Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Can be historical.
Can be descriptive.
New York York is a province in England so the English named the city in the new land New York. When the Dutch owned it, it was New Amsterdam
Sunny!
Warm!
Atlanta, Georgia
Place Name: Atlanta, Georgia Site: Lies on the central piedmont which extends to the fall line of the rivers. South of the most southerly of the Blue Ridge Mountains in the northeast and north central portion of the state. Above and to the north of the coastal plain, which levels to the coastal flatlands. Situation: Urban Metropolis which is centrally located in the southeast portion of the United States, in an ideal location for trade and travel. Mathematical Location: Location: 33.76290 N, 84.42259 W
Time Zones
International date line is 180 from Prime Meridian/GMT
Describing Distributions
DENSITY = the frequency with which something occurs in space; measure of anything within a defined unit of area
ARITHMETIC DENSITY
The total number of objects or people in an area. (If measuring people, would take # of people and divide by area) A large population does not necessarily mean a high arithmetic density. China is most populous (1.3 billion people, but 140/sq.km) vs. The Netherlands which has a small amount of people ( 16 million, but 400/sq.km)
PHYSIOLOGICAL DENSITY
Number of people per unit area of arable land, (land suitable for agriculture). Higher density, more difficulty the country has feeding its people.
AGRICULURAL DENSITY
Number of farmers per unit of arable farmland.
VS
CONCENTRATION
If features in an area are close together, they are clustered. If features are farther apart, they are
dispersed.
To compare levels of concentration, 2 areas need to have same number of objects & same size area
Patterns of MLB teams change as population changes/ spreads. In first picture they are in a concentrated pattern. In second picture they are in a dispersed pattern.
Concentration is NOT the same as density. Two neighborhoods can have the same density, but in different concentrations.
Picture A= 24 houses (lower density) Picture B= 32 houses They sit on the same amount of land, so A has a lower density, but they both have dispersed locations. Picture C has same density as B (32 houses)but distribution of C is more clustered
Phoenix, Arizona
LOCATION Mathematical Location (for a large country, you could give the lat. & long. of the capital city, or say which points the country is in between): Situation (relative location & importance of location): Time Zone: SITE Climate: Bodies of water: Topography (land forms): Soil: Elevation:
Diffusion
How a characteristic spreads across space from one place to another over time; How connections are made between places/ regions.
Hearth= place where innovation or idea orginates.
RELOCATION DIFFUSION
Spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another. (ie language, religion, currency, some diseases, etc)
EXPANSION DIFFUSION
Spread of an idea or feature by a snowballing process. Can be:
Hierarchical Diffusion: spread of ideas from persons/places of authority, power, importance to other places Contagious Diffusion: rapid, widespread diffusion throughout a population without relocation is contagious. Stimulus Diffusion: spread of an idea even if actual characteristic fails to catch on.
Globalization
The increasing interconnectedness of different parts of the world through common processes of economic, political, and cultural change. The economic, cultural, and environmental effects of globalization are highly contested.
Panama, 1997
End of Slides
Distance Decay
The farther away two groups the less like they will interact Contact diminishes with distance and eventually disappears... This is distance decay . Can be cultural group or econ activity example people will only travel so far for a convenience store, but will travel a long distance for a superstore.
Diffusion of culture and economy has not been equal this is known as uneven development.
Three core Hearth Regions
United States Western Europe Japan
IN CONTRAST TO
Population: 292 million Population density: 29 people per sq. km. Total fertility rate: 2.0 children per woman Population doubling time: 116 years Percentage urban/rural: 78% urban, 22% rural Per capita energy use: 8,148 kg. oil equivalent Infant mortality: 6.7 deaths per 1,000 births Life expectancy: 74 (male), 80 (female) Adult illiteracy: 3% (male), 3% (female) Internet users: 165 million
1994 India Stats Population: 1.0 billion Population density: 318 people per sq. km. Total fertility rate: 3.0 children per woman Population doubling time: 36 years Percentage urban/rural: 28% urban, 72% rural Per capita energy use: 494 kg. oil equivalent Infant mortality: 66 deaths per 1,000 births Life expectancy: 62 (male), 64 (female) Adult illiteracy: 32% (male), 55% (female) Internet users: 7 million
1994 Japan Stats Population: 128 million Population density: 336 people per sq. km. Total fertility rate: 1.3 children per woman Population doubling time: 289 years Percentage urban/rural: 79% urban, 21% rural Per capita energy use: 4,316 kg. oil equivalent Infant mortality: 3 deaths per 1,000 births Life expectancy: 78 (male), 85 (female) Adult illiteracy: 1% (male), 1% (female) Internet users: 56 million
1994 Mali Stats Population: 12 million Population density: 9.1 people per sq. km. Total fertility rate: 7.0 children per woman Population doubling time: 23 years Percentage urban/rural: 26% urban, 64% rural Per capita energy use: 22 kg. oil equivalent Infant mortality: 118.7 deaths per 1,000 births Life expectancy: 48 (male), 49 (female) Adult illiteracy: 64% (male), 84% (female) Internet users: 30,000
Answer the following questions when you have read Documenting Diffusion
What types of things have routes of diffusion that cant/arent documented? What stops are mentioned in tobaccos diffusion paths? Where did hybrid corn originate? Explain reverse hierarchical diffusion in your own words. What are other examples (besides Wal-Mart) of things that spread with reverse hierarchical diffusion?
Give at least one example of a geographical characteristic, & at least one cultural characteristic for each of the four regions shown. (Ex. The South, hot climate, southern accent)
Warm-Up:
REGIONS
Apply to a larger area rather than a specific point. Gets its character from the cultural landscape. Assumes people are the most important agents of change to Earths surface.
Formal Region
Uniform region everyone shares one or more common characteristics. Whole area shares essential uniformity across the space How are the following formal regions?
Functional Region
Organized around a node or a focal point. The characteristic chosen is strongest at the center of the region and diminishes outward into hinterland. (Newspapers, economics, etc)
Region that people perceive they believe it exists as part of their cultural identity. If I asked you to draw a mental map of the south what would you draw????
Vernacular Region
What is CULTURE?
Note: experiencing another culture is useful for gaining perspective on your own.
Candidate for harshest punishment in history? Banishment in so-called primitive cultures.
Humanistic Geography - values the individual perspective. Place and Placelessness (Relph, 1978)
What kinds of cultural values are reflected in each of these American houses?
Gated community?
Environmental determinism
how the physical environment caused social development.
The physical environment may limit some human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to their environment.
Possibilism
N.Y.C.
Environmentally Determined?
Lets think
???
What can maps tell us?
Physical Geography
Map: A map is a flat scale model of the real world. Cartography: The science of map making.
What is a map?
Examine some of the images on the following slides. Are they maps? Yes or no?
YES
All of the images, though from vastly different sources, with vastly different uses are maps. First, we will look at each image and see WHY it is a map. Then, we will look at some maps made in the past few thousand years (dont worryI didnt say wed look at a few thousand maps)
(okay- it still needs labels to be a TRUE map, but he cant write!) This image, drawn by a 4 year old stores both reference material and geographic information. If he could spell, and there were labels, it would be more convincing! Black = scary ride (Pirates, Peter Pan) Green= good ride (Tree House, Buzz Lightyear)
Early Mapmaking
Babylonians Earliest Surviving 2300BC Aristotle Spherical, Shadows, Stars Erasthosthenes= father of geography. Think about 1571 vs. today and Satellite Imagery
Map Scale
relationship of a features size on a map to its actual size on earth.
Scale: The
In other words 1 unit on the map = 25,000 of the same unit on the ground.
1:316,800 or 1/316,800
Fractional Scale
Graphic Scale
What is missing? Any reference to map scale. Here are three maps in one all produced at a different scale. Yet, a scale is shown on none of them.
An advertisement (Conde Nast Traveler) from 2007. When scale is not shown on a map beware! On this map, Peru has clipped off Alaska so as not to show the Pacific Ocean at scale. The Japanese are wealthy enough to be world tourists (and they have historical connections with Peru). Their trip across the Pacific to Peru seems only as long as Europeans trip across the Atlantic.
SCALE?
Western Samoa The Cradle of Polynesia 1995 How could there be a reference to scale on this map. Samoa is made to look larger than the USA. There are other problems, too: directional relationships are not true.
Western Samoa The Heart of Polynesia 1995 A pattern develops, lying with scale (lying with maps) is something that all small island nations do why? Here is the second example from Western Samoa.
Projection: The scientific method of transferring locations on the Earths surface to a flat map.
Projection
Drawing a round shape on a flat surface, causes distortion. What problems do you notice here?
3 types of projections
Planar - Project the Earth onto a plane that touches or, technically, is tangent tothe globe at a single point, and you get a planar projection. Because this projection, also known as an azimuthal projection, ismost accurate at its center, it is often used for maps focusing on one of the Poles. Conic - Cap the globe with a cone to achieve a conic projection. Cut open the cone, and the basis of a map emerges. The map will be least distorted along the line where the cone touches the sphere. Conic projections are handy for portraying the United States, which fits nicely within the resulting smile-shaped map. Cylindrical - Swaddle the globe and project its surface onto a cylinder. Slit the cylinder and flatten it into a map. This projection is most accurate near the Equator and greatly distorted near the Poles. The most famous cylindrical map is the Mercator projection, perfect for navigation but poor for teaching geography. Peters is also cylindrical.
Mercator Projection
Mercator Projection
Cylindrical designed for European sailors - useful for finding directions/charting sailing course severely distorts the size of the extreme north and south countries example: Greenland and Africa
Robinson Projection
Good for viewing oceans, but in turn distorts land areas (makes them smaller).
Peters Projection
Peters Projection
The Peters Projection is known as the equal-area cylindric or cylindric equal-area projection Changes also include moving the Bering Strait Projection was largely associated with disparaging the Mercator projection as biased towards 3rd world countries, and promoted itself as a more appropriate map
Map Projection
Problems Spherical Nature of Earth Globe 3-D Distortion Shape Distance Relative Area Direction
Thematic Maps
A map that demonstrates a particular feature or a single variable. Four types of thematic map are:
Dot maps Choropleth maps Proportional symbol maps Isoline maps
Dot Maps A thematic map in which a dot is used to represent some frequency of the mapped variable. A simple dot map of commercial wireless antennas in the USA.
Choropleth Map: A thematic map in which ranked classes of some variable are depicted with shading patterns or colors for predefined zones
Proportional Symbol Map: A symbol (usually a circle) is place in a location to represent a proportional scale of some sort of category.
Mental Maps
Maps are not always printed. Everyone has a mental map a map in their mindthat has developed over years of looking at wall maps, atlas maps, and maps in books, magazines, and newspapers. Peoples perception of places and regions is influenced by their individual mental maps as well as printed maps. Since one's perception of different places is a combination of general information, personal experiences, and what is called "hearsay" in the legal profession, that perception is not always accurate.
Cartogram
Map in which a theme is substituted for land area mass Themes could include GDP, Population, political influence
Population Cartogram
Contemporary Tools
Beyond The Map
GIS Systems Remote Sensing GPS Systems
GIS (geographic information system): A computer system the stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data.
Layers of information can be used to determine and compare relationships Can be used separately or together
Remote Sensing:
Acquisition of data about Earths surface from a satellite orbiting Earth or from other longdistance methods.
On the LIDAR image above the following colors correspond with the following elevations relative to mean sea level.
COLOR Dark Green Value (meters) -9.272 to 0 Value (feet) -30.42 to 0
Green
Yellow Magenta Red
0 to 30
30 to 100 100 to 150 150 to 201.19
0 to 98.43
98.43 to 328.08 328.08 to 492.12 492.12 to 764.59
http://us.cnn.com/video/?/video/tech/200 9/08/12/eod.gps.maps.cnn