYo, YWmpX Bt\p EPVYo GuT CYW
Lj. TWWNo Y CYo PoLp JYo. NRuVWl
Tu Tdl TPpL[ CVts[o.

9. 2. 12. [RNo
CYo \kR TdUu, TiThP LOo BYo. CpX\
Yrk \Y\ YrY UtLiPo. CWUVQjR
Ck Up CWU NRU]v Gu\ TVp TPjRo.
243

CWU NR U]v TV CXdVl TPl UhUu,

EVokR RnL Tdd LVm Bm. CWU]
C\Yu AYRWm G]d L]o. AYW URu
TdVp ALXm Gu\o. \kR YQY TdRWLm
BNoVWLm Tt\lT\o.

9. 2. 13. TNYo
W NYm G]lTm CeLVRm Gum EVV
SV VYo TNYo BYo. LoSP UXjp
RuVYo. NdV Uu]Pm AUfNWLl
TVtVYo. CkS Y] UhU LP[]d
LV. YYThu Xm Tt\ APVXm
GuT CYW BrkR SmdL. NlTT, NPe, EY
YT CYt\ L[Yp Tm DThPo. RmUl
uTtTYoLs Xp EiTRm, Ls lTRm LP
Yim Gu\ LUV] TkR] jRo. NL ojR
YVL RY UUQjR BRjm, ZkR
UQjR Gojm NVpThPo. CYWl uTtYo
eLVjLs Gu\ZdLlThP]o.

9. 2. 14. HLSRo
CYo UaWxWjRf NokRYo. TjRu Gum
Fp \kRo. YVXV CYW Es[jp Td, L]p
h GkR. CpYrp DThP CYo iPjRLRPm
GpXVt\ AuPVYW]o. LiQ] A]jm
LiPo. LiQu W TdRo, TV TLYR `o, \kR
CpX\ SV[o, TV O. Cum UdLd EVV
GjdLhPLj Lru\o.

Gs[o. CkpLs A]jm Ru mm

RnYju Tp NjR YiV AuTm TdVm
[du\o. CYo GV oNLo Gu\ p Au, Td
CYtu UuUVm LiQ]d ZkRVn L
jRdm AtR XVm [d\. CYo Yr
J [Vh, W Wf NVp, B]p TWhPUu;
HUt\m dL LRm Au Gu\o. CYW LRLs
UR C]ju Tp VjR [Y HtTjVPu
Td Su YLhVLm LrkR].

9. 3. ArYoLs
Ck NUVm lm AYL NUVeLs NYm,
YQYm CWim Cum Lm \lPu Tt\lTh
Yu\]. UR EPdj RX \lT] El. Ap
CLiLs EVV CPjRl Tu\]. A TX Ck
NUVju Cq Lm LiL[] Tt\jRdLY
G]Xm. Cq NUVeLm Yrt CuVUVR
SL[, YL uTt\ YiV \L[ u\].
Cq NUVf Nu\oLs Yrk LhV YrdL, Af
NnR AtRf NVpLs, Utm CXdVeLs Tm
Tt\jRdLY. NY NUVjRf NokR SVuUoLm
YQY NUVjRf NokR BrYoLm Tt\jRdLYoLs.
ClTPjp BrYoLs Utm SVuUoLu YWX, AYo
Rm LhTLs, CXdVf \lL[ YLd LiTm.

9. 3. 1. BrYoLs [dLm

CYWl Tt \Up CkRp Td CVdLm \

T\. CYo EVokR O, SpX NUVTWlSo, \kR
ojRYVYo. Ckp Lf \kR pL[

C\Yu As Ys[jp Brk PlTYo,

C\Yu Aum, CuTjm r ClTYo BrYo
G]lThP]o. WP YR U] Tt\lThP qVl
WTkRjR AVRp WPNVoLs Gu\ZdLl
ThP]o. CYoLd UVtY\ USXm A[l Tt\YoLs,
CkRrXYoLs, BTdRoLs Gu\ TVoLm Ei.

244

245

9. 2. 15. oRNo

CYoLs GidLp TuYo BYo. YQY

SVl Ttl TWlVYo BYo.
9. 3. 1. 1. BrYoLsLXm

BrYoLs AYRjR LX AlTPp

1. tLXjRYoLs
2. CPdLXjRXoLs
3. tLXjRYoLs G]ldLXm.
9. 3. 1. 2. tLXjRYoLs

TnL BrYo, RjRrYo, TVrYo, UN,

BrYo ApX UNlWu GuTYoLs tThPYoLs.
9. 3. 1. 3. CPdLXjRYoLs

SmUrYo, UWLVrYo, XNLWrYo, ThPoWu

Gu\ TVrYo, LR SfVo Gu\ BiPs
GuTYoLs CPdLXjRYo.
9. 3. 1. 4. tLXjRYoLs

RiPWl TVrYo, lTQrYo, LVu Gu\

UeLVrYo GuTYoLs tLXjRYo BYo.

9. 3. 2. BrYoLs TtV l, TPpLs

9. 3. 2. 1. TnL BrYo

CYo Uu Ls[ TgN NuVju AmNUL

XLm T\ LgWjp Y@L Gum CPjp
Ru]o. CYo Af NnRY Rp YkR,
TWeLs.
CVtLV C\Yu, A[ C\Yu, AuT
C\Yu, AY C\Yu Gu\ EVV LjL[ CYo
TPpLp LQXm. RXrYoLs LXjp NY YQY
Ru CU, TU, \l, CVtLd Lh
A]jRm CYo TPpLp LQXm.
246

CYW TPp Ju
SVYu \oT[, Su]u ZW;
EVYu EVokRYW ApXp; VYu
UX ApX RnYm Gu HjRu;
YU Gu SmUp ]?
ClTPp \o T[ mT UhPu, Z]
RuU EPVYoLPu Sh Ls[ UhPu.
EVokRYW Nok YrY] ApXUp Ut\oL[
NW UhPu. UXj RW Y RnYjRm RnYm
Gu LZ UhPu, YQeLUhPu. BRXp SmU Sl
\l C\lj uTjRj Rm ] C YWV.
CjRLV EVokR NUVd LjLu LXeL[L
JqY TPpLm Lru\].
9. 3. 2. 2. RjRrYo

CYo ULTWjp dLj UXp Ru]o.

GmTUPm Td \kRYWn CWiPm YkR
Gm TWeL[ Af NnRo. Lgp Lp
Lis[ TU]l Lrk Ts[o.
Rr UV O]j Rr Gum, Ru] RZu
Gu Npd LsYm Ck RrU CYo
LikR Tt]m lTjRm YlTj\.
CYo NUV NUWN SdLm EPVYo. Au, kR] CYt\p
O]jRl Tt\ XVl uYm TPXp,
AuT RLV, BoYU SnVL,

Cu kR CV, Su
O]f Po[d Ht]u SWQt;
O]j Rr kR Su
G] [d\o.
247

AY Tdm RZ mV Su AuTV
ALXL GiQn, RVYt\j Rem LVL
AUj AYV Po[dL Ht]u. BNV
SnVdd LiPu. GmTU] Gi CuTjRp
Eu\ Es[jRV GiQp ChP VLd
LiPu. Su\L U]m E O] JVV [dLj
UdLL Ht]u GuT ClTPu LjRm.

9. 3. 2. 4. UNVrYo

9. 3. 2. 3. TVrYo

C\Yu JY] Gu\ EiU CYo TPpLp

Tk PlTRd LQXm. CYo, GpXm Up UVm
G] Gi\o. C\YPkR GpXm \du\].
AYPU GpXm APeu\] GuTR \kR
GjdLhPu [d\o.

CYo Nu]s[ UXlp RuVYo. CYo

Af NnRY u\m YkR TWeLs.
GkR RnYjR YQe]m, LPPm SmdL
Yim. CkR EV] SmdL LiPYoL[
EiUV] TdRoL[Yo. CqiUV m TVrYo
Af NnR YiT Ju]m LjRm LiTm.
A Su, C Gu IVlTPR,
U u\ RiZn UoTu T u\
Tu Am LZX Ru! ]Ls
u]m LZm k

Gu\o TVrYo. A SpX. C LhP Gu\

NkRLm YiPm. U]dZlTm YiPm. Ru ku\,
okR AZV [ UXV AkR UoPV Up
GpXdm TY]Yu. AYPV AZV
YL[ YQeL Yim. AY] ]jRX Tm,
YQeYRtL uT EeLs ]Ls GpXm KlTn
m. im AY EeL[ AL GuT E
Gu\o.

CYo UN Gu\ RXjp AYRjRUVp

UN BrYo Gu\ TVo Tt\o. CYo NdWmNUn
AYRjRo. YYdVo Gum TVPu NY NUVjp
CkRo Gum TVrYPm ETRNm Tt
YQYjRf NokRYo Gum Yo. CYo Af
NnRU 1. SuLu YkR, 2. fNkR jRm.

LPp GqY AXL[ EiPd GZf Nn

u Rus[ APePf Nn\R, A Tp
C\YPk \kR RYWeLm, Ut\ E]eLm
im C\YPU Nu\Pu\]. CjR V
CVpLs C\YPm Es[].
CdLjR
Rus[ WjRm RWeLYi RPmTp

Rus[ WjRk APeu\ RuUTp

us[ \k C\k tTYm Tm
us[ APeu\ oU uLi u\R
Gu\ TPXp [d\o.
9. 3. 2. 5. SmUrYo

CYm TnLVrYo; RjRrYo Tu NUWN

SdPVYo. TjRYV J[dLl TVuTj GkR
RnYjR YThPm SuU APVXm GuT CYW
LhT Bm.

SpY UYhPjp Es[ BrYo SLp

RuVYo. CYd U\u, NPLTu, TWeNu,
Y[`Qu Gu\ \l TVoLs CkR]. CYo UjRm
1296 TWeL[ CVts[o. ClTWeL[ SuLY
BWm GuTo. CYo jRm, YVm, TV

248

249

YkR, YnU Tu\ TWeL[ CVts[o.

CYdkR CPjXV 108 YQYjRXeLp Es[
TUs LhVjRo GuTo.
CYW TWeLs Su YReLu NWjR
WTjR]. CYW TPpLs TmTm ALlTs
\Vf NokRY. CYo RXVL, St\VL, NVL,
RVL u RXu LRX TPXL Ts[o.
CYo 108 YQYj RXeL[l Ttm, TWeLs Ts[o.
\kR YRkRd LjLs, EVokR AWLs, CVtL
LhLs, SpX EYULs, EYLeLs, NUWN NuUodL S
BV A]jU CXdVf Y kRY; TZkRrl
TiThP EQojTY. TdLl TdLj RhPR CuTm
RTY. YQY RjYjR TPpLs YXL Lm
\kR \p YhP TU CYWf Nm.
TuTm T\j RPVn ClT EXLl Tt. EXLl
Tt] h C\Y]f NWQPkRp A]jRm
TY G. Vu, G] Gu\ CYLl TtL[m
JjRp Yim. SU BjU C\Yu CpXm BRXp
AR EVY]V C\YPU JlTPjRX \
Gu\o SmUrYo.

YRm EQokR SmUrYWj RW Y RnYm CpX

GukRYo. G]Y CYW TWeLs A]jm
SmUrYWl TtV]YLY CkR]. CkRm
SRLs CYW WTkRjRm SXWj qVl
WTkRjp Noj TUlTj]o.
9. 3. 2. 7. XNLWrYo

CYo PXoLu, Lp YXu, XNLWl TUs

Gu\ Y TVoL[p AZdLl Tt\o. LW[jp
YgdL[m GuPjp AWN YmNjp \kRo. CYo
TV TUs U G]lTm.
UiQm NpYjR P, UL xdf Nnm
NYLm, Lhm Tdm \kRY.. CuTm RTY
Gu\ LsL EPVYo. CYo TPpLs GpXm RhPR
R]L, Yt\R Yd LPXn [eu\].
CYo CWUYRWjp kR BoYm DTm
EPVYWn CkRo. Tjl TPpLp CWUVQd
LRu dLjRd Ljs[o. CVtL YQ],
TX AWLs, As ULs, EVV NWQL S
Tu\Yt\ Rms LiP TWeL[l T]o.

CYo SpY UYhPjp BrYo SLd

Ap Es[ dLo Gum Fp \kRYo. CYo

J Tu Up eLR Au, BN, LRp

EPVYoLs. AlT[ h GdLWQjRm V
mT UhPoLs. C URW CVpm Auu
RuUUm. CdLjR CYW TPpLs YlTj].
GdLXjm AVR NpY Y[eLPu RYXL UeLVo
PZ RYXLj]W Bm Ynl PjRm
AkX YiVpX G] TX\ Rm TWeLp
s[o. Um YeLP UXp Es[ L]f
]p ]Ll \k C\Yu Ym YeLP
UXV h eLUp CdL mYRL \o.
A]Yu Sgm C\ TdV Fh\o. CR]l
uYm TPp EQoj\o.

250

251

CR],
u t\m
Nn Emo
PVP
Nnnm]
Gum TPp [d\o.
9. 3. 2. 6. UWLVrYo

B]R NpYj AWmTVoLs RtZ

Y]m NpYm UiQWm Vu YiPu

R]o gNXj YeLPf ]p
]nl \dm PVu BY]
Gu AZLLl Tu\o.
9. 3. 2. 8. TVrYo

CYdl ThPWu, xjRo Gu\ TVoLm

Ei. CYo Ti Shp cpjp \kRo.
lTpXiPu TVrYo U TWeL[l
Ts[o. SXWj qVl WTkRjp Rp
AUks[ TPpLs CYW TPpL[.
CYW TPpLs CV KN SVPVY. RhPR
Ru Tu\ YPVY. CYo TPpLp ZkRLu
Es[m, m U]m, [Vh CVp, SPP
TY]L[ AtRUn TPm j LhPlThs[Rd
LQXm. Rndj Ru s[LPm Lhm AuTm,
Ru VLjRm CYW TPpLp LQXm. CVtL
Gp, EXVp SP, Tdu TU, EnYPm
S\L[m CYW TWeLs [du\].
rXVp URu EYdLlT\u. V Zp
YrkRYu SpX ZX S YmT u
AYPkR V TZdL YZdLeLs e u\]. SpX
Zp YrkR GYWY AR] h Xj V Zp
ALlTh d VWlTP mYW? J Tm mTo.
ZXl TjR ARY, SiToL[l TjR UdLs
SpXYoL[LY, LhPYoL[LY Uu\]o Gu\
TiUV [d\o.
9. 3. 2. 9. BiPs

CYdd LR, d LjR SfVo, Gu\

TVoLs Ei. TVrYu Y[oll Ti BiPs.
252

CqYm JW LXjRYo. CYo Af NnR TWeLs

lTY, SfVo U Gum CWi RXlLp
AUks[].
CVtLp Gp YiQm, TdfY, EVV JdL
S, ULo U]lTuU, LRp DThP ULu U]X,
LtP ULo Ti, TiLu LPU, AV RjYd
LjLs BV A]jm BiPu TPpLu
Lgm Rp LdLlThs[]. TiPVj Rr
UWTVhV ALlTs \d LjLs BiPs
TPpLp AUks[].
CYW TPpLu RZu TZdL YZdLeL[d
LQXm. CU, R, GU YnkRY CYW
TPpLs. CYW TPpLs SVL SV TYjR
EQoju\].
lTYu CWiPm TPp TY Su Tt
Lj RYLd s[o. A\d LhTLs, As
EQo Sud YiV EPpX, E[ X CYt\
ClTPp AZLL GjWdu\.
YVj YroLs Gm TPp TY Su
ClTYoLs ALXp Gk W Sn, Tp EiQ,
Uh UXh AZ Nn Ls[Up CdL Yim.
Um V NVpLp DTPUp, Ru]p CVu\YW R
L R]m, CpXV] VlTod RUm Nn
A\Yp tL Yim. Cl\lum Enm YVd
L UX YQeL Yim GuT ClTPu
LjRm.

9. 3. 2. 10. RiPWl TVrYo

CYo mTLQjt ALs[ UiPep

\kRYo. Up TWeL[m, lTsVf
253

TWeL[m CYo CVt]o. CYo UX

RtLPs, YQYU EVokR NUVm Gu\ LsL
EPVYo. CYo AWeLl TU] TtVl T]o.

Xm Rm; NpYm Rkm; AVo TVo

N YtU CpX GuTR Yj]o.

B] GpXm,
XkRWm Nnm; u m Am; A[
T Xm Adm
YXm Rm; Utm Rkm; Tt\ Rm
B] Nnm
SXkRm NpX Su LiLiPu;
SWVQ Yum SUm

9. 3. 2. 11. lTQrYo

Gu SWVQ UkWju \lTd \.

CYPV TPpLs EXL Vm JdLju

EVoYm, Yru XVUVm GjdLhu\].
Ju\ Xm JY] C\Yu Gu\ LsLp

fV Ajs[ E\p \kR CYo

AUX]Wu Gum Tjl TWeL[ Af NnRo.

HZLs Ujp C\Yu SPm\u GuTm C\Yu

u Ht\jRrLs CpX GuTm CYW dV
LhTPm. CYo AWeLl TU]l TtV
T]o.

9. 3. 2. 12. UeL BrYo

CYd TWLXu, UeL Uu]u, BSPu,

SLlTUs Gu\ TX TVoLs Ei. RgN
UYhPjp Y SLW Aj[[ d\Vp
Ru]o. CYo TVY TV U, dk
RiPLm, SkRiPLm, Y tdL, V
UPp, TV UPp APeV TWeLs Bm.
YWeLd Lu tf YoLh Lp lT
NnR TUV EPVYo. AVYoLd
Au]YR AV RiPLd L NVpTj YkRYo.
Uu AZV TiL[ CV TPpL[p T U]m
E A Xp u B]kRm Tt\Yo. CYW
TPpLp TZkRZo TiTm, A\Sm JoYRd
LQXm. YQYo A]Ym Ak AuPu TdfY
RmT Tm TPp Ju]d LiTm. AlTPp
254

ClTPu Ts. SWVQu Gum lTVW

SsRm Np YkRp CkR X \kRm Rm
\kR V EVokR Vdm, EXL YrtV
NpYjRj Rm; UUd YLh A[V AVR
NpYjR Asj Rm. AVYoLs APu\ uTeLs
A]jRm Ajm. AjVWeLs Xj tL
YiQm Ajm. TV CuTm \kR YXLjR
Adm. AqXL CuTjR WkRWUdm. ]kR
LVeLs VYtm YtVj Rm GiQt\ SuULs,
A[PtLV CuTeL[j Rm. Du\jR RVd
Lhm TeLQ i A[Yt\ SuUV Rm.
BLY AjRLV A[PtLV SuU Rm NpXV
SWVQ Gum NpX U]RW Tt EfNlTUL!
Um CYo YQYjp UhUu NY Sm
DT LiPYo. CdLjR UuUX AWVu
TtTY G]j RPem Y] SP]jR [dm
TPX As[o. ClTPp TV UPp Gum
Tp AUks[.
CqY Tu BrYoLm YQY NUV
SL[m, YrVp SL[m, BuL EQoYm
Fh YQY NUVjRl Uh JT\f NnR]o.
255

9. 3. 3. BrYoLu AV Ri
1.

YQY Td CVdLm Ck NUVjt V

RmTm, V Bt\Xm, TgNpYd]m
AjR. CRt dV LWQm. BrYoL[ BYo.

2.

BrYoL[p Rr CXdVm SpX Y[of APkR.

3.

YQY NUVd LjL[m, xPj YRd

LjL[m, A]Ym k Lsm YiQm
GV CV SPp Rp LjR TU
BrYoL[Vf Nm.

4.

Td CVdLjRf NokRYoLs CkVu TpY

TLeLp TNlTm YhPW ULp RjY, BuL
LjL[ YhP]o. BrYoLm ClTp
TmTe Ydu\]o.

5.

N, C]l TTL[d LPkR Xp NUVl TV

UtLs[ Yim GuTRt uUVn CYoL[
Yr AUkR. BrYoLu d hPjp TX
C] UdLs ClTRm Li\m.

6.

GV NWQLj RjYjR ReLs TWeLp

A]Ym Ak uTtmT [ds[]o.

7.

lTY p BiPs \ljd s[

SVLSV E\\ C\YPj AVo

UtLs[ YiV Au S] EXLVf

Nn\.
8.

9.

BrYoLs EY YThp kR SmdL

LikR]o. C\Y] BWlTp kR DT
LikR]o. C TUW UdL[ SpYlTjR
ERV.

10. EXL CuTeLs XVt\Y, \l, C\l CpXR

C\Yu YL[l Tt StL APYR
XV] Gu\ A\SVl TWl]o.
11.

TuT XV APY GqR YtULm

RPVL CdLd P Gu\ EQoPu NUjY
U]lTuUPu NY kR]o.

12. BXVj lTLdm, NL StTLdm

BrYoLs ReLs YrY AolTjd LiP]o.
13. CqYrYoLs S Ys[ YQYj RXeL[
YPSST[m, YWL
UX S Y]kRWm
SS dLo, YeLPm
RiP S LgWm
G]l j AqPeLp Lp Lis[
TU]l Lrk Tm, UeL[ NN]m
Nns[]o.
14. CYoLu Af NVpLs, SXWj qVl
WTkRULj RdLlThs[].

YReLs, ETPReLs, WQeLs, LVeLs

A]jm Es[ EVV SL[m, RjYe
L[m CYoL[ GV TPpLs Gjdu\].
AYoLu V Yp NpX iu\].
256

257

TVo

Gi
dL

TnLVrYo
RjRrYo
TVrYo
lTQrYo
UNVrYo

100
100
100
10
216

SmUrYo

1296

UWLVrYo
TVrYo

11
473

cBiPs
XNLWrYo

173
55

UeLVrYo

1361

RiPWl T
VrYo

55

TWeLs
RXm YkR
CWiPm YkR
u\m YkR
AUX]Wu
fNkR jRm, SuLu
YkR
YVm, YnU,
jRm, TV YkR
Liu jRm,
TVrYo U,
lTpXi
SfVo U, lTY
TUs U TV
U, dkRiPm,
SkRiPLm
TV UPp, Y
tdL, V UPp
UXj lLrf

4000

eLd u, BrYoLs GpXm GpXm T\

Yim; CpXU CpXR X Yim Gu\ EVV
SdLjPu NUVl TL[m, NRV StTL[m
CQj AkRiPt]o.

9. 4. SVuUoLs

\Vp, VL U]lTuUVp UdLPm Au, As

S]l TWlVYoLs. CjRLV AVYoL[L
SVuUoLs Tt\lTu\]o. CYoL[l Ttm,
CYoL[ GV YrdL Utm AV NVpL[m
ClTPjp LiTm.

9. 4. 1. NUVNVo
NUVjR Y[oj, R UWT HtTjVYoLs GuT
Ts. SVuUoLs ATj YWYo. CYoLs
O]NmTkRo, SdLWNo, kRWo, UdL YNLo
Gum SpYW NUVfNVo Gum EVV XVl
Tt\YWYo. Aum Tdm LXkR YrdLVm, R[WR
EZlTm, Tdl TWYNhm TPpL[m RZLjp
NYS RZjReL TkQ kR]o GuT
lPj RdL.

9. 4. 2. SVuUoLs Xo - l, TPpLs
SVuUoLs ATj Yp NUVf NVoLs
SpYW jRiPo, UeLVoLWVo, Xo, NXo,
LiQlTo, XLiPo, Al AL[o. LWdLp
AmUVo Tu\o lPjRdLYWYo. NY NUV Tdl
TPpL[j Rj AjRYo. SmViPo Sm BYo.
CYt\l Tu \L[L YLlTj]o.
NUVfNVoLs Gu \ldLlTm SpYm NYNUVd
WYo G]m AZdLlTYo. CYoL[ YWXt\m AV
NVpL[m LhTL[m LQXm.
9. 4. 2. 1. O] NmTkRo

RZLjp NYSVj RZjReLf NnR TU

SVuUoL[f Nm. CYoLs GV, CV U]m
TPjRYoLs. AYoLs RjYjRm, C\O]jRm
TdL YkR TRLoLs ApXo. GV Rm YrdL

NZSh oLp YTR CRVo UL]n

AYRjRo. u\m YVp EURVWp O]lTp
FhPl Tt\o. Rr SPem t, RXeLs Rm CNl
TLeLs T, UdL[ YSp BtlTj]o. YR
Sm RZo Sm DThPu YTU]

258

259

YTh RZo NUVd LhTL[ UtLiPo.

RYWm Af Nn AmUVlTWd LiWd Li
LjRo.
NUQoL[ Yu NY NUVjR X Sh]o.
NUQoL[ Ypm YRl Tp Slp RU HL[
Chm YLUp TUPu Gjm, YL Bt p
GojRm Tm NnRo. CR]V A]pYRm, ]p
YRm GuTo. dLs[mp TLm T KPjR
KPf
NnRo.
Yjp
BiT]V
TiT]Vd]o. UXlp GmTl
TiQd]o. Spo TUQjp YL eLp
XShNjWjp dVPkRo.
CYo LrjV AtReL[d dm TPp YU
]p HPo NpX]f NpU

jR]o RX RjR]j RjU

L]p HPl TfNudU
LR UU\d Lhp APdU
T]p BiT] TiT]VU
TZV GuTt TYV BU
] AWPk W]j U
\kR NmTkRo NkRrl TPX
NUVd Lj
CYW RYWm Ym Y]V Rt
LP[L \. YPV TX YYeL[m, TX
TVoL[m, AYu AVYoLh NnR TX
AhNVpL[m, TX [VPpL[m AYu
GkRs[ TX TL[m AYPV RYWl
TPpLs Gjd u\]. CYo TPpLp
1.

YTUu UdLd LPs

2.

\l, C\l CpXRYu

260

3.

EXLjPjm, EoLPjm Ju\m Y\m,

EP]m ClTYu

4.

EoLu \lL[ dTYu

5.

Ru] YkRPTYoL[ TYeL[ d d

RTYu

6.

Ru CutlTRl TX Ru] APm

EoL[m Cut CdLf Nn\u. Ru
AVoLdl TX YLp As Nn AYoL[
BhLs\u Tu\ LhTL[d LQXm.

Y] YTYRp Pdm TXuLs

Y]j Rm LP[Lm, RmU AYu YL[
YQem AVWLm Es[jp Li YQem UdLs
uYm SuUL[l TYo Gu\o.
1.

RUd Sm uTeLk RX TYo.

2.

]Lp Ck RX APYo.

3.

CuTm APu\]o.

4.

U\lu eu\].

5.

Tt\ APu\]o.

CYW YrdL C Tm RjYeL[ EQoj\.

1.

C\YPV RpYo Gu\ TkRV Tt\o.

NjjW UodLjR EQoj\.

2.

RUdLu YZUp, EoLh ER NnV

YiUu\ Ru]XUt\ YrdL S GuT]Ym.
261

NokRo. CYW AtReL[ [dm TPp

9. 4. 2. 2. AlTo

SdLW YL[ AlTo G] YZeLlT\o.

O]NmTkRWp AlTW G] AZdLl Tt\o. CYW
CVtTVo UsdVo Bm. CYo ]lT
Shp Yp, Y[[o UWp \kRo. CYW Tt\o
LZ]o. UVo BYo. CYW RUdLVo XLYVo.
CYo NUQ NUVjR Nok RUN]o Gu\ZdLl
ThPo. AfNUV pLp YpXYW]o. XLYVo
YLp YjRi Nn YkRo. C\Yu CYd
X Sn EiPd]o. AkSn T\ RU
RUdLVPm Yk NokRo. XLYVm YXVm Nu
Y] YQe Sn em YiQm TLm T
t] Ytp RPY Sn eLl Tt\o. NY
NUVjt iPo.
CfNVX AkR TpXYu CYW iQm
t\\Vp Yjm, `jRd Ljm, V]V Hd
LpXf Nnm, Lpp Qjd Lh LPp Rsm
TXR eL[f NnRo. C\ A[p AY
A]jRm Yu\o.
Ag NVpLs
1.
2.
3.

jeL] UPjp R] Rp `T,

XjWL[ TdLl Tt\o.
Al AL[u UL] Tm iP, C\ A[p
Aq`jR d A]o
U\dLhp YReL[p APdLlThP LR]l
TLm T \dLf NnRo.

RXLs SgN RL [U

RZu RPLU RU
LX Nn V] k TU
o AW Pk W]j U
LXLs YRY]l T Rus[
LR i LLj \dm
AXLs Yp Lpm RdU
AlTo Ttm AkRrl TPX
CYW LhTLs :
1.

Yu \lpXRYu

2.

GuLPu T NnPlTR Gu\o

3.

NtL[p YdL VR TU EPVYu

Gu\o.
YTU] YTYRp

1.

uTju Th, CuTm APu\]o

2.

]u Tu\]o

3.

\l, l, TmT, , C\lLp Ck

eu\]o Gu\o.
AtRU] RjY N] \,
LVU LXLd LU]m AUVL

YnUV nUVL U]U CeLUL

SVU Snm TX \V WUV Bhl
N] DN]odl Tt\d Lh]U

YVtXV LXd LhVd Li LjRo.

lLp jW URm NRVj Sp C\Y]

CRu Lj EPmT LXLm LdLlTu\

U]m AUVLm YnUV TjRULm, TjRm
Tt\ U]js[ JV AZV CeLULm, AuT

262

263

Snm TUL Su \V A`Lm Nn V

EQYd, DNdl N] Nnm \Vd \o.

1.

Yu \lpXRYu

9. 4. 2. 3. kRWo

2.

Cu] RuUVu Gu EoLp AVlTPRYu

dLXVjp BiPYdj jRi Nn

YkR BXXkRWo. SYp NPV]o, CNOVo
GuTYoLd UL]nl \kRo. CYd UQm SPkR
LXjp C\Yu AU KX Lh, RjRh LiPo.
YLp C\Yu Y hPlTt\o. Bp
TWYVW UQkRo. AVW TUV [dm
jRiPo RLVl T A]o. iPp
SpUX Tt\o. lLp NeLpXl Tu]dd
LiPo. up C\Yu AjR Tu]
Btp Th Yo [jp Gjd LiPo.

3.

KWWm Tm EPVYu

4.

Ti YY BiYY CpXRYu

5.

AVo Nnm ZL[l TjRsTYu

GuT]Ym.

Ytp NeVW UQkRo. TWYVo

FPX C\Y]j jl Tdd LiPo.
YVtp L olTdLPe YPTLm T]o.
ASp RX Ynls[V hP]o.
BURm Y Su]p Ys[V]p AUokR
NW Uu]Pu LXV UX Nu, Ru u NnR
jRiPf Nn YkRo. CfNnV [dm TPp
YmLW iP s[V SpU

Ys[ YWQ p CjU

UeL TLWj SPjU,
U B Yh tU
NeLp B] ReLURU
Lm BthP NmTu AdU,
eL YuT NWt SpU
XeL kRWo NkRrl TPX
264

CYW TPp LjLs :

YThl TVuLs
Y] YTTYoLs

1.

mUXeL[ AlTo (mUXeL[Y] BQYm,

LuUm, UV GuT]).

2.

YXLm GnYo

3.

T, CYLk TYo

4.

\lu eYo

5.

]V hPlTo Gu\o. Um LkRYm

Yod YiYt\ RPu LlTYo.

RYWl TPp

CYo Ru C\Yd AU GuTR TX TPpL[p

Yd\o. AY] Gum U\dLUp AUVn CdL
Yim GuTR EQojm TPp Ju\d LiTm.
TPp
jR\ TU] A[[

GjRuU\ YR]d u\u U]ju]

YjRn TiQj RuTp YiQn
Spo As\s
AjR]d L[nC ApXu G]XU
265

CRu Lj : AVod Asm YLp Te

LQp jRo Tu\Y], \f NkW] p
d LiPY], GpX EoLdm RXY],
A[V NpYUL EPVY], C Su Eu]
U\YUp CPPUp VlTu. CqY ]du\
Gu U]jX GkRs[, TiQVtp
RuLWp Es[RV YiQn Spp
Yh\ Gum BXVjp AUokRV Gu
AnV]! C Su E]d Gu\um AU Gu\o,
SdLWNo
9. 4. 2. 4. UdLYNLo

NUVm J LXjp Nlt Y[m. Ut\

LXjp UtjR[m. AfNUVjp C\V[p D
CQVt\ AVo RuYo. J LXjp T[jR
URj]Wp SU Ck URm RdLlTt R[oft\.
AqY[p UdLYNLo YRp Ru]o.
TiV Shu UkVLj LrkRo. lTk\p
Ys Ttj YNLm TV]o. RmTWjp
T[jRoL[ Yp Yu\o. FUl TiQ TU
NnRo. ft\mTXd LYVW TV]o. CYo
NnV YNLeLs Am, dLY Sm
UkR]o. BURm UL ShNjWjp ft\m
TXjp C\YPu CWiP\d LXkRo.
C\Yu CYo Th SL[d WL[d]o.
YV SV TdLjRRPf NnRo. hd Ui
UkRo WmTThPo. H, GjR Li CYo
V]Yt\ G]o. CkR AtR LrfL[ uYm
TPXp AVXm.
Tm YV R] AZldU

WmTdl WuU LuU

SVXm TVL SPjU
266

S LR]l TdU
Tt Thd UiUl dU
TWUu HPRd LY TU
Ym jRW Yp TPU
YRWo YiRrl TPX
CYW TPp LjLs :
1.

Yu u]]l TZmThm u]l TZmTs

2.

\Wp Cu] RuUVu G] AVVRYu

3.

Bi, Ti, A Gu\ YpXRXu; BdLp, LjRp,

AjRp, U\jRp, A[p Gu\ RpL[f
NnTYu

4.

EoLu \lT dTYu

5.

\l, C\l CpXRYu GuT]Ym.

EodLhTLs
1.

EXL EoLs GiQt\Y. AY BQYm, LuUm,

UV Gu\ mUXeLu [YLl \lT
APu\].

2.

p, UWm, FoY], oYrY], Xe, UdLs, RYo

Gu\ HYLl \lL[m APu\].

3.

EoLs AY][XRu AYu Rs YQeL Yim.

4.

EoLs mUXeLk TmTr

YTU] APu\] Gu\o.
C\Yu TUVd m YNLl TPp
Y] UiQ YV JV

F] EW EiUUn CuUUnd
L] Vu G] Gu() AYo AYWd jRh
Yu B u\V Gu Np YrjY]
267

CRu Lj
C\Yu Xm, o, Sl, Lt, BLVm Gum
ImTm ReL[n [eTYu. Gem dLU\
\klTYu. AVUVp Vu, G] EXLl Tt\p
UVe jRm T NnTYu. Gm RXY]V Eu]
GqY YrjYu! Gu\o.
9. 4. 2. 5. XLiPo

XLiPo pXp YrkRYo. C[Um

AkRd LW] LtdL U]km, CuTj
\p GVWn TWjRTp Nu YkRo. ARd LiP
AYo U]Vo, iWu GmUj XLiP
Uu\o.
C\Yu BQ LhP TVYo, GmU Gu\R]p
Ut\ T URoL[m G] U]j]m iPu Gu
X]o. URo YjR LRX A\Y \k
C\Yu YjR TWu]l TRn UjRRp CYo
TVW]o. CqWRjR C TV CYW C\
Auu \jR EXt Aj C\Yu As kRu.
EXL CuTeLm C\uTU Ht\PV GuTR
CYW YWX [d\.

AYoLs YsTo k Yt Tt\o. C\Yu

CYW NVtLg NVX Li TWh CYdf
YXL TR Ajf \ljRo.
Sm EXp ATj Ym Ui, Ti, Tu Gm
NpYeLs C\YdL EV]. AR C\Y] C\Yu
AVoL[ YiU] mmT Lj
YR \Vm. AR]V CVtTLVo UtLiPo
GuTo.
9. 4. 2. 7. C[VuU\]o.

CYW NjWjRp AVoLs CmUf NpYm

A]jRm C\Yu AVYoLd AdLf m
RVeLRYoLs GuT R\.
9. 4. 2. 8. UnlTs SV]o

CYW YWX Lm Vl] EiPdm AtRf

NVXm. UYPm iYkR jRSR] CYo
YWYtTkm, AYPm ETRNm T\ \lT
AUokkm CYW EVokR YTdV Rd\.
jRLm ArlTYu TXl Tk BRjR Gj
F NnR Tm AY]j R u\k
Y]VoL[f Y]]d Lm CYW \l [e\.

9. 4. 2. 6. CVtTL SV]o

9. 4. 2. 9. j RiPo

CYW TdV EXt EQojR C\Yu

VYWn YPm i YkRo. YkR Y]Vo CYW
U]V YitL U]UrPu U]V AZjR
Eu] CYdd LjRu Gu\o. U]Vo
LQYPm ReLs LhP[lT SPlTR Gu LPU. Gu
Edm QYWV o Nu]T NnYRVu Y
klTRt Y Vm CpX G]d CNk
Nu\o. t\jRo ]jPu Yk CVtTLV GodL

jRiPo R] AUl RpY] AVYd

AhP Y[p AkRo. ZkRPjp CYo LiP
Au A[Yt\Rm, C\Y]VW Ah
ETNdm Ttu u AqYu TRL Tt\l
TPpX.

268

9. 4. 2. 10. NWUu TUs SV]o

NWUu TUs SV]o V] TY Ym

T EYo Ui Uk Yi\ UV]n YkR
269

NXYVW YQe]o. U m V
Y]VWn L YQe]o. NXYV[o Lm Ag
Ru Cu]o G] AjR \m YQe
tu YWYPm ]ljo
YkR Rm G]

jRkm, AWNhV HtU Uk

RX]o Yk YiV T CuTm Tm
jRid CP\L CYo UkRo G]d
Vkm CYW Es[ju EVom YTUPm
LiP Tdm [eu\.
9. 4. 2. 11. UeLVodLWVo

CNOVo NPV]d CNkR OVW

NPV]W U]VWn CpYrdL SPj, kRWW
UL]Ll Tm T Tt\o.
9. 4. 2. 12. XLYVo

CYo R] Tt\o R]dL] UQm TV

LlTLVo C\dL, A Lhj Rm EoPj
kRp Ck AYW EVokR Ti [eu\
RmVWV SdLWNo EoYZ Yij RYX Ht
YrkRm, NUQm NokR RmV NY NUVjp NmTf
NnRm AYW NYl TiL[ Su [du\].
CRW AVoLu YWXt\l TV WQjp Li,
BWnk Ak, AVoLPj Ulm UVRm
Li, AYoL[ N Z]d LiP
AVod AVW, Sm BiPYu As Tt
YrYUL.

BiTXWl TXY TiTXm AVoL[n

AkRiPt]o. AYoLs UeLVodLWVo, LWdLp
AmUVo, CN OVo GuTo BYo. CYoLs
UeLVoLWVo UeLVod R AW GeLs RnYm
Gu NdZo YL[p TWhPl Tts[o.

9. 4. 3. NkR]fNVoLs

Ti Shp NYm R[ok NUQm Y[okRRl

TiU RVo Li Yk, U\d LhkR
NmTkRW UWd YWYZjRm, TiVu SU\u
W Sn Et\T NmTkRWd Li odLf NnRm,
NmTkRod NUQoLs CP NnYoL[ G]
YkVm, AmUVu NUVlTt\ C [du\.
NmTkRo NUQ URjR Yu NYjR X ShP
EQVn CkRYo CqYmUVW BYo.

ALfNkR]jRo LX UXp YrYWYo.

CYoLs cLiP TWUYPm YO] ETRNm Tt\
SkRYo, N]tUWo, NjV O] RN]eLs, TWgNVo
BYo.

NmTkRo,
UeLVodLW Y[oLu TY YY[dL
TeLVf Np TiUR

G] CYWl TLjp TWhs[o.

270

UnLiPo, AQk YNVo, U\O]NmTkRo,

EUTYm Gm SpYm NkR]NVoLs G]d
\lTYo. NkR]m CfNpd TWmTW GuT Ts.
NkR]m ALfNkR]m, \fNkR]m G] CYLlTm.

\fNkR]m ALfNkR]jRo TWmTWp XXp

RuV UnLiP RYo RXVo BYo. TWgN
YPm UnLiP RYm, AYPm AQk Ym,
AQk YjPm U\O] NmTkRm, U\O]
NmTkRPm EUT Ym ETRNm Tt\]o. CR Un
LiP NkR] TWmTW GuTo.
271

6.

UnLiP RYo YO] TRm

AQk YNVo YO] jVo, CT
CT@
EUTYm YlWLNm RV kRkR AxPLm
Gm Gh pLs

EUT Ym
pX YWYp CYm JYo. U\O]
NmTkRPm ETRNm Tt\Yo. Yl WLNm RV jRkR
AxPLm Gm Gh pL[ CVts[o. pXp
H\kR LVd LdL T Ht]o. jW
URm avR ShNjWjp C\Vp LXkRo.
9. 4. 4. SVuUoLu NUVj Ri
SVuUoLu NUVjRi A[PtLV. AYts
XYt\ LiTm.
1. Td SV SVuUoLs Y[odLl TkQ
kR]o.
2. X SVuUoLs BXVl TdL UVLj ReL[
AolTjd LiP]o.
3. BXVeLs LhRp, Pd NnjRp,
AVoLdm, TdRoLdm Ri NnRp
RVYtp Xo DThP]o. EZYWl TL[
UtLiP]o. Gu LPu T Nn PlTR Gu\o
AlTo TUu.
4. NY NUVj RjYd LhTL[m, NY NUVjRl
uTtYo UtLs[ YiV S\L[m
SVuUoLs ReLs Yrp Yrk Lh]oLs.
5. NY NUVjR EXLVf NnR TU SVuUo
L[V Nm.
272

SVuUoL[p NYm jQo Tt\. R]dL]

J UWTm EYdl TYPkR.
7. SVuUoLs TX NUV pL[ CVtVRu Xm Rr
CXdVm Y[W Y NnR]o.
8. SVuUoLs GpX Nl Ldm YrdL
Xkm T[RWl Lkm
Ru]o. CR]p JUlTh EQom NUjY
U]lTuUm NLRWjYm Yuj RZjR.
9. SVuUoLu NRV SpYrl TLs, BXVl
TLs UdLs U]p NY U]lTuUV Y[ojR.
10. SVuUoLp NUVd WYo G]l Tt\lTm SpYo
Yrk LhV Su]l TR Tt\jRdLRm.

Tu\
1.

O]NmTkRo

1, 2, 3 Bm \Ls
(dLPdLl)

2.

SdLW

4, 5, 6 Bm \Ls

3.

kRWo

7Bm \ (lTh)

4.

UdLYNLo

8Bm \ YNLm

5.

ULj RYo,
NkR]o Utm
9Bm \
A[[oLs
TV

NlT,
lTpXi

6.

Xo

UkWm

7.

YXPVo
Th]jRLs,
LWdLXmUVo
Utm SmViPo
SmLs TPpLs
11Bm \

RjWlTPpLs

NdZo TUu

TV WQm

8.

10Bm \

12Bm U\
273

(RYWm)

Af NnR pLs

Tt ]dLs
A. K YLp PV

1.

Td Su \l V?

2.

Td Gu\ Npu Ts V?

3.

Tdu CYLLs VY?

4.

Ru]Lju Td CVdLjR TWlVo VYo?

5.

CWU_u LhThPm, RjYjRm G.

6.

UjYo C\Y] APm YVLd Y] VY?

7.

CWUSkRu Td S VW UVUn LiP?

8.

dV URjR RtjRYo Vo?

9.

dVu R p G?

10. YeL[jp TdSVl TWlVYo Vo?

20. AlTo TUu AgNVX] BVo Y]

VY?
21. SVuUoLs TiTXVoLs XWd L.
22. NkR]f NVo l YWL.
23. ALfNkR]jRo l YWL.
24. \f NkR]jRo l YWL.
25. EUT Ym Tt lTL.
26. YO] TRm CVtVYo Vo?
27. AQk YNVu pLs VY?
28. EUT YNVu pLs VY?
B. J Tj A[p ApX Tj YLd LUp
PV

1.

Tdu CYLL[ Y.

2.

CWU_u Td CVdLl TVd L.

3.

UjYo Td CVdLl TVd L.

4.

CWUSkRo Td CVdLl TVd L?

5.

mTodLo Td CVdLl TVd L?

6.

Lo RNo Td CVdLl TVd L?

7.

YpXTNVo Td CVdLl TVd L?

17. TVrYu Y TVoLs VY?

8.

[RNo Td CVdLl TVd L?

18. NUVfNVo G]lTm SpYo Vo?

9.

W NYm ApX CeLVRm Tt BVo Y]

VY?

11.

dLWm Tt l YWL.

12. CWUVQjR k Up GVYo Vo? ARt

AYo ChP TVo Gu]?
13. TNYo TWlV SVY V?
14. BrYoLs tLXjR NokRo VYo?
15. BrYoLs CPdLXjR NokRo VYo?
16. BrYoLs tLXm NokRo VYo?

19. NY NUV Tdl TPpL[j RjRYo Vo?

274

275

10. HLSRo Tt l YWL?

3.

Td CVdLju [Ls VY?

11.

oRNo Tt ?

4.

S]du Rt\m, TR]L[ Y.

12. BrYoLs [dL.

5.

WTn, NRuVo BVW Td CVdLl TL[d

L.

6.

uYm BrYoL[ Rt\m, Af NnR

AgNVpL[ L.

13. UW L BrYo Tt NnL[d L.

14. BiP[d dm Y TVoL[d L.
15. RiPWl TVrYo Tt l RL?
16. lTQrYo Tt l RL?

A) TnL BrYo B) RjRrYo

17. UeL BrYo Tt l RL?

C) TVrYo

D) UNVrYo

18. SVuUoLs XWd l?

E) SmUrYo

F) XNLW BrYo

19. Y] YTYRp APm SuUL[L NmTkRo

Y] VY?

G) TVrYo

H) BiPs

20. UdLYNLo NnR AV NVpL[d L.

21. l YWL.
A.

X LiPo

B. CVtTL SV]o
C.

C[Vu U\]o

D.

jRiPo

E.

NWUu TUs SV]o.

C. J TdL A[p ApX lT YLd LUp

PV

1.

Td CVdLm Ru\d LWQeLs VY?

2.

Td CVdLju V TiLs VY?

276

7.

SWVQ Gu\ SUjR EfNlTRp APm

SuUL[L UeL BrYo Y] VY,

8.

O]NmTkRu YWXt\m, AYW NUVd

LjL[m, LPs LhTPm L?

9.

AlTu YWXt\m, AYW NUVd LjL[m

LPs LhTPm L.

10. kRWo YWXt\m AYW NUVd LjL[m LPs

LhThPm L?
11.

UdLYNLo YWXt\m, AYW NUVd

LjL[m LPs LhThPm L?

12. UeLVodLWVo, XLYVo AgNVpL[d

L?
277

D. Su TdLeLd LUp PV

1.

Td CVdLm Ttm, ARtL] LWQeLs V TiLs

Tt Y.

2.

CPdLXm Tt CVdLm Ttm, Td CVdLjR

TWlVs XW TL[m Y.

3.

BrYoL[ Rt\m Ttm, TuYp GYWm

SpYW AmTL[m Y.

4.

BrYoLu AV AhRiL[ Y.

5.

SVuUoLs NY NUVjtLtV AmTL[ Y.

278

10. NUV, NRV ojR

BVdLeLs
10. 1. NUV, NRV ojR BVdLeLs Ru\d
LWQeLs
10. 1. 1. CkVu X
T]hPm t\iu CPdLXjp SU Shp
AWVp, NRV, NUV, T[RWj \Lp o X
HtThP.
AWVp JtU CpXR LWQjRp Shp
ZlTm, Yu\Lm, AW_Lm RXjR].
Shp NhPm Je, UdLd TLl TU] A[
CpXR X CkR. NUVj\p UdLs V
U]lTuUPVYW]o. PSmdLLs k
LQlThP]. ZkR UQeLs, YWRhNQ, Ti d
LX, Nd LULs Tu\Y TWkR].
NUVju TVWp UdLs HUt\lTh TjRd JqYR
NVpL[f NnV RXlThP]o. BiLu BdLm
km, TiLs JdLlThPYWm CkR]o.
CkVp TjRuTRm t\ip AWVp,
T[RW, NUV, NRV, TiTh, CXdVj \Lp
TX Ut\eLs Ru]. BeXVl TWW Ru BhV
S Ym UtLiP. BeXV Bhp Shu
TpY \Lp Ut\eLm Y[ofm HtThP.
UXShl TiThu RdLjRp UdLPV
T[RW, NL, AWVp \Lp TX Ut\eLs
Ru]. CmUt\eL[ lQo Gu\ \Xm. CkR
lQoYV UUXof Gu u\]o.
279

CmUUXof TpY \Lp lPjRdL Ut\eL[

HtTjV. EiUVLY Cu\V CkV R] Xd
UUXofd Su NjRd LPUlThs[ G] .Gu.
V \o.

ThP]. G]Y NUVj\m NRVj \m

lTL WmUNU_m, BVNU_m, WmUO] NT
Tu\ ojR CVdLeLs EY].
5.

10. 1. 2. ojR CVdLeLs Ru\d LWLs

1.

2.

3.

4.

BeXV Bh S Um TWVRVj
CkShp XYkR AW_L rXm, ZlT
rXVm ALt\j Ru TV UtLiP.
CRu [YL Shp AUm TLlm
HtTjRlThP]. C CkV UdLs U]p ReL[
EiUV] XV Ak Ls[ YnlT
AjR.
.. 1835 Bm Bi UdLX Wu VtVp
BeXm Tt UVdLlThP. CRu YXL
CkVoLs UtLjV SLLjR Gp AkR]o.
UX SLu u]t\jRm u]t\
\L[m Ak Lsm NkRolTm PjR.
Um BeXd Lp \ AVp Lp \Vp
AVp, RphT AY [dm BoYjR
EiPdV.
UXSLu YWXtf NnLu YXL AYoLs
uTtV GV Tdm, NVtLV] TV]
YrdL \Lm CpXRRm Rk LiP]o.
UdLPV Sm ShPm NRV V TZdL
YZdLeLpXR SPL Ut\ Yim Gu\ EQo
RuV. CRt u]VL jhPYo CW_Wm
ULuWn Gu\p A LVL.
vRY NUVl TWld dLu Lpl Tm, NUV
Y[ofl Tm lPjRdL. Ck NUVjm,
NRVjm LQlThP Ht\jRrLs hdLhPl
280

BeXV Bhu [YL CkV, AVp

RphTj\Lp u] EXL SLPu
RPoT EiPdd LiP. CjRPo CkV
UdLPV tTd kR] U]lTuU,
T[RWm Utm Rp\Lp u]\
Yim Gu\ BoYjRj iV.

10. 1. 3. ojR CVdLeLu [Ls

1.

Sm Shu EVV TiThPm, Ru]mdLVm

U\k Yrk YkR UdLd CfojR CVdLeLs
J YWlWNRUn AUkR]. SU TWmTV
TUV EXLm YiQm YReL[m,
ETPReL[m NUvR Uk
UXSLp UTVojR]o. C UdLPV
Shl Tt\m, Sm EXL AWep EVW Yim
Gu\ EVV GiQjRm HtTjV.

2.

SU Sh CXdVeLs, LVjlWLs,
LpYhLs, SQVeLs, RTs BnLs Xm
Tt\ TsL[ BRWUnd Li UX Sh
YWXt BVoLs CkV YWXt\ G]o. CYt\
Ak CkVoLs ReLs Um RdL BRWeLPu
CkV YWXt\ RYL EXLm Vdm YiQm
G]o.

3.

Ck NUVjXV ojReL[ TX ojRYLs

UtLiP]o. WmUNU_m, BV NU_m, WmUO]
NT Utm CWUxQ CVdLm Tu\ NUV NL
ojR CVdLeLs YXL Ck NUVf \lT
EXt GjWj Ck NUVjR Al
TRk LlTt]. Y YL]kRo EXLf
281

u]t\jd YYjR. CkV C[OoLs

AVp BnLp DTP BWmjR]. LR UR
CWU_m, _Lv NkW Tv Tu\W
LilLs EXL VlTPVf Nn CkV
LZ EXLVf NnR].

NUV UShp LLp Ck NUVf \lT Tt

BtV EW EXLkR Ju\m.
4.

6.

7.

Ck NUVjp XYkR TpY UL[m,

PlTZdLYZdLeL[m UdLs AVj RPe]o.
vRY NUVlTWl ]o NRVjp LQlThP
Ht\jRrL[ TVuTj TdLlThPYoL[ ReLs
Tp DojR]o. CRd Li ojRYLs Wk
NVpTh AYoL[ X UmT APV AVW
EZjR]o. NVum EPuLhPVRXm,
ZkR UQjRm CW_Wm ULuWn YuUVLd
LijRo. BV NU_m, WmU O] NT,
CWUxQ CVdLm YXL NUV, NRV
ojReLs TU[p NVpTjRlThP].
iPU Gum LUVd L[V ULjU
LkVLs J Tm CVdLj] YSPj
Ytm LiPo. TjRf kR] UdLs U]p
YuV. UdLs U]p V LiQhPm ALu
TWkR U]lTuUm NUjY, NLRWjY
U]lTuUm UXeV.
BeXVo Bh, LpjhPm TiLs XV
EVojV. BeXVo Ti Lpp Tm AdL\
Lh]o. BiLd NUUnl TiLm Lp Lt
A]jj \Lm u]\ YYdLlThP.
ToR \ BV NU_jp LUVL GodLlThP.
RY UQm TX ojRYL[p BRdLlThP.
ZkR UQm NhPVL RY G] EQWjRlThP.
NWR NhPm \Yt\lTP YiV A[ UdLs
EQokR]o. ULo u]t\jt UTm
RiPtVYs DYW NkW jVNLo
lPjRdLYo BYo.
AVp LpV Rm Lt, Lt\Yt\ Sm
ShXV NVpTjRm Qk, C[Oo
282

8.

SU TWmTVm dL iLXLs Y[of Tt\Rt

UUXof dV LWQm G]Xm. UX Sh]o Sm
AZd LXL[ pL[L G EXLVf NnR]o.
CN, KVm, tTm, ShVm, LhPPdLX Tu\
LXdL] Lp Y]eLm Ru].

9.

Rp \p VjR u]t\m LQlThP.

TX V RpLs EY]. YL Y]eLs
Ru]. Y[i\p Y[ofm V \Lm
LQlThP].
CkVp
TX
TsLs
RVdLlThP]. t BXLm, SN BXLm
Ru].

10. BeXVo YLVm, BLVm NRV

Xp Ut\eLs LQlThP]. GjRoLm,
AYXLm TVoLm NRVjp UdLlThP]o.
BeXm RkRo EVokRYoL[L NRVjp
UdLlThP]o.
11.

Uj \p VjR u]t\m HtThP. BeX

CXdVjp Es[ ]m, LR, SPLm RX]Y
CkV ULp Ru]. BeX \p
uTt\lThP UoN] \m Tem CkV
ULp WTjR]. CXdVj\p EXLm
Ttm CXdV URLs EY]o.

12. CkV UUXof CkSh UdLPV TiPV

TUV EQWf NnR. UX Shl TiThp
SLLjm, AVm LiP SpX V L[
UdLs Ak uTt EVWf NnR.
283

10. 2. WmU NU_m

WmUNU_jR VYo CWNWm ULu Wn BYo.
CYWl V CkVY Vo Gum V
UUXofV RPe YjRYo Gum Yo.
WmUNU_m .. 1828p YlThP. CY Rp ojR
CVdLUm. CWNWm ULuWn .. 1772p \kRo.
YeL[js[ YN TPjR YL WUQ mTjRf
NokRYo. CYo Lt\kR ULs BeXm, Wg, CXju,
, WdLm, NUvRm Utm Ck Tu\YL[m.
Ck NUV RU NjWeLs, YReLs, ETPReLs Tu\
\Yt\m Brk TukRo. BeX SLLjp
AL ShPm LiPRp TX\ CeXk Nu
m]o. AYo RU StTRY YVp YXV h
X]o. GgV YrS[f NRVl TdLL
AolTjRo. AYo Ck NRVjp CkR PSmdL
Ldm Utm H]V ULdm GWLd Wp
Gl]o. CkR Y]jR VRu Xm AYo J
V NUVjRl TWlT mTpX. U\L CkR AUlp
A]jf NUVeLu AV LhTLs AUkkR].
GpX UdLm N, NUV TTu Ju\L Nok JW
C\Y] YTP CkY]m YYjd LjR.
ZdkV Y]jp TVtd LikR T
jYl TVoLu RPo AYdd PjR. CRu
[YL Ck NUVjR oj AUdL YiU]
m]o. .. 1815p LpLjRp BjL NT GuTR
]o. Cp SjRW, r RW UdLs LXk LiP]o.
1819p YRkR NjWeLu NWjR BeXjm, YeL[
Um YhPo. u Su ETPReL[
UTVojRo. 1820p Hu TR]L[ \]n
Nn, Hu LsLLs AUdm B]kRjtm
YLh Gu\ X YhPo. jY fNTd
dLs ARt Ulj RjR]o. AYt\VpXm
284

m ThTjR, jY UdLd J \
G] u LhWLs YhPo.

10. 2. 1. WmUNU_ju RiLs

10. 2. 1. 1. NUVjRi
J RnY YThPj Ru CkY]jR NokRo
uTt\ Yim. CR] WU NU_ TlTYQjp
CWNWm ULuWn RTjs[o. C\Y] C
LL[p Uhu CRVjRm YTP Yim. Ru
Gu\ ALkRV Aj h R] BjUY
C\Yd lTPVp NnV Yim. Ju\ Xm,
JY] RYu GuTRm UdLs A]Ym NLRWoL[
GuTRm CYo Yjd ]o. GpXf NUVeL[m
AYtu NUV CXdVeL[m SuUlPu Tt]o.
CkR CVdLju LRLs GlTTm CpXUp
A]Ydm \k PlThkR]. Ck NUVjR h
XLUp AR SWjp UXShj RdLjRp RuV
SpX LjL[m RuYVlTjd Li kR TWkR
EQoPu NVpTP mV CkR CVdLm.

10. 2. 1. 2. NRVj Ri

Cj\p CYW T A[PtLV. TV]t\ NRV

TZdLYZdLeL[f NhPjtl \mT] Gu AdL
BeX BhV[u QV S]o. N ApX
EPuLhP HRp Gu\ TZdLm AkSp CkR YkR.
pVm TieL A NhPjt \mT] G]
AdLf NnRo. AYo YrkR LXjp YeL[jp C[m
RYLd GiQt\ Cu]pLs CZdLlThP]. TX
C[m RYLs CR]p CvXV NUVjRj R]o.
RYLs UUQm Nn LsYR CWNWm ULuWn
BRjRo. TXRWUQjRm, ZkR UQjRm
YuUVLY GojRo. Ti ZkRL[d LpYRm
285

LijRo. EY YThPm, YsL[m tULf

N]o. ULo SXdLL TW]o. TiLs NjU
Ttm LXl UQjR Ttm NRVjt EQoj]o.
10. 2. 1. 3. GjU

NnjRsLs EUPu NVpTPYi

Uu\o. URu GiYm, GYm GkRRU]
LhlTm CjRp P GuTR CYW Lj.
NnjRsLs dLlThP RPL[ GojRo.
CYW Sm LiP NRVl TL[ Um CYo
HZ EZYoLu X EVW TThPo. _uRoLs
AYoLd jR XjoYL[d \dmT L]o.

10. 2. 2. CWNWm ULuWn - J Ul

CYo NRV ojRY UhUpXUp \kR
ShlTt EPVYWLm LZkRo. UdLPV AWVp
lQoYj RtdL Vu\o. CkVu jXLf
tV] CYWd ]p A LVL. NUVm,
AWVp, RjYm, NRVm, Lp, CXdVm Utm NhPm
Tu\ \Lp TX ojReL[d Li YW CYo
LWQUL CkRo. ULo SXdLLm RXdLLm
CRt u CYWl Tp GYm TThPpX GuTR
EVLd \Xm.

GjR[oLd YLhVLj LrkRo.

AWVp Yp CYoRu V CkVu odLRVL
(YY EWlTYWL) CkRo. EU T\ Yim
GuTm AR]f NhPju XU T\ Yim GuTm
CYW LsLVL CkR.
UVo pVmv GuTYo CWNWm ULuWn Ru
Ru Rp NUV JlU BnY AVp \p
AdL\Pu NnV tThPYo Gu \o. EXLm
RV UR SV E\Y YjV GV V
URUVLm LrkRo. Thl TLR TZUdm
Y[m Udm CQll TXULY CYo CkRo.
CYo CkVp V LXjRj RPe YjRYo G]
CWkW SR Ro \o.

10.2.3. WmUNU_m - CWNWm ULuWn

LXjtlu

iPUV Goj TodL EVoj]o.

AdLXjp SpX CXdV XU \kRYWL CkRo.
CXdV TPlL[ AjRYWLm CkRo. CYo E,
YeL[m, Ck, NUvRm, TWLm Utm BeX
ULp TX pL[ Gs[o. NmYj L[U Gu\
YeL[l TjdLV 1819p ARu BVWL
TVt]o. ARt u BiLdl u TWL
Up Wp AdTo Gu\ CRZm YhPo.
NnjRs EXp u]VL [e, C[m

CWNWm ULu Wn 1833p vPp Gu\ CPjp

ALX UWQUPkRo. CRu [YL CqVdLm Tm
Aofds[t. oYL AUl \Lm,
NhPhPeLm \VL CpXR LWQj]p ARu
u]t\m RPTt\. 1843p RYkWSj Ro
CqVdLjp Nok CRl ljRo. AYPV
RXUu CqVdLm Yt SPThP. AYo UR
Lp YTh \, Su Sm RL \,
LZgN YT Tu\Yt\ ALlTj]o. LNY
NkW Nu GuTYo 1862p CqVdLjp NokRo. jY
Utm YQY TR]L[ Yj]o. C
Ut\YoL[p Tm YdLlThP. CRu [YL
CqVdLm CWiPL [kR. 1884p LNY NkW Nu
U\kRo. WU NU_jp TX EhLs CkRm
CqVdLjtl u RuV BoVNU_m Tu
NpYdPu [eLpX. CkdLu CRVeL[

286

287

UtYm, UXShd LjL[f kdL

YlTU CqVdLm Tm TeLtV.

10. 3. AV NU_m
BV NU_m .. 1875p RtdLlThP. CRj
RtjRYo Y RV]kR NWvY BYo AYW
CVtTVo XNeLWu. .. 1824p _Wjp YNs[
WUQ mTjp \kRo. CYW RkRu TVo AmT
NeLWo Bm. CYW 20Y YVp UQm dL CYW
RkR m]o. Ap lTm CpXUp hP h
YV]o. EiUVj R CkV Udm t
TX CPeLp Lp Lt\o. 15 BiLs AXk, k
CVL UWdf Nu\o. Ae Y
W_]kRPm PWL B]o. ARu u NjVojR
WLNm Gu\ X G]o. AYo Rm YrS[ YR
NUVjRl TWlYm Ck, NUV, NRVl TLm
LjRo. IkRiLds TpXWd LQdL]o CYWl
uTt\j RXlThP]o.

10. 3. 1. BVNU_m - [dLm

BV GuTRu Ts LPu ZkR GuTRm.
(Arya means son of God). A]j BuUdLm, LPu

ZkRLs Gum, AY LPd rTRp Es[YVL

CdL Yim GuTm RV]kRu LjL[m.

V]ju XULm, Ru]XUt\ StNVpLu

XULm YReL[ TWlYRu XULm LP[
YTP m.
3.

LPPm SU \L[ \P GkRY

Wm (Agents) RYpX. U\L A]j
BiLm, TiLm LPu WL[. LP[l
Ttm, AYW LjL[l TWlYRtm UdLs
A]Ym TPdLlThd\oLs.

4.

BuUu TVQm Yt\. A TpY \l

Utm C\lLu Xm Ru] jRlTj UuU
APVf Nn\.

5.

C\l GuT Yt\. RodL VRm P. G]Y

AR]l TtV AfNm P. Yrp UtLsm
StNVpLs XUL C\lT, AjR \Vp AR]
Rl \lTdd Ls[Xm.

6.

BuU \lTm CpX. C\lTm CpX. LP[l

Tu\ BuUm XV].

7.

Tm HtRp GuT ARu Jp GoLXjp

StNVpL[f NnRt hPRp Bm.

8.

S[V NVpLs GuT LPUVm. AY Cu\V

LPUVL U\. AdLPU] U]jPu
NqY] NnmT, A AjR \dL]
LXUL U\.

9.

BuU TYm At\. A LPu LhTL[

m T TYUP\. BuUY] U] Gfd
AUVm T CfNVp SPTu\. G]Y
U] GfV] BuUYl TdL YiQm Tojd
LsY AYVU\.

10. 3. 2. BVNU_ju LhTLs

1.
2.

A]Ym LPu ZkRLs GuTRp AYo

LPV N, UR, C] YTLs AojRUt\Rm.
UWm, EYm, LsLs, URoLs, jRLeLs C Tu\
Cu] \ TsL[ uj YT NnYR
YReLs TdLpX.
288

289

10. GpX TYjum RX TYR T\m.

TpY \l Utm C\lu XULY Tt\
APV m.
11.

NodLm, SWLm ClpRu Es[. Y\em

CpX. Ru NVpLu XULY NodLjRm
SWLjRm R] oQVm Nn Ls\u.

12. Bm Tim NLo NU]m. BuUt T]

YTLs PV. BuU UV]m
RU]m Bm.
13. NUVf NPeLu Y \Ls XUL EXp
AUV HtTjR m.
14. URm Utm URSmdLLs XUL Uhm Cu\V
Wf]Ldm o LQ CVX. U\L
AloYU] kR] Utm NVpTh]p Uhm
oLQ CVm.

10. 3. 3. BoV NU_ju NVpTLs

C BWmdLlThP LXm Rp UR NRV
UmTht TX NRVl TL[ UtLi Yks[.
Ck NUVjp Ck Ym UL[d L[Vm YR
NUVjt jo AdLm VtLs UtLis[.
10. 3. 3. 1. YReL[l TWlY

YReLs Lm SmTjRkR NnL[ Es[Pd

ClTRp AR]l TWlT tdLQdL] TRLoLm,
\Lm S Udm TVQm NnV HtTLs
NnVlThP. YRd LjLp EPuT CpXRYoLs
ARj jd \ ]jRYoLPm YRm SPj
AYoLdj RYV] [dLeL[j RYm AYoL[
LPUVm. Um TRLoLs J LPs LhTh]
Yj Y\oLs.
290

10. 3. 3. 2. CkVl TiThP UdLPm Gjf NpY

NUvRm Utm Ck BV ULp DT

HtTm YLm TiPV SLLeL[ Am
YLm CfNU_ju FVoLs NVpTu\o. Sm
RRVoLs f Nus[ AVp LjL[ Bn
(Research) NnYRt Cu\V C[OoL[ Fddm
YiQm ARu NVpTLs AUks[].
10. 3. 3. 3. Lp Y]eL[ EYdRp

BVNU_ju Lp Y]eL[ CWi

YLL[Ll dLXm. AYtXu Xm Ut\u
Ts Utm LpL[m. Xjp lTL NUvR
Um NUVm Utm URm TtV LjLm
TtdLlTu\]. Ts Utm LpLs Dayanand
Anglo vedic TsLs Utm LpLs Gu\ TVoL[d
Lidm. NmTkRlThP AWNeLju Lpj\
ApX TpLXdLZLeLp JlRX UtV
LjL[ Ltdu\]o. Dayanand Anglo vedic TsLm
LpLm UQYoLm, UQLm RjRVL
TXm, Ju\Ll TXm YNLs NnVlThs[]. X
Y]eLp YLlTlm (Commercial Education)
NpjRWlTu\]. S Udm Lp Y]eLs
CfNU_jRp SPjRlTu\]. JW SLp TX Lp
Y]eLm YlThs[]. CkV Shp
C[OoLm C[m TiLm Ht\m Tm YLp,
YrdLp Ut\eL[ HtTjV TU
CqVdLjRV Nm.

10. 3. 4. NRVj Ri
10. 3. 4. 1. TiLs SXmTRp

TX SLWeLp ASR BWUeLs YlThs[].

AYtp GiQt\ Bi ZkRLm, Ti ZkRLm
291

Td TLdLlTu\]o. Um AYoLd AlTP

Utm Rp LpLm TdLlTu\]. CR]p
YrdLp R]dj RYV]Yt\ ReL[ Ttd
Ls[ YYL Pdu\.
10. 3. 4. 2. ZkRLs CpXm

TlT CpXR HZl Tt\oLu ZkRLdd

Lp LhP Bwo SLp ZkRLs CpXjR CkY]m
HtTjs[.
10. 3. 4. 3. RYLs CpXm

TX mTeLp RYLs URU]um, D

CWdLm CpXUm SPjRlTu\]o. Um TX YLp
AYoLs uTlTjRlTu\]o. G]Y RYLs hP
h YVm X HtThs[. AlTlThP
RYLd LPUL RYLs CpXeLs
YlThs[]. Um AYoLd NV] Q
PdmT UUQm Nn Ls[m HtT
NnVlTu\.
10. 3. 4. 4. LPlThP / ASRl TiLdL] BWUm

Um C[OoLs EPXm Es[jRm nUVL

Yjd Ls[ VL Utm V]m BVYL[ Ltj
Ru\]o.

10. 3. 5. NRV UUXof

CfNU_mNRV UUXofd TpY YLLp
TTu\. AYVY].
10. 3. 5. 1. ZkR UQjt GWL

NRVjp Lm LV TZdLUL ZkR

UQm Es[. CR]p GiQt\ TiLs C[m
YVXV RYVm X HtThs[. CkR V
SP\V CqVdLU] tUL God\.
CR] RdL BV NU_m NWR NhPjR (Saradha Act)
BRjR. AWNeLm 18 YVthThP Tim 21
YVthThP Bm UQm NnLs[ P Gu
NhPm CVts[. VYoLs RiP]dh
TjRlTYoLs.
10. 3. 5. 2. TXRW UQjt GWL

LPlThP / ASRl TiLdLL X

BWUeL[ CqVdLm HtTjs[. AjRLV
TiLd Ru]mdL EiPLm Rm Yrt
RYV]Yt\ RU NmTj Ls[m
RtLpLs Ce TdLlTu\].

Ck NRVjp Es[ UtU CfNVp J Bi

TX TiL[ UQk LsY GuTRm. RtT Ck
URjRf NokR GkRY Bm Tim CWi
UQeLs Nn Ls[ VRY AWNeLm NhPm
CVts[. TXRW UQjR BV NU_m GlTm
Goj Yks[.

10. 3. 4. 5. RiPo dLs

10. 3. 5. 3. YVR] BiULu UQjt GWL

RVU] BVu Gu\ RiPo TPm

CkY]jRp BWmdLlThs[. CddLs, UdL[

UrlTRtL] T ZdL[ HtT NnY
UhUu nUV] o PdL NnYm, UjY
U]L[ JeLL NVpTP YlTm TeLtu\]o.
292

YVR] Bi, C[m YV TiQ UQm Nn

LsYR CqVdLm LUVL God\.
10. 3. 5. 4. BiLm TiLm NLo NU]m

NRVjp LQYdj RYV] TPL[

Nn, Su YoLds Pe PlTR Tiu
293

LPU Gu LRlTh YkR. CR BV NU_m

YuUVL God\. BiL[m TiL[m
NRVju CLiL[LY Tdu\. LPULm
EULm CTXdm NUUL CdL YiUu
\. LQYu C\khPp, Y\ Bu Q
AYVUu EQm ThNjp TiLs UUQm Nn
Ls[Xm Gu \.
10. 3. 5. 5. N \Lm iPUm

CkVp Ru Rh Ck YkR N
\L[m iPUVm BV NU_m BWmT LXm
RX Gd\. Um \kR _]p EVokRYW
RrkRYW CpX Gu Yj\. Um GYu
JYu Eu]RU] NVpL[ Nn\] AY]V
EVokRY]L LR Yim Gu \. CkY]m
tdLQdL] LXlj UQeL[ SPj Yjs[.
Ap TpXWdL]o TeLts[]o. G]Y AYoL[
Es[jp Ck N Utm iPU Tu\ GiQeLs
U\YRtL] YnlLs Es[].
10. 3. 5. 6. RlTjRp (Shuddhi)

BV NU_m RuYRt u \ URjR NokR

GYm Ck UR LhTL[ Ht CkYL U\VR
X CkR. B]p BV NU_U Ck URju
LRL[ GpXdm \k Yjs[.
10. 3. 5. 7. BVNU_ju RiLs SPTm CPeLs

UhUpX WUeLm CRu [Ls k

Pdu\].

10. 3. 6. Y RV]kRo J Ul
Y RV]kRo \kR ojRY. YR NUVm,
SLLm, TiT CY u\m EXXV \kRYVL
AYo L]o. CYtt jo AjRp Ru CkV
UmT APV m Gum L]o. Y NUVjt
UV CkdLs, Ck NUVjt m YW R
NPeL[ uTt]o. CkdLPm ShlTt\ Y[odL
Tm TThPo. CkV CkVdL Gu\ ZdLjR
GlVYm CYW. SmU SU Bi LsYu
SpXhVm G]d L]o. CYo AdL VWwVm (SU
AW) V T` (SU U) V RoUm (SU NUVm) Gu
UdLPV V RX EQoY, UdLPV
RtjR.

Y RV]kRo J \kR O
LPkR LXjRm LrLXjRm CQdm TXUL
AYo [e]o. EiUV Ypm im
YReLd Np GuT] AYPV Tu UL[m.
AYo U\kR um AYW Yj Ru\pLs AYo
h Nu\ TL[ RPok UtLiP]o.
CqVdLm XX X_TWn, Y WjR]kRo Tu\
TkRXYoL[ Sht Rks[. Y RV]kR
BV NU_jR V 8 BiLp ALX
UWQUPkRo. ARu u ULjU auvWw GuTYo
RV]kR BeX YR Lp ]o.

CkVp YlThPm CRu [Ls

AVpSLm TWs[]. CkVoLs V Yru\
CXiPu Utm Vod Tu\ TSLWeLp CRu
[Ls RPeLlThs[]. YPCkVp UYhPm
Rm CRu [Ls AUks[]. T SLWeLs

1902p BV NU_jp .G. (D.A.V.) Lp ,

Xl G] C Ls Ru\X]. Xl
X LeL Gu\ J Y]jR RPeV. A
u]o TpLXdLZLUL Y[okR. CkVj Shp

294

295

C[OoLm C[mTiLm Ht\m Tm YLp

YrdLp Ut\eL[ HtTjV TU
CqVdLjRV Nm. CqVdLU] UR NRVjR
Ju\ Xm JY] RYu Gu\ TRu r
YWYt\.

LVd LQ YiUu TX USWm CYo BrkR

V]jp CkYo. S[Pp LVd Li, LiP
AkRl TuT XX ClTo. u TpY A
XLp LiQ]m CWU]m Li TW]kRm
Gn]o. CYW C[mYVp LRR G] AZlTo.

10. 4. BWUxQ BVdLm

10. 4. 2. CWUxQu LsLLs

10. 4. 1. CWUxQu Yr

NUVYp tTRu C\Y] EQRp GuT

CYW Lj. NUVjRl \dLlT GuT NUVjt
Tm eLLd LRlTu\. C NUVjRl uTt\Up
ClTR Pd ZLd LRlTu\. Ri L
UdLs CWiPWm Bi LXm YrkR Yru Uf
u]m CWUxQo, AYo, TpXW UdLu WpLs,
UR C] SmdLLs AUVl Tt\ CVPV
V TqVUL [e]o G] EWUu WXk \o.
NUVm Ko ATYm kR \kR NUVm. CR
CXdLQm, A[Y CVm (Logic) [dP V.
ATYju BiPY]d LiPo ARd j
YYpX, LiPYo iXo; iPYo LiXo GuT
CYW Lj.

CkVp ZlTm AUuUm RX

jRd LikRT AUVm AYV
m SpL CkV Yp RuV Ys CWUxQ
TWUamNo. CYo RU U]Uum Bnd Pjp BuU
TtV BWnfV SPjd LikRo. V LeL
SdLWp LpLjRt As[ RbQvYWm Gu\
CPjp AUkkR LLp RU LXjRd LjR
CYo, GpXf NUVeLu NWjRm Ak, EiUL[
EQok Yj Yrk LhV O, 1875 Bm Bi
Cp AYPV BnLs kR]. u LNY
NkWNum WmU NU_m LQmV UUXof
GiQ AXL[ RPo LiPo. u 1886p AYo
ULNU XV APmYW 11 BiLh GV
NtLp CV SPp LRLs, dLRLs Au\P
LrfL[ Yj AV NUV, RjY LjL[ GYm
k Lsm YiQm TjRo. TjRm, TUWm
BPYm, Tim, C[Om, Vm Lh
Cut A\Sp tL ]kRo. NWR RVo
CYd Et\ QVL Ck, CYPV NUVl TLs
NYW SPT\l TpXt\m Q kRo.
CYo 1834 Bm Bi YeL[jp ad UYhPjp
LUo do Gu\ WUjp WUQ mTjp Ru]o.
RU XRnYjR JuTRY YVX YTPj RPe,
u RzQvYWd LPu SeV RPo HtThP.

Yru V dLs C\VTYm, AlTPj

RjY dLeL[m, RjY EWVPpL[m
RojRo. C\Y] APV YiUu\ HdLm, C\Yu
Tp Au CYL[ YiTY; B]p C\Y]l
TtV AYu EYYT NUVYrt
CuVUVR G]d L]o. A]jj f
XLm BiPYu \klTRd LQXm GuT
CYW Lj. C\Y] APV EY YT J Y.
AY kR Au. dLs C\VTYm. CYW
NUVm SP\ Yrt Ht\ Ju. CYo TiPV
EiUL[ [dLYkR Ko BuUlThPLm, AVR
NUVf u]m. CYo, C\Ym URm LXkR VjR
LXY G] YL]kRo \o.

296

297

10. 4. 3. Y YL]kRo
YLm + B]kRm = YL]kRm. YLjRp
B]kRm Tt\Rp YL]kRo G] AZdLl Tt\o.
CWUxQu Lf \kR Po YL]kRo. CYo
1863 Bm Bip pXYf NokR RjR mTjp
LpLjRp \k, BeXl TsLm LpLm
Tu XU Tt\o.
CYW C[m YVp SWkWo ApX SWkWSRo G]
AZlTo. CYW RkR vYSR RjR, RVo Y]vY
R. UX Sh AVp Lpm, TjR
U]lTuUm, ZkRl TYjX C\ SmdLm,
YL SmdLm NV G] ]Yj RXlThP]. CYtu
[YL CYW AYum AY]m ALu\ XV
APkR.
u WU NU_ju El]W]o. Cem CYW
BuU ld EQ hPpX. EiUV EnjQWl
TXWm, TX CPeL[m Sf Nu\o. Cp
GjRpX O CWUxQWj RbQvYWjp
Sd So NkjRo. TWUamNo CTu\ Wm NkR
BuUY GoSdd LikRo. AYo CYWpRu
mV RnLlT \Ym G] Sm CkRo.
LpVm TiTm C YeL[l Tu\ CWi
Es[eLh HtThP Nkl C\Yu d LQVp
Ht, CYd C\QoY EQojj Rm PWL Htd
LiPo. SWkRWu IVlTLs ALu\]. U]p AU
RuV. ZlTeLd oLs PjR].
CWUxQu BuLf NnV A]jXtm
TWlTj RkR AhNpYWL EY]o. u CYo
YL]kRo G] AZdLlThPo. CYW BNu
BuU CYs LiPUVp AVW NUVlTL[
Bt\j RXlThPo. CWUxQu CSsLp
AYt\p \kR J C[Oo hPm AYWf
298

rkkR. Au]u TYm TNjRm AYoL[

Y[oj NUVl TLdl T\f NnRo. AYoL[
YL]kRPm JlTPjRRL E] TWUlp
AYoL[ \u. AYoLs mTUp TojdLs
G] YL]kRPm TWUamNo ]o. CYoLs
CWUxQPm dL Tt\]o; \Y\ YrY
UtLiP]o. GoLX CWUxQ CVdLj]f
NokRWL CYoLs U]o

10. 4. 4. CWUxQ CVdLm YlTPp

1896 Bm Bi RU CWUxQ TWam^u
]YL, YL]kRo CWUxQ CVdLjR ]o.
CkVl TiThP EXLem TWlY CRu dV
dLs. YL]kRo, IWlTm AUdLm
TWYXLl TVQm Nn YRkR RjYjRl TWlT
Vu\o. SP\ Yrtm TVuRm YLp SLL
EXt Ck NUVjR GjWjRYo YL]kRo. CkV
TiT, SLLm CYLu V XU EXd EWjR
Wp EQojV EjRUo CYo.
EXL AWep CkVX Eu]R SPLd LRf
NnRUVp CYW ShlTt dL OV]
AZjR]o. CYo HrUV P SmdLL[, UL[
A\Y dL tThPo A]Ym Lp T\ Yim.
NRVju AUhPjlTdl T V Yim
G] UdL[j i]o. CWUxQ CVdLju [Ls
EXLem Es[]. CkR CVdLm BuU Y[ofp ShPm
LiPdl Tt Aj, AYoL[d Lp, NUV,
NRVl TL[f NnVm, SuLP WhPm Al
Ydu\. V YRkRd LjL[ EVokR Tm
DThs[. CkVp TpY [L[d Li
UjYU]Ls, TsLs, LpLs, XLeLs, A]R
CpXeLs Tu\Yt\ L V TL[ Nn
Yu\.
299

LL EXLf NUV UShp YL]kRo Ck

NUVjRl Tt YWXtf \l YnkR EW Lrj
CkVtl Tm [dLjRd Lh AUdLoLm
\ Shf NUVf NoT[oLm Tm VkR]o.
YL]kRo NUjYjm NUV JtUm SmdL
LikRo.

NgLL[, TY CRrL[, pL[ il

WWeL[ AfNjl Tlj t\p ApX
CXYNUL YZeLp

10. 4. 5. CWUxQ CVdLju SdLeLm

dLsLm

UX LiP SdLeL[d LQdPlThP \p

SWVLY, U\LULY, \Yt\j
RPoPV TL[m, \TL[m GYt\
GpXm CVdLm NnVj R YnkRR]d L\R
AYV]jRm NnRp.

1.

CqVdLm rLiP TL[m NnR]

CWUxQ GjWjR YiQm, YRkRd

LsLLs APeV LpVl LhP Yim. CRl
LhP AYPV Au\P SP\ Yrp LiP
GjdLhL[l TVuTjR Yim. \ NUV
C\VPm Jlhf NuUVLf NnRp
Yim.

7.

1.

UjYlT

2.

Lpl T

3.

WUjp EZlTLhm, tThPodm T Rp,

WV u]t\jtl TTPp

2.

LXLs, AVpLs, RpLs \Yt\m

LhYm, UmTPPVf NnYUm.

4.

Ys[m, Vp, TUZ, XSdLm, SLLm, RjYm,

NUVm CYt\ YSLp TWlRp

3.

UX V \Ls A]jm BVoL[l

Ttj AYoLs TUdL[ Am YYL
NnRp

5.

BuU, TiThj\Lp TRp.

6.

ULo SXdLLl TX Y]eL[ l TRp.

CqY\L CWUxQ CVdLm Cum EXLeLm
EVokR TL[ Bt Yu\.

4.

T UdLm Lp Lhm T]j RPok

NnYWp

5.

TsLs, LpLs, A]R CpXeLs, Rt

NXLs, BndPeLs, UjYU]Ls,
UkRLeLs, EPlZkRdm V[oLhm
VYdm E\PeLs Utm \ Lp
Y]eLs, A\lTLs Tu\Yt\ l T
Y[ojj RPok AlTL[f NnYWp.

6.

CqVdLm Ru SdLeL[ \Yt, GYt\

mTj RdLR]f kdu\R ARtV
300

10. 4. 6. YL]kRo TuULs

C[OoL[, EeLd GuPm SmdL
CdU]p, Gu] SmYRtV RVm CdU]p,
JUVU] GoLXm EeLdd Ljd\ GuTu.
TX]m CPV\R jWYRVLm uTULm
AU\.
\W TWhdm Tdm NNnjRp ULjR]
LVm GRm NnV V.
301

CkVY u]t\UPVf NnV m]p, TUW

UdLdLL Sm YX NnRL Yim.
AULs GpXdm TV NV]L ClT
T\UV Bm. SU ShPl jR NVm ARu.
HZ,
GVYoLs,
JdLlThPYoLs,
LpVpXRXoLs BV CYoL[ EuPV
RnYeL[L [eLhm.
TL, T\U BVYt\ YhPp, AY
Yhm RUL im EuPU m Yk
Nokm.
EiUdLL GRm \dLXm; B]p GRtLLm
EiUVj \dLR.
YUV UrfLWU], WkRWU], Y[UL,
AUWjYU] YrdL Bm.
Ru]Xm m CpXUp, \kR AuPu
TZTYoL[ ClT EXLjtj RYlT\oLs.
CWdLm Es[ CRVm, kR] Bt\p TPjR [,
YX NnVd V LLs BV CkR um SUdj
RY.
WoL[,
L]Lk
R[Lk TeLs!

jReLs!

C[O], YU, A[Yt\ YU CY ClT

RY
\kR XhVjPu \V] YVl uTtj
RVjPu W]L [e!
EPp TX]jRV, U] TX]jRV EiPdm
GRm ALd P.
302

10. 5. WU O] NT
\
CVdLeLs
NRV
ojReL[
UtLiPRl TXY WU O] NTm CkV
UdLu YrYf olTjYp TmTeLts[.
CfNT Ru Rp 1875 Bm Bi AUdLp
Vod SLp YlThP. af.. [Yhv Gu\
WxV Um, Lo]p af.Gv. BpLh Gu\ AUdLm
Nok CfNT ]o. u CYoLs Nu]d Yk
APVtp RXU AYXLjRj RPe]o.
AqVdLju Ytd U. AuTNuh AmUVo
Tm ER]o. CqVdLjtj RXUl
TlTm Ht\o.
1847Bm Bi BeX AVoXk \kRYo CYo
1897Bm Bi CkV YkRo. 1898 Bm Bi Lp
UjV CkV LpVj RPe]o. VUVRm
TiPV LhTLp SmdLm TUm
LiPRL CkR. GoLXjp SmdL EPVRLm
CkR. AmUVo ETPReLu AfNWm, R,
WLVeLs, WQeLs, RU NjWeLs, vLs,
LRLs Utm Rp UWLs BVYt\ Ck, T[jR
UReLk Gj ARt L GV EVokR [dLeL[
AjRo.
Ckd LhTL[] LU], U \, BuUu
AVR CVp, TpY VL XLs Utm AYRWeLs
Tu\Yt\ L AtRUL A]Ym Ak Lsm
YiQm [d CkdLu ALd LiL[j \kRo.
G]Y Ck NUV UUXof CVdLeLs AYd SuLPu
ThP]YL CdL Yim. Ck NUVf NPeLdm
TZdL YZdLeLdm AmUVo U]R] BRWYd
Lh]o. AVp Y[ofVp HtThP UpSh
TVp LhThP YuUVLd LijRo. ARu
303

[YL Ck NUVjp J lQof RuVPu,

UdLs AR kR FdLjPu uTt\j RXlThP]o.
TpXWdLQdL] BeXm Lt\ Sm Sh UdLu
Es[jp Ck NUVjR im V\ YYL NnRo.
CkVu EP]VL odL YiV TiPV
LhTLu QV S oj YjRo. 1898p Lp
UjV Ck TsV ]o. Ck NUVjR Dh
]Vd ARt K GoLXjR EYd ElTj
UdLs Es[jp AR TVf NnV BY] NnRo. Ck
Ts Y[of APk S[Pp LpVLm u
TpLXd LZLUL UV.
CkV AWVp AWep, CkV RkWm TYRtm
NRVf ojReL[l jYRtm CYo BtV
Ri CYW Tm RXYWdV UhpXUp
EXLju dVj RXYoLp JYWLm LmT
NnR.
WmU O] NTu [Ls EXLem Es[].
AYtu Xm CkVu BuLf \l EXLem
TWV. Z Shf NUVeL[] Ck NUVm, T[jR
NUVm, Tu\Ytp Tks[ Ad LXeLu
UlT YdLQW CfNT TkRiPtV.
CfNTu U\Vp Lpl Ts (Esoteric School), CkV
U\VX (Occultism) CkVp Uhu UX
Shm Ll WjRUdV.

SLm UX SLm \ YThPp

UdLPV YlQo Lk h GkRT
ARj Rj EXp GpXm EPu\kRW Gu\
LhThP EQWf NnR NUjYjR X ShP
Vu\.
CqVdLm J NUVULY, NV CVdLULY
ApX RlY NokRRLY AUkdLpX.
U\L GpX NUVeLm JW EiUVl Tdu\]
GuTR CqVdLju LjRm. TpY NUVeL[
NokRoLs CfNeLju El]oLs B]oLs. CkVoLs
ZkRLs ApXYum AYoLs Tls[ URo
L[um AYoLdf RkWm YZeLlTPp Yim
GuTm AmUVu LjL[m.
CqY\L CfNT TXYLm CkV RXdm,
NL UUXofdm, ShVotm CPV\ TTh
YkR.

10. 6. LkVLs YrdL YWX

YrL GmUu, CkR
YVj ShXpXm
Rrt YU g
RX RYd Lhl
TrTh u\ RUo
TWR RNj Ru]
YrdL YkR Lk
ULjU! YrL! YrL.

CfNT Z Shf NUV CXdVeL[ UX

SLp TWV. Rp ThLhL[f WL
AUjR. R CVdLm, TpV YLj RP, U Xd
A\NUVd LpV Tsp TjRp, ULo LpVl
TWlRp, GjRuUV ALtRp Utm ToR \V
JjRp Tu\ AmTL[ CkR CVdLm Nn YkR.
CRPV Lp Y]eLs CkVl TiThPm,
LXL[m TWlm UVeL[Lj LrkR]. Z

G] ULL TWVWp TWhPlThP ULjU

LkVl Tt Sm AY Lf \kRRm. AUL[n,
LZL[n, HZL[n BeX Bhp AYt,
ApXpTh GqUu Cp YrkRm. CkV
UdL[ Cum, YfNjd LQW KV
EZjRYo. AmN Yu, RX Ttj RkR ULu.

304

305

Au SVl TjR EXL EjRUoLs YNX,

EVoY] CPjRl Tt\Yo LkVLs. RNj RkR Gu
CkVWp TNjR AZdLlTm TiT[o. AYPV
YrdL, EiUV], GUV], UR C]jdm
ULjR] TPUL Gum [eY Bm.
CYo 1869 Bm Bi AdPTo eLs 2Bm Ss
_Wjs[ ToTkRp \kRo. Lk GuT mTl
TVo. LTo Lk Gu AZdLlThP LWmNkj Lkdm,
jTn AmUVdm SuLY ZkRVLl
\kRYW ULuRv LWmNkj Lk GuTRm.

10. 6. 1. ULjUu C[UlTYm

Tdm LXjp JYPV LVj RYLm,
jRULm CdL Yim. AlTl TZd LsY
SpX. Tsl TYjp Lk Rm LVjd AqY[
dVjYm LdLUp CkRo. tLXjp ARtLL
AYo Yk]o. SpX LVjm Tlu J
TVGuTR AYo UdLd Yj YkRo.
Lk TPl jRLeL[ AdL\V Tj YkRR
RkRVPk jRLeL[m BoYjR Tj
YkRo. AqY AYo TjR J p WYQu o Td
SPLm GuT. Akk Tt\oLPm J s[
GkR A[t TVjRm, TdVm, TiTm,
TNjRm SPk Ls[ Yim GuTR Ak
LiPo.
Rm C[Ul TYjX Lku U]jR Lm
TjR J SPLm aNkWu Bm. AkR SPLjR
AdL TojRo. Rm GkR Xm TnV TNd
P Gu RUds E Nn LiPo.
306

YVXV GmURm NmURm Gu\ GiQm AYo

Sgp TkhP.
LkVLs R] 13Y YVp LvTV UQkRo.
ARu u RPok Lp Tu\o. Lk EVoLpdLL
CeXk NpX m]o. B]p, Lm BNWUL
CkR AYo Au] AYW Ae AlT mTpX.
Ae Nu\p AYo TrTh Yo G]d L]o.
B]p Lk, Rm CeXk Nu\p UYm,
UNjRm, \ UVm A\Y RPUhPu G]
NjV Yd AjRo. CeXk NpX AUdLlThPo.
YZdLOo (Barrister) ThPm Tt CkV m]o.
LkVLs X LXm WwLhm, TmTm
YZdLOWLl TVt]o. u J CvXV Y]m
NoTL Ru]ldL Nu\o. Ae Ys[VoLs
CkVoLd CZdm Cu]pL[d Li AUl
TWhPjR BWmjRo. CRu [YL dl \mT]
NhPeLs AeL ALt\lThP]. Ae YrkR CkV
UdLdj Ru]mdLV Fh]o. AYoLs AfNm
Roj, U Goj EiUVV ER]o.
Ru]ldLp RiPYUV \Yd LUV
ALt\ ULjU BtV Ri A[hd \ V.

10. 6. 2. CkV RXm ULjUm

1914Bm Bi Lk CkVtj m]o.
AlT Rp EXLlTo RPeV. BeXVo Up
LiP SmdLu Tp CkVoL[ ClTp DTh
JjZdU LhdLiPo. u 1918Bm Bi
BeX AW CkVoLd YiV NLL[
AdLpX. u AW W[Xh NhPjR UdLPV
lTjt GWL \YtV. CRd Li ULjU
Lk YR]t UdL[ YX jRm NnVf
Nu]o. TgNp XU Lf oL APkR.
307

TodLXf NhPjR AW WLP]l TjV. _]Wp

PVo AoRNWp LrkR _Vu YXTd TLXd
LWQUL ULjU Lk hPVPk Vm
SoUVm m GoTodL V Gu\ d
YkRo. Ckvm JtUV EYdL Ko CVdLjR
BWmjRo. AR]p SpX TXu hV.
1920p TXLeLRW XLo U\dl u ULjU Lk
LeWu RXUV Ht\o. CYo, u]o TX \
Sh SXu Ll TX TWhPeLp DThf \
Nu\o. CYo CWiPY YhP U_ UShp LXk
Ls[ CeXk Nu hPV AWu TdLm
CkV m]o. CkShtd Lju CWjRu
1947Bm Bi BLvh eLs 15Bm Ss RX
Ttj RkRo. RX Ttj RkR CkR EjRUW SjWm
Lh^ WojR]p DThdLikRT _]Y
30Bm Ss 1948p hd Lu\u.
CYo Ys[V] YV Gu\ CVdLm,
JjZVU CVdLm, R CVdLm, Elf NjVWL
CVdLm Tu\ TpY CVdLeL[ SPj]o. CYW
TLs TpY \L[j Rs[R JqY
\dm V LsLVm SP\ SL[m
Aks[]. NToUp Ko BWUjR j RU
LsLVm, LhTL[m SPjd Lh, AY
SP\d JqYR Ym YWhj RjYeLs Au
SP\ Yrd ELkRY Rm G] jRo.

ULjU - Np [dLm

ULu Gm Npdl TVYo Gu Ts. C@

EXL YZd. ULuL[p StNVp LrjRp m. NVtLV
NnRp A.
ULjU GuTRt Rp ALs GuTRm. Bu\
JdLjt \kR A\YW ALs Gu NpY Rr
YZd, Lk ALs, C[eL ALs, A\YQ ALs,
YRWLs. Th]jRLs Gu\ZlT RZo YZd.
UP C]jY JtU
EoLPjp Au Ym

RnYi Gu RuRr Yim

GuTRtLtT YrkRYo LkVLs. GpX
EoLPjm C\Yu dLU\ \klTRp EXs[
GpXm EPu \kRW Gu\ LjR TXUL
BUjRo. CR AlTPVLd LiP AmN
LhThP Yj]o.
10. 6. 2. 1. R CVdLm

ShdV CVtL YrY RVUuTRm. J

Shd CVpTn AUks[ U, TZdL YZdLeLs
JdLm, AW, A\m, EQ, EP RV Vm Ju\n
NokRR RVUm. RVUuT SU NUV Yrp
RX TYRm. CRu Xm BuLj \p
C\VuT T\ m GuT AYW Lj. Ckvm
JtU, iPU RV]m RVUVm. J
Shp Ym UdLs A]Ym J URu Tp YrRp
Yim. \lTX Y GR]X YtU Lu,
A ShPj iPm. BRXp UdLs U] JtU
RVju Eo Tu\.

ULjU GuT BrkR TPV. A Ym

ULu Gm Tp Uhm APMdPlTRu. ULjU
GuT TV BjU Gum TPV. LPs TV
BjU NVtLV NnY LPs. LP[[p NVtLV
NVp NnYm ULjU BYo. ULjUdLs RUdLu
YZRYo. \odLu YrTYo.

kR], Np Xm Uhm ApXUp NVp Xm LhP

Yis[. ARt JW Eu]RU] Y AYPV

308

309

URu Ru NU URPm SVjRd LhPj R]

EZld UlTj, AYu EtTj Nnm TsL[

Yel TVuTjY. C CVtL VV CQkR
RoUUm GuT LkVLs LjRm. CkVu
Lm WUm. CkV WUeLp Ru Yr\
GuT LkVLu LjRm. Y[iUV
RuUj RXn LiP WUeL[ uj,
LRm, WUd LjRm \dL TThPo. \Shl
TsL[
Roj
CkVl
TsL[
TVuTjYRV dL[Ld LiPo.

AUL[L tu\]o. CRum RX APY

BjU VWwVUuTRm. CfVWwVm T\Y UdLs
TPdLlT\oLs. \f VWwVm SUd CuVU
VRRm. Sm EPdj e YW LlT TX Sm
Shdm AVp ShPYWp e YWUp LjRp
AYVUm. S AR S GuTRt HtT Shu
ARu RuU, TiT, Lp, NUVju m Ttd
Li \Pk AR]d LlTR \VWwVm
Bm.

R CVdLm Xm BeXVPm U]Ut\jR

EiPd, AUl WhV Sm Li YW kR.
Eu]l Tp Eu AVX]m S Gu\ CV
TUu td UR SVf NVp hP [dLULf
R AUkR. tm SNm jo Tt
Y[iUd CQRXn U]. UR EZld
Uld V. YLjp SoU mV. Ru]hd
jhP. LXQom, UR SVm CkR R
CVdLjRp RZjR].

10. 6. 2. 3. NoYRVm

10. 6. 2. 2. VWwVm

RVju LVU VWwVUm. VWwVm

GuT JqYYm EU TY. SUode
VpXm Gu\o. SdLWNo. V Bh G]
\lU Gu\o TXLeLRW XLo.
Sm Shp iPlTPRm EU T\Y, Su
VWwVm GuTRt LiP Ts Gu\o
LkVLs. VWwVm LP[m LdLlTYRu
AR SUd SU Vu TRp Yim. VWwVm
LZLu EPUVu. A@ AgN Sg]o LPU.
VWwVjd AlTP ALjnU. ALjnUpX
JYu TX LLd AUVYu. EXp GjQ
To TnmU, T\U, t\m, LUm RVYtt
310

LPVdm LPj Rt\m Gu\ _u Wvu Lju

AlTPp NLjp Es[ A]Ym SXm

TYR NoYRVm GuT LkVLu Lj.
NRVju LPXp ClTYoLs AWVp,
T[RW, NL NUVj \Lp Ht\m TYR CRu
SdLUm.
GpXm GpXm T\ Yim Ce
CpXRo CpXR X Yim

GuTR CRu NWmNUm.

10. 6. 2. 4. AmN

A + mN = AmN. A GuTRt CpX GuT

Ts. mN GuTRt uTm Gu\ Ts. BRXp
AmN GuT uTm CZdLUm, \o SUd uTm
CZdmT AR] AuTp Tjd
LsYRVm. kR], Np, NVp Cmu\m EXp
Ym Gqodm e ]VRm AmNV.
AmNV] Rus Au, CWdLm, ARTm, T,
AfNuU Tu\ StTiL[ Es[PdV. A Um
EiUV EsPLd Lis[.
AmNdl TWt\p RY. AgNU RY.
311

EiU RY. L Li \Wj RdL VpTYu

Bt\p EPVYu ApXu. AYu AfNjRp BRm
Re\Yu. G]Y, AmN AgNUu Efp
XYRVm. AmN Eo Bt\p YnkR. EWt\p
Es[ JYd Lp BRm RYpX. A
UWQjd AgNRYu Tt SPdm RPV.
mN RrUp Li Tn m. AmN
GuT LPs NoPV. AYPV ER T\
YiU]p RrUVm, LYm AYPm AL
Yim GuT LkVLu Lj.
URu EPXu, Eo AYu Ru] EWu
]jRp AYPjp CVpTLY AmN [em.
AmN RoUm URdV CVtL A\m. R]d e
CZdL GkR URm EPuTP UhPu. C UR CVp.
CqVpPVu \odm eZdL UhPu.
]lT]p Ak]l CVtLd UThPRm.
Ru]l TX \Wm LRp UR] CVp.
Ruo YLm TkRm UTX,
Uuo YLm Km Yu

Gu\o jRdL RYo. CkX GnV TVo

Es[U BiPYu E\PUm
GjQm TR\ Rqk RmoTp

Gi Es[
JjUPYWn EYdu\o VYWYo
E[kRu jR
jYn GmTUu SPmm CPU] Su
RkRu AkR
jRLo Rm AdLYp kP Gu kRL
ZkR RX
Gu\ As UVm Sm Et SdLp Yim.
312

AmN EVokR RjYUm. ARY URu, Xe

Utm RYWeLs BV GpX E]eLdm BuU
Ei GuTRVm.
AmN Gum O GmT, TLU, t\m,
Lrl RV CsLs UR] h ALum GuT
LkVLu NmUVm.
BRXp AmNV] BuU Nddl TVuTY,
Wm Gu\ Tid AlTPV] VL EQoY
Y[olT GuTRm.
YV TWd LiP TRpXm Y]u Gu\
CWUeL YLs Ljm CjRLVR.

10. 6. 2. 5. NjVWam
NjVWam Gu\ NpX NjV+BdWa G]l jl
Ts Ls[p Yim. LP[ EiU (NjVm) Xm
EQok Ttd LsRp (BdWa) G]Xm. Aum,
Ru]jR] ujd LsRm (EiQSu)
Gu\ CWim CQk NVpTYR NjV Wam Bm.
A Rp EiUVd LPljRp GuTRm.

EiUdLL m U]fNX]u RVL u

A\Yp TPp NjVWLm G]lTm. Fight for the
right cause.

C\d LsL[ Ht Y[okR LkVLs LP[

EYU] Ju\Lj Ru LiPo. LP[ EiU (God is
truth) GuTR Ut EiUV LPs (Truth is God) G]d
LiPo.
LPs Gu\ Np VYdm JW T[j RYRL
CpX. B]p Es[ Gu\ Ts Rm Truth JW
Tp GpXWm TNlT\. LPs ClTR
313

HtdLs[RYoLm EiU GuTR Htd

LsYoLs. LPs Gu\ NpXf NpmT
EiPu\ YTLs EiU, NjVm (Truth) Gu
NpmT EiPYpX. G]Y, Es[ (Truth) (Nj)
GuT JYL JtUV EiPdm Np Gu
LiPo.
LPs SmdL EPVYoLPm P AdLP[l
TtV GiQeLp Lj YTLs Es[]. Um,
Xo LPs Gu\ RjYjRV Htd LsYpX. G]Y
LPs Gu Npm T YT Y[oYRm NjVm
Gu Npm T JtU EQo UXeYRm
LkVLs LiPo. CR]V AYo NjVWam Gu\
NpXp RkR]o. ARtf NjVju Bt\p (Truth
force) Gu [dLm AUjd LiPo LkVLs.
NjVju Bt\X (Truth force) BuL Bt\XV
Au]p T\Xm Gu\ dm YkRo.
Sm u]oLs CkSV EiUS Gum
AsS Gum S Gum, SpX Gum,
NuUodLm Gum AZjR]o. Ed EPp
GjRuUVR AjRuUPV Yrtf NjVWam.
LkVLs C[Up LiP RVu, iPUp
Yl, YnU, JdLjQo RV] AYW
NjVWL Yrtf NWUL AUkR.
Um NjVWLju SoUVm, TUVm
EQoj AYW dLf NnR. CV Wu UXl
WNeLU Bm. (V HtT) CR]V LkVLs.
v SRu UXlTY Vu YjRT, As[
(UVj) UVp Goj tL YiPm. JYu Eu]
YX Lu]jp A\kRp, AYd U Lu]jRm
ld Lh (UjR 5:39) GuTRm EeLs NjdLp
Au eLs; EmU CmNlTj\YoLdLL _Tg
314

NneLs; ClTf NnRp TWXLjd\ EeLs

Rdm s[L[loLs. (UjR 5:445) GuTRd
LiP Y[p G]d Urf YWmul Tej Rm
YkR. CqYiQjR u TLYj RVl TjR
Tm EQokRu. ARu u PpvPn GV TWXL
WwVm Eus[jd\ Gm p TUWjR Tp
TVf NnR, Gu Rm VNRp [d\o.
LkVL[l TiTjV AjU GkR
Sh]Wm, EXLWm TiTjRp Yim. BRXp
EiUu Yp u, A\Yp u UV
YpYR NjVWam Bm.

10. 6. 3. NRV NYLs

Ck vm Jt\U

Ckvm JtUdl TmTThPYo Lk,

TpY NUVjRYo. C]jRYoLPm JtUV X ShP
YkR A[[o GpXm EPu\kRo Gu\ EQoPu
YZ Yim G] m]o. TpY CPeLp
Ck vm TWhPeLs HtTh TXo EZkR]o.
ULjU Lk CqPeLh Nu AUV X
Sh]o.

RrjRlThPo RWm EVW

RrjRlThPo Yru RWm EVW AVW TThPo.
TpXW BiLXULf NlTThp Fj [jR
CkdLs RrjRlThPWj RWd\YL SPj]o.
BXVju Es ZV AYoLs AUdLlTP pX.
AYoLPm LQlThP RlTiQeL[j Roj, AYo
L[ BXVjts AUdL Yi]o. iPUV
Goj EWjRWp Gl]o. RrjRlThPW, AN]eLs
G]l TVh AZjRo. a_u Gu\ NnjR[j
315

RPe RrjRlThPu RWm EVWYim Gu\ Lj

APeV LhWL[ G]o.

TiLu X EVW
TiU T\m, BiL[ NLo NU]UL
AYoL[ SPjRm Tm TThPo. BiLs ATjR
EULs A]jRm TiLs T\ Yim GuTRtLL
AVW EZjRo. TiLs A]Ym LpT\
YiUuTR Lm Yj]o. AYPV NRV
AWVp TLp TX TiLs DThkR]o.

UXd
U UdLu EPp SX], JdLjR, T[RWjR,
U]X]l Tm TlTRp, Cp TQjR NXPd
PR]d Lk L]o. ALY, UXdd
LhThPd LUVL AW YjR YiU]
m]o.

Lp \Ls
URu AVUVd LXk AY [d
AY] YrY SoUVp NjRYpXY Lp.
RnUu Y s[Ld Lp Tt\p L

dVU]. RnUV AYUlT Shj RtLX

Vm. RnU Y LpLt A [eLlTt u]o
EXp Es[ UL[VpXm LtLXm GuT
LkVLu LjRm.
Em, EPm, U]m JeQkR Y[ofV
LpVm. Cu\V Lp\ TV]t\ G]d Lk
]o. kR Th NXs[ Lp GpXdm
PdLd VRu. ZkRLu ZX JhV Lp
CYud ]o. AlTPdLpd LjRo.
316

RtLpV V LpRu Shd SXm TVdL

V Lp G]dLk L]o. Bm Y[Wm, Am
Y[Wm, AY Lpu Y[of Gu\o.
UXShjRpUVm

Lk, UXShl Tp CkV Rp

UVUYR mTpX. Xo TpY TLu
QLi TsL[ EtTj NnYRp, TXo
Y[iU NokR RpL[ CZdm X HtT\.
CR]p CYo Ru\s[ Nj RX BRjRo.
C TXd YXYnl Ad\. CYo YX
jRjRm, LRYPlTm GojRo. WUl
T[RWm RnUl T[RWUm. CR] XjR
T[RWm G]m Yo.

ULjU Lku UULs

1.

GpXm EPu\kRo A]YPV SX] Yru

dL[L AURp Yim.

2.

EXLm Ju\, A UR Es[eL[m CRVeL[m

EiUVLY Ju\L Yim.

3.

GpXm UrfV APVu, Smp GYWm

UrfVl T\ V.

4.

EXLm JuTPu, CqXp YZk Sm GkR

CuTjRm APV V.

H NRVj ]Ls
Lk, RU U\d u]o AdLXjp X YkR
H NRVj]L[d , AYt] ALt\l
TThPo.
1. LsLpX AWVp

2. EZlpX NpYm
317

3. U]fNupX Urf
5. SQVpX YTm
7. VLpX YT

4. TipX A
6. UR CVppXR AVp

UjY \V EPd F NnVR \ UXSh

UkLs TV]t\Y GuT CYW . EPd FhPm
Rm GV EQ \Vl uTt\f Nu]o.

BWdV rX AUlLs

h YT

CkSh UdLu HrUV ALt\RYW,

BWdVm YrtLt\ rXL[ UdLd
AUjj RY AYoL[. Aq \L[l uTt
AfZX AUjd LsYm CVXR Ju G]d
]o. Clm AYo RU BWUjp BWdVf
ZX AUdL GV \L[d LViPo. CkSh
UdLs RLp Tm TV] WU UdLs uTt\d
V \p Lku BWdVf rX AUlLs
Es[].

ULjU Lku ULjR] Yrm TLm

CkV UUXof GYWvh LWm Tu EVok tTRd
LQXm.

Wf]dLhj o
HrUVm YXuUVm TdL AYo LiP
Y LVp t\p, SnRp, Nj RpLs
Tu\ LjRpL[l ljRp, UXShPo
Cm\] Gs SLV]m, CkVoLs
CRu \lT EQok LjRpL[l T
Y[ojR]o, CkVj RhTYlT X CYLh Ht\RL
AUkkR. HZ EZYoLs Bip lhP
LXeLp TP VUVp AYoLs LjRpLp
DThP]o. CY TVp p TVPV]YL
CkR].

A]Ym BuU DPt\m T\YiU] Lk

m]o. hYTh \ C\QoY UhUu
JtUQoYm UdLPV RtjR.

NUVm
URu RnYjR RPo Li Ym
NjVdWL YrY NUV YrYuT. URPm Xe
RuUm Ei. URj RuUm Ei, u]VRd
L[k, u]VR [eLf NnY NUVUm. Ru]
EQoRm NUVUm. NUVm GuT JdLm. Sm
JdLju RY]p NUV Su \rkYW\m.
NUVju NWm JdLU. NUVpX Yr Ttd
LpXR. Ttd LpX Yr, dLpXd LlTp
Tu\.
SU NUVm AmNV AlTPVLd LiP.
A@ Auu YpX. AuTu t\jRWm,
SiTWm Uhm SlTRu. Ut\Wm SlT Au.
NjVm

J NUV YRjd Uhm EV

CVtLVUkR Yr

EPUVu

Lk GV BPmTWpX Yr SPjmT
CkVoLd Aj]o. CVtLV CVkR GV
NVtL \L[ jRR, YrY EPdm
Es[jdm SXm TVdLd V G]d ]o. CVtL

_kR AYvR, WkRNl, jR NUQ pLs RV GmUR

pL[m Vu HtTu. U\U J ShdL, J
YldL Uhm EVRu

318

319

W] HtTp G]df m RVdLpX. Ts,

 Sm A]Ym JW TWU Ru s[Ls.

AlRY k, vm, vYu G] YqY

TVWp Tt\oLs.
Gm URU GkSP Adm, TnUdm,
LXdm CPkRUu, A u AdLlTm.
LPs JVd\o. C[pX; LPs Au;
TLUVu LPs EiU, TnUVu; LPs
JYW TVYo.

UtV Vm NUVm Tt LkVLu

LjL[Vm.
A\S Gu\ jtf NUVm Gu\ o
YodLlTPu Ak N Y[W. A\S Gu\
AlTPpXR NUVm AkR Tm. BLY, CWim
CQkR NpX Yim GuT Lku Lj.
A\SV AWVp j Yt LiPYo
LkVLs. AWVm, TVm A\Su
TtThPRL AURp Yim.
CVL, Es[jRj nUVL YjlTR
JdLm. JdLjRj RWR Lp]p J TVm CpX
GuT LkVLu ANdL VR SmdLVm.
UR Xm LkVLu AmN Yp Nu
Eu]R XV GnR Yim.

JdLm
LpVu TVu JdLUm. Tup Tu\
JYu JdLpXRY]u AYu LpV[u BLu.
X TX JYu JdLPVY]u AYu
LpV[ ]\u. Sud j SpXdLd
LpVVm. CR]V YsYo TkRL.
JdLj]p GnYo UuU Gu\o. Lt\ AOo
QSXjR CZlTWu, Ut\pXYt\m CZkRYWYo
320

Gum, Ym HhdLp UR] JdL XV

EVojYRL GuTm JdL Y[of AdLpuk
Rj tTRuTm. G] Yrp G]d Su\L
Ajdu\] Gu Lp JdLjR
CVTj LkVLs s[o. YsYl
TkRLm
JdLm lTm RWXu JdLm
Em KmT lTm
Gu\o. LkVLs uRU] JdLeL[
Yj\o. ARY RUR JdLm, CpX\ JdLm,
NRV JdLm GuT]Ym. AYo u WeLu
YXL SUd JdLjR Aj\o.
VYt\d LhLR
VYt\l TodLR
VYt\l TNR GuTRVm.

BuU u]t\m
BuU u]t\jt jRLl TlTp BuU O]m
L PRum, ARt Yrl TtV
CuVUVRum Yj\o LkVLs. BuU
u]t\m GuT Au TtThPR. C\Y] TtV
UnO]m TmT BuU u]t\m AP\.
BuU u]t\m APV EPp SXm TQp
AYVm. u U] SXm TQ Yim. EPm U]m
JeQm T BuU u]t\m AP\.
Xeu CVpk URu RnYXd UYRm.
LVW LiQRNu CR]V LjRuU Ak
RnYjRuU Tt U]m Nk AP\ Gu\o.
BuU u]t\jt U]jnU, WmUfNVm,
EiQSu, LpXU, Ls[U, Ls EiQU, \o
U] SdL TWiU Tu\] EQ m GuT
E.
321

Tt ]dLs
A. K YLp PV

2.

BeXVo Bh, Lpj hPm TiLu X

EVW BtV TL[ Y.

1.

UUXof GuT V?

3.

BV NU_m [dLm RL.

2.

BeXd Lp \Vp HtThP SuULs

CWi]d L.

4.

BV NU_ju Lpl TV Y.

5.

Y RV]kRo Tt Ul RL?

3.

WmU NU_jR RtjRYo Vo?

6.

ULjUu C[Ul TYm Tt o AY] VY?

4.

Y RV]kRWp HtTjRlThP AUlu TVo

Gu]?

7.

AmNd LkVLu [dLm V?

8.

NjVdWam Tt LkVLs Y] VY?

5.

Y RV]kRo GV AVp G?

6.

BV NU_m m RlTjRp Gu\p Gu]?

C. J TdL A[p ApX lT YLd LUp

PV

7.

CWU xQu Po Vo?

1.

8.

WmU O] NT VWp RtdLlThP?

CkVp ojR CVdLjtL] LWL[j

Rjd ?

9.

ULjU Lku CVtTVo Gu]?

2.

WmU NU_ju LsLL[ Y.

3.

BV NU_ju LhTLs VY?

4.

WmU O] NT Ttm, ARu LhTL[l Ttm

Y.

12. Lp Tt LkVLu LjL[d L.

5.

13. Ck vm JtUd LkVLu NYVd

.

CWUxQ CVdLju SdLeLs, dLsLs

Y.

6.

YL]kRo TuUL[d L.

14. UXd Tt UajU Y] VY?

7.

R CVdLm TtV Lku LjL[ Y.

B. J Tj A[p ApX Tj YLd LUp

PV
1. T]hPm t\iu CPdLXjp CkVu
X GqY CkR?

8.

VWwVm TtV Lku LjL[ Y.

9.

h YT Tt Lku LjL[ Y.

10. ULjU Np [dLm RL.

11.

Sh RXd ULjU Lk UtLiP A\lTo

\Ls VY?

322

10. JdLm TtV LkVLu LjL[ Y.

323

D. Su TdLeLd LUp PV

1.

CkV ojR CVdLeL[p HtThP [L[j

Rj G.

2.

CW_Wm ULuWn AYoLu YrdLVm,

AYW AV NYVm Y.

3.

BV NU_ju NVpTLs, NL, NRV NYLs

Y.

4.

YL]kRo YrdL YWXt\m, LsLL[m

NRV NYL[m Y.

5.

ULjU Lku YrdLVm, AYW AV

LsLL[m Y.

6.

ojR CVdLeLs RuYRtL] LWQeL[m,

[L[m, ARu LWL[m Rj GL.

324

11. DXLl TiTht

BkVu LP
LX Ys[jp Ajf NpXlTPUp Cum m
\lUL X TtlTR CkVl TiT. TX AuVl
TPVlL[m, WhL[m NUVl NpL[m,
CVtLu TlL[m, UX Shj RdLjRm,
AkTLUp Cum C[U U\ Xp Ck
Y\ CkVl TiT.

11. 1. \ SLp BkVl TiT

T[jR NUVm Ck NUVm ZSLu TX
TLp .. 100k 1500 YW TWkRR YWX
Xm Au\m. Ck NUVm RukVkm,
T[jR NUVm YP CkVkm ClTLd
Nu\]. ANLo LXjk ClTLd Nu\].
ANLo LXjk T[jR NUVd dLs UjV
BVu TX TLdf Nu T[jR UPXVeL[j
Rtj T[jR NUVjRl TWl]o.
Zd dvRk (Turkestan) ]YW
TWkR. ClTLp ALr YWnfp UPXVeLs,
vLs, LpYhLs, LVj WLs Tu\YLu
T[jR ATLs LidLlThP]. Tjp HZm
t\ip T[jR NUVm ALlTjRlThP. JuTRm
t\ip TjV AWNoLs TX CkVoL[m TjV
AOoL[m hYj NUvR UkR
T[jR NUV pL[ TjV Up LQokR]o.
T[jR NUVm . RXm t\ip ToUts
ZkR. u Ae XTt\, ToUp
tdLQdL] T[jR aWeL[ Cum LQ\.
325

]p SuLm t\ip ImT T[jR NUvR

pLs ]Up LQWlThP]. ]k T[jR
NUVm SuLm t\ip LVt Nu\. u
Aek A _lTd Y YLULl TWV.
ANLPV VtVp CXeLm T[jR NUVm
Y YLULl TW XV] RuUVl Tt\. Ck
NUVm NYLm, T, ToV, UXV, NVm, LmTV
NmT Tu\ Z SLp TW Ae R] BdLjR
NjV. CYt\VpXm TX YWXt NuLm
ALrYWnfLm LpYhLm, CXdVeLm, AZ
LXLm TZdL YZdLeLm SUd Lj RYL
GjLhu\]. NUV pLm, LpYhLm,
CXdVeLm AZd LXLm, TZdL YZdLeLm
SUd LRYL GjdLhu\]. NUV pLm,
AZd LXLm CkVu NUV pL[] YReLs,
ETPReLs, W LVeLs, TLYj R, T[jR NUV
pLs CY A]jm UX Sh Z Sh
ULp UVdLm NnVlTh EXLem TW].
CkVd LhPPdLX, KVdLX, CN, SP]m, tTdLX
CYt\ UX ShPo TWhVPu AlTL[ Ae
jRm RXlThP]o.

11. 1. 1. T[jR NUVm

Z SLp Tm NpYdPu Cum Lrk
YY T[jR NUVm. A RuV Shp \lT]
XV TtWm, CkSLp XV] CPjR
Tts[, CfNUVm Yjm AmNd LhT
A]YWm Cum Ttl LZlTh HtdLs[l
Ths[. CfNUVjR UkNu\ T[jR \Ls
AkSLd CkShu TiTh SLLd L[m
AZdLXl TL[m, TZdL YZdLeL[m EPu
Uk Nu\]o.
C\Y] APV Ck NUVm u dV SL[
u\. AY \V O] UodLm (A S) LU
326

UodLm (LPU S) Td UodLm (Au S)

G]lTTY.
Yrp Y[mTt C\Yu YL[ APV CkR
u SLm Lf \kRY G]d LRlTu\].
CkSL[ UX Shj RjY OLm NUVf
Nu\oLm TWhu\]o.

11. 1. 2. NUvRm Rm
NUvR Up Es[ LRNu SPLeLs,
CWUVQm, ULTWRm Tu\ W LVeLs, TLYjR
ETPReLs, YReLs Tu\Y UX Sh ULp
U TVodLlTh AYtp Tks[ NUV, RjYd
LjdL[ Tt TWh EXLU uTt\ Vpu\.
LRNu NkRX SPLm CWUVQm Cum
EXLem SPLeL[L SdLlTh Yu\]. YsYu
Ru] EXdL Rk YuLr LiP RrS.
d\s EXLju dV ULp U
TVodLlThP, SUd kR TUV AdLd V
Ju. _oUVj RjY OL[V LRvLlT[o,
dP aLp Tu\o NUvR Up DodLlTh
CkV CXdVeL[ Tu AYt\p ReLs Tt\ Af
NpYjtLL CkVY Lm TWhs[oLs.
CmUdm UUdm AUVm B]kRjRm
RTY ETPReLs G] vLlT[o u\o. CR
Tu GUoNu, RW, YphhUu Tu\ AUdL
AOoLm CkV CXdVeLdm RjY pLdm
ReLs LPlTPVYoLs G]d dLsu\oLs.

11. 1. 3. CkV RXm ULjU Lkm

LhPUp, ZlTm [dLUp
hPVPk AmN SVd LPj
ULjU Lk CkSht RX Ttjj RkR CfNVp
EXLem TWhm XV EYds[. CR
Y\L[ Uou Roe Tu\o ReLs
327

NVpL[f NjdLs[ LPljR]o. CYo LViP

NjVdWL CVdLjRm AmN S \L[m
CYd u GYm EXL YWXtp AWVp AWep
TV A[p SP\lTjVpX.

11. 1. 4. RoRpLs
EXXV Ll TV VW S CkV. CdVW
Shp CkVoLs RkWm Tt\ u TX \ RoRpLs
AUVL, YtLWUL SPjs[]o. CY A]jm
NhPju AlTPp _]SVL \lT L SpX
\p SPks[]. CR Cum TX SLs uTt
Yu\].

11. 1. 5. A\d LhT

Yru AlTPd LhTPL AUklT
A\Um. A\Sp u, Ts Dh A\Yp
CuTjRj nj T APV Yim GuTRtLL
El TsLs Sup A\jR ApX RUjR Ru
\VL SU NUVm Yjs[. CkV ShP Sm
u]o RU Gu\ZjR]o. SU NUVjRm
RUm Gu\ NpXp AZjR]o. CjRU BuU
RXV Lm Yju\ S. CR UVULd
LiP CkR Shu TiT AUks[.
CdLhTm EXLem Es[ UdLd ELkR
LhTPm.

11. 1. 6. TgN Xm
TgNXd LhTm CkVl TiTh EQoY
AjR[UL Li EYdLlThP ApXm EXt
AUkRLj LrY ClTgNXd LhTPm
AYVY] :
1. AUV] h Yr
2. \Sh SPYdLLp RXPjRp
328

3. YVlTdf NpXU
4. ShPd TPU
5. YL JlTkRm

11. 1. 7. Y X CkVl TLs

CkV lTL IWlVoLh SUQl TsL[l
TVuTjm Y\L[d Ltj RkR. C\fQY
EhLsm AYoLs ClTsL[ CkVk
Tt Y\oLs. Sp, Lm, Tj Tu\Y Cek
UX Sht Gjf NpXlTh EXu TX TLeLm
Cu TPlTh Yu\]. NWeL [Vh, A]j
SLm uTtm Gi\, Tu\] LQd \
(Decimal System) Tu\Y CkV EXdLjs[
TL[m.

11. 1. 8. TpY CVdLeLs

CWUxQu CVdLm, WUO] NT, WUNU_m,
BVNU_m Tu\Y EXLem ReLs [L[ .
CkShu Y[dL NUjY NRVf ojRd
LhTL[ EXd EVokR LPVL YZes[].
11. 1. 8. 1. UR SVm

CkVlTiTP], UR SVjR AlTPVLd

LiP. EoLPjp Au LhRp, GqWm
Ruo Tp TdmT C\Yu As hm
GuTRm EQoju\. TiT UR SVjR
Uhu BuU SVjR EXt Ajs[.
11. 1. 8. 2. EVokR RjYeLs

Cl TiT EVokR RjYeLu UjR L[LY

[eu\. URu Ym NPlTs Au. AYd
BuU Ei. AkR BuU AYt\. BuU T
APYR CRu SdLUm.
329

11. 1. 8. 3. \kR EXLjRWm YnkR CXdVeLs

\uU] SdLl TWiU]m, NLRWjYj
Rm CWUVQm GjVm\.
RoUju YrR] Lqm RoUm UTm
Ypm Gu ULTWRm EXLjt EQoj\. d,
V_o, NUm ARoYQm Tu\ YReLs, TLYjR,
d\s, LRNu NkRXm Tu\Y Cum EXL
UdL[p Tm TWhPlTu\]. TLYjRV]
URXjtLL CkV Shu LPVL YZeLlT\.
11. 1. 8. 4. RnU, TiU
TWR Shu TiThd Lp L dVjRuU
YnkR Ju Au] YT, TWRjRn Gu Sm ShP
Ru TVWp Ttu\m. RnS Gu\ AZj
Ur\m. BLs, UXLs CYt] TiUu
TVWXV Lm AZdLlTu\. TiUVl
Tt\R GkR Sm UuU APV GuTR CkVl
TiT EXt GjWdu\.
11. 1. 8. 5. AmN
NjVm GuT Es[ ApX EiUV]l
TsTm, CqXLm NjVju LiP SmdLp
Ru CVedLis[. NjVm RY\R EjRUWL
YZYim GuTR Yju\.
11. 1. 8. 6. AU
Uo TjRWm BiL[L CkV GkRY Shu
YVf Nu To RjRL YWX CpX.
GjR]V TPVlL[p TdLlThkRTm
P, A AUVV S\. Um EXL AUdLL
CuYW EXL AWep TWY\.
11. 1. 8. 7. iLX

RuVY. CN, LR, KVm, tTm, LhPPdLXl

Tu\] iLXLp Tt\j RdL]. CY URl
TiThP Y[odL CuVUVR]. CY URu
UV], UrfV] Yr YZlTm Q
u\]. JqY UXjtm J SP]m Gum, YP
CkV RukV CN Gum CkV CN dLl
Ths[. TWRm, LRL, LRd, UVhPm, fl,
J Tu\ SP]eLs XUL CkVl TiThP EXL
SLp TWYf Nnu\.
11. 1. 8. 8. VL
VL GuT YjUYm TWUjUYm
CQlTRVm. EPm, U]m JuQk
NVpTYR VLm Bm. EPX TtRp Uhm
TR Es[jRm TiTjRu AYVjR VL
Lpu Xm EXt CkVl TiT GjWd\.
11. 1. 8. 9. GUV]Yrm EVokR kR]Lm
ClTiT GUV] Yr] Yju\.
AdLXjp CVtL EQ, EiP LWQjRp, SnLs
e L GV YrdL YrkR]o. LkVLu LRo
BP Cu\[m EXL UdL[p TtRtVRm, G]Y
GV EP, EQ TZdLYZdLeLs Tu\Yt\
EXLdLPVL CkVlTiT YZes[.
LLp YjR OLs XUL EVokR kR]Ls
SUd Pjs[]. v, vLs Tu\Y EVokR
Es[eLu kR]j RlTVm. G]Y, CkVl
TiT VL YrY YjYRLY AUks[.
W

LXLu \lPm CkVYm. BV LXLs

ATj Su GuTo. CdLXLs Gp EQoYp

Cum IdV Shf NTp CkV EXLem

AUV XShPl Tm TTh Y\.
AUV Sm CkSh]o \Sh UdLPu
AUPu YZ mYp VlTupX.

330

331

Tt ]dLs
A. K YLp PV

1.

CkVl TiThu \l] Y?

2.

LRNu SPL pLs GY?

3.

ETPReLs Tt vLl]o Lj V,

4.

NUV NRV ojR LhTL[ EXLV NnR

AUlLs VY?

5.

UR SVm Tt l RL?

B. J Tj A[p ApX Tj YLd LUp

PV

1.

jR NUVm GqY YSLp TWV?

2.

TgN Xd LsLV Y.

3.

CkV RU G] AZdLlTYRu?

4.

EXt CkV Ajs[ TLs VY?

5.

iLX EXLl TiTht CkVd LP GqY?

C. J TdL A[p ApX lT YLd LUp

PV

1.

CkVl TiT YSLp TWV \V Y.

2.

CkVl CXdVeLs EQojm A\Yr SL[

Y.

3.

CkVl TiT TiUV Ttm Te]m,

AU, AmN Ttm Y.

D. Su TdLeLd LUp PV

1.

CkVl TiTht CkVu LP Gu\

RXlp o Rm NnL[ Y.
332

12. BkVl TiTm, tf

Zp Lpm
12. 1. tl\f Zp Lp - [dLm
LdL GeLs N s
LPm UXm GeLs hPm
Gu\ TWu Lj] Es[PdVR CkVl
TiTm, tl\f Zm Bm. CVtLu LlTV
Es[PdLm tl\m, (environment) Ut\ E]eLm
Bm. CY CWit CPV Es[ CkR
E\L[VpXm Tt Ltm Lpd rXVp
(Econology) Gu TVo.
Gu Ts EQojm BnLv Gu\ WdLf
Npm, Lt\p Gu\ Ts EQojm XLv Gu\
WdLf Npm NodLlTh LX (Ecology) Gu\
Np EYdLlThP.
Es[YLm, (Biotic) EWt\YLm (Abiotic)
APeV CVtLu Rlt rUiPXm ApX
rXj Rl (Ecosystems) G]lTm.
UR YrdLd CuVUVR]. YlTRt SpX
V Lt, TYRtf YV] o Utm FhPfNj
dL SpX EQ BVY Bm. CY A]jm
LiPR nUV] tfZp Bm.
UX, S, LPp, Vu, BLVm, Lt Utm
Xe]eLs CYt\l Tt AYm AYtp URu
Te]l Ttm Rk LsYR tl\f Zp
LpVm. ARY CVtLV CVkR Yr
GuTRVm.
333

pXl iP TpLUl TXYLl \

L[j UR]nl \lTlT CqYVjp
YrYe YrYRtLLY.
GlT YiU]m YZXm GupX ClTjRu
YZYiUu YrYRu hPhP YrdL. SVt\
YrY \Yt\ NpYm. B]p Cus[ EXp URu
Ru mYTp EPpSXjPu YZ YpX.
SU EXLm Ak Y\. B]p CkR AY
CVtL EYdLpX. URoL[V Sm EYd
Y\m. Sm JqYYdm CWi Ls Ck
Yu\]. Ju Sm Yrk Ym , Ut\u Sm
YrkYm EXLm. hPf jRUL Yjd\m.
B]p EXLm Gu\ Cu] hP UTj Y\m.
EXLm Gu\ hP Sm nUVL YjdLs[
hPp Sm ShPf tm CkYm TXRWlThP U
Sm hPm nUVt\RL Utm.
B]p, SU TiT GqY tl\jt
dVjYm Ljs[ GuTR uYm JqY
RXlu r LiTm.

12. 2. BkV tfZp

TWRS TZm Tm S
o ARu RpYo Ck]YLt\o

Gu\u TW. ClTWR TiThu LWUL

Lru\. CkVl TiTht CkVf tfZp J
\lTmNUm.

Ce Ru AUks[. CkVp EtTjVm

TVLp L dV B LeLVm. C CkVu
RS Gu AZdLlTu\. LeL, V], NWvY
BV u SLu NeLUU] Y NeLUm Gu
AZdLlT\.
CkVY LPLWLV] TLtT CkV, \TLtT
CkV G] CWiPLl d\. Ce TXj RYWeLs
RtLi TU U\j RYWm YW TWs[.

12. 2. 1. UXLs
Sm TiThp A]j UXL[m LPs G]l
Ttu\m. GpX UXL[m C\Yu YYUL
TWRl TiT Htu\. LXV UXV Yu E\m
C\jRuU EPV Gu Np\oLs. lTUXm
C\Yu YYUm. Up Ae E\u\o. BLY,
AR]d LXp VUp ZeLhP RYrk H]o
J YQYl TVo. LWdLp AmUVm
LXVjtj RXVp SPk T]RLf NpYoLs.
TWNdd kV UXVm. AR]p kVNX
YGum, Ni UXu YNm TiYRp
NivY Gum Tt\lTu\s. fp
s[Vo UX Efp ClTRp Efl s[Vo
Gu TVo T\o. NTUXV IVlTdf
NUold\m.
u Cdm CPUpXm UWu CdPm
GuTRp L] uRm BTYu GuTo.
jRm, lTWeu\m, TZm, W UXm
ARtf Nu.

CkV ZdL YeL[ PYm, Utp

AWdLPXm, RtL Ck UL LPXm, YPdL
CUVUXVm ZlThs[. CkVu AUPm
Lf \l YVkRRm. EXXV AL UZTm CPm
WgVm. EXXV L EVWU] GYWvh LWm

YiQUXV Yu YYm Gu UL
s[o. BLVp, C\Y]V As RW Ym
B]kR UXV Gu JYo T]o. G]Y SU
TiThp UX J dV \Lf NVpTh Yu\.

334

335

12. 2. 2. SLs
CkVl TiThp A]j SLm C\Yu UVm.
X SLd C\Yu SUjRV Yjd\oLs.
ERWQm xQ, WmUjW Tu\YLs. X
SL[ C\Yu TUV CQjf Npu\m.
LeL Uu YV Lu\ Gum,
YTUu p E\\ Gum \m. V]
Sp LiQu [V]u. NW SdLWp WUu
YrkRu. SoUR Sp JqY ZeLpm Yu
YYm Gu\ TZULs u\].
LeLV RPoPVRp Ld LeLVu
Gu TVo. B T]hPm Tdp SLu Te
Ym W YTu\m. CqY SLs Vm
CkVl TiThp TWmTu YYm Gu Sm UdLs
Smu\oLs.
SLs TiUjRuUPV]. G]Y AYt\j
RVLl Tt\m.

12. 2. 3. UWeLs
SVdWR, EmTW, AYjR Gu\ UWeLs xu
SUeLs Gu Tt\lTYRL. x NLvWSUm
\. ARY AjUWm, JV UWm, AWN UWm BV
VU C\Yu YYeL[Ll Tt\l Tu\].
AR]p C\Yu EYjR UWdLhPL[m Nn
YTm YZdLm TWRjp Ei. Sm UWp YlT UWjR
UVmU] CQjl Tu\m. BXUWju
Ap AdLP[V RhQ ojm, ARu CXp
TXxQu TjlTRL Sm Tu\m. Y
NeLUjp BXUW YYjp x YQeLlT\o.
LRmT Y]dX G]l TWNdV LRmT UWjR
CQjl Tu\m. L]m LPmTu Gu
Y YZdLm. AWNUWjt s[Vo. CR]p Ru
336

JqY UWjm C\Yu ClTRL EQokR Sm

u]oLs RXhNm Gu\ TVp JqY
jRXjm RU] UWeL[ YQeL YiUu
j Cd\oLs.
mTX t\Xj RXhNUm. Y]d LYp
SLeL UWm YQeLlT\. u] UWjR

UXm, UUWm LgWjm RXhNULl

Tt\lTu\]. T]UWm lT]kRp RnYUL
YQeLlT\. SpUWj Zp jRoLs YrkRoLs.
ClT GpX UWeLm RnY YYUL YQeLlT\.
CR]V, DN YvVm CRm ^oYm Gu TWRlTiT
[eYR ARu AlTPm AUks[.
Cu\V AVm UWeLm Es[YV]
\.

12. 2. 4. T\YLm XeLm

Ge Ge TojRm Gqodm AqWn
Ae Ae ClT Au\ TWTWU
Gu RU]Yo u\o.

Uu AYRWeLp u, BU, Tu, eLm BV

YYeLs APem. LP]j Um, L[V Ym,
gt] s[Vm, UX Lm V
IVlTm, V ]hm, eLjRl TWNdm,
V]V CkWm YL]Un HtlT AYtu C\j
RuUV A]Ym EQW Yim GuTRtLLjRu.
GUVd P GUu YL]m Gu\m. LdL
NTLYdm, BkR CXddm. Au]m NWvYdm
YL]Um.
TmTj Uu, TdLVLm Yu
AVLm YTu\m. LX LiQ] TdL[
Nok Vd\m.
337

ClT XeLs, T\YLs A]jm Hu EoLs

A]jm RnYjRuU Tt\Y Gu CkVl TiT
LjWdu\.
LgWm YWRW_o Lp TpVm, CW_vRu
Lp GL[m Y]d LYp Lp Xkl
fL[m RnYjR Nok YQe Yu\m.

12. 2. 5. LPm, Lm
Lhp RYm kR OLs Ls ReLs EQokR
VYt\U C\YYULd LiP]o. CR]V Sm
YReLs BWiVm Gu\Zj UrkRi. CWUVQj
m BWiV LiPU dVjYm TtkR.
BLY, LhPm C\Y]L AYoLs LiP VjR
Ju\m.

LPp
WVVl TeLPX Gu YTU] XYo
JYo Ttl LrkRo. Cu\dm B AUYNdm,
R AUYNdm, WLQeLs Aum LPp WRp
SU YZdLm.
EXs[ ojReLs A]jtm RjRuU
RTYu C\Yu.
fNku LPXWjp Nkp SRu GkR
s[u. TtLPp Up Ts Lis[u.
CXd LPp \kRYs, G]Y LPp ULs Gum
AZdLlT\s. G]Y, CkVl TiT LP]m
RnYULd Liu\.

YTUu Ik RXeLm TgNRj RXeL[L

YTPlTu\].
Lg HLmTWSRm, Yo, CWUvYWm BV
jRXeLp Yu Ui YYjp YQeLlT\o.
UiQ Ck Z YU]u
Ui Yim Gu BrYo Tu\o.

Y]d LYp YTUu o YYjm Lt

YYjp L[jm, YTUu YQeLlT\o.
Um, BLV YYjp RmTWjm, _ (Sl)
YYjp YiQUXm C\Y] Tt
YQeu\m.

12. 3. BVtLV BVkR Yr

CkVl TiThuT CVtLu AZL] AUlp
, f Rp URu YW A]Ydm J WkRWU]
UldL CPm Ei. URu Ru YrYRt GlT
EU EiP, ARlTXY [f Ndm,
ALmpdm, pY UWjdm, `jRuUPV
YWLdm EUi.
CVtLp URu UdLj RkRY]L ClTRl
TXY, A]j E]eLm, LPp, S, UXLm,
LLm Tt\jRdLY. C\jRuU YnkRY. R]ds
Cdm C\VmNjR YdLhP YpXY Gu CkVl
TiT GjWdu\.

Xm, o, Sl, Lt, BLVm BV] Ikm

TgNReLs G] AZdLlTu\]. RZLjp

BLY Ru WQeLp TdLm, V]Lm,

Tmm Gm LP[ YQe TU APkRRL Sm
LslTu\m. TWRl TiThp AVp
CVtLV CQk URu YZYim Gu\.
CVtLV CVtLu Tdp Y SXm. AR]
TtRp SU LPU. URu RuPV AuT,
Ru]Xu, t\jR UR Xm Ym NjR
Yim. Es[ A]jRm Ttl TLjRp

338

339

12. 2. 6. TgNReLs

Yim. TPlLs A]jRm SdL Yim.

CR]V Ys[Xm YV TWd LiP TRpXm
Y]u, TVp C[jRu Gu EWdu\o. ClTl
TPl YU Ru]V LQ URdd Ltj
RY CkVl TiTPm.
Sm GpXm mY YiY, YrdLp
UrfVL, CuTUL CdL Yim GuT Ru. EPm,
Es[m SXULm, Yr Y[ULm CkRp CuTjt
\ CdL. tf ZXm TiThPm Sm
TLlTm Gp Sm Yr UhUpX. Sm YeLX
NkR]o Yrm SXUPm.

6.

7.

12. 4. tl\f Zp UQYoLu Te

1.

UQYoLs ReLs YlT\Vm, [Vh

UR]jRm nUVL YjjRp Yim. C
AYoLu RXVV LPUVm.

2.

UdLs RLl TdLj]p HtTm [L[

UQYoLs EQoRp Yim. UdLs RLV
LhlTjm Y\Ls Tt UdLPV
GjWjRp Yim. tf Zp L APYRt
Cm J LWQm G] ARp AYVm.

2.

3.

hd J UWm ShPUWeLuL[ LlTm Gu\

AW Gdm SPYdLLd JjZl SpL

Yim. V LL[ EYdL Yim.

8.

9.
10.
11.

UWm SYm. UZ TYm GuTRt HtT,

UQYoLs ReLs hp J NVY Y[odL

Yim.

4.

L Ldm YiLu TVuThPd \jRp

Yim. V Wjt SPk NpX TZL Yim.
kRYW YiL[ TVuTjRp Yim.

5.

uNdV TVuTjYR kR Uhm \j

Ls[ Yim.
340

12.
13.
14.
15.

AVp u]t\jRm RYL[m Li

lLs ALjhP]. CRu LWQUL Rt
NXLs T hP]. AjRtNXLs HtTjm
LLs tl\jR U APVf Nnu\]. G]Y,
RYL[ \j GV Yr YZl TZd Ls[
Yim.
tl\jj nU TtV lQo]
UdLPV Gjf NpX Yim.
jRm N Tm
LkRV]m LNdd Lh
Z]m jd
Tu\ TZULu T[ UdLd EQojRp
Yim.
Sm Uhm nUVL CkRp TR. Sm Ym
EXLjRm, tfZXm nUVL Yjd
Ls[ YiV SU LPUV] EQoRp L
AYVm.
Sm TiThu dVjYm ARp Yim. CkVl
TiT GqY tf ZX RPo Lis[
G] Rk LsY Su.
CkV UdLs CVtLV CVkR Yr SPj]oLs
GuTRm, AR]p SVt\ Yr YrkR]o Gu\
lQoYm UdLPV TWlRp AYVm.
EXL ]m, EXL tl\f Zp ]m, EXL
LRW]m Tu\ ]eL[ UQYoLs LiP,
ARu dVjYjR \d GjWdL Yim.
lTL[ \VL Al\lTjm Y\L[d
LP dL Yim.
[xd TsL[l TVuTjYj RodL
Yim.
oXL[ U TjYRj RodL Yim.
CVtLV CVkR Yr YZ Yim.
341

Tt ]dLs

BkVl TiT

A. K YLp PV

1.

tfZp Lp Gu\p Gu]?

2.

rXVp Lp GuT Gu]?

3.

LX (Ecology) Gu\p Gu]?

4.

rXj Rl (Eco Systems) GuT Gu]?

5.

TgNReLs VY?

B. J Tj A[p ApX Tj YLd LUp

PV
1. CkVf t Z] Y.

U ]jRs
SWm : 3 U

UlTiLs : 200

T - @
GpX ]dLdm PV. JqYutm
K YLp PV.
15 x 2 = 30
1.

TiT Tt YpPo Y V?

2.

EXu El TsLs VY?

2.

CkVl TiThp UXLd AdLlTm

\l]d L.?

3.

CkVu EVV Rf \l V?

3.

CkVl TiThp SLd AdLlTm \l]d

L?

4.

kY SLLd LXm G?

5.

_]Gu\p Gu]?

4.

CkVl TiThp UWeLd AdLlTm

\l]d L?

6.

TiPVj RZu TiThP AV ERY] VY?

7.

SPL EXu CUVm G]l Tt\lTTYo Vo?

5.

CkVl TiThp T\Y Utm XeLd

AdLlTm \l]d L?

8.

WmU O] NT VWp RtdLlThP?

9.

Ck NUVju \lTmNm V?

C. J TdL A[p ApX lT YLd LUp

PV
1. tf ZXlTYp UQYoLu TeL Y.

10. xLULoU Gu\p Gu]?

2.

13. WU Yo GV u TVo Gu]?

CkVoLs CVtLV CVkR Yr YrkR]o

GuTR [dL.

D. Su TdLeLd LUp PV
1. CkVl TiTm, tfZm Tt LhW YWL.
342

11.

U[VoLs TtV BRWeLs VY?

12. PYX \ Gu\p Gu]?

14. YO]TRm CVtVYo Vo?
15. tfZp Lp Gu\p Gu]?
343

T A
GYVm B ]dLd JqYutm
Tj YLd LUp PV.
6 x 5 = 30
16. CkVl TiT AVj RuU EPV GeM]m?
17. YtUp JtU Gum LhThP Y.
18. , v Tt o AY] VY?
19. LtPU Tt NeL CXdVeLs Y] VY?
20. CW_ No AiQUXf NhVo RNd BtV
AmT V?
21. EXLj Rt\m Tt RpLlVo Y] VY?
22. PYWd Lp [dL.
23. Tdu CYLL[ Y.

31. tl\f ZXl TYp UQYoLu TeL

GL.

T C
GYVm Su ]dLd JqYutm
Su TdL A[p PV.
4 x 20 = 80
32. CkVl TiThu \lVpL[j Rj J
LhW YWL.
33. kY SLLm Tt Yj J LhW YWL.
34. TZkRZu V TiThd L[j Rj J
LhW YWL.
35. CkVl TiTht U[VoLu LP Utm
LXVmNeL[d j J LhW YWL.

T B

36. EXLl TiTht CkVu LP Gu\ RXlp

o Rm NnL[ Y.

GYVm B ]dLd JqYutm J

TdL A[p PV.
6 x 10 = 60

37. CkVl TiTm tl\f Zm Tt J LhW

YWL.

24. kNUY SLL, SLo AUl Tt YdL.

25. tLX YRLXju NRV XVl Ttj Rj
G.
26. SPLd LX Tt TUlTP YiV NnL[j
Rj GL.
27. NZoLX NL X Utm NUV XV Y.
28. jYoLs BtV NRV SpYrl TL[l Tt
Y.
29. Td CVdLju [Ls VY?
30. CkVl TiT YSLp TWV \V Y?
344

345

Q tThVp
AW AhLhVLm, (1999). TZeLXl TiTm
TZeLs TiTm. Nu].
BL SYXo, K. (2003). CkUR CQl [dLm.
UW.

TUXZLo EW. d\s. Nu].

TZVlTu, Gv. (2002). rXVp. Nu]
TiVu, N. _VWw N. ULjU Lk SlT GlT?
R. UW.
TvLWu, L. (2002). RjYm TiTm. RgNo.

LkRV s[, S.. (1966). RZo TiT. Nu].

WhRNu, (1993). kY. Nu].

LpVQkRW]o, . (1975). UR YrdLm

LkVLm. Nu]

UoTvLo, (2004). tfZp V Lp. idLp.

LkWj RiPo, (2003). TWRl TiT. jd.

NkWNLWu, P. (2001). RZL YWX. W_T[Vm.
lWUVu, (1987). CkVl TiTh YWX. UW.
YSRu, A. (1984). RZL YWXm TiTm.
Nu].

XxUQu, . (2002). CkV RjYO]m. Nu].

cNjVNn dv Aih TlL`uv, (2003).
RnYjYd. Nu].
c NjVNn TXLv Lp A\dLhP[, WNk
XVm. (1986). RnLl TR.
Nu].

............................. (1998). CkV NRVl TiTh YWX

(.. 1556 YW). Nu].

ENGLISH

............................. (1998). RrSh NRVl TiTh

YWX. Nu].

International Vedic Centre, (2003). Know Your Religion. Chennai.

............................. (1994). RrSh NRVl TiTh

YWX. Nu].

NWUu, G. (2001). RZL YWX. W_T[Vm.

RrShl TPp LZLm, (2004). YWX Up X
RXm Bi. Nu].
RrShl TPp LZLm, (2001). NLVp. JuTRm
Yl. Nu].
RZL AW TPp Y]m, (1996). CkVl TiT.
Nu].
346

Basant Kumar lal, (1978). Contemporary Indian Philosophy. Delhi

Lunia, B.N. (1971). Evolution of Indian Culture, Ludhiana.

Neela Kanda Sastri, K.A. (1993). Sangam Age (Its Cults &
Culture). Chennai.
Pandey & Singh, (1979). Evolution of Indian Culture. Ludhiana.
Prithiviraj Shastri, (1998). A concise childrens guide for Sandhya
and Yagna. Chennai.
Tamil Nadu Arya Samaj Educational Society, (2003). Moral
Education. Chennai.

347

@gNt Ts
LXf NtLs

Devotion

Td

District

UYhPm

Administration

oYLm

Divine

RnLm

Archaeology

RpTs Bn

Doctrine

LhT, LsL

Architecture

LhPPdLX

Eco System

rXj Rl

Art

LX

Ecology

rXVp

Assembly

NT

Eight fold path

GiTu S

Belief

SmdL

Elephantary

V]lTP

Bliss

TW]kRm

Emperors

TWWNoLs

Cavalary

WlTP

Environment

tf Zp

Cave Temple

LdLp

Epic

CLNm

Celibacy

WmUfNVm

Epics

CLNeLs

Chariotry

RolTP

Excavation

ALrYn

Citizen

ULu

Festivals

TiLLs

Civil-disobedience

NhP Ul

Fine Arts

iLX

Civilization

SLLm

Flexibility

Sm RuU

Commerce

YojRLm

Forest

Concept

Lj

Granary

RVd L[gVm

Contemporary

NULXm

History

YWX

Contact

RPo

Humanity

UR NRVm

Creation

TPl

Icon

TUm

Culture

TiT, LXNWm

Ignorance

AVU

Decentralisation

TWYXdRp

Immortality

AVjRuU

348

349

Infantry

LXhTP

Pictography

jW Gj

Internal Development

ALY[of

Pipal Tree

AWNUWm

Irrigation

olTN]m

Planning

hPRp

Karma Theory

LoU]d LhT

Polytheism

TX LPhLhT

King

AWNu

Prince

C[YWNu

Literature

CXdVm

Race

C]m

Logic

A[YVp

Reality

EiU CVp

Middle Path

CPY

Rebirth

U\

Monism

J TWmTs LhT

Religion

NUVm

Monolithic

Jt\d Lp

Rituals

NPeLs

Monotheism

J LPh LhT

Rivers

SLs

Mountain

UX

Sacrifice

VLm

Museum

AeLhVLm

Sage

Music

CN

Salvation

Neem Tree

YlTUWm

Science

AVp

Non-co-operation

JjZVU

Sculpture

tTm

Non-stealing

PU

Sea

LPp

Non-Violence

AmN

Self-confidence

Ru]mdL

Orphanage

A]R CpXm

Smirthi

GRlThPY

Painting

KVm

Soul

BuU

Pantheism

A]j C\dLhT

Sources

BRWeLs

Philosophical ideas

RjYd LjLs

Sruthi

LRp LhLlThPY

Philosophy

RjYm

Sub-continent

QdLiPm

350

351

Terracotta

Ui TmU

Theism

C\d LhT

Theology

C\Vp

Theosophical society

WmU O] NT

Trade

YTm

Transport

TdYWj

Truth

EiU

Ultimate Reality

TWmTs

Universe

WTgNm

Untouchability

iPU

Value

Ul

Village Administration

FWh oYLm

Virtue

JdLm

Worship

YT

Yagas

YsLs

352