Effective Thermal Design of Cooling Towers

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Effective Thermal Design Of Cooling Towers

A step-by-step approach to cooling-tower design, with an example calculation to make it clear
Jonny Goyal Air Liquide Engineering and C onstruction, Lurgi India
V a r i o u smi s c o n c e p t i o n sa r i s ew h e ni t c o me st ot h et h e r ma l d e s i g no f c o o l i n gt o w e r s . S o me t i me sr e l a t e d p a r a me t e r s , s u c ha sr a n g e , a p p r o a c h , e f f e c t i v e n e s s , l i q u i d t o g a sr a t i o( L/G) , w e t b u l bt e mp e r a t u r e , c o o l i n g w a t e r t e mp e r a t u r e , r e l a t i v eh u mi d i t y , n u mb e r o f t r a n s f e r u n i t s( N T U ) a n do t h e r t e r msc r e a t eac o n f u s i o nf o r t h e d e s i g n e r i ne f f e c t i v e l ys i z i n g , s e l e c t i n ga n de v a l u a t i n gap a r t i c u l a r c o o l i n gt o w e r . T h i sl e a d st oi n a d e q u a t e d e s i g n .
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T h eo b j e c t i v eo f t h i sa r t i c l ei st op r e s e n t as t e p w i s eu n d e r s t a n d i n go f h o wt oc a l c u l a t et h eN T Uf o r ac o o l i n g t o w e r , a n dt h u st ou n d e r s t a n dt h eb a s i so f t h e r ma l d e s i g no f c o u n t e r f l o wc o o l i n gt o w e r sf o r o p t i mi z i n gc o s t a n dp e r f o r ma n c e .
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Definitions
F i r s t , l e t sl o o ka t s o meo f t h eb a s i ct e r msa n db r i e f l yd e s c r i b et h e i r s i g n i f i c a n c ea n dr o l ei nc o o l i n gt o w e r d e s i g na n dp e r f o r ma n c e . Dry-bulb temperature. D r y b u l bt e mp e r a t u r e( td ) u s u a l l yr e f e r r e dt oa st h ea i r t e mp e r a t u r e i st h e b p r o p e r t yo f a i r t h a t i smo s t c o mmo n l yu s e d . Wh e np e o p l er e f e r t ot h et e mp e r a t u r eo f t h ea i r , t h e ya r en o r ma l l y r e f e r r i n gt oi t sd r y b u l bt e mp e r a t u r e . T h ed r y b u l bt e mp e r a t u r ei sa ni n d i c a t o r o f h e a t c o n t e n t a n di ss h o w n a l o n gt h eb o t t o ma x i so f ap s y c h o me t r i cc h a r t . T h ev e r t i c a l l i n e se x t e n d i n gu p w a r df r o mt h i sa x i sa r e c o n s t a n t t e mp e r a t u r el i n e s . Wet-bulb temperature. We t b u l bt e mp e r a t u r e( twb ) i st h er e a d i n gw h e nt h eb u l bo f at h e r mo me t e r i sc o v e r e d w i t haw e t c l o t h , a n dt h ei n s t r u me n t i sw h i r l e da r o u n di nas l i n g . T h ew e t b u l bt e mp e r a t u r ei st h el o w e s t t e mp e r a t u r et h a t c a nb er e a c h e db ye v a p o r a t i o no f w a t e r o n l y . Relative humidity (RH). R Hi st h er a t i oo f t h ep a r t i a l p r e s s u r eo f w a t e r v a p o r i na i r o v e r t h es a t u r a t i o nv a p o r p r e s s u r ea t ag i v e nt e mp e r a t u r e . Wh e nt h er e l a t i v eh u mi d i t yi s1 0 0 %, t h ea i r i ss a t u r a t e da n dt h e r e f o r e , w a t e r w i l l n o t e v a p o r a t ef u r t h e r . T h e r e f o r e , w h e nt h eR Hi s1 0 0 %t h ew e t b u l bt e mp e r a t u r ei st h es a mea st h ed r y b u l bt e mp e r a t u r e , b e c a u s et h ew a t e r c a n n o t e v a p o r a t ea n ymo r e . Range. T h er a n g ei st h ed i f f e r e n c ei nt e mp e r a t u r eo f i n l e t h o t w a t e r ( t2 ) a n do u t l e t c o l dw a t e r ( t1 ) , t2t1 . A h i g hc o o l i n g t o w e r r a n g eme a n st h a t t h ec o o l i n gt o w e r h a sb e e na b l et or e d u c et h ew a t e r t e mp e r a t u r e e f f e c t i v e l y . Approach. T h ea p p r o a c hi st h ed i f f e r e n c ei nt e mp e r a t u r eo f o u t l e t c o l dw a t e r a n da mb i e n t w e t b u l b t e mp e r a t u r e , t1tw. T h el o w e r t h ea p p r o a c h , t h eb e t t e r t h ec o o l i n gt o w e r p e r f o r ma n c e . A l t h o u g hb o t hr a n g e a n da p p r o a c hs h o u l db emo n i t o r e d , t h ea p p r o a c hi sab e t t e r i n d i c a t o r o f c o o l i n gt o w e r p e r f o r ma n c e . Cooling tower capability. T h ec a p a b i l i t yo f t h ec o o l i n gt o w e r i same a s u r eo f h o wc l o s et h et o w e r c a nb r i n g t h eh o t w a t e r t e mp e r a t u r et ot h ew e t b u l bt e mp e r a t u r eo f t h ee n t e r i n ga i r . Al a r g e r c o o l i n gt o w e r ( t h a t i s , mo r e a i r o r mo r ef i l l ) w i l l p r o d u c eac l o s e r a p p r o a c h( c o l d e r o u t l e t w a t e r ) f o r ag i v e nh e a t l o a d , f l o w r a t ea n de n t e r i n g a i r c o n d i t i o n . T h el o w e r t h ew e t b u l bt e mp e r a t u r e , w h i c hi n d i c a t e se i t h e r c o o l a i r , l o wh u mi d i t yo r a c o mb i n a t i o no f t h et w o , t h el o w e r t h ec o o l i n gt o w e r c a nc o o l t h ew a t e r . C a p a b i l i t yt e s t sa r ec o n d u c t e dp e r t h e A T C 1 0 5C o d eo f t h eC o o l i n gT o w e r I n s t i t u t e( C T I ; H o u s t o n ; w w w . c t i . o r g ) . T h et h e r ma l p e r f o r ma n c eo f t h ec o o l i n gt o w e r i st h u sa f f e c t e db yt h ee n t e r i n gw e t b u l bt e mp e r a t u r e . T h e e n t e r i n ga i r d r y b u l bt e mp e r a t u r eh a sa ni n s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t o nt h e r ma l p e r f o r ma n c e .
w w w . c h e . c o m / n l / Y T o y O n t p O j A 7 c z o 0 O i I 4 O T Q 5 I j t p O j E 7 c z o 4 N j o i c H J v Y 2 V z c 2 l u Z 1 9 h b m R f a G F u Z G x p b m c v d G h l c m 1 h b F 9 h b m R f Z W5 l c m d 5 X 2 1 n b X Q v a G V h d F 9 l e
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e n t e r i n ga i r d r y b u l bt e mp e r a t u r eh a sa ni n s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t o nt h e r ma l p e r f o r ma n c e .
Effectiveness. Ac o o l i n gt o w e r se f f e c t i v e n e s si sq u a n t i f i e db yt h er a t i oo f t h ea c t u a l r a n g et ot h ei d e a l r a n g e , t h a t i s , t h ed i f f e r e n c eb e t w e e nc o o l i n gw a t e r i n l e t t e mp e r a t u r ea n da mb i e n t w e t b u l bt e mp e r a t u r e . I t i sd e f i n e d i nt e r mso f p e r c e n t a g e .
Nomenclature
t2H o t w a t e r t e mp e r a t u r e , C t1C o l dw a t e r t e mp e r a t u r e , C twbWe t b u l bt e mp e r a t u r e , C td r y b u l bt e mp e r a t u r e , C bD tdD e wp o i n t t e mp e r a t u r e , C haE n t h a l p yo f mo i s t a i r , k J / k g h1E n t h a l p yo f i n l e t a i r , k J / k g h2E n t h a l p yo f e x i t a i r , k J / k g h E n t h a l p yo f f i n , k J / k g FF l o w r a t e , m3 / h L Ma s sf l o w r a t eo f l i q u i d , l b / h G Ma s sf l o w r a t eo f g a s , l b / h QH e a t l o a d , k c a l / h ZA l t i t u d ea b o v es e al e v e l , m pB a r o me t r i cp r e s s u r e , k P a pwsS a t u r a t i o np r e s s u r eo f w a t e r v a p o r , k P a pw P a r t i a l p r e s s u r eo f w a t e r v a p o r , k P a vS p e c i f i cv o l u me , m3 / k g WH u mi d i t yr a t i o , k gw a t e r / k ga i r W sH u mi d i t yr a t i oa t s a t u r a t i o na i r , k gw a t e r / k gmo i s t a i r R e l a t i v eh u mi d i t y( R H ) , % CC o n s t a n t r e l a t e dt oc o o l i n gt o w e r d e s i g n mS l o p eo f t o w e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i cc u r v e
Wea l s oo f f e r t h ef o l l o wi n g s u b g r o u pf o r m o r et a r g e t e d d i s c u s s i o n s : Wa t e r T r e a t m e n t & R e u s e C u r r e n t m e m b e r sr e p r e s e n t Wo r l e yP a r s o n s , D u P o n t , S A B I C , F l u o r , A i r P r o d u c t s , L y o n d e l l B a s e l l , N a l c o , D o w C h e m i c a l , D o wC o r n i n g , B A S F , J a c o b sE n g i n e e r i n g , E x x o n M o b i l , S h e l l , C h e v r o n a n dm o r e . O u r L i n k e d I ng r o u pi sn o w o v e r 1 3 , 0 0 0m e m b e r s s t r o n g ! J o i no t h e r C P I p r o f e s s i o n a l sf r o ma l l o v e r t h eg l o b ea n d s h a r eb e s t p r a c t i c e s , e x p e r t i s e , c o n c e r n s a n dm o r e . P r o v i d ef e e d b a c k t o C h e m i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g E d i t o r s
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( 1) Liquid-to-gas ratio (L/G). T h eL / Gr a t i oo f ac o o l i n gt o w e r i st h er a t i oo f t h el i q u i d( w a t e r ) ma s sf l o w r a t e( L) t o g a s( a i r ) ma s sf l o w r a t e( G) . C o o l i n gt o w e r sh a v ec e r t a i nd e s i g nv a l u e s , b u t s e a s o n a l v a r i a t i o n sr e q u i r e a d j u s t me n t a n dt u n i n go f w a t e r a n da i r f l o w r a t e st og e t t h eb e s t c o o l i n gt o w e r e f f e c t i v e n e s s . Number of transfer units (NTU). A l s oc a l l e dt h et o w e r c o e f f i c i e n t , t h eN T Ui san u me r i c a l v a l u et h a t r e s u l t s f r o mt h e o r e t i c a l c a l c u l a t i o n sb a s e do nas e t o f p e r f o r ma n c ec h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . T h ev a l u eo f N T Ui sa l s o r e p r e s e n t a t i v eo f t h ed e g r e eo f d i f f i c u l t yf o r t h ec o o l i n gp r o c e s s . T h eN T Uc o r r e s p o n d i n gt oas e t o f h y p o t h e t i c a l c o n d i t i o n si sc a l l e dt h erequired coefficient a n di sa ne v a l u a t i o no f t h ep r o b l e m. T h es a me c a l c u l a t i o n sa p p l i e dt oas e t o f t e s t c o n d i t i o n si sc a l l e dt h eavailable coefficient o f t h et o w e r i n v o l v e d . T h e a v a i l a b l ec o e f f i c i e n t i sn o t ac o n s t a n t b u t v a r i e sw i t ho p e r a t i n gc o n d i t i o n s . T h eo p e r a t i n gc h a r a c t e r i s t i co f a c o o l i n gt o w e r i sd e v e l o p e df r o ma ne mp i r i c a l c o r r e l a t i o nt h a t s h o w sh o wt h ea v a i l a b l ec o e f f i c i e n t v a r i e sw i t h o p e r a t i n gc o n d i t i o n s . Cooling capacity. T h ec o o l i n gc a p a c i t yo f at o w e r i st h eh e a t r e j e c t e d[ k c a l / ho r T R( r e f r i g e r a t i o nt o n s ; 1T R= 1 2 , 0 0 0B t u / h=3 , 0 2 5 . 9k c a l / h ) ] , a n di sd e t e r mi n e db yt h ep r o d u c t o f ma s sf l o w r a t eo f w a t e r , t i me st h es p e c i f i c h e a t t i me st h et e mp e r a t u r ed i f f e r e n c e .
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I nac o o l i n gt o w e r o p e r a t i n gi nc o u n t e r c u r r e n t f l o w , t h e r ea r et w ob a s i cp r i n c i p l e si n v o l v e df o r r e mo v i n gh e a t b y t h ec o o l i n gw a t e r : 1 . s e n s i b l eh e a t t r a n s f e r d u et oad i f f e r e n c ei nt e mp e r a t u r el e v e l s 2 . l a t e n t h e a t e q u i v a l e n t o f t h ema s st r a n s f e r r e s u l t i n gf r o mt h ee v a p o r a t i o no f ap o r t i o no f t h ec i r c u l a t i n gw a t e r
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2 . l a t e n t h e a t e q u i v a l e n t o f t h ema s st r a n s f e r r e s u l t i n gf r o mt h ee v a p o r a t i o no f ap o r t i o no f t h ec i r c u l a t i n gw a t e r Me r k e l d e v e l o p e dt h eb a s i ce q u a t i o nb a s e do nt h ea b o v e p r i n c i p l e s . T h eMe r k e l mo d e l i su n i v e r s a l l ya c c e p t e df o r d e s i g n i n g a n dr a t i n go f c o u n t e r f l o wc o o l i n gt o w e r s . T h emo d e l i sb a s e do na d r o po f w a t e r f a l l i n gt h r o u g ha nu p s t r e a mf l o wo f u n s a t u r a t e da i r a t aw e t b u l bt e mp e r a t u r eo f twbw i t he n t h a l p yhA ( F i g u r e1 ) , i na c o u n t e r f l o wc o o l i n gt o w e r . T h ed r o po f w a t e r i sa s s u me dt ob e s u r r o u n d e db yaf i l mo f s a t u r a t e da i r a t t h ew a t e r t e mp e r a t u r eWT w i t hs a t u r a t i o ne n t h a l p yhW. A st h ed r o pt r a v e l sd o w n w a r d , h e a t a n dma s st r a n s f e r t a k e sp l a c ef r o mt h ei n t e r f a c ea i r f i l mt ot h e u p s t r e a ma i r , t h e r e b yc o o l i n gt h ew a t e r f r o mh o t t e mp e r a t u r et oa c o l dt e mp e r a t u r e . T h ema i na s s u mp t i o n so f Me r k e l t h e o r ya r et h ef o l l o w i n g : 1 . T h es a t u r a t e da i r f i l mi sa t t h et e mp e r a t u r eo f t h eb u l kw a t e r . 2 . T h es a t u r a t e da i r f i l mo f f e r sn or e s i s t a n c et oh e a t t r a n s f e r . 3 . T h ev a p o r c o n t e n t o f t h ea i r i sp r o p o r t i o n a l t ot h ep a r t i a l p r e s s u r e o f t h ew a t e r v a p o r .
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F i g u r e1 . T h eM e r k e l e q u a t i o ni sd e r i v e db yc o n s i d e r i n g af a l l i n gw a t e r d r o p l e t s u r r o u n d e db ys a t u r a t e da i r
4 . T h eh e a t t r a n s f e r r e df r o mt h ea i r t ot h ef i l mb yc o n v e c t i o ni s p r o p o r t i o n a l t ot h eh e a t t r a n s f e r r e df r o mt h ef i l mt ot h ea mb i e n t a i r b ye v a p o r a t i o n . 5 . T h es p e c i f i ch e a t o f t h ea i r w a t e r v a p o r mi x t u r ea n dt h eh e a t o f v a p o r i z a t i o na r ec o n s t a n t . 6 . T h el o s so f w a t e r b ye v a p o r a t i o ni sn e g l e c t e d . 7 . T h ef o r c ed r i v i n gh e a t t r a n s f e r i st h ed i f f e r e n t i a l e n t h a l p yb e t w e e nt h es a t u r a t e da n db u l ka i r . T h i sc o o l i n gp r o c e s sc a nb e s t b e e x p l a i n e do nap s y c h o me t r i cc h a r t , w h i c hp l o t se n t h a l p yv e r s u s t e mp e r a t u r e . T h ep r o c e s si s i l l u s t r a t e di nt h es o c a l l e dd r i v i n g f o r c ed i a g r a ms h o w ni nF i g u r e2 . T h e a i r f i l mi sr e p r e s e n t e db yt h ew a t e r o p e r a t i n gl i n eo nt h es a t u r a t i o nc u r v e . T h ema i na i r i sr e p r e s e n t e db yt h ea i r o p e r a t i n gl i n e , t h es l o p eo f w h i c hi s t h er a t i oo f l i q u i d( w a t e r ) t oa i r ( L/G) . T h ec o o l i n gc h a r a c t e r i s t i c , ad e g r e e o f d i f f i c u l t yt oc o o l i n gi sr e p r e s e n t e d b yt h eMe r k e l e q u a t i o n :
Wh e r e : K =o v e r a l l e n t h a l p yt r a n s f e r 2 c o e f f i c i e n t , l b / h f t a =S u r f a c ea r e ap e r u n i t t o w e r 2 3 v o l u me , f t / f t
3 V =E f f e c t i v et o w e r v o l u me , f t
F i g u r e2 . T h i s p l o t , k n o w na s t h ed r i v i n gf o r c ed i a g r a m, s h o w s t h ee n t h a l p yv e r s u s t e mp e r a t u r ef o r w a t e r a n da i r
L =Wa t e r ma s sf l o w r a t e , l b / h E q u a t i o n2b a s i c a l l ys a y st h a t a t a n y p o i n t i nt h et o w e r , h e a t a n dw a t e r v a p o r a r et r a n s f e r r e di n t ot h ea i r d u e ( a p p r o x i ma t e l y ) t ot h ed i f f e r e n c ei n t h ee n t h a l p yo f t h ea i r a t t h es u r f a c e o f t h ew a t e r a n dt h ema i ns t r e a mo f t h ea i r . T h u s , t h ed r i v i n gf o r c ea t a n y p o i n t i st h ev e r t i c a l d i s t a n c eb e t w e e n t h et w oo p e r a t i n gl i n e s . A n d t h e r e f o r e , t h ep e r f o r ma n c ed e ma n d e d f r o mt h ec o o l i n gt o w e r i st h ei n v e r s e o f t h i sd i f f e r e n c e . T h es o l u t i o no f t h e Me r k e l e q u a t i o nc a nb er e p r e s e n t e d b yt h ep e r f o r ma n c ed e ma n dd i a g r a m s h o w ni nF i g u r e3 . T h eKaV/L v a l u ei s e q u a l t ot h ea r e au n d e r t h ec u r v e , a n d r e p r e s e n t st h es u mo f N T U sd e f i n e d f o r ac o o l i n gt o w e r r a n g e . A ni n c r e a s ei nt h ee n t e r i n gtwb mo v e st h ea i r o p e r a t i n gl i n et o w a r d s t h er i g h t a n du p w a r dt oe s t a b l i s h e q u i l i b r i u m. B o t ht h ec o l dw a t e r t e mp e r a t u r e( CWT) a n dh o t w a t e r t e mp e r a t u r e( HWT) i n c r e a s e s , w h i l e
F i g u r e3 . S o l v i n gt h eMe r k e l e q u a t i o n( E q u a t i o n2 ) , i s u s u a l l yd o n eg r a p h i c a l l y , w h e r et h ei n t e g r a l i s e q u a l t ot h ea r e au n d e r t h ec u r v e
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t e mp e r a t u r e( HWT) i n c r e a s e s , w h i l e t h ea p p r o a c hd e c r e a s e s . T h e c u r v a t u r eo f t h es a t u r a t i o nl i n ei s
w h e r et h ei n t e g r a l i s e q u a l t ot h ea r e au n d e r t h ec u r v e
( 2) s u c ht h a t t h ea p p r o a c hd e c r e a s e sa t ap r o g r e s s i v e l ys l o w e r r a t ea st h etwb i n c r e a s e s . A ni n c r e a s ei nt h eh e a t l o a di n c r e a s e st h ec o o l i n gr a n g e sa n di n c r e a s e st h el e n g t ho f t h ea i r o p e r a t i n gl i n e . T oma i n t a i ne q u i l i b r i u m, t h el i n es h i f t st ot h er i g h t i n c r e a s i n gt h eHWT, CWT, a n da p p r o a c h . T h ei n c r e a s ec a u s e st h eh o t w a t e r t e mp e r a t u r et oi n c r e a s ec o n s i d e r a b l yf a s t e r t h a nd o e st h ec o l dw a t e r t e mp e r a t u r e . I nb o t ht h e s ec a s e s , t h e KaV/L s h o u l dr e ma i nc o n s t a n t . H o w e v e r , ac h a n g ei nL/G w i l l c h a n g et h eKaV/L v a l u e .
Cooling tower design

O nt h eb a s i so f t h ea b o v ed i s c u s s i o n , i t i sc l e a r t h a t t h e r ea r ef i v ep a r a me t e r st h a t , i nc o mb i n a t i o n , d i c t a t e a n dd e f i n et h ep e r f o r ma n c eo f ac o o l i n gt o w e r , n a me l y : 1 . H o t w a t e r t e mp e r a t u r e , HWT 2 . C o l dw a t e r t e mp e r a t u r e , CWT 3 . We t b u l bt e mp e r a t u r e , t wb 4 . Wa t e r ma s sf l o w r a t e , L 5 . A i r ma s sf l o w r a t e , G T h ef i r s t f o u r p a r a me t e r sa r ed e t e r mi n e db yt h eu s e r o f t h ec o o l i n gt o w e r . I t i st h ef i f t hq u a n t i t y , G, t h a t i s s e l e c t e db yt h ed e s i g n e r o f t h ec o o l i n gt o w e r . O n c et h e s ef i v eq u a n t i t i e sa r ea v a i l a b l e , t h et o w e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c ( KaV/L) , c a nb ec a l c u l a t e dt h r o u g ht h eMe r k e l e q u a t i o n . T h ef i r s t s t e pi nd e s i g n i n gac o o l i n gt o w e r i st h eg e n e r a t i o no f ad e ma n dc u r v e . I nt h i sc u r v e , t h eKaV/L v a l u e s a r ep l o t t e da g a i n s t v a r y i n gL/G r a t i o s . T h en e x t s t e pi st os u p e r i mp o s ef i l l c h a r a c t e r i s t i cc u r v e sa n dd e ma n d c u r v e s . T h eC o o l i n gT e c h n o l o g yI n s t i t u t eh a st e s t e dav a r i e t yo f f i l l c o n f i g u r a t i o n sa n dg e n e r a t e df i l l c h a r a c t e r i s t i cc u r v e sf o r e a c ht y p e ; C T I sT e c h n i c a l P a p e r T P 8 8 _ 0 5c a nb er e f e r r e dt oi nt h i sr e g a r d . C o o l i n gt o w e r d e s i g ni sb a s i c a l l ya ni t e r a t i v ep r o c e s s . T h ef a c t o r st h a t e f f e c t t h es e l e c t i o no f d e s i g nL/G a n d c o n s e q u e n t l yt h ef i l l h e i g h t a r e : c e l l d i me n s i o n s , w a t e r l o a d i n g , a i r v e l o c i t i e sa c r o s sv a r i o u sc o o l i n gt o w e r s e c t i o n sa n dp r e s s u r ed r o p s , a n df a ns e l e c t i o n . T h ec l a s s i c a l me t h o do f t h e r ma l r a t i n go f c o o l i n gt o w e r si st oe s t i ma t et h er a t i oo f l i q u i dt og a sf i r s t a n dt h e n f i n dt h ep r o p e r t o w e r v o l u meb yt h eme a n so f t r i a l a n de r r o r u s i n gt h et o w e r p e r f o r ma n c ec u r v e . T h eL/G i st h e mo s t i mp o r t a n t f a c t o r i nd e s i g n i n gt h ec o o l i n gt o w e r a n dr e l a t e dt ot h ec o n s t r u c t i o na n do p e r a t i n gc o s t o f c o o l i n gt o w e r . F i n a l l yw ec a ns u mma r i z et h ei mp o r t a n c eo f t h eL/G r a t i ow i t ht h ef o l l o w i n gp o i n t s . Ah i g hL/G r a t i ome a n s : Mo r ew a t e r t ol e s sa i r A i r i smo r es a t u r a t e d d r i v i n gf o r c ei sr e d u c e d Mo r er e s i d e n c et i meo f w a t e r n e e d e d L e s sc o o l i n gi ng i v e nt i me I n c r e a s ei nr e q u i r e df a np o w e r D e c r e a s ei nh e i g h t o f t o w e r L o we v a p o r a t i o nl o s s( u n d e r s a mew a t e r f l o w r a t e )
An example makes it clear

A sa ne x a mp l e , l e t u sd e s i g nac o o l i n gt o w e r w i t ht h ef o l l o w i n gd a t a : C a p a c i t y( F) : 3 , 0 0 0m3 / h We t b u l bt e mp e r a t u r e( twb ) : 2 9 CR e l a t i v eh u mi d i t y( ) 9 2 % C o o l i n gw a t e r i n l e t ( t2 ) : 4 3 C C o o l i n gw a t e r o u t l e t ( t1 ) : 3 3 CA l t i t u d e( Z) : 1 0m Step I. T h i ss t e pi n v o l v e sh e a t l o a dc a l c u l a t i o n sa sf o l l o w s : 1 . R a n g e=( t2 t1 ) =4 33 3=1 0 C 2 . A p p r o a c h=( t1twb ) =3 32 9=4 C 3 . H e a t l o a d , Q =mCp ( t2 t1 )
4 / 9
9 / 1 7 / 1 3
3 . H e a t l o a d , Q =mCp ( t2 t1 ) =9 9 8 . 1 3xF xR a n g e =9 9 8 . 1 3x3 , 0 0 0x1 0 =2 9 , 9 4 3 , 9 0 0k c a l / h
Step II.T h i ss t e pi n v o l v e st o t a l p s y c h o me t r i cc a l c u l a t i o n sa sf o l l o w s : 1 . B a r o me t r i cp r e s s u r e( p) a t t h eg i v e na l t i t u d e( Z) i sc a l c u l a t e db yu s i n gt h ef o l l o w i n ge q u a t i o n : ( 3) F o r a na l t i t u t eo f 1 0m, t h i sb e c o me s p =1 0 1 . 2k P a 2 . A s s u mead r yb u l bt e mp e r a t u r eo f s a y , tdb = 3 2 C 3 . C a l c u l a t ew a t e r v a p o r s a t u r a t i o np r e s s u r e( pws ) a t t h ea s s u me dtdb f o r t h et e mp e r a t u r er a n g eo f 0t o2 0 0 C u s i n gt h ee q u a t i o n :
( 4)
Wh e r e :
3 C 1= 5 . 8 0 0 2 2 0 6x1 0 0 C 2=1 . 3 9 1 4 9 9 3x1 0 2 C 3=4 . 8 6 4 0 2 3 9x1 0 5 C 4=4 . 1 7 6 4 7 6 8x1 0 8 C 5= 1 . 4 4 5 2 0 9 3x1 0 0 C 6= 6 . 5 4 5 9 6 7 3x1 0
a n dT r e p r e s e n t st h ed r yb u l bt e mp e r a t u r ei nK e l v i n . T h i sr e s u l t si nt h ev a l u e : pws=4 . 7 5 8 5k P a 4 . T h ep a r t i a l p r e s s u r eo f w a t e r ( pw) a t g i v e nr e l a t i v eh u mi d i t yi sf o u n du s i n gt h ef o l l o w i n ge q u a t i o n : ( 5) pw =4 . 3 7 7 9k P a 5 . T h ep a r t i a l p r e s s u r e( pws ) i sa g a i nc a l c u l a t e du s i n gE q u a t i o n4 . T h i st i meT r e p r e s e n t st h ew e t b u l b t e mp e r a t u r ei nK e l v i n , w h i c hc a l c u l a t e st o : pws=4 . 0 0 8 3k P a 6 . U s i n gpwsc a l c u l a t e di nS t e p5w er e c a l c u l a t etwbu s i n gt h eC a r r i e r e q u a t i o n :
( 6) w h i c hg i v e st h er e s u l t : t wb=3 7 . 7 C 7 . T h i ss t e pi sa ni t e r a t i v ep r o c e s s , w h e r e b yt h ea s s u me dv a l u eo f td nS t e p2i sv a r i e di ns u c haw a yt h a t bi t h ec a l c u l a t e dtwbi nS t e p6e q u a l st h ea c t u a l ( r e a l ) twb . 8 . A f t e r an u mb e r o f i t e r a t i o n s , t h ec a l c u l a t e dt d a l u ec o n v e r g e st o3 0 . 1 2 C . bv Step III.T h i ss t e pi n v o l v e st h ec a l c u l a t i o no f t h ei n l e t a i r e n t h a l p y( h1 ) a sf o l l o w s : 1 . T h eh u mi d i t yr a t i o( W) f o r d r ya i r i sc a l c u l a t e du s i n gt h ef o l l o w i n ge q u a t i o n :
( 7) W =0 . 0 2 5 1 5k gw a t e r / k gd r ya i r 2 . T h es p e c i f i cv o l u me( v) f o r d r ya i r i sc a l c u l a t e du s i n gt h ef o l l o w i n ge q u a t i o n :
( 8)
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9 / 1 7 / 1 3
v =0 . 8 9 5 1 1m3 / k g , d r ya i r
3 . C a l c u l a t et h ee n t h a l p yo f i n l e t a i r ( h1 ) u s i n gt h ef o l l o w i n ge q u a t i o n : ( 9) h 1=9 4 . 7 5 0k J / k g 4 . C a l c u l a t et h eh u mi d i t yr a t i oa t s a t u r a t i o n( Ws ) f o r w e t a i r u s i n gs a meE q u a t i o n7 . H e r ew en o wu s epws : W s=0 . 0 2 7 4 3k gw a t e r / k gmo i s t a i r 5 . C a l c u l a t et h es p e c i f i cv o l u me( v) f o r w e t a i r u s i n gE q u a t i o n8w i t hW s . v =0 . 8 9 8 2 7m3 / k gmo i s t a i r Step IV.T h i ss t e pi n v o l v e st h ec a l c u l a t i o no f t h ee x i t a i r p r o p e r t i e s , a sf o l l o w s : 1 . A s s u mes o mev a l u eo f t h eL/G r a t i o , s a y1 . 5 7 5 , a n dc a l c u l a t eh2f o r e x i t a i r u s i n gt h ef o l l o w i n ge q u a t i o n : ( 10) h 2=1 6 0 . 5 0k J / k g 2 . A s s u met h a t t h ee x i t a i r h a sar e l a t i v eh u mi d i t yo f 9 7 9 9 %( d e s i g nR Ha t t h eo u t l e t ) , a n da l s oa s s u me s o mev a l u eo f e x i t a i r d r y b u l bt e mp e r a t u r e . 3 . U s et h es a mep a r t i a l p r e s s u r ea n dh u mi d i t ye q u a t i o n sa sd i s c u s s e di nS t e pI I a n dS t e pI I I , t oc a l c u l a t et h e e n t h a l p yo f e x i t a i r a t t h e s ea s s u me dv a l u e si nP o i n t 2a b o v e . A t a na s s u me dR Ho f 9 8 . 5 %a n de x i t a i r td f bo 3 7 C , w er e c a l c u l a t e h2=1 4 1 . 1 8k J / k g 4 . T h i si sa g a i na ni t e r a t i v ep r o c e s s . N e x t , a s s u met h ev a l u eo f e x i t a i r td nP o i n t 2( a t s a mer e l a t i v e bi h u mi d i t y ) i ns u c haw a yt h a t t h ec a l c u l a t e dh2i nP o i n t 3e q u a l st h eh2c a l c u l a t e di nP o i n t 1 . 5 . A f t e r an u mb e r o f i t e r a t i o n s , t h ec a l c u l a t e de x i t a i r td a l u ec o n v e r g et o3 9 . 5 5 C . bv 6 . N o wt h a t t h ed r y b u l bt e mp e r a t u r ea n dR Ha r ek n o w nv a l u e s , r e c a l c u l a t et h ew e t b u l bt e mp e r a t u r eu s i n g E q u a t i o n6 . twb=3 9 . 3 1 C 7 . C a l c u l a t et h ed r ya n dw e t s p e c i f i cv o l u meo f e x i t a i r u s i n gE q u a t i o n8 . A l s oc a l c u l a t et h ed e n s i t yo f d r ya i r a n dw e t a i r ( f o r i n l e t a n de x i t ) . v =0 . 9 5 4 0m3 / k g , d r ya i r v =0 . 9 5 5 1m3 / k g , mo i s t a i r A v e r a g ed e n s i t yd r y=1 . 0 8 2 7k g / m3 A v e r a g ed e n s i t yw e t =1 . 0 8 0 1k g / m3 Step V. T h i ss t e pi st oh e l pd r a wt h ed r i v i n gf o r c ed i a g r a ma sf o l l o w s : 1 . T a k ed i f f e r e n t t e mp e r a t u r er a n g e s( c o v e r i n gc o o l i n gw a t e r i n l e t a n do u t l e t t e mp e r a t u r e ) a n dc a l c u l a t et h e e n t h a l p yo f a i r u s i n gE q u a t i o n9a n dp s y c h o me t r i cc a l c u l a t i o n sd i s c u s s e da b o v e . P l o t t h ea i r s a t u r a t i o nc u r v e ( e n t h a l p yv e r s u st e mp e r a t u r e ) a ss h o w ni nF i g u r e2 . 2 . T a k ec o o l i n gw a t e r o u t l e t t e mp e r a t u r ea n dc a l c u l a t et h ee n t h a l p yo f f i n( h) u s i n gE q u a t i o n9 . H e r et h e p a r t i a l p r e s s u r e , s a t u r a t i o np r e s s u r ea n dh u mi d i t yr a t i oa r ec a l c u l a t e df o r t h ec o r r e s p o n d i n gt e mp e r a t u r et a k e n ( T a b l e1 ) . h a t 3 3 C=1 1 6 . 5 6 9k J / k g T h i se n t h a l p ys p e c i f i e sP o i n t Bo nt h eg r a p ho f F i g u r e2 , a n di st h es t a r t i n gp o i n t o f t h ew a t e r o p e r a t i n gl i n e . 3 . S i mi l a r l yc a l c u l a t ee n t h a l p yo f a i r ha , a t w e t b u l bt e mp e r a t u r e( T a b l e1 ) . ha=9 4 . 6 6 7k J / k g T h i se n t h a l p ys p e c i f i e sP o i n t Ao nt h eg r a p ho f F i g u r e2a n di st h es t a r t i n gp o i n t o f t h ea i r o p e r a t i n gl i n e . 4 . T a k ei n c r e me n t a l c h a n g ei nt e mp e r a t u r e( s a y0 . 5o r 1 . 0 ) u pt ot h eh o t w a t e r t e mp e r a t u r ea n dc a l c u l a t et h e h' a n dha . T h ee n d i n gp o i n t sa r es h o w na sCa n dDi nF i g u r e2o nt h ew a t e r o p e r a t i n ga n da i r o p e r a t i n gl i n e r e s p e c t i v e l y . 5 . T h ed i f f e r e n c eb e t w e e nh a n dhaw i l l g i v ey o ut h ee n t h a l p yd r i v i n gf o r c ef o r i n c r e me n t a l c h a n g ei n t e mp e r a t u r e . 6 . T a k et h ei n v e r s eo f e n t h a l p yd i f f e r e n c ei ne a c hi n c r e me n t a l s t e p( T a b l e1 ) . 7 . C a l c u l a t eN T U=4 . 1 8x t x( A v e r a g eo f i n c r e me n t a l i n c r e a s ei ni n v e r s eo f e n t h a l p yd i f f e r e n c e ) .
6 / 9
9 / 1 7 / 1 3
O r f o r 0 . 5 Ci n c r e me n t i nt e mp e r a t u r e , c a l c u l a t e dN T U=0 . 0 9 6 8 . S i mi l a r l y , c a l c u l a t et h eN T Uf o r e a c hs t e pa n da d dt og e t t h et o t a l N T Uf o r t h ep a r t i c u l a r a s s u me dL/G r a t i o ( T a b l e1 ) . O r , f o r a na s s u me dL/G o f 1 . 5 7 5 , T o t a l N T U=1 . 7 5 3 3 t h i si sKaV/L. 9 . N o wt op l o t t h et o w e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i cc u r v e , f i r s t w ev a r yt h eL/G r a t i oa n dr e p e a t a l l c a l c u l a t i o n sd i s c u s s e d a b o v et og e n e r a t et h ed a t af o r v a r i o u sN T Ut op l o t . T h ec u r v er e p r e s e n t s D e s i g nN T U o nt h eg r a p h , s h o w ni n F i g u r e4 . 1 0 . T a k et h ed e s i g nL/G r a t i oa n dp l o t t h et o w e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i cc u r v eb ya s s u mi n gt h es l o p eo f t h el i n e( m) , w h i c hu s u a l l yv a r i e sb e t w e e n 0 . 5t o 0 . 8 . O n ec a na l s oc o n s u l t w i t hv e n d o r sf o r t h i sv a l u ea si t a l s od e p e n d s o nt h et y p eo f f i n su s e d . 1 1 . C a l c u l a t et h ev a l u eo f t h ec o n s t a n t C , r e l a t e dt oc o o l i n gt o w e r d e s i g nu s i n ge q u a t i o n :

m N T U=Cx( L/G)
C=2 . 5 2 2
F i g u r e4 . T h ei n t e r s e c t i o no f t h et o w e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i cc u r v ea n dt h ed e s i g nN T Uc u r v eg i v e st h ed e s i g nL / Gr a t i o T a b l e1 . P a r t i a l E n t h a l p y P r e s s . o f H u mi d i t y E n t h a l p y E n t h a l p y D i f f e r e n c e , H O V a p o r , R a t i o , W o f F i l m, h 'o f A i r , h a 2 ( h ' h a ) p w k g w a t e r / k g d r ya i r
Wa t e r Wa t e r V a p o r T e mp e r a t u r e ,S a t u r a t i o n t P r e s s u r e , p w s
1 / ( h ' h a ) t
N T U
C u mu l a t i v e N T U C o o l i n g R a n g e
k P a
k P a
k J / k g
k J / k g
k J / k g
k g / k J
3 3
3 0 6 . 1 5 5 . 0 3 4 3
5 . 0 3 4 3
0 . 0 3 2 6
1 1 6 . 5 6 8 6 9 4 . 6 6 6 8
2 1 . 9 0 1 8
0 . 0 4 5 7
3 3 . 53 0 6 . 6 5 5 . 1 7 7 4
5 . 1 7 7 4
0 . 0 3 3 5
1 1 9 . 5 9 8 2 9 7 . 9 5 8 5
2 1 . 6 3 9 7
0 . 0 4 6 2 0 . 5
0 . 0 9 6
0 . 0 9 6 0 . 5
3 4
3 0 7 . 1 5 5 . 3 2 3 9
5 . 3 2 3 9
0 . 0 3 4 5
1 2 2 . 6 9 8 6 1 0 1 . 2 5 0 3 2 1 . 4 4 8 3
0 . 0 4 6 6 0 . 5
0 . 0 9 7
0 . 1 9 3 1
3 4 . 53 0 7 . 6 5 5 . 4 7 4 0
5 . 4 7 4 0
0 . 0 3 5 6
1 2 5 . 8 7 1 8 1 0 4 . 5 4 2 0 2 1 . 3 2 9 8
0 . 0 4 6 9 0 . 5
0 . 0 9 8
0 . 2 9 1 1 . 5
3 5
3 0 8 . 1 5 5 . 6 2 7 8
5 . 6 2 7 8
0 . 0 3 6 6
1 2 9 . 1 1 9 7 1 0 7 . 8 3 3 8 2 1 . 2 8 5 9
0 . 0 4 7 0 0 . 5
0 . 0 9 8
0 . 3 8 9 2
3 5 . 53 0 8 . 6 5 5 . 7 8 5 3
5 . 7 8 5 3
0 . 0 3 7 7
1 3 2 . 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 . 1 2 5 5 2 1 . 3 1 8 9
0 . 0 4 6 9 0 . 5
0 . 0 9 8
0 . 4 8 7 2 . 5
3 6
3 0 9 . 1 5 5 . 9 4 6 6
5 . 9 4 6 6
0 . 0 3 8 8
1 3 5 . 8 4 8 0 1 1 4 . 4 1 7 3 2 1 . 4 3 0 7
0 . 0 4 6 7 0 . 5
0 . 0 9 8
0 . 5 8 5 3
3 7
3 1 0 . 1 5 6 . 2 8 1 0
6 . 2 8 1 0
0 . 0 4 1 2
1 4 2 . 9 0 0 6 1 2 1 . 0 0 0 8 2 1 . 8 9 9 9
0 . 0 4 5 7 1 . 0
0 . 1 9 3
0 . 7 7 8 4
3 8
3 1 1 . 1 5 6 . 6 3 1 5
6 . 6 3 1 5
0 . 0 4 3 6
1 5 0 . 2 9 5 8 1 2 7 . 5 8 4 3 2 2 . 7 1 1 6
0 . 0 4 4 0 1 . 0
0 . 1 8 7
0 . 9 6 5 5
3 9
3 1 2 . 1 5 6 . 9 9 8 7
6 . 9 9 8 7
0 . 0 4 6 2
1 5 8 . 0 5 3 0 1 3 4 . 1 6 7 8 2 3 . 8 8 5 2
0 . 0 4 1 9 1 . 0
0 . 1 8 0
1 . 1 4 5 6
4 0
3 1 3 . 1 5 7 . 3 8 3 5
7 . 3 8 3 5
0 . 0 4 8 9
1 6 6 . 1 9 2 8 1 4 0 . 7 5 1 3 2 5 . 4 4 1 5
0 . 0 3 9 3 1 . 0
0 . 1 7 0
1 . 3 1 4 7
4 1
3 1 4 . 1 5 7 . 7 8 6 3
7 . 7 8 6 3
0 . 0 5 1 8
1 7 4 . 7 3 7 1 1 4 7 . 3 3 4 8 2 7 . 4 0 2 3
0 . 0 3 6 5 1 . 0
0 . 1 5 8
1 . 4 7 3 8
4 2
3 1 5 . 1 5 8 . 2 0 8 0
8 . 2 0 8 0
0 . 0 5 4 9
1 8 3 . 7 0 9 4 1 5 3 . 9 1 8 3 2 9 . 7 9 1 1
0 . 0 3 3 6 1 . 0
0 . 1 4 6
1 . 6 1 9 9
4 3
3 1 6 . 1 5 8 . 6 4 9 2
8 . 6 4 9 2
0 . 0 5 8 1
1 9 3 . 1 3 4 8 1 6 0 . 5 0 1 8 3 2 . 6 3 3 0
0 . 0 3 0 6 1 . 0
0 . 1 3 4
1 . 7 5 3 1 0
N T U 1 . 7 5 3 3 4 6 7 4
T a b l e2 . T Y P I C A LT H E R M A LC A L C U L A T I O N SO FC O U N T E R F L O WC O O L I N GT O WE R
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F l o w r a t e We t b u l bt e mp e r a t u r e A p p r o a c h A s s u me dd r y b u l b t e mp e r a t u r e A s s u me dL / G N o . o f c e l l s C e l l l e n g t h C e l l w i d t h A i r i n l e t h e i g h t D e s i g nR H D e n s i t yo f w a t e r A l t i t u d e 3 , 0 0 0 2 9 4 3 0 . 1 2 1 . 5 7 5 3 1 4 1 4 5 . 5 9 2 % 1 , 0 0 0 1 0 k g / m3 m m m m m3 / h C C C
H o t w a t e r t e mp e r a t u r e C o l dw a t e r t e mp e r a t u r e R a n g e H e a t l o a d B a r o me t r i cp r e s s u r e( p) 4 3 3 3 1 0 C C C
T a b l e2 . T Y P I C A LT H E R M A LC A L C U L A T I O N SO FC O U N T E R F L O WC O O L I N GT O WE R
2 9 9 4 3 8 8 8 . 3 2k c a l / h 1 0 1 . 2 k P a
Wa t e r v a p o r s a t u r a t i o np r e s s u r e( pw s ) , a t t db P a r t i a l p r e s s u r eo f w a t e r v a p o r ( pw ) Wa t e r v a p o r s a t u r a t i o np r e s s u r e( pw s ) , a t tw b R e c a l c u l a t i n gt w b D i f f e r e n c e D e wp o i n t t e mp e r a t u r e( t d) o f mo i s t a i r ( f o r t e mp e r a t u r e b e t w e e n0a n d9 3 C )
4 . 2 7 5 4 3 . 9 3 3 3 4 . 0 0 8 3 2 9 . 0 0 . 0 2 8 . 6 6
k P a k P a k P a C C C
I n l e t A i r P r o p e r t i e s I n l e t tw b R H I n l e t t db a t a b o v eR H H u mi d i t yr a t i o( W) S p e c i f i cv o l u me( v ) D e n s i t y H u mi d i t yr a t i oa t s a t u r a t i o n( Ws ) S p e c i f i cv o l u me , ( v) a t s a t u r a t i o n D e n s i t y E n t h a l p yo f mo i s t a i r H u mi d i t yR a t i oa t tw b E n t h a l p ya t tw b 2 9 9 2 % 3 0 . 1 2 0 . 0 2 5 2 C k gw a t e r / k gd r y a i r
3
E x i t A i r P r o p e r t i e s C E n t h a l p y E x i t a i r t e mp e r a t u r e( t db) Wa t e r v a p o r s a t u r a t i o np r e s s u r e( pw s ) , a t t db P u t s o mev a l u eo f e x i t R H( A s s u mi n gi t i si nb e t w e e n9 7 a n d9 9 %) P a r t i a l p r e s s u r eo f w a t e r v a p o r ( pw ) H u mi d i t yr a t i o( W) a t a b o v et d b E n t h a l p yo f e x i t a i r D i f f e r e n c e E x i t tw b Wa t e r v a p o r s a t u r a t i o np r e s s u r e( pw s ) a t e x i t tw b R e c a l c u l a t i n gt w b D i f f e r e n c e D e wp o i n t t e mp e r a t u r e( t d) o f mo i s t a i r ( f o r t e mp e r a t u r e b e t w e e n0a n d9 3 C ) 1 6 0 . 5 0 3 9 . 5 5 7 . 2 0 9 7 9 8 . 5 7 . 1 0 1 6 0 . 0 4 6 9 2 1 6 0 . 5 0 0 . 0 0 3 9 . 3 1 7 . 1 1 7 0 3 9 . 3 1 0 . 0 0 3 9 . 2 4 0 . 9 5 4 0 1 . 0 4 8 2 0 . 0 4 7 7 0 . 9 5 5 1 1 . 0 4 7 0 1 . 7 5 3 3 2 . 5 2 2 C m3 / k g , d r y a i r k g / m3 , d r y a i r k gw a t e r / k g mo i s t a i r m3 / k g , mo i s t a i r k g / m3 , mo i s t a i r C k P a C k J / k g C k P a % k P a k gw a t e r / k g d r ya i r k J / k g
0 . 8 9 5 1 m/ k g , d r ya i r 1 . 1 1 7 2 k g / m3 , d r ya i r 0 . 0 2 7 4 k gw a t e r / k g mo i s t a i r
0 . 8 9 8 3 m3 / k g , mo i s t a i r 1 . 1 1 3 3 k g / m3 , mo i s t a i r 9 4 . 5 7 0 2k J / k g 0 . 0 2 5 6 k gw a t e r / k g mo i s t a i r
9 4 . 6 6 6 8k J / k g
A i r F l o w A v e r a g ed e n s i t yd r y A v e r a g ed e n s i t yw e t A i r f l o w r a t ea t f i n A i r f l o wa t i n l e t , a t r a i n z o n e A i r f l o w r a t ea t f a n 1 . 0 8 2 7 k g / m3 1 . 0 8 0 1 k g / m3 1 6 2 . 9 0 m3 / s , p e r c e l l 1 5 7 . 8 7 m3 / s , p e r c e l l 1 6 8 . 2 6 m3 / s , p e r c e l l
S p e c i f i cv o l u me( v) D e n s i t y H u mi d i t yr a t i o( Ws ) a t s a t u r a t i o n S p e c i f i cv o l u me( v) a t s a t u r a t i o n D e n s i t y KaV/L C o n s t a n t r e l a t e dt ot o w e r d e s i g n( C)
T h es i g n i f i c a n c eo f t h e s ec a l c u l a t i o n si st h a t n o ww ec a nd i r e c t l yc a l c u l a t et h ec o o l i n gt o w e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i cb y u s i n go u r e q u a t i o n sa n dc a nc o mp a r ew i t ht h ev e n d o r d a t ai f t h ep r o v i d e dh e i g h t o f t h ec e l l i sa d e q u a t et o me e t t h ec a l c u l a t e dN T U . O b v i o u s l yt h eh e i g h t a l s od e p e n d so nt h et y p eo f p a c k i n g , b u t a l o n gw i t hv e n d o r i n p u t w ec a nc r e a t eac o mp l e t ee c o n o mi c a l d e s i g no f o u r c o o l i n gt o w e r . F u r t h e r , w ec a nd e v e l o pac a l c u l a t i o n s h e e t i nMi c r o s o f t E x c e l , w h i c hg i v e sa l l t h er e s u l t so f t h ep s y c h o me t r i cc h a r t a sw e l l a st h ec o o l i n gt o w e r d e s i g n . T y p i c a l t h e r ma l c a l c u l a t i o n sf o r ac o u n t e r f l o wc o o l i n gt o w e r c a nb es e e ni nT a b l e2 . Edited by Gerald Ondrey
Reference:
1 ) C o o l i n gT o w e r T h e r ma l D e s i g nMa n u a l , D a e i l A q u aC o . , L t d . , a v a i l a b l ea sd o w n l o a da t : c h e . s h a r i f . i r / ~ h e a t l a b / L a b / B e n e f i t %2 0 B o o k %2 0 & %2 0 J o u r n a l / B e n e f i t %2 0 b o o k / C o o l i n g %2 0 T o w e r %2 0 T h e r ma l %2 0 D e s i g n %2 0 Ma n u a l . p d f 2 ) R o s a l e r , R o b e r t C . , T h eS t a n d a r dH a n d b o o ko f P l a n t E n g i n e e r i n g , 2 n dE d i t i o n , Mc G r a w H i l l , N e wY o r k , 1 9 9 5 . 3 ) G r e e n , D o nW. , o t h e r s , P e r r y sC h e mi c a l E n g i n e e r sH a n d b o o k , 6 t hE d i t i o n , Mc G r a w H i l l , N e w Y o r k , 1 9 8 4 . 4 ) P s y c h o me t r i cD a t af r o mA S A ED 2 7 1 . 2D e c e mb e r 1 9 9 4 . 5 ) A S H R A EH a n d b o o k F u n d a me n t a l s , C h a p t e r 1 , A me r i c a nS o c . o f H e a t i n g , R e f r i g e r a t i n g a n dA i r C o n d i t i o n i n gE n g i n e e r s , A t l a n t a , G a .
Author
Jonny Goyal i sa na s s i s t a n t l e a de n g i n e e r a t A i r L i q u i d eE n g i n e e r i n ga n dC o n s t r u c t i o n , c / o L u r g i I n d i aC o . P v t . L t d . ( A 2 2 / 1 0 , Mo h a nC o o p e r a t i v eI n d u s t r i a l E s t a t e , Ma t h u r aR o a d , N e w D e l h i 1 1 0 0 4 4I n d i a ; P h o n e : + 9 1 4 2 5 9 5 4 0 0 ; F a x : + 9 1 4 2 5 9 5 0 5 1 : E ma i l : j o n n y . g o y a l @a i r l i q u i d e . c o m) , w h e r eh ei si n v o l v e di np r o c e s sd e s i g n i n ga c t i v i t i e sr e l a t e dt ob a s i c
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j o n n y . g o y a l @a i r l i q u i d e . c o m) , w h e r eh ei si n v o l v e di np r o c e s sd e s i g n i n ga c t i v i t i e sr e l a t e dt ob a s i c a n dd e t a i l e de n g i n e e r i n gp r o j e c t s . O nt h et e c h n o l o g ya n db u s i n e s sd e v e l o p me n t f r o n t , h ei s c o n s i s t e n t l yi n v o l v e di nw o r k i n gw i t ha n dd e v e l o p i n gL u r g i F i x e d B e d , D r y B o t t o mg a s i f i c a t i o n t e c h n o l o g ya n dd o w n s t r e a ma c i d g a sr e mo v a l . P r i o r t oj o i n gL u r g i i n2 0 0 7 , G o y a l h a dt w oy e a r s w o r ke x p e r i e n c ei nMo j j E n g i n e e r i n gP u n ei nt h ed e s i g na n dc o mmi s s i o n i n go f b i o e t h a n o l p l a n t sf r o m mo l a s s e so r g r a i n sa sf e e d s t o c k , a n da l s oh a se x p e r i e n c ei np l a n t o p e r a t i o no f d i s t i l l a t i o nc o l u mn si nt h e s o l v e n t r e c o v e r yp l a n t o f N e c t a r L i f e s c i e n c e sL t d . G o y a l h a saB . T e c h . C h . E . f r o mS B S C E T , F e r o z e p u r , w h i c h i sa f f i l a t e dw i t hP T UJ a l a n d h a r , P u n j a b .
P r o c e s s i n g&H a n d l i n g E n v i r o n m e n t a l , H e a l t h&S a f e t y S o f t wa r e , A u t o m a t i o n&C o n t r o l B u s i n e s s&E c o n o m i c s
C h e m I n n o v a t i o n s N e t wo r k i n g& D i s c u s s i o nG r o u p s E v e n t s&A n n o u n c e m e n t s We b i n a r s
J o bB o a r d C a r e e r T o o l s
P o s t s c r i p t s&C o r r e c t i o n s A wa r d s&S c h o l a r s h i p s
A b o u t U s C o n t a c t U s E d i t o r i a l S u b m i s s i o n s C o p y r i g h t P o l i c y &P e r m i s s i o n s E d i t o r i a l U p c o m i n g s U p c o m i n gS h o wP r e v i e ws A d v e r t i s i n g&M e d i aK i t
M a n a g eA c c o u n t C u s t o m e r S e r v i c e S u b s c r i b e F A Q s S i t e m a p / R S S
P l a n t C o s t I n d e x F a c t sA t Y o u r F i n g e r t i p s B o o k s C D s&P D F s O n D e m a n dWe b i n a r s
B u y e r s ' G u i d e E d i t o r ' sC o m m e n t s T h eM a g a z i n e C h E . c o mF e a t u r e s C u r r e n t I s s u e We bE x t r a s B a c k I s s u e s e N e ws l e t t e r s A s k T h eE x p e r t s Wh i t eP a p e r s
C opyright 2 0 1 3 A c c es s I ntelligenc e, L L C . A ll rights res erved. Reproduc tion in whole or in part in any form or medium without expres s written permis s ion of A c c es s I ntelligenc e, L L C is prohibited. For more details pleas e s ee T erms and C onditions .
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Effective Thermal Design of Cooling Towers - Chemical Engineering

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3 . H e a t l o a d , Q =mCp ( t2 t1 ) =9 9 8 . 1 3xF xR a n g e =9 9 8 . 1 3x3 , 0 0 0x1 0 =2 9 , 9 4 3 , 9 0 0k c a l / h

S p e c i f i cv o l u me( v) D e n s i t y H u mi d i t yr a t i o( Ws ) a t s a t u r a t i o n S p e c i f i cv o l u me( v) a t s a t u r a t i o n D e n s i t y KaV/L C o n s t a n t r e l a t e dt ot o w e r d e s i g n( C)

P r o c e s s i n g&H a n d l i n g E n v i r o n m e n t a l , H e a l t h&S a f e t y S o f t wa r e , A u t o m a t i o n&C o n t r o l B u s i n e s s&E c o n o m i c s

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