Intensitat:

cos d dS dt d
dE
I

cos d dS dt d
dE
I

0 0
d I d I I
Dens. flux:
( )

+

I d d sin cos I F ( )

+

I d d sin cos I F
Lluminositat:
+

F r 4 dS F L
2
S
+

F r 4 L
2

0 0
d L d L L
Magn.
2
1
2 1
F
F
log 5 . 2 m m 5 r log 5 M m A 5 r log 5 M m +
( )
4
ef
2
T R 4 F S L
2 ef
1 ef
2
1
2 bol 1 bol
T
T
log 10
R
R
log 5 M M
absorci:
dr
L
dL

Gruix ptic: dr d

e L L
0
+ 5 . 2 5 r log 5 M m
Llei de Planck:
1 e
1
c
h 2
B
kT
h 2
3

1 e
1 c h 2
B
kT
hc 5
2

T
mK 0028978 . 0
max

Massa: ( ) r r 4
dr
dM
2 r
Equilibri hidrosttic:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
r
r r M
G r r g
dr
dP

Energia: ( ) ( ) r r r 4
dr
dL
2 r
Convecci:
dr
dP
P
T 1
1
dr
dT

,
_

Press.rad:
4
aT
3
1
P
Radiaci:
2
r
4
r 4
L
T ac 4
3
dr
dT

4 3 16
K Jm 10 564 . 7
c
4
a

( )
1 2
Kg m

NkT pV
3
5
e
2
3
2
V
N
m
h 3
20
1
P

,
_

,
_

relat:
3
4
3
1
V
N
c h
3
20
1
P
,
_

,
_

E. grav: M
m
kT
3 E
H
g

,
_

E. term.:
g
H
T
E
2
1
M
m
kT
2
3
E

,
_

( ) ( )
2
n p
c n , z m m N m z E +
M. Jeans:
2
1
3
3
H
1
4
375
Gm
kT
M

,
_

,
_

N. blanques
R
1
M
3
1
M. Chandrasekar

M 4 . 1 2 . 1 M
E. neutrons
600
R
R
R
1
M
nB
N
3
1
Pols
T
R 2
MR L
2

M. Openheimer-Volkov

M 2 ~ 8 . 1 M
Radi Schwarchild
R
GM 2
c
kpc s
km
25 W
R
B A

kpc s
km
5
dR
d
B A
,
_

+
Ellptiques

,
_

a
b
1 10 n
Vacouler
( )
1
1
1
]
1

,
_

1
r
r
33 . 3
I
r I
log
4
1
e e Mpc
s km
100 , 50 H r H v
1

C

( )
2
R
R R
q
2

Circumpolars
> 90
+ H
+ + t 00273791 , 1
0

,
_

,
_

,
_

h sin
a sin h cos
a cos h cos
sin 0 cos
0 1 0
cos 0 sin
sin
H sin cos
H cos cos

,
_

,
_

,
_

sin
H sin cos
H cos cos
sin 0 cos
0 1 0
cos 0 sin
h sin
a sin h cos
a cos h cos