Electronic Circuits EE301

CHAPTER 1 LINEAR DC POWER SUPPLY

Modified by: Mohd Khairul Muzhafar Bin Md Nor

Student Learning Outcomes (CLO 1) Explain correctly the basic principles of linear DC power using appropriate block diagram.

By : Mohd Khairul Muzhafar Hj. Md Nor

General Objectives (GO)

Upon completion of viewing this presentation, you should be able to:

Explain the operation of a DC power supply. circuit. Understand the application of diode as half-wave rectifier. Understand the operation of diode as full-wave rectifier. Understand the operation of bridge rectifier. Understand the operation of RC filter diagram. Draw diagrams of LC and pi filter. Know voltage divider circuit. Draw schematic diagrams of a simple power supply unit

Styled by Pn. Julaiha Binti omar

Power Supply Unit

1.1 Explain the operation of a DC power supply circuit.

State the importance of DC power supply units in electronic appliances. Draw block diagram of DC power supply which comprises these stages: transformer, rectifier, voltage regulator and voltage divider. Explain the function of each block.

The importance of DC power supply units in electronic appliances.

All electronic circuits need a power source to work. For electronic circuits made up of transistors and/or ICs, this power source must be a DC voltage of a specific value. A battery is a common DC voltage source for some types of electronic equipment especially portables like cell phones and iPods. Most non-portable equipment uses power supplies that operate from the AC power line but produce one or more DC outputs.

The importance of DC power supply units in electronic appliances.

The electronic gadgets that surround us all need a source of DC electricity to work. To provide that, you can run them from

batteries or connect a DC power supply

to the household AC outlet.

Modern power supplies are small,

efficient, reliable and well-regulated.

Power Supply
PORTABLE
BATTERY

NON PORTABLE
AC
AC powered unregulated power supply usually uses a transformer to convert the voltage from the wall outlet (mains) to a different lower, voltage

primary batteries disposable batteries designed to be used once and discarded

secondary batteries rechargeable batteries designed to be recharged and used multiple times

DC

Power Supply Characteristics

The input is the 120 volt 60 Hz AC power line. Alternately, the input may be 240 volt AC. The power supply converts the AC into DC and provides one or more DC output voltages. Some modern electronic circuits need two or more different voltages. Common voltages are 48, 24, 15, 12, 9, 5, 3.3, 2.5, 1.8, 1.5, 1.2 and 1 volts. A good example of a modern power supply is the one inside a PC that furnishes 12, 5, 3.3 and 1.2 volts.

By: Mohd Khairul Muzhafar Bin Hj. Md Nor

Block diagram of DC power supply

Regulated DC power supply consists of :

Transformer
Rectifier Filter Voltage regulator Voltage divider

Block diagram of DC power supply

Components of a Power Supply

Main circuits in most power supplies.

Power Supply
The AC line is first passed through a low pass filter of the form shown in figure. This eliminates noise on the AC line from bothering the power supply circuits and prevents unwanted signals from the power supply from being transferred back into the AC line where they might interfere with other equipment.

By: Mohd Khairul Muzhafar Bin Hj. Md Nor

TRANSFORMER

Transformer

A transformer is commonly used to step the input AC voltage level down or up.

Transformer

Most electronic circuits operate from voltages lower than the AC line voltage so the transformer normally steps the voltage down by its turns ratio to a desired lower level. For example, a transformer with a turns ratio of 10 to 1 would convert the 120 volt 60 Hz input sine wave into a 12 volt sine wave.

Transformer only

The low voltage AC output is suitable for lamps, heaters and special AC motors. It is not suitable for electronic circuits unless they include a rectifier and a smoothing capacitor.

RECTIFIER

1.2 Understand the application of diode as half-wave rectifier

Construct half-wave rectifier circuit if the diode is:
a. Forward biased b. Reverse biased

Explain the operation of half-wave rectifier circuit. Plot the input and output waveforms of half-wave rectifier circuit Explain the input and output waveforms Relate the output waveforms to the operation of diode as a rectifier.

Rectifier Half Wave Rectifier

Rectifier - converts the AC sine wave into a pulsating DC wave. There are several forms of rectifiers used but all are made up of diodes.

Half-wave Rectifier
a) Forward biased
During +cycle of AC input, current can flow through D since D is forward biased, D is ON and IAK flows. During cycle of AC input, D is OFF, current IAK = 0A.
+

Half-wave Rectifier
a) Reverse biased
During +ve cycle of AC input, current cannot flow through D since D is reverse biased, D is OFF and IAK = 0 A. During ve cycle of AC input, D is forward biased (ON), current IAK flows.
+
-

1.3 Understand the application of diode as full-wave rectifier

Construct full-wave rectifier circuit with center tap transformer.

Explain the operation of the circuits.

Sketch the input and output waveforms of the circuits. Explain the input and output waveforms. Relate the positive and negative cycles of the output waveforms to the operation of the diodes in the circuit.

Rectifier Full-wave rectifier

Rectifier - converts the AC sine wave into a pulsating DC wave. There are several forms of rectifiers used but all are made up of diodes.

Full Wave Rectifier Circuit with center tap transformer Bridge Rectifier 4 diodes Bridge Rectifier IC

full-wave rectifier
circuit with center tap transformer
+ D1

D2

1.4 Understand the operation of bridge rectifier.

Construct the full-wave bridge rectifier circuit. Explain the operation of the circuit and the function of the diode pairs in the bridge rectifier. Draw the input and output waveforms of the circuits. Explain the input and output waveforms. Relate the positive and negative cycles of the output waveforms to the operation of the diode pairs in the circuit. Clarify the application of bridge rectifier in a power supply unit. Discuss the operation of IC bridge rectifier a. Data sheet of a bridge rectifier IC b. Pin configuration and assignments c. Application of bridge rectifier IC

Bridge rectifier 4 diodes

D1

D2 D2 D4 D1 D2 D1 D3 D4 D3

D4

D3

During +ve cycle of AC input, the D2 &D4 will ON and at the same time D1&D3 OFF. During ve cycle of AC input, the D1&D3 will ON and at the same time D2 &D4 will on.

Bridge Rectifier DIODES

Transformer + Full Wave Rectifier(IC)

The varying DC output is suitable for
lamps, heaters and standard motors. It is not suitable for electronic circuits unless they include a smoothing capacitor.

FILTER

1.5 Understand the operation RC Filter diagrams

Explain the operations and filtering process of RC filter circuits using rectifier output wave (half-wave). Define and explain the meaning of ripple

voltage.

FILTERS

The rectifier produces a DC output but it is pulsating rather than a constant steady value over time like that from a battery. A filter is used to remove the pulsations and create a constant output. The most common filter is a large capacitor.

DC Power Supply Filter Design

2 factor why every DC power supply must reduce noise with a filter; electrical noise interferes with sensitive electronics, turning (AC) to (DC) produces noise, Usually, filter circuits are simple, consisting of one or more capacitors at strategic locations in the power supply. Since other components in the supply also control noise, the filter removes a majority of it, but not all.

Transformer + Half wave Rectifier + Filter

V
FILTER t t

TYPES OF FILTER
C
C

PI

RC
R C C C

LC
L C

Transformer + Half wave Rectifier + C Filter

+

FILTER

Transformer + Half wave Rectifier + C Filter

+

Discharging charging

FILTER

REGULATOR

Regulator

The regulator is a circuit that helps maintain a fixed or constant output voltage. Changes in the load or the AC line voltage will cause the output voltage to vary.

Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing + Regulator

The regulated DC output is very smooth with no ripple. It is suitable for all electronic circuits

Linear Power Supplies

Regulator
Most electronic circuits cannot withstand the variations since they are designed to work properly with a fixed voltage. The regulator function;
fixes the output voltage to the desired level maintains that value despite any output or input variations.

DC-DC Converter Most modern power supplies also contain one or more DC-DC converters Modern electronics often demand different voltages to function. A DC-DC converter changes one DC voltage to another, higher or lower DC voltage. A DC-DC converter is used with a power supply to prevent the need for a second AC-DC supply.

How Rectifiers Work

The simplest form of rectifier is the half wave rectifier shown. Only the transformer, rectifier diode, and load (RL) are shown without the filter and other components. The half wave rectifier produces one sine pulse for each cycle of the input sine wave. When the sine wave goes positive, the anode of the diode goes positive causing the diode to be forward biased. The diode conducts and acts like a closed switch letting the positive pulse of the sine wave to appear across the load resistor.
By: Mohd Khairul Muzhafar Hj. Md Nor

How Rectifiers Work (continued)

When the sine wave goes negative, the diode anode will be negative so the diode will be reverse biased and no current will flow. No negative voltage will appear across the load. The load voltage will be zero during the time of the negative half cycle. See the waveforms that show the positive pulses across the load. These pulses need to be converted to a constant DC.

Bridge Rectifier
Another widely used rectifier is the bridge rectifier. It uses four diodes. This is called a full wave rectifier as it produces an output pulse for each half cycle of the input sine wave. On the positive half cycle of the input sine wave, diodes D1 and D2 are forward biased so act as closed switches appearing in series with the load. On the negative half cycle, diode D1 and D2 are reverse biased and diodes D3 and D4 are forward biased so current flows through the load in the same direction.

How the Filter Works

A large capacitor is connected across the load resistor. This capacitor filters the pulses into a more constant DC. When the diode conducts, the capacitor charges up to the peak of the sine wave. Then when the sine voltage drops, the charge on the capacitor remains. Since the capacitor is large it forms a long time constant with the load resistor. The capacitor slowly discharges into the load maintaining a more constant output. The next positive pulse comes along recharging the capacitor and the process continues.

Ripple
The capacitor does a good job of smoothing the pulses from the rectifier into a more constant DC. Ripple voltage - is a small variation occurs in the DC because of the discharging and charging of a capacitor with a small amount between the positive and negative pulses. The ripple can be reduced if capacitor larger. The ripple appears to be a sawtooth shaped AC variation riding on the DC output.

A small amount of ripple can be tolerated in some circuits but the lower the better overall.

The Regulator
Most regulators are ICs . These are feedback control circuits that actually monitor the output voltage to detect variations. If the output varies, for whatever reason, the regulator circuit automatically adjusts the output back to the set value. Regulators hold the output to the desired value. Since ripple represents changes in the output, the regulator also compensates for these variations producing a near constant DC output.

In Summary
All electronic circuits and equipment need a power supply, usually one that supplies are very specific DC voltage. A battery is a near perfect DC supply but it is used mainly in portable applications. Most equipment uses an AC to DC power supply. In most AC to DC supplies, the 120 volt AC line is first filtered then stepped up or down to the desired voltage level then rectified into pulsating DC, then filtered to a constant DC. A regulator holds the output to a desired level. A DC-DC converter may also be used to generate another DC voltage. The two most common rectifiers are the single diode half wave rectifier and the four diode full wave bridge rectifier.