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QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

CA CPT



RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS
CHAPTER - 1
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FOUNTAINHEAD CA - CPT QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE





TABLE OF CONTENT
RATIO AND PROPORATION, INDICES, LOGARITHAMS

1.1 RATIO

1.2 PROPORTION

1.3 INDICES

1.4 SURDS

1.5 LOGARITHM








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1.1 RATIO
Ratio:
A ratio is a comparison of the sizes of two or more quantities of the same kind (in same units) by
division.
Note:
1. Usually a ratio is expressed in the lowest ten, for e.g.
16 16x1 1
16:64= = = =1:4.
64 16x4 4

2.
Order of the terms in the ratio is important e.g. 2:5 = 5:2
.
3. Ratio exists between quantities of the same kind e.g. ratio between age of one child and weight
of another child cannot be found.
4. Quantities to be compared must be in the same units. E.g. Ratio between 15 minutes and 55
seconds = 15:55. But
15x60 seconds 180
= =180:11
55 seconds 11

5. To compare ratios convert them into equivalent like fractions.
LIST OF FORMULAE
1. Ratio of two numbers a and b is a:b a is called antecedent (first term) and b is called consequent
(second term). e.g. in the ratio 3:4, 3 is called antecedent and 4 is called consequent.
2. Inverse ratio: One ratio is the inverse of another if their product is 1. e.g.
(i) Inverse ratio of
: a b
is
: . b a

(ii) Inverse ratio of 2:3 is 3:2.
3. Ratio of greater inequality: A ratio : a b is said to be of greater inequality if a b > e.g. 5:4.
4. Ratio of less inequality: A ratio : a b is said to be of less inequality if a b < e.g. 4:5.
5. Ratio of equality: A ratio a: b is said to be ratio of equality if a=b e.g. 4:4.
6. Compound ratio: The compound ratio of two ratios a:b and c:d is ac:bd.
E.g. the compound ratio of 2:3 and 6:5 is 2x6: 3 x 5 = 4:5.
7. Duplicate ratio : A ratio compounded of
It self is called duplicate ratio. e.g.
(i) Duplicate ratio of a:b is
2 2
: a b .
(ii) Duplicate ratio of 3:4 is 9:16.
8. Triplicate ratio: Triplicate ratio of a:b is



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3 3
: . a b e.g. Triplicate ratio of 3:4 is 27:64.
9. Sub duplicate ratio: Sub duplicate ratio of a: b is : a b e.g. sub duplicate ratio of 4:25 is 2:5.
10. Sub triplicate ratio: Sub triplicate ratio of a: b is
3 3
: a b e.g. sub triplicate ratio of 27:8 is 3:2.
11. Commensurable quantities: If the ratio of two similar quantities can be expressed as a ratio of
two integers, the quantities are said to be commensurable quantities.
(i) e.g. ratio of 1.28:1.5 =
1.28 128 10 64
= x =
1.5 100 15 75
which is a ratio of integers 64 and 75.
1:28, 1.5 are commensurable quantities.
12. Incommensurable quantities: If the ratio of two similar quantities cannot be exactly expressed
as a ratio of two integers, the
Quantities are said to be incommensurable
e.g. ratio 3 : 1 cannot be exactly expressed as a ratio of two integers. So 3 and 1 are in
commensurable quantities.
13. Continued ratio: Continued ratio is the relation (or compassion) between the magnitudes of
three or more quantities of the same kind e.g. The continued ratio of three similar quantities
, , a b c is a:b:c.
14. : : , 0 a b ma mb m = = .
15. : : , 0
a b
a b m
m m
= = .
16. If ,
a c e
b d f
= = then each ratio =
Sum of antecedent
Sum of consequent
a c e
b d f
+ +
=
+ +
.
If ,
a c e
b d f
= = then each ratio =
ma+nc+pe
mb+nd+pf

Type1: To find antecedent/consequent.



1. The ratio of two quantities is 3 : 4. If the antecedent is 15, the consequent is
a. 16
b. 60
c. 22
d. 20
Solution: Ratio of two quantities =
3 3x5 15
3:4= = =
4 4x5 20
. As antecedent is 15, consequent is 20.
2. The ratio of two quantities is 2:5. If the antecedent is 10, the consequent is .
a. 4
b. 25
Multiple Choice Questions



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c. 20
d. 50
3. The ratio of two quantities is 7:4. If the consequent is 28, the antecedent is ..

a. 49
b. 28
c. 14
d. 24.5

Type2: To perform operation on ratio.

1. The inverse ratio of 11 : 15 is 15:11

a. 15 : 11
b. 11 : 15
c. 121 : 225
d. none of these
2. The ratio of the quantities is 5 : 7. If the consequent of its inverse ratio is 5, the antecedent
is

a. 5
b. 5
c. 7
d. none of these

Type3: To find compound ratio of given ratios.

1. The ratio compounded of 2 : 3, 9 : 4, 5 : 6 and 8 : 10 is
a. 1 : 1
b. 1:5
c. 3:8
d. none of these
Solution: Compound ratio of 2:3, 9:4, 5:6 and 8:10 is
2 9 5 8 720
x x x = =1:1.
3 4 6 10 720

2. The compound ratio of 3:4, 10:21 and 14:17 is .
a. 35:11
b. 10:11
c. 5:11
d. 5:33
3. The compound ratio of 4:7, 3:5, 5:6 and 14:5 is
a. 4:7
a. 5:7
b. 5:4
c. 4:5

Type4: To find duplicate, triplicate, sub duplicate, sub triplicate ratio of given ratios:

1. The ratio compounded of duplicate ratio of 4 : 5, triplicate ratio of 1 : 3, sub duplicate ratio
of 81 : 256 and sub triplicate ratio of 125 : 512 is

a. 4 : 512
b. 3 : 32



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c. 1 : 12
d. none of these
Solution: Duplicate ratio of 4:5 =
2
4 16
.
5 25
| |
=
|
\ .
Triplicate ratio of 1:3 =
3
1 1
.
3 27
| |
=
|
\ .

Sub Duplicate ratio of 81:256 =
81 9
.
256 16
= Sub triplicate ratio of 125:512 =
3
125 5
512 8
=
Required compound ratio =
16 1 9 5 1
x x x =
25 27 16 8 120

2. The duplicate ratio of 3 : 4 is

a. 3 : 2
b. 4 : 3
c. 9 : 16
d. none of these
3. The sub duplicate ratio of 25 : 36 is
a. 6 : 5
b. 36 : 25
c. 50 : 72
d. 5 : 6
4. The triplicate ratio of 2 : 3 is
a. 8 : 27
b. 6 : 9
c. 3 : 2
d. none of these
5. The sub triplicate ratio of 8 : 27 is
a. 27 : 8
b. 24 : 81
c. 2 : 3
d. none of these
6. The ratio compounded of 4 : 9 and the duplicate ratio of 3 : 4 is
a. 1:4
b. 1:3
c. 3:1
d. none of these
7. The ratio compounded of 4 : 9, the duplicate ratio of 3 : 4, the triplicate ratio of 2 : 3 and 9 :
7 is
a. 2:7
b. 7:2
c. 2:21
d. none of these
8. The ratio compounded of 4:5 and sub duplicate ratio of a:q is 8:15. Then value of a is .
(Dec.)

a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 9





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FOUNTAINHEAD CA - CPT QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

Type5: Harder sums on duplicate, sub duplicate ratios:

1. If p : q is the sub duplicate ratio of px2 : qx2 then x2 is
a. __p____
p+q

b. __q____
p+q

c. __pq____
p+q
d. none of these
Solution: p:q is sub duplicate ratio of
2 2
: . p x q x

p
q
=
2
2
p x
q x

2
2
p
q
=
2
2
p x
q x

2 2 2 2 2 2
p q p x pq q x =
2 2 2 2 2 2
p q pq p x q x =
2 2 2
( ) ( ) pq p q x p q =


2
( )
( )( )
pq p q
x
p q p q

=
+

2
pq
x
p q
=
+

2. If 2s : 3t is the duplicate ratio of 2s p : 3t p then

a. p
2
= 6st
b. p = 6st
c. 2p = 3st
d. none of these

Type6: From given value of ratio, evaluate

1. If x : y = 3 : 4, the value of x2y + xy2 : x3 + y3 is

a. 13 : 12
b. 12 : 13
c. 21 : 31
d. none of these
Solution: First method : : 3: 4 x y = Let
3 4
x y
k = = ,
3 4
x y
k k = = 3 , 4 x k y k = =
Now
2 2
3 3
x y xy
x y
+
+
=
2 2
3 3
(3 ) (4 ) 3 (4 )
(3 ) (4 )
k k k k
k k
+
+
=
3 3 3
3 3 3
36 48 84 12
27 64 91 13
k k k
k k k
+
= =
+

Short cut : : 3: 4, x y = then taking x = 3 and y = 4 in
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
(3) 4) (3)(4) 36 48 84 12
3 4 27 64 91 13
x y xy
x y
+ + +
= = = =
+ + +

2. If a : b = 3 : 4, the value of (2a+3b) : (3a+4b) is
a. 54 : 25
b. 8 : 25
c. 17 : 24
d. 18 : 25
3. If : 3: 4, x y = the value of 3 5 : 5 3 x y x y + + is ..
a. 0
b.
27
29




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c.
29
27

d. 1
4. If : 3: 4, x y = the value of is . 3 : 2 y x x y +

a.
1
2

b.
9
10

c.
9
11

d.
13
10

5. If A: B=2:5, then (10A+3B) 5A+|2B) = ..
a. 7:4
b. 7:3
c. 6:5
d. 7:9
6. If p : q = 2 : 3 and x : y = 4 : 5, then the value of 5px + 3qy : 10px + 4qy is
a. 71 : 82
b. 27 : 28
c. 17 : 28
d. none of these
7.
If : 3: 4 a b = and : 5: 2, x y = the value of
2 3
.....
4
ax yx
ay bx


a. 3:2
b. 3:13
c. 27:34
d. 24:11

Type7: Simple problem sums on ratio.

1. An alloy is to contain copper and zinc in the ratio of 9:4. The zinc required to melt with 24 kg
of copper is .. kg

a. 10
2
3

b. 10
1
3

c. 9
2
3

d. 9
Solution:
Weight of copper 9
Weight of zinc 4
=

24 9
4 x
= 96 = 9x
96 32 2
10
9 3 3
x = = = kg.
2. Eight people are planning to share equally the cost of a rental car. If one person withdraws
from the arrangement and the others share equally entire cost of the car, then the share of
each of the remaining persons increased by . (March 2007).



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a.
1
9

b.
1
8

c.
1
7

d.
7
8

Solution: Let the rent be 8 x 7 = Rs.56. Rent share for each of 8 people =
56
=Rs.7
8

Rent share for each of 7 people =
56
=Rs.8
7
Rent share increased by = 87 = Rs.1.
Rent share of each person increased =
1
7

3. Ratio of earning of A and B is 4:7. If the earnings of A increase by 50% and those of B
decrease by 25%, the new ratio of their earning becomes 8:7. What is As earning? (August
2007).
a. Rs.21,000
b. Rs.26,000
c. Rs.28,000
d. Data inadequate
Solution: A:B = 4:7 Let their earnings be 4x, 7x. As new earning = 4xx
150
6
100
x = .
Bs new earning = 7x x
75 21
100 4
x
= Now ratio of new earnings = 6x x
6 8
21 7 x
=
As data is inadequate, As earning cannot be found.

Type8: Problems on distribution.

1. Division of Rs. 324 between X and Y is in the ratio 11 : 7. X & Y would get Rupees

a. (204, 120)
b. (200, 124)
c. (180, 144)
d. none of these
Solution: First method :
Let x:y = 11:7 x = 11k and y = 7k, where k is common multiple Now x+y=324.
11 7 324 k k + = 18 324 k =
324
18
18
k = = From (1) 11 11x18 Rs.198 and x k = = =
7 7x18 Rs.126 y k = = =
Shortcut:
11 7
: 11: 7 :
18 18
x y = = (Dividing by 11+7=18). Now
11
x324 11x18 Rs.198 and
18
x = = =
7
x324=7x8=Rs.126
18
y = Verification: On verifying in
option (a), (b), (c), none is divisible by 11.
2. Anand earns Rs. 80 in 7 hours and Promode Rs. 90 in 12 hours. The ratio of their earnings is
a. 32 : 21



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b. 23 : 12
c. 8 : 9
d. none of these
3. The angles of a triangle are in ratio 2: 7: 11. The angles are
a. (20, 70, 90)
b. (30, 70, 80)
c. (18, 63, 99)
d. none of these
4. The ratio of two numbers is 7: 10 and their difference is 105. The numbers are
a. (200, 305)
b. (185, 290)
c. (245, 350)
d. none of these
5. The ratio of two numbers is 9:5 and their sum is 224. The numbers are.
a. 100, 124
b. 150,74
c. 144,80
d. 200,24
6. Two numbers are in the ratio of 2:3 and the difference of their squares si 320. The numbers
are.
a. 12,18
b. 16,24
c. 14,21
d. None of these

Type9: To find what should be added or subtracted to numerator and denominator to
make some ratio or vice versa.

1. The number which when subtracted from each of the terms of the ratio 19 : 31 reducing it
to 1 : 4 is

a. 15
b. 5
c. 1
d. none of these
Solution: Let x be subtracted from numerator and denominator.

19 1
31 4
x
x

76 4 31 x x = 76 31 4x x = 45 3x =
15. x = Verification :
19 15 4 1
31 15 16 4

= =


2. The number which when subtracted from each of the terms of the ratio 29:37 reducing it
to 3:4i.
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 5
3. The number which when added to each of the terms of the ratio 29:37 reducing it to 4:5
is
a. 2



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b. 3
c. 4
d. 5
4. Two numbers are in the ratio 2: 3. If 4 be subtracted from each, they are in the ratio 3 : 5.
The numbers are
a. (16,24)
b. (4,6)
c. (2,3)
d. none of these
5. Two numbers are in the ratio of 3:5. If 12 is added to each, they are in the ratio 2:3. The
numbers are
a. 15,25
b. 18,30
c. 36,60
d. 24,40
6. Two numbers are in the ratio of 7:8. If 3 is adding to each of them, then their ratio
becomes 8:9. The numbers are.
a. 14,16
b. 24,27
c. 21,24
d. 16,18
7. In 40 litres mixture of glycerine and water, the ratio of glycerine and water is 3:1. The
quantity of water added in order to make this ratio 2:1 is. Litres
a. 15
b. 10
c. 8
d. 5
Solution: Glycerine: water = 3:1 = 30:10. Let xlitres of water be added.
30 2
10 1 x
=
+
30
= 20 + 2x 10 = 2x x =5.
8. The ages of two persons are in the ratio 5:7. Eighteen years ago their ages were in the ratio
of 8:13, their present ages (in years) are .
a. 50,70
b. 70,50
c. 40,56
d. none of these
9. What must be added to each term of the ratio 49:68, so that it becomes 3:4?
a. 3
b. 5
c. 8
d. 9
10. The students of two classes are in the ratio 5:7, if 10 students left from each class, the
remaining students are in the ratio of 4:6, then the number of students in each class is
a. 30,40
b. 25,24
c. 40,60
d. 50,70





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Type10: Miscellaneous sums:

1.
If
2 2
x y
x y x y
=
+ +
then ratio ..

a.
1
3
-1
b.
1
,1
3

c. 3,1
d. -3,-1
2. Anand earns Rs. 80 in 7 hours and Promode Rs. 90 in 12 hours. The ratio of their earnings is

a. 32 : 21
b. 23 : 12
c. 8 : 9
d. none of these
Solution:
80
Rs./hr
Anand's earning 80 12 32
7
= = x =
90
Promode's earning 7 90 21
Rs./hr
12

3. The ratio between the speeds of two trains is 7: 8. If the second train runs 400 Kms. in 5
hours, the speed of the first train is
a. 10 Km/hr
b. 50 Km/hr
c. 70 Km/hr
d. none of these
Solution:
km
x
Speed of first train
hr
=
400
Speed of second train
km
hr
5

7
8 80
x
=
7
x80=70
8
x = km/hr
4. Daily earnings of two persons are in the ratio 4:5 and their daily expenses are in the ratio
7: 9. If each saves Rs. 50 per day, their daily incomes in Rs. are
a. (40, 50)
b. (50, 40)
c. (400, 500)
d. none of these
Solution: Earnings of A:B = 4:5 = 4 : 5 x x (1) (x common multiple)
Expenses of A:B = 7:9 = 74:94 (2) (y common multiple)
Now earnings expenses = savings For A, 4 7 50 x y = (2)
For B, 5 9 50 x y = (3) Multiplying (2) by 9 and (3) by 7,
36 63 450
35 63 350
100
x y
x y
x
=
=
+

=

From (1), their incomes are 4x = 400 and 5x = 500. Short cut: On verification 400:500 are
in the ratio of 4:5. Their expenses (400-50) : (500-50) = 350:450 = 7:9.




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5. Monthly incomes of A and B are in the ratio of 4:3 and their expenses are in the ratio of
3:2. If each of them saves Rs.600 every month, then their annual incomes are
a. Rs.1800, Rs.2400
b. Rs.2400, Rs.1800
c. Rs.1200, Rs.900
d. Rs.1600, Rs.1200
6. P, Q and R are three cities. The ratio of average temperature between P and Q is 11: 12 and
that between P and R is 9: 8. The ratio between the average temperature of Q and R is
a. 22 : 27
b. 27 : 22
c. 32 : 33
d. none of these
Solution: :Q = 11:12 = 99:108 (Multiplying by 9 : P:R= 9 : 8= 99 : 88 (Multiplying by 11)
P: Q: R = 99 : 108:88 Q:R = 108:88 = 27:22.
7. In a film shooting, A and B received money in a certain ratio and B and C also received the
money in the same ratio. If A gets Rs.1, 60,000 and C gets Rs.2, 50,000. Find the amount
received by B.
a. Rs.2,000
b. Rs.2,50,000
c. Rs.1,00,000
d. RS.1,50,000
Solution: Here A:B =
2
: : a b a ab = (multiplying by a) B:C =
2
: : a b ab b = (multiplying by b)
A:B:C =
2 2
: : a ab b Here
2
160000 a = and
2
250000 b = a = 400 and b = 500
8. Find in what ratio will the total wages of the workers of a factory be increased or
decreased if there be a reduction in the number of workers in the ratio 15:11 and an
increment in their wages in the ratio 22:25.
a. 5:6
b. 6:5
c. 3:10
d. 10:3
Solution: Let * be original number of workers and Rs.y be their average wage. Therefore total
original wage = Rs. Xy.
New number of workers =
11
15
x New average wage =
25
.
22
Rs y
Total new wage =
11 25 5
x
15 22 6
x y xy = Wage decreased in ratio =
5
: 6: 5
6
xy xy =
9. The incomes of A and B are in the ratio 3:2 and their expenditures in the ratio 5:3. If each
saves Rs.1500, then Bs income is Rs.. (Nov. 2007)
a. 6000
b. 4500
c. 3000
d. 7500
On verification we get
10. The recurring decimal 2.7777 . Can be expressed as.

a.
24
9




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b.
22
9

c.
26
9

d.
25
9

Solution: Short Cut :
Using calculator answer can be verified.
First method : Let x = 2.7777 (1)
10x = 27.777 (2) Subtracting (1) from (2), 9x = 25 x =
25
9

11.
The product of 3 numbers is 750 and their ratio is 1:2:3. The sum of three numbers is .
a. 750
b. 150
c. 60
d. 30
Solution: Let x be common multiple. The numbers are , 2 ,3 x x x Now product = 750.
.2 .3 750 x x x
3
6 750 x =
3
125 x = 5 x = .Their sum = 2 3 6 6x5 30 x x x x + + = = =
12. If a carton containing a dozer mirrors is dropped, which of the following cannot be the
ratio of broken ________________________________.
a.

1.2 PROPORTION
Proportion: An equality of two ratios is called a proportion. OR if
a c
b d
= , then, , , , a b c d are said
to be in
OR
If ;
a c e
b d f
= = then , , , , , .... a b c d e f are in proportion.
Note:
1. If , , , a b c d are in proportion, they are called first, second, third and fourth proportional terms
respectively.
2. If , , , a b c d are in proportion, then , a d are called extreme terms while b,c are called mean
terms. i.e.
a b
b c
=
Continuous Proportion: If a,b,b,c are in proportion, a,b,c are said to be in continuous
proportion.
OR
If ...,
a b c
b c d
= = = then, a,b,c,d ,. Are in continuous proportion.
Note:
1. If a,b,c are in continuous proportion, a,b,c are called first, mean and third proportional terms
respectively.



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2. If a,b,c are in continuous proportion a,c are called extremes while b is called mean proportional
term.

LIST OF FORMULAE

If a,b,c,d are in proportion, then

1.


2. ad=bc (cross multiplication) Product of extremes = product of means
3.
b d
a c
= (Invertendo)
4.
a b
c d
= (Alternendo)
5.
a b c d
b d
+ +
= (componendo)
6.
a b c d
b d

= (Dividendo)
7.
a b c d
a b c d
+ +
=

(componendo dividend)
8.
a c
a b c d
=

(convertendo)
9. If ...,
a c e
b d f
= = = then each of these ratios (addendo) is equal to
...
...
a c e
b d f
+ + +
+ + +

10. If ....,
a c e
b d f
= = = then each of these ratios (subtrahendo) is equal to
...
...
a c e
b d f



11. If a,b,c are in continuous proportion, then
2
b ac = . i.e. (mean proportional term)
2
= product of
extremes.
Type1: To find any proportional term.

24 here we have to find second proportional term = x
Now 4, x, 9,
27
2
are in proportion.
Product of means = Product of extremes

27
x9 4x
2
x = 9 54 x =

6 x =







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FOUNTAINHEAD CA - CPT QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE



1. The fourth proportional to 4, 6, 8 is
a. 12
b. 32
c. 48
d. none of these
2. The number which has the same ratio to 26 that 6 has to 13 is

a. 11
b. 10
c. 21
d. none of these
3. The fourth proportional to 2a, a2, c is
a. ac/2
b. ac
c. 2/ ac
d. none of these
4. The numbers 14, 16, 35, 42 are not in proportion. The fourth term for which they will be in
proportion is
a. 45
b. 40
c. 32
d. none of these
5. 4, *, 9, 13 are in proportion. Then * is
a. 6
b. 8
c. 9
d. none of these
6. Fourth proportional to , 2 , ( 1) x x x + is . June 2009.
a. 2 x +
b. 2 x
c. 2 2 x +
d. 2 2 x
7. If four numbers 1/2, 1/3, 1/5, 1/x are proportional then x is
a. 6/5
b. 5/6
c. 15/2
d. none of these

Type2: To find mean or third proportional term if three terms are in continuous
proportion.

1. The third proportional to 12, 18 is
a. 24
b. 27
c. 36
d. none of these
Solution: Let 12, 18, x be in continuous proportion. (Mean proportional term)
2
= Product of
Multiple Choice Questions



RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS
CHAPTER - 1
1.16


FOUNTAINHEAD CA - CPT QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

extremes. (18)
2
= 12 x x.
324
12
x = x = 27
2. The mean proportional between 1.4 gms and 5.6 gms is

a. 28 gms
b. 2.8 gms
c. 3.2 gms
d. none of these
Solution: 25 Let 1.4 gms, x gms and 5.6 gms be in continuous proportion.
(Mean proportional termZ)
2
= Product of extremes. x
2
= 1.4 x 5.6
x
2
= 7.84 x= 2.8 gms
3. The mean proportional between 25, 81 is
a. 40
b. 50
c. 45
d. none of these
4. The mean proportional between 12x2 and 27y2 is
a. 18xy
b. 81xy
c. 8xy
d. none of these
5.
The third proportional between
2 2
( ) a b and ( ) a b
2
+ is ..

a.
a b
a b
+


b.
a b
a b

+

c.
2
( ) a b
a b

+

d.
3
( ) a b
a b
+


6.
Mean proportional term between 3 and 27 is .

a. 3
b. 3
c. 9
d. 81
7. Should be subtracted from each of 6,8,11 so that they are in continuous proportion.
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
8.
Mean proportional between
2
2
1
a
b
and
2
2
1
b
a
is
a. 1 ab
b.
1
1
ab

c.
1
ab
ab
+



RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS
CHAPTER - 1
1.17


FOUNTAINHEAD CA - CPT QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

d.
1
ab
ab

9.
The third proportional between
2 2
a b and a b + is.

a.
3 3
a b +
b.
3 3
a b
c. ab
d.
a b
a b
+



Type3: To convert one form of proportion into other form using properties of
proportion:

1. If u/v = w/p, then (uv)/(u+v) = (wp)/(w+p). The process is called
a. Invertendo
b. Alternendo
c. Addendo
d. none of these
Solution:
u w u v w p
v p u v w p

= =
+ +
is obtained by applying dividend compound.
2. If x/y = z/w, implies y/x = w/z, then the process is called

a. Dividendo
b. Componendo
c. Alternendo
d. none of these
3. If p/q = r/s = pr/qs, the process is called
a. Subtrahendo
b. Addendo
c. Invertendo
d. none of these
4. If a b = 4 5 then
a. a + 4 b 5 = a - 4 b + 5
b. a + 4 b + 5 = a - 4 b 5
c. a - 4 b + 5= a + 4 b 5
d. none of these
5. If a/b = c/d, implies (a+b)/(ab) = (c+d)/(cd), the process is called
a. Componendo
b. Dividendo
c. Componendo and Dividendo
d. none of these

Type4: To find A: B: C from given relation.

1. If A = B/2 = C/5, then A : B : C is
a. 3 : 5 : 2
b. 2 : 5 : 3
c. 1 : 2 : 5
d. none of these



RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS
CHAPTER - 1
1.18


FOUNTAINHEAD CA - CPT QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

Solution:
A B C
= = A:B:C=1:2:5
1 2 5

2.
If 2 3 5 , a b c = = then a:b:c =
a. 15:10:6
b. 2:3:5
c. 5:3:2
d. 15:20:24
Solution: 2 3 5 a b c = =
2 3 5
30 30 30
a b c
= = ( Dividing by L.C.M. 30 of 2,3,5)

15 10 6
a b c
= = a:b:c = 15:10:6

Type5: To find a: b: c from a: b, b: c, etc.

1. If A : B = 3 : 2 and B : C = 3 : 5, then A:B:C is
a. 9 : 6 : 10
b. 6 : 9 : 10
c. 10 : 9 : 6
d. none of these
Solution: A:B = 3:2 = 9:6 (Multiplying by B:C = 3:5 : 6: 10 (Multiplying by A:B:C = 9:6:10.
Shortcut:
A B
,
B C
are
3
2

3
5
= 3 x 3 : 3 x 2 : 2 x 5 = 9:6:10.
2. If x : y = 2 : 3, y : z = 4 : 3 then x : y : z is

a. 2 : 3 : 4
b. 4 : 3 : 2
c. 3 : 2 : 4
d. none of these
3. If : 3: 7 x y = and : 5:11 y z = then : : ...... x y z =
a. 9:21:11
b. 15:7:77
c. 15:35:77
d. 3:35:11

Type6: From given continued ratio, evaluate some ratios.

1. If x/2 = y/3 = z/7, then the value of (2x5y+4z)/2y is
a. 6/23
b. 23/6
c. 3/2
d. 17/6
Solution: Let
2 3 7
x y z
k = = = ,
2 3
x y
k k = = and
7
z
k = 2 , 3 , 7 x k y k z k = = = Now
2 5 4 2(2 ) 5(3 ) 4(7 )
2 2(3 )
4k-15k+28k 17 17
6 6 6
x y z k k k
y k
k
k k
+ +
=
= = =




RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS
CHAPTER - 1
1.19


FOUNTAINHEAD CA - CPT QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

Shortcut :
As
2 3 7
x y z
= = , take 2, 3 x y = = and 7 z =
2 5 4 2(2) 5(3) 4(7) 17
2 2(3) 6
x y z
y
+ +
= =
2. If a/3 = b/4 = c/7, then a+b+c/c is

a. 1
b. 3
c. 2
d. none of these
3. If a = b = c then a+b+c is
4 5 9 c
a. 4
b. 2
c. 7
d. none of these
4.
If

then
(b c)x + (c a)y + (a b)z is
a. 1
b. 0
c. 5
d. none of these
5.
If
3 4 6
x y z
= = , then the value of 4 3 4 .... x y z + =
a.
6.
If
3 2
2 3 4
x y z x y z
p
+
= = = , then the value of p is .
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 16
7.
If
3 4 5
a b c
= = and 6 7 8 90 a b c + = then a = ..
a. 6
b. 9
c. 12
d. 15

Type7: If x: y is given, then to evaluate some ratio.

1. If p/q = r/s = 2.5/1.5, the value of ps:qr is
a. 3/5
b. 1:1
c. 5/3
d. none of these
Solution:
2.5 5
1.5 3
p r
q s
= = = Now
5x3
: 1
3x5
ps
ps qr
qr
= = =
2. If x : y = z : w = 2.5 : 1.5, the value of (x+z)/(y+w) is

a. 1



RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS
CHAPTER - 1
1.20


FOUNTAINHEAD CA - CPT QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

b. 3/5
c. 5/3
d. none of these
Solution:
2.5 5
1.5 3
x z
y w
= = = Now
5 5 10 5
3 3 6 3
x z
y w
+ +
= = =
+ +
Each ratio =
5
3
x z
y w
+
=
+
(Addendo)
3.
If a : b = 4 : 1 then

is
a. 5/2
b. 4
c. 5
d. none of these
4.
If ( ) : 4:1, a b ab + = then
a b
b a
+ is ..
a. 7
b. 4
c. 5
d. None of these
Solution:
2 2
4:1 4 4
a b a b a b
ab ab ab ab ab
+
= + = + = 4
a b
b a
+ =
5.
If
2
,
3
p
q
= then the value of
2
2
p q
p q
+

is .


2 4 2 4 3 1
3 2 4 3 7
p p q
q p q
+ +
= = =

(Compodendo dividend) Putting 2 p = and 3 q = is
2 2( 2) 3 1
2 2( 2) 3 7
p q
p q
+ +
= =



Type8: From some relation, find x: y.

1. If (5x3y)/(5y3x) = 3/4, the value of x : y is

a. 2 : 9
b. 7 : 2
c. 7 : 9
d. none of these
Solution:
5 3 3
5 3 4
x y
y x

4(5 3 ) 3(5 3 ) x y y x = 20 12 15 9 x y y x =
20 9 15 12 x x y y + = + 29 27 x y =
27
29
x
y
=













RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS
CHAPTER - 1
1.21


FOUNTAINHEAD CA - CPT QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

Type9: Problem sums.

1. The sum of the ages of 3 persons is 150 years. 10 years ago their ages were in the ratio 7:
8: 9. Their present ages are
a. (45, 50, 55)
b. (40, 60, 50)
c. (35, 45, 70)
d. none of these
Solution: 10 years ago, their ages were in the ratio 7:8:9. Let their ages were 7 ,8 ,9 x x x .
Their present ages are 7 10,8 10,9 10 x x x + + + Their sum = 150
7 10 8 10 9 10 150 x x x + + + + + = 24 120 x = 5 x = Their present ages are
7 10 7(5) 10 45, x + = + = 8 10 8(5) 10 50 x + = + = and 9 10 9(5) 10 55 years. x + = + =
Verification: If present ages 45, 50, 55. Ages 10 years ago 35, 40, 45 which are in 35:40:45
= 7:8:9.
2. Division of Rs. 750 into 3 parts in the ratio 4 : 5 : 6 is

a. (200, 250, 300)
b. (250, 250, 250)
c. (350, 250, 150)
d. 8 : 12 : 9
3. Two numbers are in the ratio 3 : 4; if 6 be added to each terms of the ratio, then the new
ratio will be 4 : 5, then the numbers are
a. 14, 20
b. 17, 19
c. 18 and 24
d. none of these
4. If A,B and C started a business by investing Rs.1,26,000, Rs.84,000 and Rs.2,10,000. If at
the end of the year profit is Rs.2,42,000, then the share of each is ..
a. 72600, 48200, 121000
b. 48400, 121000, 72600
c. 72000, 49000, 121000
d. 48000, 121400, 72600
Solution: A:B:C = 126000:84000:210000 = 3:2:5 ( Dividing by 42000) =
3 2 5
: :
10 10 10

As Profit = 242000 x
3
10
72600 Rs. Bs Profit = 242000 x
2
10
= 48400 Rs.
Cs Profit = 242000 x
5
10
= 121000 Rs.
5. In what ratio should tea worth Rs.10 per kg be mixed with tea worth Rs.14 per kg, so that
the average price of the mixture may be Rs.11 per kg.
a. 2:1
b. 3:1
c. 3:2
d. 4:3
Solution: Let x Kg of Rs.10/kg be mixed with y Kg of Rs.14/kg Weight of mixture = ( ) x y +
kg.
Cost of x kg + cost of y kg = cost of mixture 10x + 14y = 11 (x+y) 10x + 14y = 11x +



RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS
CHAPTER - 1
1.22


FOUNTAINHEAD CA - CPT QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

11y 3y x =
3
3:1
1
x
y
= =
Shortcut method
Method of alligation
Price of first 10 14 price of second

11 price of mixture

(1411) : (1110) = 3:1
5.
Rs.407 are to be divided among A, B and C so that their shares are in the ratio
1 1 1
: : .
4 5 6

The respective shares of A,B,C are
a. Rs.165, Rs.132,Rs.110
b. Rs.165, Rs.110, Rs.132
c. Rs.132, Rs.110, Rs.165
d. Rs.110, Rs.132, RS.165

Type10: Miscellaneous sums.

1.
4
: ......
0
a b
a c
b c
= =

a.
2
3

b.
4
9

c.
16
81

d. None
2.
b is mean proportional term between a and c.
4 12 ...
a b c
= =

a.
4
3

b.
3
4

c.
1
36

d. 36
3.
If
1 1 1
: :
x y z
= 2:3:4 then
x y
y z
+
+
= ..

a.
10
9

b.
10
7

c.
9
10




RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS
CHAPTER - 1
1.23


FOUNTAINHEAD CA - CPT QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

d.
7
10

4.
If
4 4
4 4
5
161,
5
x y
x y
+
=

then ....
x
y
=

a.
3
2

b.
2
3

c.
2
3

d. -
3
4

5.
If
5 4 15
5, then ....
5 4 3
x y x y
x y x y
+ + +
= =
+

a. 11
b. 11
c. -
29
19

d.
29
19

6.
If
3
2
3 14
3 1 13
x x
x
+
=
+
, then x =
a. 2
b.
1
2

c. 3
d.
1
3

7.
If : : 6: 7: 8 and 14 x y y z z x x y z + + + = + + = then the value of x is .
a. 6
b. 7
c. 8
d. 10
8.
If
1
2,
1
x
x
+
=

then the value of


2
2
1
.....
1
x
x

=
+


a.
3
5

b.
15
17

c.
4
5

d.
5
4

9.
If x:y=3:4, : 3: 4, then :
x y
x y
y x
= is .
a. 3:4
b. 1:1



RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS
CHAPTER - 1
1.24


FOUNTAINHEAD CA - CPT QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

c. 9:16
d. 16:9
10.
If : 1: 2, : 3: 4, : 5: 6 x y y z z w = = = then : : : is .... x y z w
a. 15:30:40:48
b. 15:30:48:40
c. 30:15:40:48
d. 30:15:48:40

Type11: Based on variation

1. If x varies inversely as square of y and given that y=2 for x=1, then the value of x for y=6
will be
a. 3
b. 9
c.
1
3

d.
1
9

Solution: x
2
1
y

2
k
x
y
= (k is a non zero constant) Now 2 for 1 y x = =
2
1
2
k
= k = 4 Now x =
2
k
y
x =
2
4
y
Now y = x =
4 1
36 9
=
2.
2 3
x y when 4, 3 x y = = when 2, .... x y = =

a.
2
3

b.
3
2

c.
4
3

d.
3
4

3.
A B, B C then AB ....

a.
4
c
b. c
c.
C

d. C
2

4.
2
1
x
y
and
2
y z then x .
a. Z
b.
1
z

c. z
4

d.
4
1
z





RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS
CHAPTER - 1
1.25


FOUNTAINHEAD CA - CPT QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

1.3 INDICES

LIST OF FORMULAE

1. If ae
R and n
e
N, then a x a x a x n times = a
n
where a is called base and n is called power or
index e.g. 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 2
5
where 2 is base and 5 is index.

2.
0
1 a = where 0, a a R = e e.g. 2
o
= 1
3.
1
, , 0,
n
n
a n N a a R
a

= e = e
e.g.
5 2
5 2
1 1
, x x
x x

= =

4.
n
a =
1
n
a , where a is a positive real number. e.g.
1 1
3
3 2
2 2, 4 4 = =

5.
m
n m
n
a a = Where a is a positive real number. e.g.
2 2
3
3
a a =
Laws of indices (from 6 to 10):

6.
2 3 2 3 5
. e.g. .
m n m n
a a a x x x x
+ +
= = =
7.
m
n
n
a
a
a

= , where m n > e.g.
10
10 3 7
3
x
x x
x

= =
=1, where m n = e.g.
4
4
1
x
x
=

=
1
n m
a

, where n m > e.g.
5
7 7 5 2
1 1 x
x x x

= =

8.

( )
m n mn
a a =
e.g.
3
2 2 3 1
4
x
3 3 4 2
x x x
| |
= =
|
\ .

9.
( )
m m m
ab a b =
e.g.
5 5 5 5
(2 ) 2 32 x x x = = .
10.
4
4
4 4
3 3 81
e.g.
m
m m
a a b
b x x x
| | | |
= = =
| |
\ . \ .




RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS
CHAPTER - 1
1.26


FOUNTAINHEAD CA - CPT QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

11. If , then
x y
a a x y = = e.g.
4
2 2
x
= , then x = 4.
12. If
n n
a b = and a b = , then n=0 e.g. if 2
n
= 3
n
, then n=0.
13. If
a a
x y = , then it is not necessary that x y = e.g. (2)
2
= (2)
2

14. If
n
x y = , then
1
n
x y =

Type1: Based on simple expression:



1. 4x1/4 is expressed as
a. 4x 1/4
b. x1
c. 4/x1/4
d. none of these
Solution:
1
4
1
4
4
4x
x
=

2.
The value of (

) where p, q, x, y 0 is equal to

a. 0
b. 2/3
c. 1
d. none of these
Solution:
0
2 3
2
1
3
p q
xy
| |
=
|
\ .

3. Which is True ?
a. 2
0
> (1/2)
0

b. 2
0
< (1/2)
0

c. 2
0
= (1/2)
0

d. none of these
4.
1
2
3
....
x

=

a.
2
3
x

b.
2
1
3x

c. 3x
2

d.
2
3
x







Multiple Choice Questions



RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS
CHAPTER - 1
1.27


FOUNTAINHEAD CA - CPT QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

Type2: Evaluate

1. The value of 2(256)
1/8
is
a. 1
b. 2
c. 1/2
d. none of these
Solution:
1 1
8 1
8 1
8 8 8
2
2(256) 2(2 ) 2x2 2x2 1
2
x


= = = = =
2. 2

.4

is equal to

a. a fraction
b. a positive integer
c. a negative integer
d. none of these
Solution:
3 1 1
2 4 2
1 3
2x 3 3 3 1 1
2 2
4 2 4 2 2 2 2
2 .4 2 (2 ) 2 x2 2 .2 2 2 4
+
= = = = = =
.
Which is an integer.
3. The value of 8
1/3
is

a. 32
b. 4
c. 2
d. none of these
4. The value of 2 (32)
1/5
is
a. 2
b. 10
c. 4
d. none of these
5. The value of 4/(32)
1/5
is
a. 8
b. 2
c. 4
d. none of these
6. The value of (8/27)
1/3
is
a. 2/3
b. 3/2
c. 2/9
d. none of these
7.
If
3
2 x x5 360,
x y z
= then what are the values of x,y,z?
a. 3,2,1
b. 1,2,3
c. 2,3,1
d. 1,3,2
Solution:
3 2 1
2 360
2 180
2 90
360 2 x3 x5 2 x3 x5
3 45
3, 2, 1
3 15
5 5
1
x y z
x y z
= =
= = =




RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS
CHAPTER - 1
1.28


FOUNTAINHEAD CA - CPT QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

Type 3: Simple sums on simplification

1. The simplified value of 16x3y2 81x3y2 is
a. 2xy
b. xy/2
c. 2
d. none of these
Solution:
2 3
3 2 1 3 2
3 2
1
16 x8 16 x x 2
8
y x
x y x y x
x y

= =
2.
Simplification of
3 4
6 6
x
m n m an
m n
x x
x
+

is ..

a.
m
x
b.
m
x


c.
n
x
d.
n
x


Solution:
3 4 9 5 6
5 6 6 6
6 6 6 6
m n m n m n
m n m n m
m n m n
x x
x x
x x
+ +
+

= = =
3. {(33)2 (42)3 (53)2} / {(32)3 (43)2 (52)3} is
a. 3/4
b. 4/5
c. 4/7
d. 1
Solution:
3 2 2 3 3 2 6 6 6
2 3 3 2 2 3 6 6 6
(3 ) x(4 ) x(5 ) 3 x4 x5
= =1
(3 ) x(4 ) x(5 ) 3 x4 x5

4.



has simplified value equal to
a. xy
2

b. x
2
y
c. 9xy
2

d. none of these
Solution:
( ) ( )
1 1
1
4 4
4 4 4
4
2
1 8 2
8
4
3 x
81 3
3
( )
x
x x
xy
y y
y

(
= = =
(


5. The value of y
ab
y
bc
y
ca
y
ab
is

a.
y
a+b
b. y
c. 1
d. 1/y
a+b

Solution: x x x
a b b c c a a b
y y y y


=
1
x
a b b c c a
a b
y
y
+ +
+
=
0
1 1
x
a b a b
y
y y
+ +
=
6. x
ab
x
bc
x
ca
is equal to
e. X
f. 1
g. 0
h. none of these



RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS
CHAPTER - 1
1.29


FOUNTAINHEAD CA - CPT QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

7.
Show that

()
x ( )

()
x ( )

()
reduces to
e. 1
f. 0
g. 1
h. None
8.
Simplification of
2 3 8
5 6
m n m n
m n
x x
x
+

is ..

a.
m
x
b.
n
x
c.
m
x


d.
n
x



Type 4: Harder sums on simplification

1.
The value of (

) (

) (

)
a. 1
b. 0
c. 2
d. none of these
2.
Show that (

) (

) (

) is given by
a. 0
b. 1
c. 3
d. 1
Solution: Solution:
1
x x
a b b c c a
b c
b c a
x x x
x x x
+ + +
| | | | | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
= ( ) x( ) x(x )
a b a b b c b c c a c a
x x
+ + +

=
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
x x
a b a b b c b c c a c a
x x x
+ + +
=
2 2 2 2 2 2
a b b c c a + + = x = x
0
=1
3.
On simplification (

)
x+y
x (

)
y+z
(

)
x+z
m reduces to
a. 3
b. 3
c. 1
3
1
d. 3
4.
Show that (

)
b+c+a
x(

)
c+a+b
(

)
a+b+c
is given by
a. 1
b. 0
c. 1
d. None
5.
Show that (

x (

x (

reduces to
a. -1
b. 0
c. 1



RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS
CHAPTER - 1
1.30


FOUNTAINHEAD CA - CPT QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

d. None
6.
Show that
1 1 1
1 1 1
x x
a c b a c b
a b b c c a
x x x


| | | | | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

is given by
a. 0
b. 1
c. 1
d. None
Solution: =
1 1 1
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) a b a c b c b a c a c b
x
+ +


1 1 1
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) a b c a b c a b c a b c



= x
( )( )( )
b c c a a b
a b b c c a
+ +

= x = x
0
= 1
7.
Show that (

x (

x (

reduces to
a. 1
b. 3
c. 1
d. None
8.
The value of (

) (

) x (

) (

) x (

) (

)
a. 1
b. 0
c. -1
d. none of these
9.
Show that (

x (

x (

is reduces to
a. 1
b.
(

)

c.
(

)

d.
(

)

10.
On simplification [

]
a+b
x [

]
b+c
x [

] reduces to

a.


b.


c.
(

)

d.
(

)

11.
On simplification [

]
a+b
x [

]
b+c
x [

]reduces to

a.


b.


c.
(

)

d.
(

)

12.
5
7
2
2
3 9
x9
9 3 3
| |
| |
|
|
|
\ .
\ .
is equal to
a. 1
b. 3
c. 3 3



RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS
CHAPTER - 1
1.31


FOUNTAINHEAD CA - CPT QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

d.
3
9 3

Solution:
5
7
2
2
3 9
x 9
9 3 3
| |
| |
|
|
|
\ .
\ .

=
5 7
1/2 2
2 2
2
2 1/2
3 3
x3
3 3x3
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .
=
5/4 7
2
5 7/2 7/4
3 3
x x3
3 3 x3

=
7 2 5
7 7 5
2 4 4
1
x 3
3
+
+
=
4
14 7 5
4
1
x 3
3
+
=
4
4
3
1
3
=
13. [{(2)
1/2 .
(4)
3/4
. (8)
5/6
. (16)
7/8
. (32)
9/10
}4]
3/25
is
a. A fraction
b. an integer
c. 1
d. none of these
Solution:
5 7 9 1 3
6 8 10 2 4
(2) .(4) .(8) .(16) .(32)
(
( `
(
)
=
{ }
4
5 7 9 3 1
2 3 4 5
6 8 10 2 4
2 .(2 ) .(2 ) .(2 ) .(2 )
(
(


=
{ }
3
4 25
3 5 7 9 1
2 2 2 2 2
2 .2 .2 .2 .2
(
(

=
3
4 25
1 3 5 7 9
2 2 2 2 2
2
+ + + +
(

(
`
(
)

=
25 3
x4x
6
2 25
2 =2

Which is an integer
14. The True option is

a. x
2/3
= 3x
2

b. x
2/3
= x
3

c. x
2/3
> 3x
2

d. x
2/3
< 3x
2

15. The value of (8/27)
1/3
(32/243)
1/5
is
a. 9/4
b. 4/9
c. 2/3
d. none of these
16.
Simplified value of (125)
2/3
25 35
3
5
1/2
is
a. 5
b. 1/5
c. 1
d. none of these
17.
The value of {(x+y)
2/3
(xy)
3/2
/x+y (xy)
3
}
6
is
a. (x+y)
2

b. (xy)
c. x+y
d. none of these
Solution:
2
3
2 3 6
x6 x6 3
3 2 2
1 3
3
x6 x6
2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
x y x y x y x y
x y x y
x y x y

+ +
=
`
+

) +
=
4
( )
( )
x y
x y
x y
+
= +
+

18.
The value of (

x (

is
a. 0
b. 252
c. 250



RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS
CHAPTER - 1
1.32


FOUNTAINHEAD CA - CPT QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

d. 248
19.
The value of

is
a. 1
b. -1
c. 0
d. None

Type 5: Based on k method.

1. If x
1/p
= y
1/q
= z
1/r
and xyz = 1, then the value of p+q+r is
a. 1
b. 0
c. 1/2
d. none of these
Solution: Let
1 1
1
p q
r
x y z k = = =

1 1
1
, and
p q
r
x k y k z k = = =


2
, and
p r
x k y k z k = = =
Now
1 xyz =

. . 1
p q r
k k k =

0 p q r
k k
+ +
=

0 p q r + + =

2. If a
x
= b, b
y
= c, c
z
= a, then xyz is
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. none of these
Solution: , ,
x y z
a b b c c a = = =

( )
x y
a c =

xy
a c =

Now
1
( ) 1
z xy z xyz
c a a a a a xyz = = = =
3.
If 2x = 3y = 6-
z,


is
a. 1
b. 0
c. 2
d. none of these
Solution:
Let
2 3 6
x y z
k

= = =

2 ,3 and 6
x y z
k k k

= = =
1
1 1
2
2 ,3 and 6=k
y
x
k k

= =

Now 2 x 3 = 6

1
1 1
2
.
y
x
k k k

=

1 1
1
x y
z
k k
+

=

1 1 1
x y z
+ =
1 1 1
0
x y z
+ + =
4.
.4 5 20 ,
x y z
xf = = then z is equal to
a. xy
b.
x y
xy
+

c.
1
xy

d.
xy
x y +

5.
If 2
a
= 3
b
= (12)
c
then

reduces to



RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS
CHAPTER - 1
1.33


FOUNTAINHEAD CA - CPT QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

a. 1
b. 0
c. 2
d. None
6. If 3
a
=5
b
=(75)
c
then the value of ab-c(2a+b) reduces to
a. 1
b. 0
c. 3
d. 5
7. If 2
a
=3
b
=(12)
c
then the value of ab-c(a+2b) reduces to
a. 0
b. 1
c. 2
d. 3
8.
If a
p
=b
q
=c
r
=d
s
and ab = cd then the value of

reduces to

a.


b.


c. 0
d. 1
9.
If 2
a
=4
b
=8
c
and abc=288 then the value

is given by

a.


b.


c.


d.


Solution: 2 4 8
a b c
= =

2 3
2 2
a b c
2 = = let 2 3 a b c k = = = , 2 and 3 a k b k c k = = =
and
2 3
k k
b c = = Now 288 abc = . . 288
2 3
k k
k =
3 3
1728 12 k = =

12 k =

12 12
12, 6 and 4
2 2 3 3
k k
a k b c = = = = = = = = Now
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ +
2 4 8 2x12 4x6 8x4 a b c
+ + =
4 4 3 11
96 96
+ +
= =
10. If(5.678)
x
=(0.5678)
y
=10
z
then

a.


b.


c.


d. None
Solution: ( ) 5.678 (0.56780) 10
x
y z
= = (5.678) 10 (0.5678) 10
x z y z
and = =
5.678 = 10
z
x
and 0.5678 = 10
z
y

5.678 10
0.5678
10
x
z
z
y
= 10 10
z z
x y

= 1
z z
x y
=

1 1 1
z x y
=
1 1 1
0
x y z
= ( dividing by z).




RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS
CHAPTER - 1
1.34


FOUNTAINHEAD CA - CPT QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

Type 6: Based on expansion / factorization:

1.
Value of
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
8 8 8 8 4 4 2 2
a a a a a a a a
| || || || |
+ + +
| | | |
\ .\ . \ .\ .
is

a.
1
a
a
+

b.
1
a
a


c.
2
2
1
a
a
+

d.
2
2
1
a
a


Solution:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
8 8 8 8 4 4 2 2
a a a a a a a a
| || || || |
+ + +
| | | |
\ .\ . \ .\ .
2
1 1 1 1 1 1
8 8 4 4 2 2
a a a a a a

(
| | | || || |
( = + +
| | | |
(
\ .\ . \ . \ .


1 1 1 1 1 1
4 4 4 4 2 2
a a a a a a
| || || |
= + +
| | |
\ .\ .\ .
2 2
1 1 1 1
4 4 2 2
a a a a


| | | | | |

= +
` | | |
\ . \ . \ .
)

1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
a a a a
| || |
= +
| |
\ .\ .

2 2
1 1 1
1
2 2 a
a a a a a


| | | |
= = =
| |
\ . \ .

2.
( ) ( )
1 1
2 2 2 2
...
n n n n
x y x y

+ =

a.
2 2
x y +
b.
2 2
x y
c.
2 2
x y +
d.
2 2
x y
3.
( )
1
1
1
...
n
n
n
n
x
+

=
`
)


a.
n
x
b.
1 n
x
+

c.
1 n
x


d. None of these
4.
On simplification x
a b
a b
a b b a
a b
a b b a
x x
x x
+

+
(
(
(
(

reduces to

a. 1
b. 1
c. 0
d. None
Solution:
a b a b a b
a b a b a b
a b b a a b a b a b
a b a b a b
a b b a a b a b a b
x x x
x x x
+ + +

+

+
+ +
+ + + + +
( ( (
( ( (
= = =
( ( (
( ( (

1 1
a b
a b
x
x
+
+
(
= = =
(






RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS
CHAPTER - 1
1.35


FOUNTAINHEAD CA - CPT QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

Type 7: Based on if
3 3 3
0, then 3 a b c a b c abc + + = + + =


1.
If x = 3

+ 3 -

, then

9x is

a. 15
b. 10
c. 12
d. none of these
Solution:
1 1
3 3
3 3 x

= +
1 1
3 3
3 3 0 x

= ( )
3 3
1 1 1 1
3
3 3 3 3
( ) 3 3 3 3 3 x x
| | | | | || |
=
| | | |
\ . \ . \ .\ .

3 1
3 3 3 x x

=
3
1
3 3
3
x x = +
3
3 9 9 1 10 x x = + =
2. Using (ab)
3
= a
3
b
3
3ab(ab) tick the correct of these when x = p
1/3
p
1/3

a. x
3
+3x = p + 1/p
b. x
3
+ 3x = p 1/p
c. x
3
+ 3x = p + 1
d. none of these
3. If ax

+ bx

+ c =0 then the value of a


3
x
2
+b
3
x+c
3
is given by
a. 3abcx
b. 3abcx
c. 3abc
d. 3abc
4.
If

prove that

-12x is given by
a. 12
b. 13
c. 15
d. 17
5.
If x=

prove that 5x
3
-15x is given by
a. 25
b. 26
c. 27
d. 30
6.
If a

then a
3
-3a is
a. x + x
-1

b. x - x
-1

c. 2x
d. 0
7.
If a=

then the value of a


3
+3a-2 is
a. 3
b. 0
c. 2
d. 1







RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS
CHAPTER - 1
1.36


FOUNTAINHEAD CA - CPT QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

Type 8: Miscellaneous examples:

1. [1{1(1x
2
)
1
}
1
]
1/2
is equal to
a. X
b. 1/x
c. 1
d. none of these
Solution:
( )
{ }
1
1
2
1
2
1 1 1 x

(

(


1
1
2
2
1
1 1
1 x

(

=
( `

)
(


1
1
2
2
2
1 1
1
1
x
x

(

= (
`

( )


1
2
2
2
1
1
x
x
(
=
(



1
1
2 2
2
2
1 2 2
2x
2
1 1 1 x x
x
x x
x

( + (
= = = =
(
(



2. On simplification, 1/(1+a
mn
+a
mp
) + 1/(1+a
nm
+a
np
) + 1/(1+a
pm
+a
pn
) is equal to
a. 0
b. a
c. 1
d. 1/a
Solution:
1 1 1
1 1 1
a b a c b c b a c a c b
z z z z z z

+ +
+ + + + + +
1 1 1
1 1 1
b c c a a b
a a b b c c
z z z z z z
z z z z z z


= + +
+ + + + + +
a b c
a b c b c a c a b
z z z
z z z z z z z z z


= + +
+ + + + + +
= 1
a b c
a b c
z z z
z z z


+ +
=
+ +

3.

4.
If xyz = 1 then the value of

is
a. 1
b. 0
c. 2
d. None
Solution:
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1 x y y z z x

+ +
+ + + + + +

1
1 1 1 1
1
1 (1 ) (1 )
y x
x y y y z x z x


= + +
+ + + + + +

1
1 1 1 1
1
1
1 1 1
y x
xyz
x y y y z x xz


= + + =
+ + + + + +

1
1 1 1
1 1
1 1 1
y x
x y
x y y x x y yz


| |
= + + = =
|
+ + + + + +
\ .

1
1
1
1
1
y x
x y

+ +
= =
+ +

5.

would reduce to zero if a + b + c is given by


a. 1
b. 1
c. 0
d. None
Solution:
2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1
3
. . 0
a b c b c a c a b
x x x x

=
2 2 2
3
. .
a b c
bc ca ab
x x x x =
2 2
3
a b c
bc ca ab
x x
+ +
=



RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS
CHAPTER - 1
1.37


FOUNTAINHEAD CA - CPT QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

2 2 2
3
a b c
bc ca ab
+ + =
3 3 3
3 a b c abc + + = 0 a b c + + = (or a=b=c)
6.

would reduce to one if a + b + c is given by


a. 1
b. 0
c. 1
d. None
Solution:
1 1 1
1 1 1
b c c a a b
x x x x x x

+ +
+ + + + + +
1
1 ( 1) ( 1)
c b
b c c c a b a b
x x
x x x x x x x x


= + +
+ + + + + +
1
1 1 1
c b
b c c a c a b b
x x
x x x x x x

+
= + +
+ + + + + +

This would reduce to 1 only if all denominators are
1
b c
x x

+ +
for that we require
c a b =
and
a b c + =
i.e.
0 a b c + + =

7.
On simplification

reduces to
a. 1
b. 0
c. 1
d. 10
Solution:
3 3 1
1 3
2 x3 x5 x6
6 x10 x15
x x y x y y
x y x
+ 2 + + +
+ +

3 2 3 1 1
1 3
2 x3 x5 x2 x3
(2x3) x10(2x5) x(3x5)
x x y x y y y
x y x
+ + + + + +
+ +
=
3 2 3 1 1
1 1 3 3
2 x3 x5 x2 x3
2 x3 x2 x5 x3 x5
x x y x y y y
x x y y x x
+ + + + +
+ + + +
=
=
3 1 2 1 3
1 3 1 3
2 .2 3 x3 5
x x
2 .2 3 x3 5 .5
x y x y y x y
x y x x y x
+ + + + +
+ + + +

3 1 2 1 3
1 3 1 3
2 3 5
x x
2 3 5
x y x y y x y
x y x x y x
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
= = 1 x 1 x 1 = 1
8.
If

(

)

then xy is given by
a. 1
b. 1
c. 0
d. None
9.
Show that
()

()


()

is given by
a. 1
b. 1
c. 4
d. 0
10.
1
4
3
9 3.3
3 3 3
x
x
x x
+



`

)
is given by ..
a. 1
b. 1
c. 3
d. 0
Solution:
( )
1
2 1
4
3
2
3 . 3
3 .3.3
x
x
x
x
+
+



=
`

)

1 1
2
2 2
3
2
3 .3
3 .3.3
x
x
x
x
+
+



=
`

)

1 1 5
2 1
2 2 2 2
1 5 1
3
2 2
3 3
1
3 3
x x
x
x x
x
+ + + +
+ + +
= = =



RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS
CHAPTER - 1
1.38


FOUNTAINHEAD CA - CPT QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

11.
The value of z is given by the following if z

= ()
a. 2
b.


c.


d.


Solution:
( )
z
z
Z Z z =
1
2
1
.
2
( . )
z z z
Z Z z =
1
1
2
z
z
Z z
+ | |
=
|
\ .

3 3
2 2
z
z
Z Z
| |
=
|
\ .


3
2
3
2
Z z =
3
2
3
2
z
z
=
1
2
3
2
z =
2
3 9
2 4
z
| |
= =
|
\ .

12.
If
1
2 2 4
x x
= then
x
x is
a. 2
b. 1
c. 64
d. 27
Solution:
1
2 2 4
x x
=
2
2 4
2
x
x
=
1
2 1 4
2
x
| |
=
|
\ .

1
2 x 4
2
x
=

3
2 8 2
x
= = 3 x =

Now
x
x = 3

= 27
13.
Ifa
b
=b
a
then the value of (

reduces to
a. A
b. B
c. 0
d. None
Solution:
1
a
a
b
b
a
a
b

| |

|
\ .
=
1
1
x
a a
b b
a
b
a a
b

=
1
a
a
b
b
a
a
a

=
1 1
0
a a
b b
a a

= (
a
b a
b
a b a b = = )
14. If m =

and (

the value of xy is given by


a. - 1
b. 0
c. 1
d. None
Solution:
( ) ( )
2 2
( )
z
y x
y x z x y
m n b b b b
(
= =
(


____________________________________________
2 2 xyz = 1 xyz =
15. If

then the value of

reduces to
a. 1
b. 1
c. 0
d. None

16. If

then the value of

reduces
to
a. 0
b. 1
c. 1



RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS
CHAPTER - 1
1.39


FOUNTAINHEAD CA - CPT QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

d. None
17.
If

and

then the value of 3 (

) is
a. 67
b. 65
c. 64
d. 62

1.4 SURDS
1. Surd is typical real number.
2. If
n
a is an irrational number, where neN, n= 1 and a is a rational number, is called a surd. e.g.
2 ,
3
4 .
3. Quadratic surd: If a,b are rational numbers, b>0 and b is an irrational number, then a b
is called quadratic surd e.g. 2 + 3 , 4 2 3 .
4. Conjugate surd: Quadratic surd a + b and a- b are called conjugate surds of each other.
Note : (i) Sum of two conjugate quadratic surd is a rational number, (ii) Product of two
conjugate quadratic surds is a rational number e.g.
( )( )
a b a b + =
2
a b is a rational
number.
5.
2
a b c a b c =
e.g.
5 3 5 4x3 5 12 2 = =
. Also 5 72 5 36x2 5 2. y = =
6. If a,b,c,d are rational numbers and b,d>0 and b , d are irrational numbers such that
, a b c d + = + then a c = and b d = . e.g. If 3 5 a b + = + , then a = 3 and b = 5.
7. aeQ
+
and beQ
+
and 2 a b + is a quadratic surd. If
2
4 a b is a perfect square rational number,
then
2 2
4 4
2
2 2
a a b a a b
a b
+
+ = + .
8. Rationalising factor: The number multiplying by which to a surd gives a rational number is called
rationalizing factor.
Note : Rationalising factor of
a b +
is
a b
.
e.g. (1) Rationalising factor of
2 3 +
is 2
3
.
(2) Rationalising factor of
b
is
b
.
e.g. Rationalising factor of 5 is 5 .






RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS
CHAPTER - 1
1.40


FOUNTAINHEAD CA - CPT QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

Type 1: Based on rationalization:


1.
The rationalizing factor of 3 2 - 2 3 is .

a. 2 + 3
b. 2 - 3
c. 3 2 - 2 3
d. 18 + 12
Solution: Ratioalising factor of 3 2 - 2 3 = 3 2 + 2 3

= 9x2+ 4x3 = 18 12 +
2.
Reciprocal of 3-2 2 is .

a. 2 2 - 3
b.
1
3 2 2 +

c. 3-2 2
d. 3 + 2 2
Solution: Reciprocal of 3-2 2 =
1
3 2 2
=
1 3 2 2
x
3 2 2 3 2 2
+
+

=
3 2 2
3 2 2
9 8
+
= +


3.
If + + =


then the value of P is
a. 7/11
b. 3/11
c. -1/11
d. -2/11
4. 1 1 1 1
... ...
2 1 3 2 4 3 1 n n
+ + + + =
+ + + +

a. n-1
b. n+1
c. n +1
d. n -1

Type 2: Square root of a quadratic surd.

1.
If then the value of

is

a.
b.
c. 2
d. -2
Solution: = 2 + 2 2 + 1 (Dividing 2 into 2 parts such that = ( 2 )
2
+ 2 2 + (1)
2

= ( 2 + 1)
2

1
2
a = 2 + 1 Now
1 1 1
-
2 2 2
1
2
1 1
a +a =a + = 2+1+
2+1
a

Multiple Choice Questions



RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS
CHAPTER - 1
1.41


FOUNTAINHEAD CA - CPT QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

=
2 1
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2
2 1

+ + = + + =


2.
If then the value of



a. 2
b. 2
c. 2
d. -2
3.
The square root of x +

is given by

a.

[ ]
b.

[ ]
c. [ ]
d. [ ]
Solution:
2 2
x x y + =
1
2 2 ( )( )
2
x x y x y
(
+ +


=
1
( ) 2 ( )( ) ( )
2
x y x y x y x y
(
+ + + +

=
( )
2
1
2
x y x y + +

2 2
1
2
x x y x y x y
(
+ = + +


4.
The square root of 3 + is

a.


b. (

)
c. Both the above
d. None
5.
11 2 30 ..... + =

a. 6 5
b. 6 5 +
c. 15 2 +
d. 15 2
6.
17 4 15 .... + =

a. 15 1 +
b. 15 1
c. 2 3 5 +
d. 2 3 5

Type 3: Based on evaluation from given value of a

1.
If

then the value of

is
a. 21
b. 1
c. 12
d. None



RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS
CHAPTER - 1
1.42


FOUNTAINHEAD CA - CPT QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

Solution:
3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 6 2
x 5 2 6
3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2
a
+ + + + +
= = = = +
+
5 2 6 a =
2
10 1 a a = Now
4 3 2 1
2 21 12 a a a a +
____________________________________
=
2 2 2 2
2 ( 10 ) ( 10 ) 2( 10 ) 19 1 a a a a a a a a a + + + =
2
2 ( 1) ( 1) 2( 1) 19 1 a a a + + +
=
2
2 2 19 1 a a a + + + =
2
2( 10 ) 1 2( 1) 1 1 a a = =
2.
If a = 3- then the value of

is
a. 10
b. 14
c. 0
d. 15
3.
If a =

( )then the value of

is
a. 0
b. 1
c. 5
d. 1
Solution: a =
1 1 2 2 5 21 2(5 21)
(5 21) x
2 25 21 5 21 5 21 5 21 a
+ +
= = =
+

=
2(5 21) 5 21
4 2
+ +
=
1 5 21 5 21 10
5
2 2 2 a
+
o+ = + = =
2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
( ) 1 1 1
2 .
( ) 2
a a a a a
a a a
o |
o | o|

( +
| |
+ = + = +
( |
+ \ .


= 5
2
2 = 23

3
1
3 3 3
3
1 1 1
3
a
a a a a a a
a a a

| | | |
+ = + = + +
| |
\ . \ .
( )
( )
3
3 3
3 ( ) o | o | o| o| + = +
3
5 3(5) = = 125 15 = 110 Now
3 3 2 2 1
5 5 a a a a a a

+ + + = 110 5 (23) + 5 = 0
4.
If
( )
3
2
1
, then 10 9 ......
5 2 6
x x x = + =
+

a. 0
b. 512
c. 512
1000
5.
If
3 2
4 5, then the value of 2 13 2 33 x x x x = + is .
a. 0
b. 21
c. 21
54

Type 4: To evaluate from given values of a and b.

1.
If a =

b=

then the value of

is
a. 10
b. 100
c. 98
d. 99



RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS
CHAPTER - 1
1.43


FOUNTAINHEAD CA - CPT QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

Solution:
3 2 3 2
,
3 2 3 2
a b
+
= =
+

3 2 3 2
3 2
3 2
a b
+
+ = +

+

=
( ) ( )
( )( )
2 2
3 2 3 2
3 2 3 2
+ +
+
=
3 2 6 2 3 2 6 2
10
3 2
+ + + +
=


( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 10 2(1) 100 2 98 a b a b ab + = + = = = Now
2 2
2 2 2 2
1 1 98
98
1
b a
a b a b
+
+ = = =
2.
If a =

b=

then the value of a + b is


a. 10
b. 100
c. 98
d. 99
3.
If a =

b=

then the value of

is
a. 10
b. 100
c. 98
d. 99

Type 5: Based on compendo-dividendo

1.
If a =

then the value of



is given by
a. 1
b. 1
c. 2
d. 2
Solution:
4 6 2 3x2 2
2 3 2 3
a = =
+ +

2 3
2 2 2 3
a
=
+

2 2 2 3 2 3
2 2 2 3 2 3
a
a
+ + +
=


=
3 3 2
3 2
+


2 2
2 3 2 3
a
=
+

2 3 2 2 2 3
2 3 2 2 2 3
a
a
+ + +
=


3 2 3
2 3
+
=



2 2 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 3
2 2 2 3 3 2 2 3
a a
a a
+ + + +
+ = +


3 3 2 3 2 3
3 2 3 2
+ +
= =


( )
2 3 2
3 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 2
3 2 3 2 3 2

+
= = = =




Type 6: Miscellaneous sums

1.
If x=

and y =

then

is
a. 5
b.
c.


d. 4
Solution: Add 45



RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS
CHAPTER - 1
1.44


FOUNTAINHEAD CA - CPT QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE


1 3 1 4 3
3
3 3 3
x
+
= + = =
Now
15 1
5 2 3
3
x x
x
| |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
\ .

|
\ .


4 3 4 3 1
3
3 3 4 3 2 3
3 3
| |
|
| |
| =
|
|
|
\ .

|
\ .

=
4 3 3 3 4 3 3
3 3 2 3
| || |


| |
| |
\ .\ .

=
3 4 3 3 3 8 3 3 3 3x5 3 5x3 5
x x
3 3 2 3 6 18 18 6
| |

= = = =
|
|
\ .

2.
If a =

then the value of [ ( )] is


a. 14
b. 7
c. 2
d. 1
Solution:
( )
2
7 4 3
7 4 3 7 4 3 7 4 3
x 7 4 3
49 48 7 4 3 7 4 3 7 4 3
a
+
+ + +
= = = = +
+

7 4 3 a =
( )
( )
2
2
7 4 3 a =

2
14 49 48 a a + =
( 14) 1 a a =
( ) ( )
2 2
14 1 1 a a = = (


3.
If x =

the value of X is given by


a. -2
b. 1
c. 2
d. 0
Solution: 2 2 2... x x =
2 x x =

2
2 x x =

2
2 0 x x + =
( )( ) 2 1 0 x x + =
2 x (impossible) or 1 x =
4.
The square root of is given by

a.
b.



RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS
CHAPTER - 1
1.45


FOUNTAINHEAD CA - CPT QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

c.
d.
Solution: Let
3
9 3 11 2 3 2 a v + = +

( )
3
9 3 11 2 3 2 a v + = +
=
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
3 2 2 2
3 3 3 2 3 3 2 2 a a b a b b + + +
=
3 2 2 3
3 3 9 2 6 3 2 2 a a b ab b + + +
=
( ) ( )
3 2 2 3
3 3 6 2 9 2 a ab a b b + + +

3 2 2 3
3 6 9 and 9 2 11 a ab a b b + = + =
on observation 1, 1 a b = =

3
2
9 3 11 2 3 2 3 1
3
| |
+ = + = +
|
|
\ .

5.
The cube root of 16 2 11 5 + is .

a.
2
5 5 1
5
| |
+
|
|
\ .

b.
2
5 5 1
5
| |

|
|
\ .

c.
2
5 1
5
| |
+
|
|
\ .

d.
2
5 1
5
| |

|
|
\ .

6.
If
4
49 20 6 3 2, then 49 20 6 .... + = + =

a. 5 2 6 +
b. 5 2 6
c. 3 2
d. 5 6

1.5 LOGARITHM
Logarithm: The logarithm of a number to a given base is the index or the power to which the base
must be raised to produce the number.
e.g. If
x
a n = hen log ,
n
a x a = is base x is index
(i) 2
5
= 32, then log
2
32 = 5
(ii)
3
1
4
64

= , then log
4
1
3
64
| |
=
|
\ .

Note: In log ,
n
a x n = is any positive real number, a is positive real number other than 1 and x is a
real number.



RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS
CHAPTER - 1
1.46


FOUNTAINHEAD CA - CPT QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

LIST OF FORMULAE

1. log
x
a
a n n x = = e.g. (i) 3
3
= 27, then log
3
27=3 (ii) log
5
625 = 4, then 5
4
= 625.
2. log
a
1 = 0, a=
1, a is positive real number e.g. (i) log
5
1 = 0 (ii) log
10
1 = 0

3.
log
a
a = 1 e.g. (i) log
5
5 = 1 (ii) log
7
7 = 1

4.
log
a
x
a x =
e.g.(i) log
2
2
3
= 3 (ii) log
3
3
4
= 4

5.
log n
a a n =
e.g. (i)
5
3
log
3 5 =
(ii)
6
log
6
e
e =
6.
Logarithm of product :

e.g. (i)
a a a
log (2x3(=log 2+log 3

(ii)
log 5 log x log (5 )
a a a
x + =

7.
Logarithm of quotient :
log log log
a a a
m
m n
n
| |
=
|
\ .

e.g. (i)
10 10 10
3
log log 3 log 5
5
| |
=
|
\ .
(ii)
10 10 10
log log 4 log
4
x
x
| |
=
|
\ .

8. Logarithm of power
:
log log
n
a a
m n m =

e.g.(i)
5
log 5log
a a
x x =
(ii)
4
4log 3 log 3
a a
=
9.


e.g. (i)
10
3
10
log 2
log 2
log 3
=
(ii)
10
5
10
log 4
log 4
log 5
=
10.


11.



e.g. (i)
3
2
1
log 2
log 3
=
(ii)
5
4
1
log 4
log 5
=
12. log xlog xlog 1
b c a
a b c =
13. If log log , then
a a
x y x y = =
14.
log log b a
a b =




RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS
CHAPTER - 1
1.47


FOUNTAINHEAD CA - CPT QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

Characteristic: is integral part of a logarithm of a number.
Rules to find characteristic:
1. If a number is greater than or equal to 1, characteristic = Number of digits before decimal point-
e.g. (i) Characteristic of 7=1-1=0
(ii) Characteristic of 15.7=2-1=1
(iii) Characteristic of 23400.56 = 5 1 = 4.
If a number is less than 1 characteristic
= Number of zeroes just after decimal point + 1.
(Note: Here negative sign is represent as bar)
e.g. (i) Characteristic of
0.5 0 1 1 = + =
(number of zeroes just after decimal point =0).
(ii) Characteristic of
0.07 1 1 2 = + =

(iii) Characteristic of
0.000305 3 1 4 = + =

(iv) it is a fractional part of logarithm of a number. It is found using logarithm table.
Number Characteristic Mantissa Logarithm of a number
786.6
2304
5=5.00
0.007
2
3
0
3
0.8957
0.3624
0.6990
0.8451
2.8957
3.3624
0.6990
3 .8451
Antilogarithm: If x is the logarithm of a given number n with base a, then n is called antilogarithm of
x to the base a.
i.e. If log , then antilog .
a a
x n x n = =
e.g.
10
log 2 0.3010, = then
10
antilog (0.3010) 2. =

Rules to find antilog:
1. If characteristic is greater than or equal to zero, number of digits before decimal point
= characteristic + 1.
2. If characteristic is less than 0, number of zeroes just after decimal point = 1 characteristic / - e.g.
Number Characteristic Mantissa Antilogarithm
2.2345
3.4096
2
3
0.2345
0.4096
171.6
0.002568





RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS
CHAPTER - 1
1.48


FOUNTAINHEAD CA - CPT QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

Type 1: Based on law of product


1. log 6 + log 5 is expressed as
a. log 11
b. log 30
c. log 5/6
d. none of these
Solution: log6 log5 log(6x5) log30 + = =
2. If log x + log y = log (x+y), y can be expressed as
a. x1
b. x
c. x/x1
d. none of these
Solution: log log log( ) x y x y + = + log log( ) xy x y = +
xy x y = + xy y x = ( 1) y x x =

u x =
3. log (1 2 3) is equal to
a. log 1 + log 2 + log 3
b. log 3
c. log 2
d. none of these
4. log(1+2+3) is exactly equal to
a. log 1 + log 2 + log 3
b. log(123)
c. Both the above
d. None
5. Given log2 = 0.3010 and log3 = 0.4771 the value of log 6 is
a. 0.9030
b. 0.9542
c. 0.7781
d. none of these
6.
The value of

is
a. 0
b. 1
c. -1
d. None
7.
The value of

is
a. 0
b. 10
c. 1
d. None






Multiple Choice Questions



RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS
CHAPTER - 1
1.49


FOUNTAINHEAD CA - CPT QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

Type 2: Law of Quotient

1. log 32/4 is equal to
a. log 32/log 4
b. log 32 log 4
c. 2
3

d. none of these
Solution:
32
log log32 log4
4
| |
=
|
\ .

2. log(2 3 ) log log , then .... a b a b a = =

a.
2
3
2 1
b
b

b.
3
2 1
b
b

c.
2
2 1
b
b +

d.
2
3
2 1
b
b +


Type 3: Based on
log
y
a
x y x a = =


1.
10000
1
log .....
4
x x = =

a.
1
100

b.
1
10

c.
1
20

d. None of these
Solution:
10000
1
log
4
x = ( )
1
1
4 1
4
4
1
10000 (10 ) 10
10
x


= = = =

Type 4: Based on
log
x
a
a x =


1. log
2
8 is equal to
a. 2
b. 8
c. 3
d. none of these
solution:
3
2 2
log 8 log 2 3 = =
2. log (1/81) to the base 9 is equal to
a. 2
b.



RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS
CHAPTER - 1
1.50


FOUNTAINHEAD CA - CPT QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

c. 2
d. none of these
solution:
9 9
1
log log 2 2
81
o
| |
= =
|
\ .

3. log 0.0625 to the base 2 is equal to
a. 4
b. 5
c. 1
d. none of these
4. The value of log 0.0001 to the base 0.1 is
a. 4
b. 4
c.
d. none of these

Type 5: Based on
log log
n
m
y
y
m
x x
n
=


1. log
23
1728 is equal to

a. 23
b. 2
c. 6
d. none of these
Solution:
2 3
log 1728
1
2
3
12
log 12 = (Here
1
3
2
2 3 4x3 12 12 and 1728=12
| |
= = =
|
\ .

=
12
3
log 12 3x2 6
1
2
= =
2. log
2
64 is equal to
a. 12
b. 6
c. 1
d. none of these
3. The logarithm of 64 to the base 22 is
a. 2
b. 2
c.
d. none of these
4.
The value of log

to the base 9 is
a.
b.
c. 1
d. none of these
5.
The logarithm of 21952 to the base of 2 and 19683 to the base of 3 are
a. Equal
b. Not equal
c. Have a difference of 2269



RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS
CHAPTER - 1
1.51


FOUNTAINHEAD CA - CPT QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

d. None
6. The sum of the series

is given by
a.


b.


c.


d. None

Type 6: Based on
log log
n
a a
x n x =


1. If 2 log x = 4 log 3, the x is equal to
a. 3
b. 9
c. 2
d. none of these
Solution: 2log 4log3 x =

4
log log3
2
x = log 2log3 x =
2
log log3 x = 9 x =
2. log144 .... =
a. 2log4 2log2 +
b. 4log2 2log3 +
c. 3log2 4log3 +
d. 3log2 4log3 +
Solution:
4 2
4 2
2 144
2 72
log144 log(2 x3 ) 2 36
log2 log3 2 18
4log2 2log3 3 9
3 3
1
=
= +
= +



Type 7: Simplification

1. The value of log
2
log
2
log
2
16
a. 0
b. 2
c. 1
d. none of these
Solution:
2 2 2
log log log 16
=
4
2 2 2
log log log 2 =
( )
2 2
log log 4 log
n
a
a n = =
2
2 2
log log 2 =
2
log 2 1 =
2. The value of log
2
[log
2
{log
3
(log
3
27
3
)}] is equal to
a. 1
b. 2
c. 0
d. none of these



RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS
CHAPTER - 1
1.52


FOUNTAINHEAD CA - CPT QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

Type 8: Expressing log in x,y,m,n

1. Given that log
10
2 = x, log
10
3 = y, then log
10
1.2 is expressed in terms of x and y as
a. x + 2y 1
b. x + y 1
c. 2x + y 1
d. none of these
Solution:
2
10 10 10
12 2 x3
log 1.2 log log
10 10
| |
| |
= =
| |
\ .
\ .
=
2
10 10 10
log 2 log 3 log 10 +
=
10 10
2log 2 log 3 1 + = 2 1 x y +
2. Given that log x = m + n and log y = m n, the value of log 10x/y
2
is expressed in terms of m
and n as
a. 1 m + 3n
b. m 1 + 3n
c. m + 3n + 1
d. none of these
Solution:
2
10
log
x
y
| |
|
\ .
=
2
log10 log log x y + = log106log 2log x y
= 1 ( ) 2( ) m n m n + + = 1 2 2 m n m n + + + = 1 3 m n +

3. Given that log
10
2 = x and log
10
3 = y, the value of log
10
60 is expressed as
a. x y + 1
b. x + y + 1
c. x y 1
d. none of these


Type 9: Harder Simplification

1. The simplified value of 2 log
10
5 + log
10
8 log
10
4 is
a.
b. 4
c. 2
d. none of these
Solution:
10 10 10
1
2log 5 log 8 log 4
2
+ =
1
2
2
10 10 10
log 5 log 8 log 4 +
=
10 10 10
log 25 log 8 log 2 + =
2
10 10 10
25x8
log log 100 log 10 2
10
| |
= = =
|
\ .

2.
The value of is

is

a. 0
b. 1
c. 2
d. 1
3. 16 25 81
7log 5log 3log .....
15 24 80
+ + =
a. 0



RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS
CHAPTER - 1
1.53


FOUNTAINHEAD CA - CPT QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

b. 1
c. log2
d. log3

Type 10: Simplification

1.
log [1 {1 (1 x2)1}1]1/2 can be written as
a. log x
2

b. log x
c. log 1/x
d. none of these
Solution:
( )
{ }
1
1
2
1
2
log 1 1 1x

(

(


1
1
2
2
1
log 1 1
1 x

(

=
( `

)
(


1
1
2
2
2
1 1
log 1
1
x
x

(

= (
`

( )


1
2
2
2
1
log 1
x
x

(
= +
(


1
2 2
2
2
1
log
x x
x

( +
=
(

1
2
2 1
1 1
log log log x
x x

(
= = =
(


2.
The simplified value of log

is

a.
log 3

b.
log 2

c.
log

d.
none of these

Solution:
1
4 3
1
3
log 729 9 .27


( ) ( )
4
1
4 6 2 3 3
3
log 2 3 3

=
4 3 6 2 4
log 3 3 .3

=
6
4
6
3
log 3 3

=
6 2 4 4 4
log 3 log 3 log3

= = =

Type 11: Based on
log .log .log 1
b c a
a b c =


1. The value of (log
b
a log
c
b log
a
c)
3
is equal to
a. 3
b. 0
c. 1
d. none of these
Solution:
3
(log xlog xlog )
b c a
a b c
3
log log log
x x
log log log
a b c
b c a
| |
=
|
\ .
= 1
3
= 1
2.

() .

().

()is equal to

a. 0
b. 1
c. 1
d.
None




RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS
CHAPTER - 1
1.54


FOUNTAINHEAD CA - CPT QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

3.

).

).

) is equal to
a. 0
b. 1
c. -1
d. None
4. The value of the following expression


is given by
a. t
b. Abcdt
c. (a + b +c + d + t)
d. None

Type12: Solving equations involving logarithm

1. If log
2
x + log
4
x + log
16
x = 21/4, these x is equal to

a. 8
b. 4
c. 16
d. none of these
Solution:
2 4 16
21
log log log
4
x x x + + =
2 4
2
2 2
21
log log log
4
x x x + + =

2 2
1 1 21
log log log
2 4 4
x
x x x + + =
2
1 1 21
1 log
2 4 4
x
| |
+ + =
|
\ .

2
4 2 1 21
log
4 4
x
+ +
=

2
7 21
log
4 4
x =
2
21 4
log x
4 7
x =
2
log 3 x =
3
2 8 x = =

2.
If
2 4
log log 6, x x + = then the value of x is ..

a. 16
b. 32
c. 64
d. 128
3. On solving the equation

)] = 2 we get the value of t as



a.


b.


c.


d. None
Solution:
( )
1 4
2
log log log 32 2
t
(
=


( ) 2
2
5
5
2
1
log log 2
2
| |
=
|
\ .

5 2
5 1
log log 2
2 4
| |
=
|
\ .

5 1
log
2 4
t
| |
=
|
\ .

1
4
5
2
t =
4
5 625
2 16
t
| |
= =
|
\ .

4. On solving the equation

)] =1 we get the value of t as


a. 8
b. 18
c. 81
d. 6561



RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS
CHAPTER - 1
1.55


FOUNTAINHEAD CA - CPT QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

5.
If
( )
2 3 2
log log log 1, then .... x x
(
= =



a. 128
b. 256
c. 512
d.
None of these

6. Log (

) +log a= 10 if the value of a is given by


a. 0
b. 10
c. 1
d. None
7. On solving the equation logt + log(t-3) = 1 we get the value of t as
a. 5
b. 2
c. 3
d. 0

Type13: To find value of logarithm to any base from given base 10 value.

1. The value of log
8
25 given log 2 = 0.3010 is
a. 1
b. 2
c. 1.5482
d. None of these
Solution:
8
log 25
10
10
log 25
log 8
=
10
100
log
4
| |
|
\ .
= =
10 10
10
log 100 log 4
log 8

=
2 2
10 10
3
10
log 10 log 2
log 2


10
10
2 2log 2
3log 2

=
2 2(0.3010)
3(0.3010)

=
2 0.6020
0.9030

=
1.3980
1.5482
0.9030
= =

Type14:
1
log
log
b
a
a
b
=


1.

()

()

()
is equal to
a. 0
b. 1
c. 3
d. -1
Solution:
1 1 1
1 log ( ) 1 log ( ) 1 log ( )
a b c
bc ca ab
+ +
+ + +


1 1 1
log log ( ) log log ( ) log log ( )
a a b b a a
a bc b ca c ab
= + +
+ + +




RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS
CHAPTER - 1
1.56


FOUNTAINHEAD CA - CPT QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE


1 1 1
log log log
a b a
abc abc abc
= + +
log log log
abc abc abc
a b c = + +
log 1
abc
abc = =
2.
The value of

()

()
is

a. 0
b. 1
c. 1
d.
None

3.

()

()

()
is equal to
a. 0
b. 1
c. 2
d. 1
4.
If

then the value if z is given by


a. abc
b. a + b + c
c. a(b + c)
d. (a + b)c
5.

()

()

()
is equal to

a. 0
b. 1
c. 3
d. - 1
6.

has a value of
a. a
b. b
c. (a + b)
d. None

Type15: Based on
log log b a
a b =

1.
The value of ()

. ()

. ()

is

a. 0
b. 1
c. 1
d.
None

log log log
( ) .( ) .( )
b c a
c a b
bc ca ab =
log log log log log log
. . . . .
b b c c a a
c c a a b b
b c c a a b
=
log log log log log log
. .
c a b a b c
a b c b c a
a b c
+ + +
=
x x x
log log log
. .
c a b a b c
a b c b c a
a b c =
log log log
. .
c a b
b c a
a b c



RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS
CHAPTER - 1
1.57


FOUNTAINHEAD CA - CPT QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

=
log log log
. .
a b c
c a b
b c a
| | | | | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
=
log log log
log log log
x x
a b c
a b c
c b
b c a
o
= 1 (
log log b a
a b = )
2.

has a value of

a. 1
b. 0
c. 1
d.
None

3.
The value of is


a. 0
b. 1
c. 1
d. None

Type16: Based on ratio

1.
If

the value of

is given by

a. 0
b. 1
c. 1
d.
None

Solution:
Let
log log log a b c
k
y z z x x y
= = =



log log log
, and
a b c
k k k
y z z x x y
= = =


log ( ),log ( ) and log ( ) a k y z b k z x c k x y = = =

( )
log . . log log log
y z z x x y y z z x x y
a b c a b c
+ + + + + +
= + +
= ( )log ( )log ( )log y z a z x b x y c + + + + +
= ( ). ( ) ( ). ( ) ( ). ( ) y z k y z z x k z x x y k x y + + + + +
=
2 2 2 2 2 2
0 log1. k y z z x x y ( + + = =


. . 1
y z z x x y
a b c
+ + +
=

2.
If

the value of abc is



a. 0
b. 1
c. 1
d. None









RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS
CHAPTER - 1
1.58


FOUNTAINHEAD CA - CPT QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

Type17: Solve by assuming k

1.
If

the value of

is

a. 0
b. 1
c. 1
d.
None

log log log
( ) .( ) .( )
b c a
c a b
bc ca ab =
log log log log log log
. . . . .
b b c c a a
c c a a b b
b c c a a b
=
log log log log log log
. .
c a b a b c
a b c b c a
a b c
+ + +
=
x x x
log log log
. .
c a b a b c
a b c b c a
a b c =
log log log
. .
c a b
b c a
a b c
=
log log log
. .
a b c
c a b
b c a
| | | | | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
=
log log log
log log log
x x
a b c
a b c
c b
b c a
o
= 1 (
log log b a
a b = )
2.
If

the value of

is

a. 0
b. 1
c. 1
d.
None

Solution:
Let
1 1 1
log log log
2 3 5
a b c k = = =
1 1 1
log , log , log
2 3 5
a k b k c k = = =
log 2 ,log 3 ,log 5 a k b k c k = = = 4log 8 ,log log 3 5 8 a k b c k k k = + = + =

4
log 8 , log 8 a k bc k = =
4
log log a bc =
4
a bc =
4
0 a bc =
3. If a =

then the value of

(abcd) is

a.


b.


c. 1+2+3+4
d. None

Type18: To obtain relation between variances:

1.
If

(loga+logb) then the value of

is
a. 2
b. 5
c. 7
d. 3
Solution:
( )
1
log log log
3 2
a b
a b
+ | |
= +
|
\ .
2log log
3
a b
ab
+ | |
=
|
\ .

2
log log
3
a b
ab
+ | |
=
|
\ .


2 2
2
9
a ab b
ab
+ +
=
2 2
2 9 a ab b ab + + =
2 2
7 a b ab + =

2 2
7
a b
ab ab
+ = ( dividing by ab) 7
a b
b a
+ =



RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS
CHAPTER - 1
1.59


FOUNTAINHEAD CA - CPT QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

2.
If
1
log (log log ), then .....
4 2
a b a b
a b
b a
+ | |
= + + =
|
\ .


a. 12
b. 14
c. 16
d. 18

Type19: From given relation obtain relation in log

1.
If

then the value of ( )

( ) is equal to
a. 0
b. 1
c. -1
d. 3
Solution:
3 3
0 a b + =
2 2
( )( ) 0 a b a ab b + + =

2 2
0 a ab b + = ( ) 0 a b + =
2 2
2 3 a ab b ab + + =
( )
2
3 a b ab + =
2
log( ) log(3 ) a b ab + = 2log( ) log3 log log a b a b + = + +

| |
1
log( ) log3 log log
2
a b a b + = + +
| |
1
log( ) log3 log log 0
2
a b a b + + + =
2.
If

then the value of is



a. 0
b. 1
c. 1
d. 7

Type20:

1.
If ( )

( )

then the value of

is
a. 3
b. 3
c.


d.


Solution: ( ) ( ) 4.8 0.48 1000
x y
= = log4.8 log0.48 log1000 3 x y = = =
log4.8 3 and log0.48 3 x y = =
3 3
log4.8 and log0.48=
x y
=

3 3
log4.8 log0.48
x y
=
3 3 4.8
log
0.48 x y
= 3 2 log10 1 x = =
1 1 1
3 x y
=







RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS
CHAPTER - 1
1.60


FOUNTAINHEAD CA - CPT QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

Type21:

1.
If

then the value of alog (

) is
a. 3log x
b. log x
c. 6log x
d. 5log x
Solution:
2 3 2 6 5
.
a a a a
x y x y

=
2 3 2
6 5
x 1
a a
a a
x y
x y

=


3
3 9
1
.
a
a
x
y x
=

3
9
a
x
x
y
| |
=
|
\ .

3
a
x
x
y
| |
=
|
\ .
log 3log
x
a x
y
| |
=
|
\ .


Type22: Add 91

1. If x =

then the value of xyz x y z is


a. 0
b. 1
c. 1
d. 2
Solution: log , log and log
a b c
bc y ca z ab = = =
(1), ...(2) and ....(3)
x y z
a bc b ca c ab = = = Now
xyz x y z
a

=
( )
. .
x yz
x y z
a
a b a

= ( )
( )
(1)
. .
yz
x y z
bc
from
a a a
=
( ) ( )
. .
y z z y
x y z
b c
a a a
= ( )
2 3
( ) ( )
(2), (3)
. .
x y z
ca ab
from
a a a
=
. . .
. .
z z y y
x y z
c a a b
a a a
=
.
z y
x
c b
a

= ( )
.
(2), (3)
x
ab ca
from
a
=
2
.
x
x
a a
a
=
2
a 2 xyz x y z =

2.
If I = 1+

then the value of

is


a. 0
b. 1
c. 1
d. 3

Type23: To find number of digits

1. The number of digits in the numeral for 2
64
is .
a. 18
b. 19
c. 20
d. 21



RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS
CHAPTER - 1
1.61


FOUNTAINHEAD CA - CPT QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

Solution: Let
64
2 x = log 64log2 x = log 64(0.30103) 19.26592 x = =
Number of digits in
64
2 19 1 20 = + =

Type24: To find number of zeroes just after decimal point:

1. The number of zeroes between decimal point and first significant figure (in the numeral
for (0.007)
15
[Given log 7 = 0.8451]
a. 31
b. 32
c. 33
d. 34
Solution: Let
15
(0.007) x = log 15log0.007 x = = 15(3.8451)
= 15(-3+0.8451) = -45 + 12.6765 = 33.665

Number of zeroes between decimal point and first significant figure = 33-1=32

Type25: Miscellaneous Sums

1. For any three consecutive integers x y z the equation ( ) is
a. True
b. False
c. Sometimes true
d. cannot be determined in the cases of variables with cyclic order
Solution: , , x y z are three consecutive integers. Suppose that 1, x n y n = = and 1 z n = +
log(1 ) 2log log[1 ( 1)( 1)] 2log xz y n n n + = + + =
2 2
log[1 1]log n n +
=
2 2
log log n n = 0 The statement is true.
2.
If

then the value of n is




a.


b.


c.


d.



Solution:
n n
n n
e e
x
e e

=
=
+

1
(Invertendo)
n n
n n
e e
x e e

+
=



1
(Compondo)
1
n n n n
n n n n
x e e e e
x e e e e


+ + +
=
+ +

1 2
1 2
n
n
x e
x e

+
=


2
1
1
n
n
e
x
+
=



1
log 2
1
e
x
n
x
+ | |
=
|

\ .
n =
1
2

1
log
1
e
x
x
+ | |
|

\ .

3.
3
9 4
log 8
....
log 16.log 10
=



RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS
CHAPTER - 1
1.62


FOUNTAINHEAD CA - CPT QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE


a.
10
3log 2
b.
10
7log 3
c. 3log 2
e

d. None of these
Solution:
2
3
3
4
3
log 2 xlog4
log 2 xlog10
=
2
3
3
3log 2xlog2 3x2log2
4
2xlog10
log 2xlog10
2
=
10
3log 2 =
4.
If
24 36 48
log 12; log 24 and log 36, then a b c = = = 1 ..... abc + =
a. 2ab
b. 2bc
c. 2ca
d. 2b
2

Solution:
24 36 48
1 1 log 12.log 24.log 36 abc + = +
log12 log24 log36
=1+ x x
log24 log36 log48

log12
1
log48
= + =
log48 log12
log48
+
=
log48x12
log48
=
2
log24
log48

=
2log24 log36
x
log36 log48
=
36
48
2log 24xlog 36 = 2bc
5.
2
4 4
log ( ) log ( 1) 2 x x x + + = Find x

a. 16
b. 0
c. 1
d. None of these
Solution:
2
4
log 2
1
x x
x
| | +
=
|
+
\ .

4
( 1)
log 2
1
x x
x
+ | |
=
|
+
\ .

4
log 2 x =
2
4 x = 16 x =

6.
Find the value of
3 2
log 24 log(2 ) log(4)
x
(
+



a. X
b. 10
c. 1
d.
none of these

Solution:
3 2
10 10 10
log 25 log (2 ) log (4)
x
(
+

=
10 10 10
log 5 log 8 log 16
x
( +


=
( )
2
10 10
5x16
log log 10 1 1
8
x
x
( | |
= = =
| (
\ .

7.
If log log 0,
a a
b c + = then.
a. b=c
b. b=-c
c. b=c=1
d. b and are reciprocals
Solution: log log 1
a a
bc = 1 bc = b and c are reciprocals



RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS
CHAPTER - 1
1.63


FOUNTAINHEAD CA - CPT QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

8.
2 3
2log 2log 2log ... 2log
n
x x x x + + + + Will be ..

a.
( 1)log
2
n n x +

b. ( 1)log n n x +
c.
2
log n x
d. None of these
Solution:
2 3
2log. 2log 2log ... 2log
n
x x x x + + + + = 2log 4log 6log ... 2 log x x x n x + + + +
= (2 4 6 ... 2 )log n x + + + + = ( 1)log n n x +
9.
Solve
10 10
log 3 11 log
2
2 3
x x | | | |
+ =
| |
\ . \ .

a. 10
-1

b. 10
2

c. 10
d. 10
3

Solution:
10 10
3log 9 22 2log 12 x x + =
10
log 12 22 9 1 x = + =
1
10 x

=
10. If ! n m = where m is a positive integer > 2), then the value of
2 3 4
1 1 1 1
... ....
log log log log
m
n n n n
+ + + + =
a. 1
b. 0
c. 1
d. 2
Solution:
2 3 4
1 1 1 1
...
log log log log
n
n n n m
+ + + + log 2 log 3 log 4 ... log
n n n n
m = + + + +
= log(2x3x4x...x ) log ! log 1
n
m m n = = =

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