CHNG 3 GII THIEU TONG QUAN VE IEU KHIEN

3.1 ieu khien t ong.

3.1.1 Khai niem c ban. 3.1.1.1 ieu khien

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ieu khien mot he thong la qua trnh can thiep vao he thong e ap ng cua he at muc ch nh trc. Qua trnh ieu khien bao gom cac cong oan : Thu thap thong tin. X ly thong tin. Tac ong len he thong. Qua trnh ieu khien khong co s tham gia trc tiep cua con ngi goi la ieu khien t ong. 3.1.1.2 ieu khien hoc Nganh khoa hoc nghien cu cac qua trnh ieu khien va truyen thong trong cac he thong goi la ieu khien hoc. Tuy theo ac iem cua oi tng nghien cu, ieu khien hoc c chia thanh : ieu khien hoc ky thuat, ieu khien hoc quan s, ieu khien hoc kinh te, ieu khien hoc sinh hoc Trong cac nganh ke tren, ieu khien hoc ky thuat trung vi t ong hoc, la nganh phat trien nhat hien nay. 3.1.1.3 Tn hieu Thong tin trong he thong ieu khien c the hien bang cac tn hieu. Cac tn hieu co the la dong ien, ien ap, cong suat ,ap suat, lc, lu lng, nhiet o, v tr, van toc, gia toc Moi phan t ieu khien nhan tn hieu vao t mot so phan t cua he thong va tao nen tn hieu ra a vao phan t khac. He thong cung giao tiep vi moi trng ben ngoai thong qua cac tn hieu vao ra cua no. Thay v ten goi tn hieu vao, tn hieu ra, ngi ta con s dung rong rai cac khai niem tac ong va ap ng vi ngha la: khi tac ong vao he thong mot tn hieu vao th tn hieu se co ap ng la tn hieu ra. Cac tn hieu c mo hnh hoa toan hoc bang cac ham cua thi gian,v du u(t), y(t) Trong s o he thong, cac tn hieu vao ra thng c bieu dien bang cac mui ten nh hnh ve Tn hieu vao (tac ong) Tn hieu ra (ap ng)

Phan t/he thong

Hnh 3.1 S o mo ta tn hieu vao ra

Bang di ay trnh bay mot so oi tng thng gap trong ky thuat va cac tn hieu vao, tn hieu ra tng ng.

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Bang 1. Tn hieu vao/ra cua mot so oi tng trong ky thuat ieu khien. oi tng ong c ien Van Xy lanh thuy lc Lo nhiet Chiet ap, bien ap Tn hieu vao ien ap V tr nong van Lu lng, ap suat Cong nhiet suat Tn hieu ra Van toc, goc quay Lu lng V tr, van toc, lc piston

cap Nhiet o ien ap

ien ap

3.1.2 He thong ieu khien

Thiet b ieu khien r(t) Bo so u(t) Bo ieu khien oi tng ieu khien

Z(t) y(t)

yht (t) Thiet b o

Hnh 3.2 Cau truc c ban cua he thong ieu khien

Hnh 3.2 la cau truc c ban cua mot he thong ieu khien. He thong gom ba thanh phan c ban: oi tng ieu khien. 38

 Thiet b o. Bo ieu khien. Trong o: r(t) : tn hieu vao y(t) : tn hieu ra yht(t) : tn hieu hoi tiep e(t) : sai so u(t) : tn hieu ieu khien z(t) : tn hieu nhieu. 3.1.2.1 oi tng ieu khien La he thong vat ly can ieu khien e co ap ng mong muon. oi tng ieu khien (TK) bao gom cac loai may, thiet b k thuat, qua trnh cong nghe. TK la may, thiet b thng ac trng bang cac c cau chap hanh nh ong c, xi lanh, he ban trt vi tn hieu ra la chuyen ong vat ly nh van toc, v tr, goc quay, gia toc, lc. KT la qua trnh cong nghe thng co tn hieu ra la nhiet o, ap suat, lu lng, mc 3.1.2.2 Thiet b o (cam bien) Thc hien chc nang o va chuyen oi ai lng ra cua he thong thanh dang tn hieu phu hp e thuan tien cho viec so sanh, x ly, hien th. S chuyen oi la can thiet khi cac tn hieu vao ra khong co cung ban chat vat ly. Tn hieu ra co the la van toc, v tr, nhiet o, lctrong khi tn hieu vao a phan la tn hieu ien. Nguyen tac chung e o cac ai lng khong ien bang phng phap ien la bien oi chung thanh tn hieu ien (ien ap hoac dong ien). Cac thiet b o ien hnh la: o van toc : bo phat toc o lng dch chuyen, goc quay :thc ma hoa, encoder o nhiet o : cap nhiet (thermo couple), ien tr nhiet o lu lng, ap suat : bo chuyen oi lu lng, ap suat o lc : cam bien lc (Load Cell)...

3.1.2.3 Bo so

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So sanh va phat hien sai lech e gia tn hieu vao chuan va tn hieu hoi tiep hay gia tr o c cua tn hieu ra. 3.1.2.4 Bo ieu khien Dung tn hieu e e tao tn hieu ieu khien u. Thuat toan dung e xac dnh u(t) goi la thuat toan ieu khien. Bo ieu khien lien tuc co the thc hien bang c cau c kh , thiet b kh nen, mach ien RLC, mach khuech ai thuat toan. Bo ieu khien so thc chat la cac chng trnh phan mem chay tren vi x ly hay may tnh. 3.1.2.5 Nhieu Cac tac ong len he thong gay ra cac anh hng khong mong muon c goi chung la nhieu. Nhieu luon ton tai va co the tac ong len bat c thanh phan nao trong he thong. Tren ay ch la nhng thanh phan c ban trong he thong ieu khien. Trong thc te cau truc cua mot he thong ieu khien thng a dang va phc tap hn. V du nh con co cac bo loc tn hieu, khoi khuech ai cong suat, cac c cau ong ngat, khoi cach ly, khoi chuyen mach, bo chuyen oi A/D D/A, Card giao tiep 3.1.3 Cac nguyen tac ieu khien. Co 3 nguyen tac ieu khien c ban: Nguyen tac gi on nh : gi cho tn hieu ra on nh va bang mot hang so cho trc. Nguyen tac ieu khien theo chng trnh : gi cho tn hieu ra thay oi theo mot ham thi gian ( chng trnh ) nh trc. Nguyen tac ieu khien thch nghi : dung trong cac he thong phc tap, chu nhieu anh hng cua moi trng he thong t ieu chnh cac thong so cua bo ieu khien nham thch ng vi moi bien ong cua moi trng. 3.1.4 Phan loai Co nhieu cach phan loai he thong ieu khien. Sau ay la mot so cach phan loai pho bien : 3.1.4.1 Phan loai tong quat He thong kn : la he thong ieu khien co phan hoi, tc la tn hieu ra c o va hoi tiep ve so sanh vi tn hieu vao. Bo ieu khien s dung o sai lech vao ra e tnh toan tn hieu ieu khien u(t), hieu chnh lai tn hieu ra theo hng lam triet tieu sai lech. He thong h : khong dung mach phan hoi, tc la khong co s so sanh thc te vi tr so mong muon. 3.1.4.2 Phan loai theo dang nang lng s dung. He thong ieu khien c kh. He thong ieu khien ien. 40

 He thong ieu khien kh nen. He thong ieu khien thuy lc. He thong ieu khien ien-kh nen, ien thuy lc. 3.1.5 ng dung ieu khen t ong vao mo hnh may chia tien. 3.1.5.1 Mo ta hoat ong cua he thong Mo hnh may chia tien co cau truc la mot he thong ieu khien t ong mc o n gian, bao gom cac khoi : Khoi tng tac : nhan tn hieu vao t ban phm, tn hieu vao ay la cac con so do ngi dung nhap vao, qua cac bo giai ma chuyen oi thanh tn hieu so a vao khoi x ly. Khoi x ly : ay chnh la bo ieu khien trong he thong ieu khien t ong, co nhiem vu tnh toan va ra lenh cho c cau chap hanh, nhan tn hieu phan hoi, so sanh va ieu chnh tn hieu ngo ra cho ung vi yeu cau ban au, v vay khoi x ly con lam nhiem vu cua bo so. Khoi chap hanh (oi tng ieu khien) : la cac ong c, cuon day, ly hp t, nhan tn hieu ieu khien t khoi x ly va thc thi cac lenh o. Thiet b o : s dung cac cam bien quang hoc e xac nh gia tr ngo ra, tn hieu ngo ra ay chnh la so t, cam bien co nhiem vu em so t a a ra va gi con so em c (c quy oi thanh tn hieu ien) ve khoi x ly lam tn hieu hoi tiep. Ngoai ra con co khoi hien th giup cho ngi dung de dang thao tac, khoi nguon, khoi mach cong suat. Nguyen ly hoat ong: Khi ngi dung nhap gia tr (la so tien can rut) vao ban phm, ay la tn hieu tng t va c chuyen vao khoi x ly e giai ma va bat au thc hien qua trnh tnh toan. Khoi x ly thc hien c nhiem vu nay la nh no co cha chng trnh a c nap san. Sau khi tnh toan xong, khoi x ly ra lenh en c cau chap hanh va c cau chap hanh thc thi cac lenh o. Moi lan co 1 tn hieu ra (la 1t tien c ay ra ngoai), c cam bien quang hoc nhan biet va gi 1 xung ve khoi x ly, khoi x ly so sanh tn hieu phan hoi nay vi ket qua cua qua trnh tnh toan c lu trong bo nh, en khi nao 2 gia tr nay bang nhau, khoi x ly biet la a thc hien xong chu trnh va tr ve trang thai san sang nhan lenh mi.

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Hnh 3.3 S o nguyen ly hoat ong cua mo hnh 3.1.5.2 Yeu cau cua he thong Ngo ra am bao ung vi ngo vao : so tien a ra phai ung vi con so nhap vao. So t a ra phai la t nhat. Hoat ong on nh. Khi may het hoac khong u lng tien, con so nhap vao c lu gi, khi co u tien, may tiep tuc thc thi va cho ra ung so tien nhap vao trc o.

3.2 ieu khien bang phan mem

ieu khien bang phan mem hay con goi la ieu khien bang chng trnh, la mot trong nhng nguyen tac ieu khien trong ieu khien t ong. S dung cac ngon ng lap trnh, va da vao yeu cau at ra ve oi tng cung nh muc ch ieu khien, ngi lap trnh soan thao ra chng trnh phu hp. Chng trnh nay c nap va c lu gi trong bo nh cua khoi x ly (may tnh, vi ieu khien, PLC). Nh phan mem bien dch ma may co the hieu c cac lenh co trong chng trnh e thc thi. u iem cua phng phap ieu khien nay la tnh linh hoat cao, co the de dang thay oi, chnh sa chng trnh cho en khi at yeu cau, co the xem trc ket qua bang cach dung cac phan mem mo phong. Nhng oi hoi phan cng (oi tng ieu khien) phai c che tao chnh xac va ngi lap trnh phai am hieu sau ve chuyen mon mi co the phoi hp gia che tao va ieu khien 3.2.1 Thiet b ieu khien Thiet b ieu khien trong trong he thong t ong lam nhiem vu thu thap thong tin t cam bien, t chng trnh ieu khien, t cac phan t ieu khien bang tay sau o x ly

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thong tin o theo mot thuat toan nh trc va ra lenh cho cac c cau chap hanh thao tac theo ung trnh t. Thiet b ieu khien ay thng dung cac vi mach tch hp, vi x ly, vi ieu khien, PLC, PC Cac thiet b nay co u iem la nho gon,ngo ra ap ng nhanh va chnh xac, ieu khien c cac he thong phc tap co nhieu ngo ra/vaonen ngay cang c s dung rong rai. HE THONG PLC K thuat ieu khien logic lap trnh (PLC) phat trien ngay cang manh me va ngay cang chiem v tr quan trong trong cac nganh k thuat. PLC khong nhng hieu qua vi tng may oc lap ma con thch hp vi ca nhng he thong ln va phc tap. Cau tao cua mot bo PLC gom cac module : nguon, CPU, bo nh chng trnh, au vao/ra, the phoi ghep, module cac chc nang phu i kem bo PLC la phan mem lap trnh cua nha che tao. PLC co u iem la nho gon, o tin cay cao, lap at n gian, thay oi nhanh quy trnh ma khong can thay oi phan cng (lap trnh lai), co the noi mang vi may tnh VI X LY Vi x ly (Micro Processor) co kha nang hieu va thc thi cac lenh da tren mot tap cac ma nh phan, moi ma nh phan bieu th mot thao tac n gian. Cac lenh nay thng la lenh so hoc (cong, tr, nhan, chia), cac lenh logic (AND, OR, NOT), cac lenh di chuyen d lieu hoac cac lenh re nhanhc bieu th bi mot tap cac ma nh phan va c goi la tap lenh. Bo vi x ly la cac CPU n chip, o chnh la khoi ieu khien va x ly trung tam, trai tim cua may vi tnh va cac bo ieu khien khac. VI IEU KHIEN Mot bo vi ieu khien (Micro Controller) bao gom ben trong no mot CPU, mot bo RAM, mot bo nh co nh ROM, mach giao tiep noi tiep, mach giao tiep song song, bo nh thi va cac mach ieu khien ngat. Nh vay khi thiet ke he thong o lng hay ieu khien cho cac thiet b cong nghiep co the chon mot trong hai phng tien o la : may vi tnh hoac bo vi ieu khien. Trong e tai nay ch e cap en thiet b ieu khien la vi ieu khien.

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S o khoi mot he thong dung vi ieu khien.

Hnh 3.4 S do khoi mot he thong dung bo vi ieu khien 3.2.2 Vi ieu khien 89S52 3.2.2.1 Gii thieu vi ieu khien Khi s dung vi x ly can phai thiet ke mot he thong gom : Vi x ly. Co bo nh. Co IC ngoai. Bo nh e cha chng trnh cho vi x ly thc hien va cha d lieu x ly, cac IC ngoai vi dung e xuat nhap d lieu t ben ngoai vao vi x ly va ngc lai. Cac khoi nay lien ket vi nhau tao thanh mot he thong x ly. Yeu cau cang cao th he thong cang phc tap va neu yeu cau ieu khien n gian ch la ong m 1 en Led theo mot thi gian yeu cau nao o th cung phai thiet ke mot he thong ay u cac thanh phan nh tren.

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e ket noi cac khoi tren thanh mot he thong vi x ly oi hoi ngi thiet ke phai rat hieu biet ve tat ca cac thanh phan vi x ly, bo nh va cac thiet b ngoai vi. He thong tao ra kha phc tap, chiem nhieu khong gian, mach inMot ly do chnh na la vi x ly thng x ly d lieu theo byte hoac word trong khi o cac oi tng ieu khien trong cong nghiep thng ieu khien theo bit. Chnh v s phc tap tren nen cac nha che tao a tch hp mot t bo nh va mot so thiet b ngoai vi cung vi vi x ly tao thanh mot IC goi la vi ieu khien.

3.2.2.2 Gii thieu ho vi ieu khien MCS 51 Co rat nhieu hang che tao vi ieu khien nh ATMEL, MOTOROLA, PHILIPS thong dung va noi tieng la ATMEL, hang Intel la nha thiet ke. Co nhieu ho vi ieu khien khac nhau, mot trong nhng ho noi tieng la MCS 51. Hien nay co rat nhieu vi ieu khien the he sau co nhieu ac tnh hay hn, nhieu thanh ghi hn, nhieu thanh ghi hn, dung lng bo nh ln hn. Tat ca cac vi ieu khien cung ho MCS 51 eu co cac ac tnh c ban giong nhau nh phan mem, con phan cng th khac nhau, cac vi ieu khien sau nay se co nhieu tnh nang hay hn cac vi ieu khien the he trc. V du vi ieu khien 89C51 se tien cho viec s dung hn vi ieu khien 80C51 hay 87C51, vi ieu khien 89S51 se hay hn 89C51 v co nhieu thanh ghi hn, co them che o nap noi tiep rat tien li Nhng the he i sau se ke tha tat ca nhng g cua the he i trc. 3.2.2.3 Vi ieu khien 89S52 VK 89S52 nay thuoc ho MCS51 nen co ay u cac ac iem cua ho vi ieu khien nay, ben canh o con co mot so ac iem : Co the nap chng trnh trc tiep ISP tren board ieu khien, khong can board nap rieng. 8KB bo nh Flash ISP. Chu ky nap-xoa c 1000 lan. ien ap hoat ong : 4.0 - 5.5V. Tan so dao ong : 0Hz 33MHz Khoa bo nh chng trnh 3 cap. RAM noi : 256 x 8 bit. 32 ngo I/O lap trnh c.

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 Counter/Timer 16 bit. 8 nguon ngat. Chc nang phuc hoi ngat trong che o Power-down. Kenh truyen d lieu 2 chieu UART. Che o Low-power Idle va Power-down tiet kiem nang lng. Co the lap trnh cho Timer che o Watchdog, giup theo doi hoat ong cua VK. Con tro d lieu kep Dual Data Pointer C Power-off (Power-off Flag). Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz, toc o c cai thien, tang 1.4 lan so vi 89C VK AT89S52 la VK dong C-MOS 8bit tiet kiem nang lng, hieu suat cao, c thiet ke vi mc logic gi nguyen khi tan so dao ong giam ve 0 va ho tr 2 che o la chon phan mem tiet kiem nang lng : che o Idle dng CPU trong khi cho phep RAM, timer/counter, cong d lieu va he thong ngat tiep tuc lam viec; che o Power-down lu gi noi dung tren RAM nhng dng bo dao ong, vo hieu hoa cac chip thc thi khac en khi co lan ngat ke tiep hoac phan cng c Reset. 3.2.2.4 S o nguyen ly

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Hnh 3.5 Hnh dang va s o cac chan cua vi ieu khien 89S52

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3.2.2.5 Khao sat chc nang cac chan vi ieu khien

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Bang 2. Cac chan cua vi ieu khien 89S52 va chc nang cua Ten Chan 1 chan 8 Chan 10 chan 17 Chan 21 chan 28 Chan 32 chan 40 RxD TxD INT0 INT1 T0 / T1 WR RD RST XTAL 1, XTAL 2 PSEN ALE/PROG EA/VPP Vcc GND cac chan Cong dung en Cac chan vao ra cua port 1 en Cac chan vao ra cua port 3 en Cac chan vao ra cua port 2

en Cac chan vao ra cua port 0 Nhan tn hieu kieu noi tiep Truyen tn hieu kieu noi tiep Ngat ngoai 0 Ngat ngoai 1 Chan cua Timer / Counter 0 (1) Ghi d lieu ra bo nh ngoai oc d lieu t bo nh ngoai Chan Reset Chan vao/ra mach khuech ai dao ong Cho phep oc bo nh ngoai ieu khien giai a hp Chan ieu khien thi hanh chng trnh Chan cap nguon Mass

3.2.2.6 Cau truc vi ieu khien

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Hnh 3.6 S o khoi cau truc vi ieu khien 89S52

Cac khoi trong vi ieu khien va chc nang nh sau :

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 Khoi ALU : la khoi quan trong nhat cua vi ieu khien, khoi ALU cha cac mach ien logic chuyen ve x ly d lieu. Thanh ghi em : TEMP 1 & TEMP 2, em d lieu trc khi ghi vao ALU. Thanh ghi A : lu tr d lieu khi tnh toan va khi truyen d lieu t bo nh hoac t cac thanh ghi ben trong vi ieu khien ra cac thiet b ieu khien ben ngoai th d lieu o phai c cha trong thanh ghi A. Thanh ghi PC : quan ly lenh ang thc hien va lenh se c thc hien ke tiep. Thanh ghi trang thai PSW : lu tr ket qua cua mot so lenh kiem tra. Thanh ghi con tro ngan xep SP : quan ly bo nh ngan xep khi muon lu tr d lieu tam thi vao ngan xep. Thanh ghi lenh IR : cha lenh vi ieu khien ang thc hien. Vung nh RAM noi va vung nh FLASH ROM : lu tr chng trnh. Mach tao dao ong OSC : ket hp vi tu thach anh ben ngoai tao dao ong. Khoi x ly ngat, truyen d lieu, TIMER/COUNTER. Khoi giai ma lenh : nhan lenh t thanh ghi lenh sau o giai ma e gi tn hieu ieu khien cho khoi ieu khien logic. Khoi ieu khien logic (Timing and Control) : nhan lenh hay tn hieu t bo giai ma lenh. Con tro d lieu DPTR. Port 0, port 1, port 2, port 3 co chot va em. Ngoai ra con co mot so thanh ghi ho tr quan ly bo nh RAM noi cung nh thanh ghi quan ly truy xuat bo nh ben ngoai.

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CHNG 4 THIET KE-THI CONGKET NOI MACH IEU KHIEN

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4.1.NGUON
4.1.1 Yeu cau ve bo nguon Trong he thong co nhieu phan t s dung cac mc ien ap khac nhau nen oi hoi bo cap nguon phai ap ng u cac mc iep ap o,va ien ap phai on nh khong c gn song e cac linh kien ien t cung nh cac phan t khac hoat ong trong tnh trang tot nhat, cu the: Vi ieu khien Cam bien quang hoc ong c DC LCD Ly hp t : 4.0V 5.5V : 5V 5% (max : 10V) :12V & 24V :2.7V 5.5V :24V

Hnh 4.1. S o khoi bo nguon

4.1.2 S o nguyen ly mach cap nguon

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Hnh 4.2 S o nguyen ly bo cap nguon Nguon xoay chieu 220V qua bien the a ra 2 mc ien ap : +12V va +24V,c chnh lu cho ra dong DC. Mach s dung 3 IC on ap : 7805, 7812, 7824 tao ra cac mc ien ap tng ng va on nh. Bo tu loc trc va sau IC on ap dung e san phang nhap nho cua ien ap sau chnh lu. Rieng mc 12V va 24V co s dung transistor TIP 2955 e chu tai ln khi cap nguon cho ong c DC (1.53A).

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Hnh 4.3 S o mach in bo cap nguon

Hnh 4.4 S o bo tr linh kien bo cap nguon

4.2. MACH NAP VI IEU KHIEN 55

Hnh 4.5 S o nguyen ly mach nap vi ieu khien AT 89S52

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Hnh 4.6 S o mach in bo nap vi ieu khien

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Hnh 4.7 S o bo tr linh kien bo nap vi ieu khien

4.3. MACH CONG SUAT

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Trong he thong can ieu khien cac thanh phan sau : ong c DC 12V ong c DC 24V Cuon day 12V Ly hp t 24V Dong cap cho ong c phai u ln (1.5-2.5A) va on nh, ien ap ngo ra cua khoi ieu khien khoang 5V khong u cho ong c hoat ong nen phai cap nguon oc lap. Mach s dung Opto PCB17 e cach ly, tn hieu ngo ra cua khoi ieu khien ong vai tro la tn hieu tac ong vao Opto e ong ngat, cap hay khong cap dong cho tai. Cac Transistor Q2, Q3, Q7 ong vai tro la cac cong tac ien t ieu khien Mosfet IRF540 khi co dong t Opto gi sang. Mosfet con co tac dung khuech ai va chu tai ln khi ong c lam viec. Mach co cuon day khong can dong ln nen ch s dung Opto va Transistor. (Di ay ch la s o tom tat mach ieu khien 1 ong c va 1 cuon day, thc te co en 4 ong c va 2 cuon day va 2 ly hp can ieu khien, chi tiet xem s o mach in)

Hnh 4.8 S o nguyen ly mach cong suat

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Hnh 4.9 S o mach in mach cong suat

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Hnh 4.10 S o bo tr linh kien mach cong suat

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4.4. GIAO TIEP MAY TNH- BAN PHM- HIEN TH 4.4.1 Giao tiep may tnh Vi ieu khien c nap d lieu t may tnh qua cong LPT bang phng thc ISP. Phng thc nay thng c s dung v co the nap trc tiep tren board ieu khien co tch hp san cong nap, khong can phai thao chip nen rat tien li. AT 89S52 ngoai che o nap song song con co che o nap noi tiep : gan IC vao board roi co the xoa chng trnh cu va nap chng trnh mi ma khong can lay IC ra, sau khi nap xong he thong t ong chay chng trnh mi nap, neu khong ung th ta hieu chnh va tiep tuc nap lai cho IC, s tien dung nay giup tiet kiem thi gian khi khong phai thao lap IC gia socket nap va socket chay th va quan trong la tranh trng hp IC chet do cam ngc chan. Phan mem nap ISP : s dung phan mem ISP Programmer cua Adam Dybkowski co giao dien nh sau:

Hnh 4.11 Giao dien phan mem ISP Programmer

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Sau khi a ket noi vi ieu khien vao may tnh va cap nguon, ta co the thc hien theo cac bc sau: Trc khi s dung, ta nen chon loai vi ieu khien va tan so thach anh cho phu hp Reset ON : reset vi ieu khien. Read signature : nhan dien, oc cac thong so cua vi ieu khien. File for Programming Flash : ch ng dan vao th muc cha chng trnh. Erase & Programm All : xoa chng trnh cu va ghi chng trnh mi vao chip. e ket noi c vi may tnh qua cong LPT phai co cap nap, tn hieu gi qua cong may in c x ly thong qua mot IC giai ma ISP, ay s dung IC 74244, cac chan c quy nh :

Hnh 4.12 Quy nh cac chan giao tiep trong ISP Programmer

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Va s o chan nh sau :

Hnh 4.13 S o chan cua cap nap ISP

Cac chan IC 74244 c noi vi cac chan cua cong LPT c va bo tr gon trong vo nha cua cong nay, ch a ra ngoai 6 chan giao tiep J2

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4.4.2 Hien th LCD 4.4.2.1 Tong quan ve thiet b hien th LCD Ngay nay, thiet b hien th LCD (Liquid Crystal Dislay) c s dung trong rat nhieu cac ng dung cua vi ieu khien. LCD co nhieu u iem so vi cac dang hien th khac : no co kha nang hien th k t a dang, trc quan (ch, so, k t o hoa), de dang a vao mach ng dung theo nhieu giao thc giao tiep khac nhau, rat t ton tai nguyen he thong va gia thanh re

Hnh 4.14 Cac dang LCD thong dung Khi san xuat LCD, nha san xuat a tch hp cac chip ieu khien ben trong lp vo va ch a ra cac chan giao tiep can thiet. Cac chan nay c at so th t va at ten nh sau :

Hnh 4.15 Cac chan giao tiep tren LCD

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Bang 3. Cac chan cua LCD & chc nang tng chan Chan so 1 2 3 4 Ten Vss VDD Vee RS Chc nang Chan noi at cho LCD Chan cap nguon cho LCD Chan nay dung ieu chnh o tng phan cua LCD Chan chon thanh ghi (Register Select). Noi chan RS vi mc logic 0 (GND) hoac logic 1 (Vcc) e chon thanh ghi. Logic 0 : bus DB0 DB7 se noi vi thanh ghi lenh IR cua LCD. Logic 1 : bus DB0 DB7 se noi vi thanh ghi d lieu DR cua LCD. 5 RW Chon che o oc/ghi. RW = 0 che o ghi. RW = 1 che o oc. 6 E Chan cho phep (Enable). Sau khi tn hieu c at len bus DB0 DB7, cac lenh ch c chap nhan khi co 1 xung cho phep cua chan E. che o ghi : d lieu bus se c LCD chuyen vao ben trong thanh ghi khi no phat hien 1 xung (high to low transition) cua chan E. che o oc : d lieu se c LCD xuat ra bus DB0 DB7 khi no phat hien canh len (low to high transition) cua chan E va c LCD gi bus en khi chan E xuong mc thap. 7 DB0-DB7 8 ng bus d lieu dung e trao oi thong tin vi MCU. Co 2 che o s dung 8 ng bus nay: Che o 8 bit: d lieu c truyen tren ca 8 ng t DB0 en DB7 vi bit MSB la bit DB7. Che o 4bit: d lieu c truyen tren 4 ng t DB4 en DB7 vi bit MSB la bit DB7.

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Bang 4.ac tnh lam viec ien hnh cua LCD Chan cap nguon Vcc ien ap vao mc cao VIH ien ap vao mc cao VIl 2.7 5.5V 2.2 en Vcc -0.3 0.6V

ien ap ra mc cao (DB0- Min 2.4V (khi IOH = - 0.205mA) DB7) ien ap ra (DB0-DB7) mc thap Max 0.4V (khi IOL = 1.2mA) -1uA en 1uA 350uA 600uA 190 kHz en 350 kHz (ien hnh la 250k Hz)

Dong ien ngo vao ILI Dong ien cap nguon Tan so dao ong noi

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4.4.2.2 S o nguyen ly

Hnh 4.16 S o nguyen ly mach hien th LCD

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Hnh 4.17 S o mach in mach LCD

Hnh 4.18 S o bo tr linh kien mach LCD

4.4.3 Giao tiep phm ma tran 69

Ban phm ma tran c s dung rat pho bien trong cac thiet b giao tiep gia may va con ngi. Co rat nhieu dang ban phm ma tran, trong he thong nay s dung ban phm c che tao thanh module co 16 phm nhan, co tac dung nhap d lieu va nhap cac lenh. Cac chan phm c noi vi nhau va ch a ra ngoai 8 chan giao tiep nh tren s o. Co 2 nhom phm c quy nh nh sau : Nhom phm so 0 en 9 Nhom phm lenh : ENTER, CANCEL, RESET.

Hnh 4.19 S o nguyen ly ban phm ma tran Ban phm co 4 hang anh so th t t Y1 en Y4 va 4 cot t X1 en X4, cac phm c noi vi mc logic cao (+5V), khi co phm nhan ta c mc logic 0 (noi mass). 8 chan ra c noi vao 1 port cua VK.

4.5 Cam bien quang hoc

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Trong mach co s dung cac cam bien quang hoc dung e hoi tiep tn hieu ngo ra ve khoi x ly, ay la loai cam bien quang co au thu va phat chung, co hnh dang nh sau

Hnh 4.20 Cam bien quang hoc EE-SX 4009-P1 cua OMROM

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Bang 5.Thong so lam viec ien hnh cua cam bien quang hoc EE-SX 4009-P1 ien ap ngo vao Vcc 5V5% (Max 10V) 30mA 28V 0.3V max (Vcc x 0.9)V min 16mA 3 kHz min -25oC (25oC) en +75oC

Dong ien ngo vao Icc ien ap ngo ra ien ap mc thap ien ap mc cao ngo ngo Vout ra VOL ra VOH Iout f Topr

Dong ien ngo ra Tan so ap ng Nhiet o lam viec

Nguyen ly hoat ong Tia sang c phat t au oc en au thu nam tren 2 mat oi dien cua khe ch U, neu khong co g can tr th qua trnh thu phat nay dien ra bnh thng va khong co tn hieu ngo ra cam bien. Khi ong c keo tien giay i qua, t tien se cham vao mot thanh nha trong rulo, thanh nha nay co dang nh mot on bay ma mot au nam gia khe ch U, t tien lam on bay di chuyen gia 2 khe va che khong cho anh sang en mat thu, tia sang b ngat. Cam bien c che tao sao cho neu anh sang b ngat th ngo ra co tn hieu. Ta lay tn hieu nay lam tn hieu phan hoi.

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Hnh 4.21 S o mach ien cau tao cam bien

Bang 6. Th t cac chan cua cam bien quang hoc EE-SX 4009-P1 K hieu V (Red) O (Orange) G (Yellow) Ten Vcc Ouput Ground

4.6. KET NOI CAC PHAN T TRONG HE THONG

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Hnh 4.22 S o khoi ket noi cac phan t

Cac phan t c che tao theo dang module oc lap, de dang thay the khi h hong, cac chan ra c noi vi cac jum nen tien li khi ket noi vi cac port cua VK. Vi khoi hien th, ta chon phng thc giao tiep 4bit, t chan DB4 en DB7. Khi chon giao thc nay, d lieu c truyen / nhan 2 lan lien tiep, 4 bit cao gi/nhan trc, 4 bit thap gi/nhan sau, gia 2lan gi nhan nay phai co mot xung enable cap vao chan E. Chon phng thc giao tiep nay ta can 7 ng truyen d lieu (I/O) cua VK, 4 chan DB4 en DB7, 3 chan RW, RS, E. Khoi ban phm co 8 chan ra nen can 1port cua VK. Khoi chap hanh : moi phan t trong c cau chap hanh ch can 1 ng tn hieu e ieu khien, he thong gom co: 2 cuon day, 2 ly hp, 4 ong c nen cung s dung 1 port cua VK. Cac ngo I/O con lai cua VK s dung cho khoi phan hoi la cac cam bien quang hoc.

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Chng 5 GIAI THUAT LAP TRNH IEU KHIEN

5.1

NGON NG LAP TRNH

Vi ieu khien la cac IC lap trnh, khi thiet ke mot he thong ieu khien s dung vi x ly th o ch mi la phan cng, muon he thong van hanh th ban phai viet mot 75

chng trnh nap vao bo nh noi ben trong vi ieu khien hoac bo nh ben ngoai va gan vao trong he thong e van hanh va d nhien chng trnh phai viet ung th he thong van hanh mi ung. Chng trnh goi la phan mem. Phan cng va phan mem co quan he vi nhau, ngi lap trnh phai hieu ro hoat ong cua phan cng e viet chng trnh. Ngi lap trnh la ngi biet giai thuat e viet chng trnh va sap xep ung cac lenh theo giai thuat o. Ngi lap trnh phai biet chc nang tat ca cac lenh cua vi ieu khien e viet chng trnh. Tat ca cac lenh cua vi ieu khien goi la tap lenh. Ho vi ieu khien MCS 51 eu co chung 1 tap lenh, cac vi ieu khien the he sau ch phat trien phan cng con tap lenh t c m rong. Tap lenh MCS 51 co ma lenh 8 bit nen co kha nang cung cap 28 = 256 lenh, trong so nay co mot vai lenh cha xay dng. Co nhng lenh co 1 byte hoac 2 byte d lieu co a ch them vao Opcode. Trong toan bo tap lenh cua vi ieu khien co 139 lenh 1 byte, 92 lenh 1byte, 24 lenh 3 byte. Lenh cua vi ieu khien la mot so nh phan 8 bit (con goi la ma may), 256 byte t 0000 0000B en 1111 1111B tng ng vi 256 lenh khac nhau. Do ma lenh dang so nh phan qua dai va kho nh nen cac nha lap trnh a xay dng ngon ng lap trnh, ieu nay giup cho viec lap trnh c th hien de dang va nhanh chong hn cung nh trong viec oc hieu va g roi chng trnh. Co the lap trnh cho vi ieu khien bang nhieu ngon ng nh Assembly, Visual C, Delphi du lap trnh bang ngon ng nao th vi ieu khien cung khong thc hien c cac lenh ma phai dung cac chng trnh bien dch e chuyen oi cac lenh ra ma nh phan tng ng roi nap vao bo nh, khi o vi ieu khien mi thc hien c chng trnh. Trong e tai nay s dung ngon ng lap trnh Assembly (tao file *.asm) va trnh bien dch (file *.hex) bang phan mem Pinnacle 52 Professional.

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Giao dien Pinnacle

Hnh 5.1 Giao dien soan thao chng trnh phan mem Pinnacle e bat au viet mot chng trnh mi, vao File New. Sau khi soan thao, lu lai file vi phan m rong la .asm Bien dch : Project Compile File hoac Compile & Link File (co the nhan F2 hoac Ctrl + F2). Neu co loi trong chng trnh, se xuat hien thong bao loi, double click vao dong thong bao e nhay en dong b loi, ta chnh sa va bien dch lai. en khi het bao loi th chng trnh co the s dung c. Dung phan mem nap ISP e ghi chng trnh vao vi ieu khien.

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5.2

Lu o giai thuat

Phan cng can ieu khien trong he thong bao gom :

Hoat ong cua cac phan t phai phoi hp nhp nhang vi nhau. D lieu c nhap t ban phm, hien th tren LCD, sau khi nhap d lieu xong nhan ENTER tren ban phm e ket thuc hoac CANCEL e nhap lai. D lieu c chuyen vao va x ly trong vi ieu khien. Ket qua cho ra tn hieu ieu khien c cau chap hanh. Cam bien phan hoi tn hieu ngo ra .

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Lu o giai thuat tong quat cho he thong

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Lu o tren ch ra th t cac bc tien hanh , trong o gom nhieu chng trnh con, cu the: Chng trnh con nhap d lieu t ban phm Chng trnh con hien th tren LCD. Chng trnh con x ly d lieu va ieu khien cua vi ieu khien. Ta lan lt viet lu o thc hien cac chng trnh nay. 5.2.1 Nhap d lieu Quy c : So tien ch lay t ch so hang ngan tr len, v du 200.000 th ch can nhap 200, 2.250.000 th nhap 2250 So tien rut toi a trong 1 lan 5.000.000. Khi chng trnh con quet phm : Co phm an th ma phm = A ; C = 1 Khong co phm an : A = FFh ; C = 0 Slap : so lan an phm. Bang 7. Quy c ma phm Phm 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ma 00h 01h 02h 03h 04h 05h 06h 07h Phm 8 9 0A (ENTER) 0B (CANCEL) 0C 0D 0E 0F Ma 08h 09h 0Ah 0Bh 0Ch 0Dh 0Eh 0Fh

Ta s dung port 3 e ieu khien quet phm. Sau ay la lu o chng trnh oc va giai ma phm cung cac chng trnh con cua no.

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Lu o chng trnh nhap d lieu t ban phm

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Lu o chng trnh con quet phm

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Lu o chng trnh con do phm

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5.2.2 ieu khien LCD Dung phng thc giao tiep 4 bit RS bit p1.0 RW bit p1.1 E bit p1.2 DB4 bit p2.4 DB5 bit p2.5 DB6 bit p2.6 DB7 bit p2.7

Ghi ma ieu khien

Ghi d lieu

Lu o chu trnh ghi lenh va d lieu vao LCD (che o 4 bit)

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Lu o ieu khien hien th LCD

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Lu o khi tao LCD

5.2.3 Lu o giai thuat chng trnh chnh

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Lu o giai thuat chng trnhchnh

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Khi lng tien a het, ta phai nap them vao, e thc hien c thao tac tren, ta phai ao chieu ong c nang khay ng tien, luc nay ong c quay nghch va thong qua truc vt banh vt khay c ha xuong, s o mach ien nh sau:

Hnh 5.2 Mach ien Reset khay ng tien

Ket hp vi mach cong suat chng 2, trong mach nay s dung them rle gan ngoai va mot cong tac, s dung ngo ra cua mach ieu khien cuon day e nuoi rle, ngo ra cho ong c c cap nguon bnh thng. S dung nut nhan tren ban phm ma tran lam nut Reset. Khi can ha khay ng tien, nhan nut Reset tren ban phm, qua x ly, ngo ra cap tn hieu ong thi cho rle va ong c, ta nhan cong tac SW1, Rle c cap nguon, hut cac tiep iem, ao cac cc cua nguon ien cap cho ong c (xem hnh), ong c ao chieu quay e khay ha xuong tuy theo y muon, nap tien xong, nhan Reset 1 lan na, khay i len cham cong tac hanh trnh tren va dng lai, ket thuc qua trnh Reset.

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Lu o chng trnh nap tien vao khay

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Bang 8. Tom tat s o ket noi cac chan cua vi ieu khien vi he thong:

Thiet b Ma tran phm C cau chap hanh LCD Cam bien

Chan Port 3 Port 0 P1.0 - P1.2 va P2.4 - P2.7 Cac chan con lai

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