Nine instructional categories that strongly affect student achievement Identifying similarities and differences Summarizing and note-taking

ng Reinforcing effort and providing recognition Homework and practice Nonlinguistic representations Cooperative learning Setting goals and providing feedback Generating and testing hypotheses Activating prior knowledge Robert J. Marzano, Barbara B. Gaddy, and Ceri Dean. (2000). What Works in Classroom Instruction. Aurora, CO: Mid-continent Research for Education and Learning.