Ch.08 Friction

5/6/2013
Engineering Mechanics Statics
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Chapter Objectives To introduce the concept of dry friction and show how to analyze the equilibrium of rigid bodies subjected to this force To present specific applications of frictional force analysis on wedges, screws, belts, and bearings To investigate the concept of rolling resistance
08. Friction
HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Nguyen Tan Tien
Nguyen Tan Tien
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1. Characteristics of Dry Friction - Definition Friction: force that resists the movement of two contacting surfaces that slide relative to one another Friction force always acts tangent to the surface at the points of contact and is directed so as to oppose the possible or existing motion between the surfaces
Regardless of the weight of the rake or shovel that is suspended, the device has been designed so that the small roller holds the handle in equilibrium due to frictional forces that develop at the points of contact, , ,
Nguyen Tan Tien
1. Characteristics of Dry Friction - Types of friction Fluid friction exists when the contacting surfaces are separated by a film of fluid (i.e.,gas or liquid) Fluid friction is studied in fluid mechanics Dry friction or Coulomb friction (C.A. Coulomb, 1781) occurs between the contacting surfaces of bodies in absence of a lubricating fluid
The heat generated by the abrasive action of friction can be noticed when using this grinder to sharpen a metal blade
Nguyen Tan Tien
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1. Characteristics of Dry Friction - Theory of dry friction Development of frictional force
1. Characteristics of Dry Friction Equilibrium + + = 0 = 0
Impending function + Consider a pulling force applied to a block of uniform weight, , resting on a rough horizontal surface + Under the effect of and , two reacting forces are developed normal force perpendicular to the rough surface: = frictional force parallel to the rough surface:
=
Nguyen Tan Tien
+ increases with increase in applied force till reaches to a maximum value, called limiting frictional force : the coefficient of static friction = + Angle of static friction 1 = 1 / =
HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Nguyen Tan Tien
5/6/2013
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1. Characteristics of Dry Friction Motion + When > | |, gets significantly reduced, body starts moving
1. Characteristics of Dry Friction + depends on the contact materials. Some typical values metal on ice = 0.03 0.05 wood on wood = 0.30 0.70 leather on wood = 0.20 0.50 leather on metal = 0.30 0.60 aluminum on aluminum = 1.10 1.70 The variation of the frictional force versus the applied load + is a static frictional force if equilibrium is maintained + is a limiting static frictional force when it reaches a maximum value needed to maintain equilibrium + is termed a kinetic frictional force when sliding occurs at the contacting surface
+ The frictional force which acts between the rough surface and the body under motion is called kinetic frictional force = : the coefficient of kinetic friction + Angle of kinetic friction = 1 / = 1
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1. Characteristics of Dry Friction - Cause of friction Friction is mainly caused by the surface roughness of the objects in contact to each other. In general applies: the rougher the surface, the higher the friction If both surfaces become ultra-smooth, friction from molecular attraction comes into play, often becoming greater than the mechanical friction There is especially the case with soft materials, like rubber and other soft synthetics: soft materials will deform when under pressure, material deformation is also increasing the friction
1. Characteristics of Dry Friction - Characteristics of dry friction (Coulombs dry friction law) The frictional force acts tangent to the contacting surfaces in a direction opposed to the motion or tendency for motion of one surface relative to another and is proportional to the normal force + slipping at the surface of contact is about to occur = || + slipping at the surface of contact is occurring = ||
Nguyen Tan Tien
Nguyen Tan Tien
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1. Characteristics of Dry Friction The coefficient of friction depend on + both friction partners (material composition, surface roughness) + the surface conditions (cleanliness, humidity) + time of contact The coefficient of friction does not depend on + the contact surface area + normal contact pressure + the relative velocity between two contact surfaces The maximum static frictional force is generally greater than the kinetic frictional force for any two surfaces of contact. However, if one of the bodies is moving with a very low velocity over the surface of another, becomes approximately equal to , i.e.,
2. Problems Involving Dry Friction - Types of friction problems No apparent impending motion + The number of unknowns = The number of available equilibrium equations + Determine the frictional forces from the equilibrium equations + Check the numerical value of If , the body will not remain in equilibrium If > , slipping will occur + Example The bars will remain in equilibrium if 0.3 0.5
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2. Problems Involving Dry Friction Impending motion at all points of contact + The number of unknowns = The total number of available equilibrium equations + The total number of available frictional equations, = + When motion is impending at the points of contact, then = whereas if the body is slipping, then = + Example Five unknowns: , , , , Five available equations = 0 = 0 = 0 = =
2. Problems Involving Dry Friction Impending motion at some points of contact + The number of unknowns < The total number of available equilibrium equations + The total number of available frictional equations or conditional equations for tipping + Several possibilities for motion or impending motion will exist and the problem will involve a determination of the kind of motion which actually occurs + Example: Determine force needed to cause movement Seven unknowns , , , , , , Available equations Six equilibrium equations One of two possible static frictional equations
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2. Problems Involving Dry Friction Seven unknowns , , , , , , Available equations Six equilibrium equations One of two possible static frictional equations This means that as increases it will either cause slipping at , no slipping at : = 0.3 , 0.5 slipping occurs at , no slipping at : = 0.5 , 0.3 The actual situation can be determined by calculating for each case and then choosing the case for which is smaller
2. Problems Involving Dry Friction
- Impending tipping versus slipping As increases the crate will either be on the verge of slipping on the surface ( = ) or if the surface is very rough (large ) then the resultant normal force will shift to the corner
Nguyen Tan Tien
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2. Problems Involving Dry Friction How can we determine if the block will slide or tip first? In this case, we have four unknowns ( ,, and ) and only three equations of equilibrium We have to make an assumption to give us another equation (the friction equation!). Then we can solve for the unknowns Finally, we need to check if our assumption was correct
2. Problems Involving Dry Friction
Assumption: Known: Solve for: Check:

Slipping occurs = , , and 0 /2
Assumption: Known: Solve for: Check:
Tipping occurs = /2 , , and

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2. Problems Involving Dry Friction - Equilibrium versus frictional equations When the frictional equation = is used in the solution of a problem, must always be shown acting with its correct sense on the free-body diagram
2. Problems Involving Dry Friction - Example 8.1 The uniform crate has a mass of 20. If a force = 80 is applied to the crate, determine if it remains in equilibrium. The coefficient of static friction is = 0.3 Solution Free-body diagram Equations of equilibrium 0 + = 0: 8030 = 0 0 + = 0: 8030 + 196.2 = 0 + = 0: 80300 0.4 + 80300 0.2 + = 0 = 69.3, = 236, = 9.08 < 0.4 no tipping will occur = = 0.3 236 = 70.8 > no slip will occur
The applied vertical force on this roll must be large enough to overcome the resistance of friction at the contacting surfaces and in order to cause rotation
Nguyen Tan Tien
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2. Problems Involving Dry Friction - Example 8.2 It is observed that when the bed of the dump truck is raised to an angle of = 250 the vending machines will begin to slide off the bed. Determine the static coefficient of friction between a vending machine and the surface of the truckbed Solution Idealized model of a vending machine resting on the truckbed Free-body diagram
2. Problems Involving Dry Friction Equations of equilibrium 0 + = 0: 25 = 0 0 + = 0: 25 = 0 + = 0: 250 0.75 + 250 = 0 Since slipping impends at = 250 = = or 250 = 250 = 250 = 0.466 Note: we can show that the vending machine will slip before it can tip as observed
Nguyen Tan Tien
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2. Problems Involving Dry Friction - Example 8.3 The uniform 10 ladder rests against the smooth wall at , and the end rests on the rough horizontal plane for which the coefficient of static friction is = 0.3 . Determine the angle of inclination of the ladder and the normal reaction at if the ladder is on the verge of slipping Solution Free-body diagram
2. Problems Involving Dry Friction Equations of equilibrium and friction + = 0: = 0 + = 0: 10 9.81 = 0 + = 0: 4 10 9.81 2 = 0 Since the ladder is on the verge of slipping = = 0.3 Solving the above equations, we obtain = 98.1 = 29.4 = 59.00
Nguyen Tan Tien
Nguyen Tan Tien
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2. Problems Involving Dry Friction - Example 8.4 Beam is subjected to a uniform load of 200/ and is supported at by post . The coefficients of static friction at and are = 0.2 and = 0.5. Determine the force needed to pull the post out from under the beam. Neglect the weight of the members and the thickness of the beam Solution Free-body diagrams Equations of equilibrium and friction + = 0: = 0 + = 0: 400 = 0 + = 0: 0.25 + 1 = 0
2. Problems Involving Dry Friction + = 0: = 0 + = 0: 400 = 0 + = 0: 0.25 + 1 = 0 Post slips at and rotates about , = = 0.2 400 = 80 = 320, = 240, = 400 Since = 240 > = 0.5 400 = 200, slipping at occurs other case of movement must be investigated Post slips at and rotates about , = = 0.5 = 267, = 200, = 400, = 66.7 This case occurs first since it requires a smaller value for
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2. Problems Involving Dry Friction - Example 8.5 Blocks and have a mass of 3 and 9, respectively, and are connected to the weightless links. Determine the largest vertical force that can be applied at the pin without causing any movement. The coefficient of static friction between the blocks and the contacting surfaces is = 0.3 Solution Free-body diagram Equations of equilibrium and friction Pin 0 + = 0: 30 = 0 0 + = 0 : 30 = 0
2. Problems Involving Dry Friction Pin 0 + = 0: 30 = 0 0 + = 0: 30 = 0 Block 0 + = 0: 30 = 0 0 + = 0: 30 3 9.81 = 0 Block + = 0: = 0 + = 0: 9 9.81 = 0 = 1.155, = 0.5774 = 0.5774, = + 29.43 = 0.5774, = 88.29
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2. Problems Involving Dry Friction = 1.155, = 0.5774 = 0.5774, = + 29.43 = 0.5774, = 88.29 Movement of the system may be caused by the initial slipping of either block or block Assume that block slips first = = 0.3 0.5774 = 0.3( + 29.43) = 31.8 = 0.5774 31.8 = 18.4 Since the maximum static frictional force at = = 0.3 88.29 = 26.5 > block will not slip. Thus, the above assumption is correct Note: If the inequality were not satisfied, we would have to assume slipping of block and then solve for
Fundamental Problems - F.8.1 If = 200, determine the friction developed between the 50 crate and the ground. The coefficient of static friction between the crate and the ground is = 0.3
Nguyen Tan Tien
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Fundamental Problems - F.8.2 Determine the minimum force to prevent the 30 rod from sliding. The contact surface at is smooth, whereas the coefficient of static friction between the rod and the wall at is = 0.2
Fundamental Problems - F.8.3 Determine the maximum force that can be applied without causing the two 50 crates to move. The coefficient of static friction between each crate and the ground is = 0.25
Nguyen Tan Tien
Nguyen Tan Tien
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Fundamental Problems - F.8.4 If the coefficient of static friction at contact points and is = 0.3, determine the maximum force that can be applied without causing the 100 spool to move
Fundamental Problems - F.8.5 Determine the minimum force that can be applied without causing movement of the 250 crate which has a center of gravity at . The coefficient of static friction at the floor is = 0.4
Nguyen Tan Tien
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3. Wedges - A wedge is a simple machine in which a small force is used to lift a large weight - Wedges are used to adjust the elevation or provide stability for heavy objects
3. Wedges - Analysis of a wedge Draw the free body diagram of the wedge Note + the friction forces are always in the direction opposite to the motion + the friction forces are along the contacting surfaces + the normal forces are perpendicular to the contacting surfaces
Nguyen Tan Tien
Nguyen Tan Tien
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3. Wedges Look at the object on top of the wedge Note + At the contacting surfaces between the wedge and the object the forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to those on the wedge + All other forces acting on the object should be shown + For the wedge and the object = 0 = 0 For the impending motion frictional equation =
3. Wedges Start by analyzing the free body diagram in which the number of unknowns are less than or equal to the number of equations of equilibrium and frictional equations If the object is to be lowered, then the wedge needs to be pulled out If the value of the force needed to remove the wedge is positive, then the wedge is selflocking, i.e., it will not come out on its own
Nguyen Tan Tien
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3. Wedges - Example 8.6
The stone has a mass of 500 and is held in the horizontal position using a wedge at . If = 0.3 at the surfaces of contact, determine the minimum force needed to remove the wedge. Assume that the stone does not slip at Solution The free body diagrams For the wedge 0 0 + = 0: 7 0.3 7 0.3 + = 0 0 0 + = 0: 0.3 7 7 = 0
4. Frictional Forces on Screws - Screws are used as fasteners or to transmit power or motion from one machine part to another
For the stone + = 0: 4905 0.5 + 70 1 + 0.370 1 = 0 = 2383.1, = 2452.5, = 1154.9

- A screw is considered a cylinder called a barrel or shaft, with the thread wrapped around it
Nguyen Tan Tien
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4. Frictional Forces on Screws - Screws can be classified by the thread. E.g. square-threaded screw, V-thread,
4. Frictional Forces on Screws - If we unwind the thread by one revolution, the slope or lead angle is given by = 1 2
- External / Internal thread - Right / Left hand thread
: the lead of the screw, is the distance advanced by turning the screw one revolution
HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Nguyen Tan Tien HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Nguyen Tan Tien
5/6/2013
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4. Frictional Forces on Screws - Upward Impending Motion Consider a square-threaded screw subject to impending motion due to an applied torque The free body diagram of the entire unraveled thread through : vertical force on the or the axial force on the shaft : reaction of the groove on the thread, = + : frictional component, : normal component /: horizontal force associated with the couple moment
4. Frictional Forces on Screws The frictional component = The angle of static friction = 1 / = 1 By Equations of Equilibrium + = 0: / (+) = 0 + = 0: + = 0 = ( + )
Nguyen Tan Tien
Nguyen Tan Tien
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4. Frictional Forces on Screws - Self Locking Screw A screw is self-locking if it remains in place under any axial load when the moment is removed In this case acts on the other side of If = , then will act vertically to balance , and the screw will be on the verge of winding downwards
4. Frictional Forces on Screws - Downward Impending Motion If a screw is self-locking, a couple must be applied in the opposite direction to wind the screw downward > This causes a horizontal force in the reverse direction that will push the thread downwards Using the previous procedure it can be shown that = ( )
Nguyen Tan Tien
Nguyen Tan Tien
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4. Frictional Forces on Screws If the screw is not self-locking it is necessary to apply a moment " to prevent the screw from winding downwards < A horizontal force / is required to push against the thread to prevent it from sliding downwards The magnitude of the moment required to prevent this unwinding is " = ( )
4. Frictional Forces on Screws - Example 8.7 The turnbuckle has a square thread with a mean radius of 5 and a lead of 2. If the coefficient of static friction between the screw and the turnbuckle is = 0.25, determine the moment that must be applied to draw the end screws closer together 2 Solution Since friction at two screws must be overcome, this requires = 2 ( + ) where = 2000, = 5 = 1 = 1 (0.25) = 14.040 = 1 (/2) = 1 (2/(2 5)) = 3.640 = 2 5 2000 14.040 + 3.640 = 6374.7
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5. Frictional Forces on Flat Belts 6. Frictional Forces on Collar Bearings, Pivot Bearings, and Disks 7. Frictional Forces on Journal Bearings 8. Rolling Resistances
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Ch.08 Friction

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5/6/2013

Engineering Mechanics Statics

Engineering Mechanics Statics

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Nguyen Tan Tien

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Nguyen Tan Tien

Engineering Mechanics Statics

Engineering Mechanics Statics

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Nguyen Tan Tien

Engineering Mechanics Statics

Engineering Mechanics Statics

1. Characteristics of Dry Friction - Theory of dry friction Development of frictional force

1. Characteristics of Dry Friction Equilibrium + + = 0 = 0

Engineering Mechanics Statics

Engineering Mechanics Statics

Engineering Mechanics Statics

Engineering Mechanics Statics

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Nguyen Tan Tien

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Nguyen Tan Tien

Engineering Mechanics Statics

Engineering Mechanics Statics

Engineering Mechanics Statics

Engineering Mechanics Statics

Engineering Mechanics Statics

Engineering Mechanics Statics

2. Problems Involving Dry Friction

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Nguyen Tan Tien

Engineering Mechanics Statics

Engineering Mechanics Statics

2. Problems Involving Dry Friction

Assumption: Known: Solve for: Check:

Slipping occurs = , , and 0 /2

Assumption: Known: Solve for: Check:

Tipping occurs = /2 , , and

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Engineering Mechanics Statics

Engineering Mechanics Statics

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Nguyen Tan Tien

Engineering Mechanics Statics

Engineering Mechanics Statics

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Nguyen Tan Tien

Engineering Mechanics Statics

Engineering Mechanics Statics

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Nguyen Tan Tien

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Nguyen Tan Tien

Engineering Mechanics Statics

Engineering Mechanics Statics

Engineering Mechanics Statics

Engineering Mechanics Statics

Engineering Mechanics Statics

Engineering Mechanics Statics

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Nguyen Tan Tien