Posted by dana marniche (Member # 13149) on 22 March, 2010 10:18 AM:

Members of the Hawt tribe a clan of the Madhij (son of Hamdan) now refugees in Yemen's war

When Arabia was Eastern Ethiopia (Part 3) Revised - by - Dana Marniche It should be understood that many of the names of Cushitic speaking tribes today in the horn of Africa Somalia, Djibouti, Kenya and Ethiopia/Eritrea were also known in early Arabia. In Somalia such clans as the Yahar, Mahra or Maheyra of Somalia and the Yemen, Makhar or Makir (Machir), Bin Samaal or Somali(Samal of Yemen), Rahawein (ancient Rahawiyyin or Ruayn or Rahawi of Yemen) and smith clans such the Hubir (Heber), Yubir, Sabi, Tumal and Wubar (or Wabar) are mentioned in ancient times before the early Islamic period as Himyarite and Sabaean clans in South Arabian inscriptions and other writings. The phrase as divided as the Sabaeans as Diop mentioned has everything to do with this African dispersal. These same people in Arabia are in fact, found in earlier Mesopotamian inscriptions and later Arabic documents. The phrase as divided as the Sabaeans as Diop mentioned has everything to do with this dispersal.

Others located today both in Arabia and in Africa claiming descent Qahtan through Abd Shams Saba or Saba and his sons Himyar and Kahlan are the Afar (Afari or Afariyyah in Arabia), and Danakil or Danagil, (Nakhl, Nakhawila or An-Nakha al Nakha of Arabia) and several other tribes. Both are names of well known rulers of ancient South Arabia. The bulk of the tall Cushitic speakers of Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea and Puntland are likely derived from African peoples who had settled in ancient times in south Arabia from the Horn. This settlement very likely began during the Arabian Neolithic and/or Copper Age (between 7th and the 3rd millennium B.C.) when elements of the Doian neolithic of Somalia begin to appear in the Rub al Khali and tall, oval-headed Negroids as Emmanuel Anati put it, begin to appear in the rock art of the Central Arabian and Syrian Arabian deserts. The humans have tall elegantly shaped bodies and oblong oval heads. Whenever hair is depicted it appears curly (Whitley, 2001, p. 805). Another group of African affiliation appeared in the rock art along the coasts of Arabia, and this population was tied to the smaller or shorter-statured populations that appeared in the deserts of Egypt and Sudan as well as along the Nile, Red Sea hills and on both sides of the Eritraean Sea in the proto-dynastic period. These gracile Africans are associated with the so called Badarian, Amratian, Naqqada cultures and in the Ghassulian of the Levant. This population was no doubt represented by some of the modern Beja or Bega populations. When early anthropologists such as Haddon, Krogman, Grafton Elliot Smith spoke of the small or gracile Mediterranean Egyptians of proto-Egyptian type being affiliated with similar populations in Arabia and the ancient Near East these are the populations of which he spoke. (There is a considerable mass of evidence to show that there was a very close resemblance between the proto-Egyptians and the Arabs before either became intermingled with Armenoid racial elements. Elliot Smith p. 54 The Ancient Egyptians and the Origins of Civilization.) Among the groups still found in Arabia representing this ancient stock are clans of the Banu Hamida, Hawt, Shihuwaiyyin or Shihu, Utaibah (Ateiyiba) and many people of the Asir region. The clan names of the Beja, (Begawi or Buga) appear on both sides of the Arabia Sea particularly in the Asir, Tihama regions and Yemenite regions. The Beja of modern Sudan, modern Eritrea and Egypt are descendants of ancient African of Cushitic affiliation who had intermixed with later Islamic Afro-Arabians coming from Hejaz through Sinai during the hegemonic period of Islam. They include the Bezaa or Bayzan, Beni Amer or Amir, Ababidah or Ababdah, Hadarab, Huweitat, Atmaan, Umarar, Hada or Hadandowa, Bishariin, Erigat, Orteyga, Bediyat. Tribes such as the Huweitat have in fact always extended up to Sinai and into the area of Transjordan southward into the southern Hejaz and Tihama. Beja are also traditionally called Matat or Madid which may be related to the ancient Egyptian name for peoples in these same regions Madjay. The Arab tribes among the Beja in Northern Sudan were in part and in full mainly the descendants of bedouin tribes of Sulaym, Hilal, Ghatafan and Rabia of the Qays Ailan who began emigrating from Central Arabia and the northern Hejaz or western Arabia into Egypt as early as the 9th c. A.D. and continued their immigration as late as a few centuries ago. These clans of the Qays were all related and also notoriously black and near black in color in writings of Syrians, Iraqis and other Arab influenced people. They are well-known for possessing Greco-Roman concubines in Arabia before entering Africa. Leaving Arabia they conquered Egypt and North Africa and also moved southward into Sudan, Chad and Eritrea. (This was long before the influx of later Syrians, Turks, Bosnians and others into Egypt later in the Islamic period.) The early descendants of the early Arabians (also found in parts of modern Egypt), are the Manasseir (Mansour), Kababish or Kabsh, Beni Amer, Jaaliya or Jaaliin, Bishariin, Humr, Muzeina, Haweitat, Hamar, Rufa or Ruwafa, Khuzam, Salamat,, Hamid, Gerar, Hamran, Mugharba, Lahawi, Maaza. Habbaniyya, Mahass, Rashaida, Djerafin (Terapin), Hawara, Kuwahla, Bayzaa, Rikab, Shaikyia, Dhubaniyya and Mesiria to name just a few.

Traditions Concerning the Last Living Descendants of Qahtan, or Joktan son of Shem Many of the tribes of Yemen still resemble their Himyarite and Sabean ancestors. The following are

observations of British colonialists of various clans. 1928 - A.T.Wilson, mentions the Shihu of Oman and Khasab. "The Hamitic group is still represented along the coast of Oman, and the Shihuh tribe, a small Negrito race, prior in origin to the Semitic stock of Arabia, survives in the caves of Cape Musandan." 1872 -On the inhabitants of southwest Arabia in Yemen near Yarim, The inhabitants of this part of Arabia nearly all belong to the race of Himyar. Their complexion is almost as black as the Abyssinians, see p. 121 in Geography of Southern Arabia by Baron von Maltzan, in Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London, Vol. 16, No. 2 , pp. 115-123. 1900 - In this year the sultan of the tribe of Yafaa described as of greenish brown color See Mabel and Theodore Bents Southern Arabia, p. 403 (The term green refers to someone near black or dark brown in color.) 1932- Bertram Thomas describes individuals of southern Arabia. Men of the Yafii or Yafaa clans of Ahl Yazid fuzzy haired, greenishbrown and Yahar tribe of the Yafaa as dark chocolate Anthropological Observations in South Arabia, Bertram Thomas in The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Insdtitute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 62 83-103 Jan-June 1932. On a sultan of the Yafaai tribe who claim descent from Kudaa bin Himyar through the tribe of al Haf. 1927 - The people of Dhufar are of the Qahtan tribe, the sons of Joktan mentioned in Genesis: they are of Hamitic or African rather than Arab types See page 236 in A Periplus of the Persian Gulf, Arnold Wilson. The Geographical Journal. Vol. 69l, No. 3 March 1927, pp. 235-255. (The Dhufar talked about here are the mountains of Oman.) 1929- Bertram Thomas on the modern remnants of the ancient Qahtan tribes: these tribes with the exception of the Harasis have a tradition of African origin, the order of their local antiquity being Shahara, Bautahara, Mahra, Qara. Found in The South Eastern Borderlands of Rub-al Khali, Bertram Thomas vol. 73 (LXXIII) No. 3 March 1929. 1932 Bertram Thomas also observed individuals from a number of clans in the Yemen, a man from a tribe called Mashaia man is described as very dark brown. The Shahara are dark brown and the Bait Marhum of the Kathiri (Keturah) tribe are similarly described. Found in Anthropological Observations in South Arabia, The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 62, (Jan. - Jun., 1932), pp. 83-103. The photos of individuals of the Mashaia, Shahara (of Sheherazade fame) and Kathiri children, Mahra and Qara can be found in Bertram Thomas books. The Shahara are a clan affiliated with the Mahra. The Mashaia are also mentioned in Assyrian inscriptions in the area of northern Arabia. The name has also been written or translated as Maasaai. 2001 - Mahra is the Arab name for the Bedouin tribes who are different in appearance to other Arabs, having almost beardless faces, fuzzy hair and dark pigmentation such as the Qarra, Mahra and Harasis Also about, the Qarra, Mahra and Harasis with parts of other tribes. The language is derived from the language of the Sabaeans, Minaeans and Himyarites. The Mahra with other Southern Arabian peoples seem aligned to the Hamitic race of north-east Africa The Mahra are believed to be descended from the Habasha, who colonized Ethiopia in the first millennium BC, p. 250-251, Peoples on the Move, by David Phillips, 2001. Early Muslim writers outside of Arabia were often confused on the origin of the true Arabs. They sometimes divided them into Ishmaelites and Qahtanis or northern Arabians and southern ones. But most northern Arabian bedouin had traditions of coming from the Yemen from the kingdom of Himyar or Humayr and Saba descendants of Qahtan, while the darker-skinned Qahtan of Yemenite (Qara, Mahra etc.) still acknowledged a remote African origin in the time of English colonial documenters.

Qahtan is the Hebrew Joktan Genesis 10:28. In Arabian tradition sometimes he is said to be a child of Hud or Aabar or Abir (Hebrew or Biblical Eber or Heber) and otherwise a descendant of of the Ismail. According to the Syrian ibn Kathir (Abul Feda) of the early 1300s: It is related that there was a group of four brothers Qahtan, Qahit, Muqhit and Faligh. Qahtan was the son of Hud. Qahtan is also said to have descended from Ishmael, as Ibn Ishaq and others relate it. One authority stated that Qahtan was the son of Al Hamaysa son of Teman son of Qaydhar son of Nabt son of Ishmael. And there are other genealogies tracing him back to Ishmael but God knows best. George Bury writes in 1915 in Arabia infelix, or The Turks in Yamen , The first concrete fact in the history of the Yaman is the birth of Joktan son of Eber, B.C., 2246. I identify Eber with Heber the prophet, or Hud as the Arabs call him, who preached to the Adites and warned them of the Divine vengeance...This is said to have overtaken them in the form of a raging simoom along the western margin of what is now called the Rub al Khali or the Empty QuarterBut to return to Joktan or Kahtan as the Arabs call him. He was a native of Hadramaut valley but settled in Yemen and introduced architecture and agriculture among the pastoral and ten dwelling tribes. His son Yarab (Jerah of Genesis) was the progenitor of Yamen Arabic and first separated the Yamen tongue from ancient Hebrew. He it was who founded the Sabaean Kingdom in Yemen on the ruins of the old Minaean dynasty which had dwindled to a mere tribal confederation in the southern Jauf and was known then and since as Maan the Arab title for the dynasty itself. (From Arabia infelix or The Turks in Yamen Georg Wyman Bury, 1915. pp. 2-3.) All Arab genealogical accounts state that the near descendant or great grandson of Qahtan (Joktan brother of Peleg) was Saba (Seba) whose two sons according to most accounts were Himyar (or Humayr) and Kahlan who is called Nakhete Kalnis of Ethiopian/Abyssinian royal genealogy. In addition Qahtan (Joktan brother of Peleg) son of Abir (Eber) or Hud, had kinsmen called Iram (or Aram), Awza or Aus (Uz) who had fathered Amalek and Ad (the latters name said to be derived from Adah). These are all closely related individuals in Arabian genealogical tradition who are said to have lived centuries before the time of Moses (Muzaikiya). Amalek, also known synonymously as Ad, in particular, ruled according to traditions in the first lowland of the Kenaana (Canaan) which extending from southward of Sanaa in the far southwest corner of Arabia in modern Yemen to Mecca. They later conquered Syria (which they also named after themselves Canaan), Egypt and the Aegean. These children of Amalik went on to populate the whole of Arabia and to rule a great part of the ancient world under leaders such as Numayr ibn Qassit, Cathim son of Madan, Djurham or Darim son Rayan, Kabus son of Musab grandson of Rayan, Dahakk, Akk, Anakh, Sheshi, Kabus, Djurham or Darim, Salih and Thamud or Samud. According to this tradition, the brother of Kabus did battle with Moses in the South Arabian land called Misra and died near Qaran. Rayan put the Yusef or Josef upon the throne of the son of Misra in south Arabia, and this appears to be the Biblical land of Misra which has been misinterpreted as the Egypt of the African Nile. It is clear that some of these rulers of the Hejaz and Yemen figure in Hebrew Genesis, Greek, Indo-Iranian and Babylonian mythology. Incidentally the rulers Anak and Sheshai of Canaan have been identified as names of the Hyksos rulers Nakhi and Sheshi in Egypt by archeologists Kim Ryholt and David Rohl. It is also not impossible that the Biblical Hamor king of Canaan is the name Himyar or Humayr of the ancient Yemen. Kamal Salibi identified it with either the Wadi Suqamah or al Qasim of southwest Arabia (Salibi, 2007, p. 127). Other Adite kings ruling in Saba and Himyar are Murithad, al Modad or Al Matat, Numan, Maafir, Tubba, Awal or Wail, Tarkhun, Dhul Karnein and Afrikus. Most of these are traditionally said to have colonized Africa in and before the time of Moses.

Ancient Origins of the Afro-Arabian Qara tribes Most Arab populations today are the result of ancient biological mixture of black or east Africans (the

original semitic populations) with ancient Iranian merchants and mercenaries since the Sassanid period, and more recently white Syrians and Turks. One of the tribes who have largely retained their African appearance and traditions in Arabia are the Qara or Gara of Oman and Hadramaut. Among the modern Qara are the clans of Al Amri, Al Mashani, Al Awaid, Jabob, Kashub, Tabuk, Shamas and Qatan. Qatan bin Arib in Arab genealogy was a near descendant of Humaysa bin Himyar son of Saba of the Qahtan. (Bosworth, 1999, p. 176). Some of the Qara (also written Qarra, Gara and Kara) claim descent from the Kindah kingdom which existed in Central Arabia and the Persian Gulf and the leader Hakli or Aqil? Who came from the Hadramaut in the Yemen. The Kindah are descendants of Qahtan through Kahlan son of Himyar. They were among those peoples who claim they came from Africa at a remote period. The dialects of the Qara are related to the pre-Arabic dialects of ancient Saba, Himyar and Ethiopia. Most Qara are described as resembling Nubians and are rather short in stature (compared to the taller Mahra). 1929 - Bertram Thomas describes the Qara or Kara as the most prosperous tribe of all the Hamitic group, possessing innumerable camels, herds of cattle and the richest frankincense country. They resemble the Bisharin tribe of the Nubian desert. Men of big bone , they have long faces long narrow jaws, noses of a refined shape long curly hair and brown skin. Quoted on p. 200 in Richmond Palmers, The Bornu Sahara and Sudan 1970, originally published 1936 by John Murray of London. The Qara are actually rather short in stature as well. 2004 - On the Qara, European observers have made much of their physical resemblance to Somalis and Ethiopians, but there is no historical evidence of any connections. p. 261 J. E. Peterson Omans Diverse Society: Southern Oman, Middle East Journal Vol. 38, No. 2 Spring 2004. The ancient Greeks and Roman historians, Strabo, Ptolemy, Juba and Pliny refer to the city of Carrae or Gerrae. Pliny mentions in his Natural History 1.161-62 the Arabian tribe called Carrae or Carraeans, who had the most extensive and fertile agricultural lands in Arabia. Claudius Ptolemy mentions the town of Gerra in the Geographos (2nd cent CE). Strabo appears to have referred to them as Gerraeans and as salt-traders in the Persian Gulf and Red Sea, and says they were the Chaldeans pushed from Harran (apparently the Arabian Hauran according to Kamal Salibi) by Nebudchadnezzer. Interestingly Pliny places the Gens Chaldaei in the area of Musandam Oman. Charles Forster connects the name to the Beni Khaled of Arabia and southern Mesopotamia. (See Bertram Thomas, Alarms and Excursions in Arabia, 1931, p. 230 and The Quarterly Review, Vol. 74, 1844, p. 340). Strabo also wrote, the Gerrhaeans have become the richest of all; and they have a vast equipment of both gold and silver articles, such as couches and tripods and bowls, together with drinking vessels and very costly houses; for doors and wall and ceilings are variegated with ivory and gold and silver set with precious stones. (Frankincense and Myrrh, A Study of Arabian Incense Trade, Nigel Groom, p. 67). Charles Forster claimed the word Gerra was an anagram fro Hagar and whose descendants he traces to the Agrai of the classical historians (Rice, 1994, 9. 36). No doubt the trade in salt and incense has been in the possession of many of the same people living between Africa and Arabia for thousands of years. Gerrhaeans played a central role in the interchange of commodities of certain regions of the Arabian Peninsula during the reign of the Seleucid King Antioch III (223 - 187 BC) of Syria. Most notable was the frankincense and myrrh of southwestern Arabia in the Yemen and Hadramawt regions. The Qarra, Kara or Gara tribe also still carry on a salt trade that was one of the hallmarks of the ancient Gerrhae or Carraens. While some related the name of Carraeans to that of Hagar others saw a correlation to the name of the Biblical Korahites. In any case both Banu Hajar and the Agrai as well as Korah were traditionally from southwest Arabia. Banu Hajar (Hagar) were in particular a remnant associated with the expansion of the Azdites from the Marib (Meriba Exodus 17 of the Hebrew Bible) area of Yemen in the time of the Azdite leader Moses.

Bosworth, Clifford Edmond. (1999). The Ssnids, the Byzantines, the Lakhmids, and Yemen Vol. V El Tabari , Albany, NY: University of New York Press. Crosthwaite, Charles. (1839) Synchronology a Treatise on the History Chronology and Mythology of the Ancient Egyptians Greeks and Phoenicians Cambridge University Press, p. 234. Rice Michael. (1994). The Archeology of the Arabian Gulf, 3000- 325 BC. London: Routledge. Sale, George. (1779). A Universal History: From the Earliest Accounts to the Present Time, p. 339. Whitley, David S. (2001). Handbook of Rock Art Research, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., p. 805. To be Continued

Yafi'i (Afa) of western Yemen described as a clan of the Ru'ayn (Rahawiyyin Himyarites) in Islamic texts

Posted by 85500 (Member # 17553) on 22 March, 2010 10:37 AM: A lot of your paper is out dated material that uses a lot of material from colonial times. Lots of your claims are not even cited, just a few sentences here and there. Eritreans are not the descendants of Yemeni Kingdoms. The Habashats were indeed a Yemeni Kingdom, one that was at times an ally of the Aksumites. The Habashats may have been African peoples, like those you presented in your first picture. Because they were regarded as Ethiopians (burnt face people) by the Greek Translators of King Ezana of the Aksumites.