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EMBRYOLOGY IN BRIEF
FRONTONASAL PROCESSmesoderm covering the developing forebrain Proliferates,& forms downward projection that overlaps upper part of stomatodaeum. MANDIBULAR ARCHES( Rt & Lt).arising from 1st pharyngeal arch. Mandibular arch divides into maxillary and mandibular process.
4th-5th week
The Nose is derived from frontonasal process in 4th fetal week. 5th fetal week ectodermal plaques develop on lateral aspect of FNP
grooves, the medial & lateral sides of placodes protrudes forwards to become Medial & Lateral Nasal Process.
6th fetal week nasal grooves become blind-ending Nasal Pits with forward & downward growth of maxillary process.
7th fetal week nasal pit deepens forms Nasal Sac which forms future nasal cavity.
series of ridges of mesenchymal tissue. st th 1 ridge, the maxilloturbinal(7 week)INFERIOR TURBINATE. st th 5 to 6 ridges appear superior to 1 (8 week)through regression & fusion, these ridges forms 3 to 4 ethmoturbinals.
1st ethmoturbinal (nasoturbinal)aggar nasi (ascending portio & uncinate process(descending portion).
2nd ethmoturbinal .MIDDLE TURBINATE. 3rd forms SUPERIOR TURBINATE rest regress or join supreme turbinate.
8th week
PARANASAL SINUSES
Appear as outgrowths from nasal cavity.
evaginations of lateral nasal wall. Sphenoid sinus arises from a posterior evagination of nasal capsule.
PARANASAL SINUSES
The sinuses begin to develop in 3rd fetal month & only
ethmoidal & maxillary sinus, are present at birth. Maxillary sinus begins as an outpounching of lateral nasal wall at 10th fetal week. Ethmoidal sinus begins at 3rd month of fetal life.
outpounching medial the most superior aspect of uncinate process. Sphenoid sinus are unique in that they arise from within the nasal capsule of embryonic nose. undeveloped until 3 yrs by 7 yrs pneumatization reaches sella tursica by age 9 to 12 it is generally complete
meatus.
The lateral wall of nose: Maxillary bone Ethmoid bone sphenoid bone Inferior turbinate Lacrimal bone Palatine bone
Turbinates
Lamella
maxillary hiatus,
articulates with ethnoid, palatine and lacrimal bones.
Middle turbinate/meatus Portion of ethmoid bone It recieves drainage from the frontal, maxillary and ant ethmoidal cells hiatus semilunaris and ethmoid infundibulum. maxillary hiatus. ant and post fontanelles recesses terminalis
The agger nasi remnant of the nasoturbinal in lower mammals most anterior part of the ethmoid. Represented by small crest or mound on the lateral wall just ant to attachment of middle turbinate. it may be pnuematised ( 5 80 % )
Uncinate process
Ethmoidal bulla Contains largest ant etmoidal cell Ant face forms the posterior margin of HS Post fuse with basal lamella of the MT Superiorly reach the roof of ethmoids forming post wall of frontal recess. retrobullar recess Suprabullar recess
Concha bullosa:(36%)
Aerated middle turbinate/unilateral or bilateral May obstruct middle meatus osteomeatal complex(sinusitis) May get infected form mucocele
middle meatus
Frontal recess
Uncinate process
Maxillary ostium
Infundibulum
Maxillary ostium
Superior turbinate/meatus
Is approx. length of middle turbinate Starts about middle of lower turbinate & becomes
supreme turbinate Unilaterally or bilaterally in 60% of individuals Ostia of pos. ethmoidal cells open into supreme meatus(75%)
Sphenoid sinus
Optic nerve
Carotid artery
Sella tursica Maxillary nerve Vidian nerve
Blood Supply
The arterial supply is from external and internal carotid.
Majority from branches of the maxillary artery, one of the
Blood Supply
Sphenopalatine enters via sphenopalatine foramen which lies just inf to the horizontal attachment of the middle turbinate
An area anteriorly is supplied by the branch from the facial
and part of the lateral wall adjacent to the palate recieves blood from greater palatine.
The internal carotid art via ethmoidals supply superior
lateral walls
Nerve Supply
Superior part olfactory nerve.
Anterosuperiorly ant ethm nerve Post branches of pterygopalatine ganglion ant pal nerves Infraorbital nerve
Lymph Drainage
The lymph vessels draining the vestibule end in the
submandibular nodes
The remainder of the nasal cavity is drained by vessels that
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