Chu

.
o
.
ng 1. MA TR

A
.
N - D
-
I
.
NH TH

U
.
C (8+4)
I. Ma tra
.
n
* Cho m, n nguyen du
.
o
.
ng. Ta go
.
i ma tra
.
n co
.
m n l`a mo
.
t bang so go `m m n
s o thu
.
.
c du
.
o
.
.
c viet th`anh m h`ang, n co
.
t c o da
.
ng nhu
.
sau:
(a
i,j
)
mn
=
_
_
_
a
1,1
a
1,2
. . . a
1,n
a
2,1
a
2,2
. . . a
2,n
. . . . . . . . . . . .
a
m,1
a
m,2
. . . a
m,n
_
_
_
trong do cac s o thu
.
.
c
a
i,j
, i = 1, m, j = 1, n
du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a cac pha `n tu
.
cu a ma tra
.
n, ch so i ch h`ang v`a ch s o j ch co
.
t cua
pha `n tu
.
ma tra
.
n.
* Ma tra
.
n co
.
1 n du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a ma tra
.
n h`ang, ma tra
.
n co
.
m1 du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a ma
tra
.
n co
.
t, ma tr a
.
n co
.
n n du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a ma tra
.
n vuong cap n.
* Tren ma tra
.
n vuong cap n, du
.
`o
.
ng cheo go `m cac pha `n tu
.

a
i,i
, i = 1, n
du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a du
.
`o
.
ng cheo chnh, du
.
`o
.
ng cheo go `m cac pha `n tu
.

a
i,n+1i
, i = 1, n
du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a du
.
`o
.
ng cheo phu
.
cua ma tra
.
n.
* Ma tra
.
n vuong cap n co cac pha `n tu
.
na
`
m ngo` ai du
.
`o
.
ng cheo chnh de `u ba
`
ng 0,
ngha l`a:
a
i,j
= 0, i ,= j
du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a ma tra
.
n cheo.
* Ma tra
.
n cheo c o
a
i,i
= 1, i = 1, n
du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a ma tra
.
n do
.
n vi
.
cap n, k y hie
.
u I
n
.
* Ma tra
.
n co
.
mn co
a
i,j
= 0, i, j : i > j
du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a ma tra
.
n ba
.
c thang.
* Ma tra
.
n c o
.
m n co cac pha `n tu
.
de `u ba
`
ng 0 du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a ma tra
.
n khong, k y
hie
.
u 0
m,n
.
* Ta go
.
i ma tra
.
n chuye

n vi
.
A
T
= (a
j,i
)
nm
=
_
_
_
a
1,1
a
2,1
. . . a
m,1
a
1,2
a
2,2
. . . a
m,2
. . . . . . . . . . . .
a
1,n
a
2,n
. . . a
m,n
_
_
_
Typeset by A
M
S-T
E
X
2
cua ma tra
.
n
A = (a
i,j
)
mn
=
_
_
_
a
1,1
a
1,2
. . . a
1,n
a
2,1
a
2,2
. . . a
2,n
. . . . . . . . . . . .
a
m,1
a
m,2
. . . a
m,n
_
_
_
l`a ma tra
.
n co du
.
o
.
.
c t` u
.
A ba
`
ng cach chuye

n h`ang th`anh co
.
t, c o
.
t th`anh h`ang.
* Hai ma tra
.
n c` ung co
.
(a
i,j
)
mn
v`a (b
i,j
)
mn
du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a ba
`
ng nhau neu cac pha `n
tu
.
o
.
t` u
.
ng vi
.
tr de `u ba
`
ng nhau:
a
i,j
= b
i,j
, i = 1, m, j = 1, n.
+ T o

ng (hie
.
u) cua hai ma tra
.
n c` ung c o
.
m n l`a mo
.
t ma tra
.
n co
.
m n, trong do
pha `n tu
.
cua ma tra
.
n to

ng (hie
.
u) l`a to

ng (hie
.
u) c ac pha `n tu
.
o
.
vi
.
tr tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng:
(c
i,j
)
mn
= (a
i,j
)
mn
(b
i,j
)
mn
vo
.
i
c
i,j
= a
i,j
b
i,j
, i = 1, m, j = 1, n.
+ Tch vo hu
.
o
.
ng cua so thu
.
.
c vo
.
i ma tra
.
n co
.
mn l`a ma tra
.
n co
.
mn, trong do
mo

i pha `n tu
.
l`a tch cua vo
.
i pha `n tu
.
o
.
vi
.
tr tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng cua ma tra
.
n ban da `u:
(c
i,j
)
mn
= .(a
i,j
)
mn
vo
.
i
c
i,j
= .b
i,j
, i = 1, m, j = 1, n.
+ Tch vo hu
.
o
.
ng co tnh phan bo vo
.
i phep co
.
ng cac ma tra
.
n: .(A+B) = .A+.B,
vo
.
i phep co
.
ng cac he
.
s o: ( +).A = .A+.B, co tnh ket ho
.
.
p:
.( A) = (.) A.
+ Tch cua hai ma tra
.
n A = (a
i,j
)
mn
v`a B = (b
j,k
)
nq
l`a ma tra
.
n
C = A B = (c
i,k
)
mq
,
vo
.
i
c
i,k
=
n

j=1
a
i,j
b
j,k
, i = 1, m, k = 1, q.
V du
.
.
_
_
1 3 2
2 4 7
3 5 6
_
_

_
_
1 3
1 1
3 2
_
_
=
_
_
1.1 + 3.1 + 2.3 1.3 3.1 + 2.2
2.1 + 4.1 + 7.3 2.3 4.1 + 7.2
3.1 + 5.1 + 6.3 3.3 5.1 + 6.2
_
_
=
_
_
10 4
27 16
26 16
_
_
3
+ Phep nhan hai ma tra
.
n co tnh ket ho
.
.
p: A (B C) = (A B) C, tnh phan
phoi d oi vo
.
i phep co
.
ng:
A (B +C) = AB +A C; (A+B) C = A C +B C.
Ngo`ai ra, neu A co c o
.
mn, th`
AI
n
= I
m
A = A.
II. D
-
i
.
nh th u
.
c
* Cho E = 1, 2, 3, . . . , n. Ta go
.
i hoan vi
.
cu a ta
.
p E l`a mo
.
t song anh f : E E,
k y hie
.
u
f :
_
1 2 . . . n
f(1) f(2) . . . f(n)
_
hay
(f(1), f(2), . . . , f(n))
(co tat ca n! hoan vi
.
khac nhau).
V du
.
. Cho E = 1, 2, 3.

Anh xa
.
f : E E xac di
.
nh bo
.
i: f(1) = 1, f(2) = 3, f(3) = 2
l`a mo
.
t ho an vi
.
cua E, k y hie
.
u l`a
_
1 2 3
1 3 2
_
hoa
.
c
(1, 3, 2).
* Cho mo
.
t hoan vi
.
f :
_
1 2 . . . n
f(1) f(2) . . . f(n)
_
ta th`anh la
.
p cac c a
.
p th u
.
tu
.
.
(f(i), f(j)), i ,= j,
se c o C
2
n
ca
.
p th u
.
tu
.
.
nhu
.
the; mo
.
t c a
.
p (f(i), f(j)) du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a nghi
.
ch the neu
(i j)(f(i) f(j)) < 0.
Go
.
i N(f) l`a s o cac nghi
.
ch the cua hoan vi
.
f (co trong C
2
n
ca
.
p th u
.
tu
.
.
tren).
V du
.
. T`m so nghi
.
ch the cua hoan vi
.
f :
_
1 2 3 4 5
3 2 1 5 4
_
.
4
T` u
.
hoan vi
.
n`ay, ta co cac c a
.
p th u
.
tu
.
.
(3, 2), (3, 1), (3, 5), (3, 4), (2, 1), (2, 5), (2, 4), (1, 5), (1, 4), (5, 4),
trong do ta co c ac nghi
.
ch the:
(3, 2), (3, 1), (2, 1), (5, 4),
suy ra N(f) = 4
* Cho ma tra
.
n (A)
n,n
. D
-
i
.
nh th u
.
c cu a A l`a mo
.
t s o thu
.
.
c, k y hie
.
u v`a xac di
.
nh nhu
.
sau:
det(A) =

fS
n
(1)
N(f)
a
1,f(1)
a
2,f(2)
. . . a
n,f(n)
trong do S
n
l`a ta
.
p tat ca n! ho`an vi
.
cua n pha `n tu
.
1, 2, . . . , n. Nhu
.
va
.
y, di
.
nh
th u
.
c cua ma tra
.
n A l`a mo
.
t s o:
+ ba
`
ng to

ng da
.
i so cua n! ha
.
ng tu
.
da
.
ng
a
1,f(1)
a
2,f(2)
. . . a
n,f(n)
+ mo

i ha
.
ng tu
.
l`a tch cua n pha `n tu
.
a
i,j
m`a mo

i h`ang, mo

i co
.
t phai co mo
.
t
v`a ch mo
.
t pha `n tu
.
tham gia v`ao tch do.
+ dau cua mo

i ha
.
ng tu
.
phu
.
thuo
.
c v`ao s o nghi
.
ch the cua hoan vi
.
tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng.
* Ta go
.
i di
.
nh th u
.
c cap 2 l`a gia tri
.
tnh du
.
o
.
.
c t` u
.
bang 2 h`ang, 2 c o
.
t nhu
.
sau:

a
1,1
a
1,2
a
2,1
a
2,2

= a
1,1
a
2,2
a
2,1
a
1,2
* Ta go
.
i di
.
nh th u
.
c cap 3 l`a gia tri
.
tnh du
.
o
.
.
c t` u
.
bang 3 h`ang, 3 c o
.
t nhu
.
sau:

a
1,1
a
1,2
a
1,3
a
2,1
a
2,2
a
2,3
a
3,1
a
3,2
a
3,3

= a
1,1
a
2,2
a
3,3
+a
2,1
a
3,2
a
1,3
+a
3,1
a
1,2
a
2,3
a
3,1
a
2,2
a
1,3
a
2,1
a
1,2
a
3,3
a
1,1
a
3,2
a
2,3
+ D
-
e

tnh nhanh di
.
nh th u
.
c cap 3, ta viet c o
.
t th u
.
nhat v`a th u
.
hai tiep theo v` ao ben
phai bang noi tren:
a
1,1
a
1,2
a
1,3
a
1,1
a
1,2
a
2,1
a
2,2
a
2,3
a
2,1
a
2,2
a
3,1
a
3,2
a
3,3
a
3,1
a
3,2
th` 3 pha `n tu
.
lay dau co
.
ng l`a tch cac pha `n tu
.
na
`
m tren cac du
.
`o
.
ng cheo song song
vo
.
i du
.
`o
.
ng cheo chnh, ba pha `n tu
.
lay dau tr` u
.
l`a tch c ac pha `n tu
.
na
`
m tren c ac
du
.
`o
.
ng cheo song song vo
.
i du
.
`o
.
ng cheo phu
.
(quy ta

c Serrhus)
5
* Ta go
.
i di
.
nh th u
.
c cap n l`a gia tri
.
tnh du
.
o
.
.
c t` u
.
bang:

a
1,1
a
1,2
. . . a
1,n
a
2,1
a
2,2
. . . a
2,n
. . . . . . . . . . . .
a
n,1
a
n,2
. . . a
n,n

= a
1,1
D
1
a
2,1
D
2
+ + (1)
n+1
a
n,1
D
n
trong do D
k
l`a di
.
nh th u
.
c cap n 1 thu du
.
o
.
.
c t` u
.
bang da cho ba
`
ng cach bo co
.
t
th u
.
nhat v`a h`ang th u
.
k, k = 1, n.
V du
.
.

1 4 5 2
0 3 3 1
2 0 4 0
0 0 2 1

= 1.

3 3 1
0 4 0
0 2 1

0.

4 5 2
0 4 0
0 2 1

+ 2.

4 5 2
3 3 1
0 2 1

0.

4 5 2
3 3 1
0 4 0

= 14
+ D
-
i
.
nh th u
.
c khong thay do

i neu ta do

i h`ang th`anh co
.
t
+ D
-
i
.
nh th u
.
c do

i dau neu ta do

i cho

hai h`ang (hoa

.
c hai co
.
t) vo
.
i nhau
+ D
-
i
.
nh th u
.
c c o hai h`ang (hoa
.
c hai co
.
t) ty le
.
vo
.
i nhau nhau th` ba
`
ng 0
+ Th` u
.
a so chung cua mo
.
t h`ang hay co
.
t c o the

du
.
a ra ngo` ai dau cua di
.
nh th u
.
c
+ D
-
i
.
nh th u
.
c khong thay do

i neu ta d o `ng th`o

.
i co
.
ng v`ao cac pha `n tu
.
cua mo
.
t h`ang
(hay mo
.
t c o
.
t) n`ao do cac pha `n tu
.
cua mo
.
t h`ang (hay mo
.
t c o
.
t) khac nhan vo
.
i c` ung
mo
.
t s o.
V du
.
. Giai phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh:

1 1 1 . . . 1
1 1 x 1 . . . 1
1 1 2 x . . . 1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 1 1 . . . n x

= 0.
D
-
i
.
nh th u
.
c o
.
ve trai cua phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh l`a da th u
.
c ba
.
c n nen co khong qua n nghie
.
m
khac nhau. Thay x = 0, x = 1, x = 2, . . . , x = n 1 v`ao di
.
nh th u
.
c, ta luon co hai
h`ang vo
.
i c ac pha `n tu
.
ba
`
ng 1, nen di
.
nh th u
.
c ba
`
ng 0. Va
.
y phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh c o n nghie
.
m
x = 0, x = 1, x = 2, . . . , x = n 1.
* D
-
i
.
nh th u
.
c cua ma tra
.
n vuong A = (a
i,j
)
nn
, k y hie
.
u det(A) l`a di
.
nh th u
.
c cap n
cua bang

a
1,1
a
1,2
. . . a
1,n
a
2,1
a
2,2
. . . a
2,n
. . . . . . . . . . . .
a
n,1
a
n,2
. . . a
n,n

v`a co tnh chat:

+ det(A) =
n
. det(A)
+ det(AB) = det(A). det(B)
III. Ma tra
.
n nghi
.
ch da o
6
* Ma tra
.
n A = (a
i,j
)
nn
du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a ma tra
.
n kha nghi
.
ch neu to `n ta
.
i ma tra
.
n A
1
sao cho:
AA
1
= A
1
A = I
n
.
Khi d o, ma tra
.
n A
1
du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a ma tra
.
n nghi
.
ch da o cua A.
+ Ma tra
.
n A kha nghi
.
ch khi v`a ch khi
det A ,= 0.
* Cho A = (a
i,j
)
mn
. Mo
.
t di
.
nh th u
.
c con cap k (1 k n) cua A l`a mo
.
t di
.
nh
th u
.
c ta
.
o th`anh t` u
.
ma tra
.
n A ba
`
ng cach bo di mk h`ang v`a n k co
.
t.
* Cho ma tra
.
n vuong cap n kha nghi
.
ch
A =
_
_
_
a
1,1
a
1,2
. . . a
1,n
a
2,1
a
2,2
. . . a
2,n
. . . . . . . . . . . .
a
n,1
a
n,2
. . . a
n,n
_
_
_
Pha `n b` u da
.
i so cua pha `n tu
.
a
i,j
, l`a so A
i,j
= (1)
i+j
D
i,j
trong do D
i,j
l`a di
.
nh
th u
.
c c ap n 1 cua bang thu du
.
o
.
.
c t` u
.
ma tra
.
n A ba
`
ng cach ga
.
ch bo h`ang th u
.
i v`a
co
.
t th u
.
j.
+ Cho A l`a ma tra
.
n vuong kha nghi
.
ch cap n v`a = det A ,= 0. Khi do ma tra
.
n
nghi
.
ch dao cua A du
.
o
.
.
c xac di
.
nh mo
.
t c ach duy nhat bo
.
i:
A
1
=
1

_
A
i,j
_
T
=
1

_
_
_
_
A
1,1
A
2,1
. . . D
n,1
A
1,2
A
2,2
. . . D
n,2
. . . . . . . . . . . .
A
1,n
A
2,n
. . . D
n,n
_
_
_
_
V du
.
. Ma tr a
.
n nghi
.
ch dao cua
A =
_
_
1 1 1
2 1 1
1 1 2
_
_
l`a:
A
1
=
1
5
_
_
1 3 2
3 1 1
1 2 3
_
_
v`:
= det A = (1)(1)(2)+(2)(1)(1)+(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(2)(1)(2)(1)(1)(1) = 5 ,= 0
7
v`a:
A
1,1
= (1)
1+1

1 1
1 2

= 1; A
1,2
= (1)
1+2

2 1
1 2

= 3; A
1,3
= (1)
1+3

2 1
1 1

= 1;
A
2,1
= (1)
2+1

1 1
1 2

= 3; A
2,2
= (1)
2+2

1 1
1 2

= 1; A
2,3
= (1)
2+3

1 1
1 1

= 2
A
3,1
= (1)
3+1

1 1
1 1

= 2; A
3,2
= (1)
3+2

1 1
2 1

= 1; A
3,3
= (1)
3+3

1 1
2 1

= 3
+ Tnh chat:
Cho A kha dao v`a k ,= 0, th`: (kA)
1
=
1
k
A
1
Cho A, B c` ung cap v`a kha dao, th`: (A B)
1
= B
1
A
1
Cho A kha dao th` A
1
c ung kha dao v`a
_
A
1
_
1
= A
Pha `n I.4: Ha
.
ng cu a ma tra
.
n
* Ta go
.
i ha
.
ng cu a ma tra
.
n A = (a
i,j
)
mn
, k y hie
.
u r(A) l`a cap cao nhat cua cac
di
.
nh th u
.
c con khac 0 cua A.
+ Ha
.
ng cua ma tra
.
n 0
mn
l`a 0, ha
.
ng cua ma tra
.
n A = (a) vo
.
i a ,= 0 l`a 1.
+ Ha
.
ng cua ma tra
.
n khong thay do

i qua cac phep bien do

i so
.
cap sau day:
a. D
-
o

i cho

hai h`ang hoa

.
c hai co
.
t cho nhau;
b. Nhan mo
.
t h`ang (hay mo
.
t c o
.
t) vo
.
i mo
.
t s o khac 0;
c. Co
.
ng v`ao mo
.
t h`ang (hay mo
.
t c o
.
t) vo
.
i mo
.
t h`ang (hay mo
.
t c o
.
t) khac nhan
vo
.
i mo
.
t s o.
D
-
e

t`m ha
.
ng cua ma tra
.
n A
mtimesn
, co the

d` ung cac phu

.
o
.
ng phap sau:
+ Phu
.
o
.
ng phap theo di
.
nh ngha: tnh cac di
.
nh th u
.
c con t` u
.
cap 2 tro
.
len. Gia
su
.
ma tra
.
n co 1 di
.
nh th u
.
c con cap r khac 0, tnh tiep cac di
.
nh th u
.
c c ap r +1, neu
tat ca de `u ba
`
ng 0 th` ket lua
.
n ha
.
ng ma tra
.
n l`a r, neu co di
.
nh th u
.
c cap r +1 khac
0 th` tnh tiep cac di
.
nh th u
.
c cap r + 2, c u
.
nhu
.
the den di
.
nh th u
.
c c ap lo
.
n nhat
V du
.
. T`m ha
.
ng cua ma tra
.
n
A =
_
_
1 2 3 5
3 2 4 9
1 0 1 4
_
_
Ta co di
.
nh th u
.
c con c ap 2:

1 2
3 2

= 4 ,= 0, v`a cac di
.
nh th u
.
c cap 3:

1 2 3
3 2 4
1 0 1

= 0;

1 2 5
3 2 9
1 0 4

= 0;

1 3 5
3 4 9
1 1 4

= 0;

2 3 5
2 4 9
0 1 4

= 0
suy ra r(A) = 2
8
+ Phu
.
o
.
ng phap d` ung phep bien do

i so
.
cap: bien do

i ma tra
.
n ve ` da
.
ng ba
.
c
thang
B =
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
b
1,1
b
1,2
. . . b
1,r
. . . b
1,n
0 b
2,2
. . . b
2,r
. . . b
2,n
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0 0 . . . b
r,r
. . . b
r,n
0 0 . . . 0 . . . 0
0 0 . . . 0 . . . 0
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
vo
.
i b
i,j
= 0, i > j hay i > r v`a b
ii
,= 0, i = 1, r th` r(A) = r(B) = r.
V du
.
. T`m ha
.
ng ma tra
.
n
A =
_
_
_
1 3 2 0 5
2 6 9 7 12
2 5 2 4 5
1 4 8 4 20
_
_
_
A
h22h1;h3+2h1;h4h1

_
_
_
1 3 2 0 5
0 0 5 7 2
0 1 6 4 15
0 1 6 4 15
_
_
_
h4h3;h2h3

_
_
_
1 3 2 0 5
0 1 6 4 15
0 0 5 7 2
0 0 0 0 0
_
_
_
suy ra r(A) = 3
+ Ngo` ai ra, co the

t`m ma tra
.
n nghi
.
ch da o qua cac phep bien do

i so
.
cap:
la
.
p ma tra
.
n khoi A[E (E c` ung co
.
vo
.
i A, thu
.
.
c hie
.
n cac phep bien do

i so
.
cap CHI

TR

EN H
`
ANG, neu du
.
a du
.
o
.
.
c ve ` da
.
ng E[B th` B l`a nghi
.
ch dao cua A.
V du
.
. A[E =
_
_
1 1 1 [ 1 0 0
2 1 1 [ 0 1 0
1 1 2 [ 0 0 1
_
_
h22h1,h3h1

_
_
1 1 1 [ 1 0 0
0 3 1 [ 2 1 0
0 2 1 [ 1 0 1
_
_
h1h3,h2+h3

_
_
1 3 0 [ 2 0 1
0 5 0 [ 3 1 1
0 2 1 [ 1 0 1
_
_
h2(
1
5
)

_
_
1 3 0 [ 2 0 1
0 1 0 [ 3/5 1/5 1/5
0 2 1 [ 1 0 1
_
_
h1+3h2,h32h2

_
_
1 0 0 [ 1/5 3/5 2/5
0 1 0 [ 3/5 1/5 1/5
0 1 1 [ 1/5 2/5 3/5
_
_
thu du
.
o
.
.
c ket qua nhu
.
c u.
B
`
AI T

A
.
P
1.1. Khong tnh, ch u
.
ng minh c ac di
.
nh th u
.
c sau chia het cho 17:

2 0 4
5 2 7
2 5 5

3 2 3
20 9 1
55 2 5

1.2. Ch u
.
ng minh c ac d a

ng th u
.
c sau day (khong tnh di
.
nh th u
.
c ba
`
ng di
.
nh ngha):
9
a.

0 x y z
x 0 z y
y z 0 x
x y z 0

0 1 1 1
1 0 z
2
y
2
1 z
2
0 x
2
1 y
2
x
2
0

vo
.
i xyz ,= 0
b.

1 x yz
1 y zx
1 z xy

= (x y)(y z)(z x)
c.

1 1 1
x y z
x
3
y
3
z
3

= (x +y +z)(x y)(y z)(z x)

1.3. T`m x sao cho:
a.

3 3 x x
2 7 3
x + 1 3x 7 x

= 0 b.

x x + 1 x + 2
x + 3 x + 4 x + 5
x + 6 x + 7 x + 8

= 0
c.

1 x x
2
3 1 x
4 5 1

< 0 d.

x 1 2
1 x 3
x + 1 2 4

> 0
1.4. Tnh cac di
.
nh th u
.
c sau:

0 1 1 0
0 0 1 1
1 0 0 1
1 1 0 0

1 x x x
1 a 0 0
1 0 b 0
1 0 0 c

x 1 1 1 1
1 x 1 1 1
1 1 x 1 1
1 1 1 x 1
1 1 1 1 x

a +x x x
a b +x x
x x c +x

x
2
+ 1 xy xz
xy y
2
+ 1 yz
xz yz z
2
+ 1

1 x x
2
x
3
x
3
x
2
x 1
1 2x 3x
2
4x
3
4x
3
3x
2
2x 1

0 x y z
x 0 z y
y z 0 x
x y z 0

2 x 1 x
1 x 2 x
2 1 x x
x x 2 1

x 0 y 0
0 z 0 t
y 0 z 0
0 t 0 x

a x x x x
x 2a a 0 0
x a 2a 0 0
x 0 0 2a a
x 0 0 a 2a

1 2 3 . . . n
2 1 2 . . . n 1
3 2 1 . . . n 2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
n n 1 n 2 . . . 1

x a a . . . a
a x a . . . a
a a x . . . a
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a a a a x

cos(x
1
y
1
) cos(x
1
y
2
) . . . cos(x
1
y
n
)
cos(x
2
y
1
) cos(x
2
y
2
) . . . cos(x
2
y
n
)
. . . . . . . . . . . .
cos(x
n
y
1
) cos(x
n
y
2
) . . . cos(x
n
y
n
)

0 1 1 . . . 1 1
1 0 x . . . x x
1 x 0 . . . x x
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 x x . . . 0 x
1 x x . . . x 0

;
10

1 +x
1
y
1
1 +x
1
y
2
. . . 1 +x
1
y
n
1 +x
2
y
1
1 +x
2
y
2
. . . 1 +x
2
y
n
. . . . . . . . . . . .
1 +x
n
y
1
1 +x
n
y
2
. . . 1 +x
n
y
n

a
1
a
2
0 . . . 0 0
0 a
2
a
3
. . . 0 0
0 0 a
3
. . . 0 0
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0 0 0 . . . a
n1
a
n
1 1 1 . . . 1 1 +a
n

1.5. Cho A =
_
_
2 1 2
3 0 1
0 1 2
_
_
v`a B =
_
_
1 2
4 6
5 3
_
_
. T`m A
2
, AB, A
1
.
1.6. T`m cac ma tra
.
n
_
2 1
3 2
_
n
;
_
a 1
0 a
_
n
;
_
cos x sinx
sinx cos x
_
n
1.7. Cho A =
_
1 2
2 1
_
. T`m f(A) vo
.
i f(x) = x
2
4x + 3, f(x) = x
2
2x + 1.
1.8.
a. Cho A =
_
_
2 1 1
3 1 2
1 1 0
_
_
v`a B =
_
_
1 2 2
2 3 1
1 2 2
_
_
.
1. T`m A
1
, B
1
.
2. T`m f(A), f(B) vo
.
i f(x) = x
2
x 1
b. T`m ma tra
.
n nghi
.
ch dao cua A =
_
_
_
2 1 0 0
3 2 0 0
1 1 3 4
2 1 2 3
_
_
_; B =
_
_
_
1 3 5 7
0 1 2 3
0 0 1 2
0 0 0 1
_
_
_.
1.9.
a. T`m ma tra
.
n vuong cap hai c o b`nh phu
.
o
.
ng ba
`
ng ma tra
.
n khong.
b. T`m ma tra
.
n vuong cap hai c o b`nh phu
.
o
.
ng ba
`
ng ma tra
.
n do
.
n vi
.
.
1.10. T`m ma tra
.
n X sao cho:
_
1 2
3 4
_
X =
_
3 5
5 9
_
; X
_
3 2
5 4
_
=
_
1 2
5 6
_
;
_
_
1 2 3
3 2 4
2 1 0
_
_
X =
_
_
1 3 0
10 2 7
10 7 8
_
_
; X
_
_
1 1 1
2 1 0
1 1 1
_
_
=
_
_
1 1 3
4 3 2
1 2 5
_
_
;
_
2 1
3 2
_
X
_
3 2
5 3
_
=
_
2 4
3 1
_
;
_
4 1
3 1
_
X
_
2 1
5 3
_
=
_
5 0
6 1
_
;
X
_
_
1 1 1
0 1 1
0 0 1
_
_
2
_
2 1 1
3 0 6
_
=
_
1 0 5
1 2 1
_
;
_
_
1 2 2
2 5 4
2 4 5
_
_
X +
_
_
3 5
7 6
2 1
_
_
= 3
_
_
1 5
1 2
2 0
_
_
;
11
_
_
_
_
_
1 1 1 . . . 1
0 1 1 . . . 1
0 0 1 . . . 1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0 0 0 . . . 1
_
_
_
_
_
X =
_
_
_
_
_
1 2 3 . . . n
0 1 2 . . . n 1
0 0 1 . . . n 2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0 0 0 . . . 1
_
_
_
_
_
.
1.11. T`m ha
.
ng cua ma tra
.
n sau:
_
_
_
2 1 11 2
1 0 4 1
11 4 56 5
2 1 5 6
_
_
_
;
_
_
_
_
_
2 1 1 1
1 3 1 1
1 1 4 1
1 1 1 5
1 1 1 1
_
_
_
_
_
;
_
_
_
1 3 2 0 5
2 6 9 7 12
2 5 2 4 5
1 4 8 4 20
_
_
_
;
_
_
_
_
_
1 2 3 14
3 2 1 11
1 1 1 6
2 3 1 5
1 1 0 3
_
_
_
_
_
;
_
_
1 3 5 7 9 1
1 2 3 4 5 2
2 11 12 25 22 4
_
_
;
_
_
_
3 1 3 1 1
2 1 7 3 2
1 3 2 5 3
3 2 7 5 3
_
_
_
1.12. Bie
.
n lua
.
n theo a s o ha
.
ng cua cac ma tra
.
n sau:
_
_
1 2 1
2 a 2
3 6 (a + 3)(a + 7)
_
_
;
_
_
1 a 1 2
2 1 a 5
1 10 6 1
_
_
;
_
_
a 1 1 4
1 a 1 3
1 2a 1 4
_
_
;
_
_
_
3 1 1 4
a 4 10 1
1 7 17 3
2 2 4 3
_
_
_
;
_
_
_
1 4 3 6
1 0 1 1
2 1 1 0
0 2 a 4
_
_
_
;
_
_
_
1 2 1 3 2
2 1 a
2
0 4
3 1 2 2 7
1 2 a 1 1
_
_
_
1.13. T`m cac gia tri
.
cua m de

:
a. r(A) = 2 vo
.
i A =
_
_
_
3 4 5 7 1
2 6 3 4 2
4 2 13 10 0
5 0 21 13 m
_
_
_
b. r(A) = 3 vo
.
i A =
_
_
_
1 2 3 1 1
3 2 1 1 1
2 3 1 1 1
5 5 2 0 2m+ 1
_
_
_
c. r(A) = 3 vo
.
i A =
_
_
_
1 4 3 6
1 0 1 1
2 1 1 0
0 2 m 4
_
_
_
d. r(A) = 2 vo
.
i A =
_
_
_
3 1 1 4
m 4 10 1
1 7 17 3
2 2 4 3
_
_
_
e. r(A) = 2 vo
.
i A =
_
_
_
m 1 1 1
1 1 m 1
1 1 1 m
1 m 1 1
_
_
_
12
-ooOoo-
13
Chu
.
o
.
ng 2. H

E
.
PHU
.
O
.
NG TR
`
INH TUY

N T

INH (2+2)
I. Cac di
.
nh ngha
* Ta go
.
i he
.
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh tuyen tnh m phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh n a

n l`a he
.
co da
.
ng
_

_
a
1,1
x
1
+a
1,2
x
2
+ +a
1,n
x
n
= b
1
. . .
a
2,1
x
1
+a
2,2
x
2
+ +a
2,n
x
n
= b
2
a
m,1
x
1
+a
m,2
x
2
+ +a
m,n
x
n
= b
m
(1)
trong do a
i,j
, b
i
(i = 1, m, j = 1, n) l`a cac he
.
so (thu
.
.
c hoa
.
c ph u
.
c), x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
l`a cac
a

n s o. He
.
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh tuyen tnh du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a co nghie
.
m (hay tu
.
o
.
ng thch) neu
ta
.
p nghie
.
m cua no khac ro

ng.
+ He
.
(1) co the

du
.
o
.
.
c viet du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng ma tra
.
n AX = B trong do:
A =
_
_
_
a
1,1
a
1,2
. . . a
1,n
a
2,1
a
2,2
. . . a + 2, n
. . . . . . . . . . . .
a
m,1
a
m,2
. . . a
m,n
_
_
_; X =
_
_
x
1
x
2
.
.
. x
n
_
_
; B =
_
_
b
1
b
2
.
.
. b
m
_
_
hay
du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng ma tra
.
n mo
.
r o
.
ng: A =
_
_
_
a
1,1
a
1,2
. . . a
1,n
b
1
a
2,1
a
2,2
. . . a + 2, n b
2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a
m,1
a
m,2
. . . a
m,n
b
m
_
_
_, khi do ha
.
ng
r(A) cua A du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a ha
.
ng cu a he
.
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh (1)
II. He
.
Cramer
* He
.
(1) co s o phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh ba
`
ng so nghie
.
m (m = n) v` a di
.
nh th u
.
c det(A) = 0 du
.
o
.
.
c
go
.
i l` a he
.
Cramer.
+ He
.
Cramer c o nghie
.
m duy nhat du
.
o
.
.
c xac di
.
nh nhu
.
sau: i = 1, n, x
i
=
D
i
D
, trong
do D = det(A), c` on D
i
l`a di
.
nh th u
.
c thu du
.
o
.
.
c t` u
.
D ba
`
ng cach thay c o
.
t th u
.
i ba
`
ng
co
.
t he
.
s o tu
.
.
do.
V du
.
. Giai he
.
:
_

_
x
1
+ 2x
2
+ 3x
3
= 6
2x
1
x
2
+ x
3
= 2
3x
1
+ x
2
2x
3
= 2
Do D =

1 2 3
2 1 1
3 1 2

= 30 ,= 0, he
.
co nghie
.
m duy nhat (1, 1, 1):
x =
1
30

6 2 3
2 1 1
2 1 2

= 1; y =
1
30

1 6 3
2 2 1
3 2 2

= 1; z =
1
30

1 2 6
2 1 2
3 1 2

= 1
III. Cac di
.
nh ly ve ` nghie
.
m cu a he
.
(Kronecker-Kapeli)
+ (1) c o nghie
.
m (tu
.
o
.
ng thch) khi v`a ch khi r(A) = r(A).
+ (1) c o nghie
.
m duy nhat (xac di
.
nh) khi v`a ch khi r(A) = r(A) = n.
+ neu r(A) = r(A) = r < n th` (1) co vo so nghie
.
m v`a c ac th`anh pha `n nhie
.
m phu
.
thuo
.
c n r tham s o tu` y y.
14
V du
.
. Bie
.
n lua
.
n theo a s o nghie
.
m cua he
.
:
_

_
ax
1
+ x
2
+ x
3
= 1
x
1
+ax
2
+ x
3
= 1
x
1
+ x
2
+ax
3
= 1
D` ung cac phep bien do

i so
.
cap de

xac di
.
nh ha
.
ng cua A v`a A
A =
_
_
a 1 1 [ 1
1 a 1 [ 1
1 1 a [ 1
_
_
h1h3

_
_
1 1 a [ 1
1 a 1 [ 1
a 1 1 [ 1
_
_
h2h1

h3ah1
_
_
1 1 a [ 1
0 a 1 1 a [ 0
0 1 a 1 a
2
[ 1 a
_
_
h3+h2

_
_
1 1 a [ 1
0 a 1 1 a [ 0
0 0 2 a a
2
[ 1 a
_
_
+ Neu 2 a a
2
= 0, co 2 tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p:
a = 1 th`: A
_
_
1 1 1 [ 1
0 0 0 [ 0
0 0 0 [ 0
_
_
r(A) = r(A) = 1 < 3, he
.
co vo so
nghie
.
m phu
.
thuo
.
c 2 tham s o tu` y y.
a = 2 th`: A
_
_
1 1 2 [ 1
0 3 3 [ 0
0 0 0 [ 3
_
_
r(A) = 2 < r(A = 3, he
.
vo
nghie
.
m.
+ Neu 2 a a
2
,= 0 a ,= 1, a ,= 2, th` r(A) = r(A) = 3, he
.
co nghie
.
m duy nhat.
IV. Phu
.
o
.
ng phap gia i he
.
+ C ac phep bien do

i so
.
cap cho he
.
tu
.
o
.
ng du
.
o
.
ng (tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng vo
.
i cac phep bien do

i
theo h`ang cua ma tra
.
n mo
.
ro
.
ng):
D
-
o

i cho

hai phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh cho nhau (do

i cho

hai h`ang cua ma tra

.
n)
Nhan hai ve cua phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh n`ao do vo
.
i mo
.
t s o khac 0 (nhan c ac pha `n tu
.

tren mo
.
t h`ang cua ma tra
.
n vo
.
i mo
.
t s o khac 0)
Co
.
ng t` u
.
ng ve cua mo
.
t phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vo
.
i mo
.
t phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh khac nhan vo
.
i
mo
.
t s o (co
.
ng mo
.
t h`ang vo
.
i bo
.
i so mo
.
t h`ang khac)
1.

Ap du
.
ng di
.
nh ly Carmer
Neu he
.
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh tuyen tnh l`a he
.
Cramer, co the

ap du
.
ng di
.
nh l y Carmer
hoa
.
c t`m ma tra
.
n A
1
, suy ra X = A
1
B.
V du
.
. Giai ba
`
ng phu
.
o
.
ng phap ma tra
.
n nghi
.
ch dao:
_

_
2x + 3y + 2z = 9
x + 2y 3z = 14
3x + 4y z = 16
Do det(A) =

2 3 2
1 2 3
3 4 1

= 6 ,= 0 ne ` he
.
l`a Cramer.
Vo
.
i A
1
=
1
det(A)
_
_
A
1,1
A
2,1
A
3,1
A
1,2
A
2,2
A
3,2
A
1,3
A
2,3
A
3,3
_
_
=
1
6
_
_
14 5 13
10 4 8
2 1 1
_
_
nen X = A
1
B =
1
6
_
_
14 5 13
10 4 8
2 1 1
_
_
_
_
9
14
16
_
_
=
_
_
2
3
2
_
_
, suy ra
_

_
x = 2
y = 3
z = 2.
15
2. Phu
.
o
.
ng phap Gauss (khu
.
da `n a

n so)
D` ung cac phep bien do

i so
.
cap theo cac h`ang, bien d o

i ma tra
.
n mo
.
r o
.
ng A th`anh
ma tra
.
n A
1
co nhie `u pha `n tu
.
0 (nhu
.
ma tra
.
n ba
.
c thang), khi do r(A) = r(A
1
) v`a
r(A) = r(A
1
).
+ neu r(A
1
) < r(A
1
), th` he
.
vo nghie
.
m
+ neu r(A
1
) = r(A
1
) = r th` la
.
p he
.
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh mo
.
i (tu
.
o
.
ng du
.
o
.
ng he
.
da cho) sau
kho bo cac h`ang m`a mo
.
i pha `n tu
.
de `u ba
`
ng 0. Giai he
.
n`ay (r phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh, n a

n
s o) b a
`
ng cach cho
.
n r a

n co
.
ban v`a n r a

n khong co
.
ban (thay ba
`
ng tham s o tu` y
y), neu r = n th` he
.
co nghie
.
m duy nhat.
V du
.
. Giai cac he
.
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh sau:
_

_
x
1
3x
2
+ 2x
3
= 1
x
1
+ 9x
2
+ 6x
3
= 3
x
1
+ 3x
2
+ 5x
3
= 1
A =
_
_
1 3 2 1
1 9 6 3
1 3 5 1
_
_
h
2
h
1

h
3
h
1
_
_
1 3 2 1
0 12 4 4
0 6 3 2
_
_
h
2
1/2

h
3
h
2
_
_
1 3 2 1
0 3 1 1
0 0 1 0
_
_
,
suy ra
_

_
x
1
3x
2
+ 2x
3
= 1
3x
2
+ x
3
= 1
x
3
= 0

_
x
1
= 1 +3x
2
2x
3
3x
2
= 1 x
3
x
3
= 0

_
x
1
= 0
x
2
=
1
3
x
3
= 0
_

_
x
1
3x
2
+ 2x
3
x
4
= 2
2x
1
+ 7x
2
x
3
= 1
4x
1
+ x
2
+ 3x
3
2x
4
= 1
B =
_
_
1 3 2 1 2
2 7 1 0 1
4 1 3 2 1
_
_
h
2
2h
1

h
3
4h
1
_
_
1 3 2 1 2
0 13 5 2 5
0 13 5 2 7
_
_
h
3
h
2

_
_
1 3 2 1 2
0 13 5 2 5
0 0 0 0 2
_
_
= B
1
. Do r(B) = r(B
1
) = 2 < 3 = r(B
1
) = r(B), he
.
vo nghie
.
m.
_

_
x
1
+ 5x
2
+ 4x
3
+ 3x
4
= 1
2x
1
x
2
+ 2x
3
x
4
= 0
5x
1
+ 3x
2
+ 8x
3
+ x
4
= 1
4x
1
+ 9x
2
+ 10x
3
+ 5x
4
= 2
C =
_
_
_
1 5 4 3 1
2 1 2 1 0
5 3 8 1 1
4 9 10 5 2
_
_
_
h
3
h
1
2h
2

h
4
2h
1
h
2
_
_
_
1 5 4 3 1
2 1 2 1 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
_
_
_
h
2
2h
1

bo h
3
,h
4
_
1 5 4 3 1
0 11 6 7 2
_
, t u
.
c l`a:
16
_
x
1
+ 5x
2
+ 4x
3
+ 3x
4
= 1
11x
2
6x
3
7x
4
= 2.
Cho
.
n x
3
= , x
4
= , ta suy ra:
_

_
x
1
=
14
11
+
2
11
+
1
11
x
2
=
6
11

7
11
+
2
11
x
3
=
x
4
=
V du
.
2. Giai v`a bie
.
n lua
.
n theo a:
_

_
ax + y + z = 1
x +ay + z = a
x + y +az = a
2
A =
_
_
a 1 1 1
1 a 1 a
1 1 a a
2
_
_
h
3
h
1

_
_
1 1 a a
2
1 a 1 a
a 1 1 1
_
_
h
2
h
1

h
3
ah
1
_
_
1 1 a a
2
0 a 1 1 a a a
2
0 1 a 1 a
2
1 a
3
_
_
h
3
+h
2

_
_
1 1 a a
2
0 a 1 1 a a a
2
0 0 2 a a
2
1 +a a
2
a
3
_
_
, suy ra:
* Neu 2 a a
2
= 0 (a = 1) (a = 2)
+ Neu a = 1, th` A (1 1 1 1), tu
.
o
.
ng du
.
o
.
ng vo
.
i x +y +z = 1 nen co vo s o nghie
.
m
da
.
ng (1 ; 1; 1) vo
.
i , tu` y y.
+ Neu a = 2, th` A
_
_
1 1 2 4
0 3 3 6
0 0 0 3,
_
_
suy ra r(A) = 2 < 3 = r(A) nen he
.
vo
nghie
.
m.
* Neu 2 a a
2
,= 0 (a ,= 1) (a ,= 2)
A
h
2
:a1

h
3
:2aa
2
_
_
_
1 1 a a
2
0 1 1 a
0 0 1
(a + 1)
2
a + 2
_
_
_
, nen he
.
da cho tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng vo
.
i:
_

_
x +y +az = a
2
y z = a
z =
(a + 1)
2
a 2

_
x
1
=
a + 1
a 2
x
2
=
1
a + 2
x
3
=
(a + 1)
2
a + 2
V du
.
3. Giai v`a bie
.
n lua
.
n theo a, b:
_

_
ax + y +z = 1
x + by +z = 3
x + 2by +z = 4
D = det(A) =

a 1 1
1 b 1
1 2b 1

= (1 a)b; D
x
=

4 1 1
3 b 1
4 2b 1

= 2b + 1;
D
y
=

a 4 1
1 3 1
1 4 1

= 1 a; D
z
=

a 1 4
1 b 3
1 2b 4

= 4b 2ab 1
17
+ Neu D = (1 a)b ,= 0
_
a ,= 1
b ,= 0
, he
.
l`a Cramer, c o nghie
.
m duy nhat:
_

_
x
1
=
2b + 1
(1 a)b
x
2
=
1
b
x
3
=
4b 2ab 1
(1 a)b
+ Neu a = 1, he
.
tro
.
th`anh:
_

_
x + y +z = 1
x + by +z = 3
x + 2by +z = 4

_
x + y +z = 4
(b 1)y = 1
(2b 1)y = 0
, th`::
Neu 2b 1 = 0 b =
1
2
:
_
x +y +z = 0
y = 2

_

_
x = 2
y = 2
z =
, tu` y y.
Neu 2b1 ,= 0 b ,=
1
2
:
_

_
x + y +z = 4
(b 1)y = 1
y = 0
vo nghie
.
m v` (b1)0 = 1
+ Neu b = 0, he
.
tro
.
th`anh:
_

_
ax y +z = 4
x +z = 3
x +z = 4
vo nghie
.
m
V. He
.
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh tuyen tnh thua `n nhat
* He
.
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh tuyen tnh thua `n nhat l`a he
.
co da
.
ng
AX = 0 (II)
(B l`a ma tra
.
n to`an s o 0), khi do r(A) = r(A), he
.
luon luon c o nghie
.
m:
+ neu r(A) = n, he
.
co nghie
.
m duy nhat nghie
.
m ta `m thu
.
`o
.
ng x
1
= x
2
= =
x
n
= 0;
+ neu r(A) < n, he
.
co vo s o nghie
.
m, cac th`anh pha `n cua nghie
.
m phu
.
thuo
.
c nr(A)
tham s o, nen co nghie
.
m khac nghie
.
m khong (nghie
.
m khong ta `m thu
.
`o
.
ng).
+ Vo
.
i he
.
co n phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh, n a

n so, he
.
co nghie
.
m khong ta `m thu
.
o
.
ng khi v`a ch khi
det(A) ,= 0 v`a co nghie
.
m duy nhat ta `m thu
.
o
.
ng khi v`a ch khi det(A) = 0.
V du
.
. T`m a de

he
.
_

_
ax
1
+ x
2
+ + x
n1
+ x
n
= 0
x
1
+ax
2
+ + x
n1
+ x
n
= 0
. . . = 0
x
1
+ x
2
+ +ax
n1
+ x
n
= 0
x
1
+ x
2
+ + x
n1
+ax
n
= 0.
co nghie
.
m khong ta `m
thu
.
o
.
ng
18
det(A) =

a 1 . . . 1 1
1 a . . . 1 1
. . . . . .
1 1 . . . a 1
1 1 . . . 1 a

h
1
+

h
i
=
i=1

a +n 1 a +n 1 . . . a +n 1 a +n 1
1 a . . . 1 1
. . . . . .
1 1 . . . a 1
1 1 . . . 1 a

= (a +n 1)

1 1 . . . 1 1
1 a . . . 1 1
. . . . . .
1 1 . . . a 1
1 1 . . . 1 a

h
i
h
1
=
i=1
(a +n 1)

1 1 . . . 1 1
0 a 1 . . . 0 0
. . . . . .
0 0 . . . a 1 0
0 0 . . . 0 a 1

= (a +n 1)(a 1)
n1
He
.
co nghie
.
m khong ta `m thu
.
`o
.
ng khi det(A) = 0
_
a = 1 n
a = 1.
+ neu
(
1
;
2
; . . . ;
n1
;
n
) v`a (
1
;
2
; . . . ;
n1
;
n
)
l`a nghie
.
m cua he
.
(II) th`
h, k R : (h
1
+k
1
; h
2
+k
2
; . . . ; h
n1
+k
n1
; h
n
+k
n
)
c ung l` a nghie
.
m he
.
(II).
+ Tru
.
`o
.
ng ho
.
.
p r(A) < n (so a

n cua he
.
) th` r(A) a

n co
.
ban du
.
o
.
.
c bie

u die

n qua
n r(A) a

n khong co
.
ban (lay gia tri
.
tu` y y). Neu cho
.
n n r(A) a

n khong co
.
ban
tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng theo n r(A) th`anh pha `n cua n r(A) bo
.
s o:
(1; 0; 0; . . . ; 0); (0; 1; 0; . . . ; 0); (0; 0; 1; . . . ; 0); . . . ; (0; 0; 0; . . . ; 1)
th` n r(A) nghie
.
m cu
.
the

cua he
.
(II) du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a mo
.
t he
.
nghie
.
m co
.
ba n cu a
he
.
.
V du
.
. T`m he
.
nghie
.
m co
.
ban cua
_

_
x
1
+ 2x
2
2x
3
+ x
4
= 0
2x
1
+ 4x
2
+ 2x
3
x
4
= 0
x
1
+ 2x
2
+ 4x
3
2x
4
= 0
4x
1
+ 8x
2
2x
3
+ x
4
= 0.
19
A =
_
_
_
1 2 2 1
2 4 2 1
1 2 4 2
4 8 2 1
_
_
_
h
2
2h
1

h
3
h
1
h
4
4h
1
_
_
_
1 2 2 1
0 0 6 3
0 0 6 3
0 0 6 3
_
_
_
h
3
h
2

h2:2
h
4
h
2
_
1 2 2 1
0 0 2 1
_
u
.
ng
vo
.
i he
.
:
_
x
1
+ 2x
2
2x
3
+x
4
= 0
2x
3
x
4
= 0

_
x
1
= 2x
2
x
4
= 2x
3
.
+ Cho
.
n (x
2
, x
3
) = (1, 0), ta co: nghie
.
m (2; 1; 0; 0)
+ Cho
.
n (x
2
, x
3
) = (0, 1), ta co: nghie
.
m (0; 0; 1; 2)
* Gia i thch cach t`m ma tra
.
nghi
.
ch da o o
.
pha `n IV, chu
.
o
.
ng 1
Cho ma tra
.
n vuong A =
_
_
_
a
1,1
a
1,2
a
1,3
. . . a
1,n
a
2,1
a
2,2
a
2,3
. . . a
2,n
. . . . . .
a
n,1
a
n,2
a
n,3
. . . a
n,n
_
_
_ co det(A) ,= 0. Xet he
.
n phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh 2n a

n:
_

_
a
1,1
x
1
+a
1,2
x
2
+a
1,3
x
3
+ +a
1,n
x
n
+x
n+1
= 0
a
2,1
x
1
+a
2,2
x
2
+a
2,3
x
3
+ +a
2,n
x
n
+x
n+2
= 0
a
3,1
x
1
+a
3,2
x
2
+a
3,3
x
3
+ +a
3,n
x
n
+x
n+3
= 0
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a
n,1
x
1
+a
n,2
x
2
+a
n,3
x
3
+ +a
n,n
x
n
+x
n+1
= 0
co da
.
ng ma tra
.
n
AX +X

= 0 A X = X

(1)
vo
.
i X =
_
_
_
_
_
_
x
1
x
2
x
3
.
.
.
x
n
_
_
_
_
_
_
v`a X

=
_
_
_
_
_
_
x
n+1
x
n+2
x
n+3
.
.
.
x
2n
_
_
_
_
_
_
v` det(A) ,= 0, A
1
nen: (1) X = A
1
X

X +A
1
X

= 0 (*)
He
.
co ma tra
.
n he
.
s o:
_
_
_
_
_
a
1,1
a
1,2
a
1,3
. . . a
1,n
[ 1 0 0 . . . 0
a
2,1
a
2,2
a
2,3
. . . a
2,n
[ 0 1 0 . . . 0
a
3,1
a
3,2
a
3,3
. . . a
3,n
[ 0 0 1 . . . 0
. . . . . . . . .
a
n,1
a
n,2
a
n,3
. . . a
n,n
[ 0 0 0 . . . 1
_
_
_
_
_
= (A[E)
Gia su
.
qua cac phep bien d o

i so
.
cap tren cac h`ang, ta du
.
a du
.
o
.
.
c ma tra
.
n ve ` da
.
ng
_
_
_
_
_
1 0 0 . . . 0 [ b
1,1
b
1,2
b
1,3
. . . b
1,n
0 1 0 . . . 0 [ b
2,1
b
2,2
b
2,3
. . . b
2,n
0 0 1 . . . 0 [ b
3,1
b
3,2
b
3,3
. . . b
3,n
. . . . . . . . .
0 0 0 . . . 1 [ b
n,1
b
n,2
b
n,3
. . . b
n,n
_
_
_
_
_
= (E[B)
20
u
.
ng vo
.
i he
.
:
_

_
x
1
+b
1,1
x
n+1
+b
1,2
x
n+2
+b
1,3
x
n+3
+ +b
1,n
x2n = 0
x
2
+b
2,1
x
n+1
+b
2,2
x
n+2
+b
2,3
x
n+3
+ +b
2,n
x2n = 0
x
3
+b
3,1
x
n+1
+b
3,2
x
n+2
+b
3,3
x
n+3
+ +b
3,n
x2n = 0
. . . . . . . . .
x
n
+b
n,1
x
n+1
+b
n,2
x
n+2
+b
n,3
x
n+3
+ +b
n,n
x2n = 0
co da
.
ng X +B X

= 0, suy ra B = A
1
B
`
AI T

A
.
P
2.1. Giai cac he
.
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh sau:
_

_
3x 5y + 2z + 4t = 2
7x 4y + z + 3t = 5
5x + 7y 4z 6t = 3
_

_
2x + y z = 1
x y +z = 2
4x + 3y +z = 3
_

_
x + y 3z = 1
2x + y 2z = 1
x + 2y 3z = 1
x + y + z = 3
_

_
2x + 3y z + 5t = 0
3x y + 2z 7t = 0
4x + y 3z + 6t = 0
x 2y + 4z 7t = 0
_

_
x 2y + 3z 4t = 4
y z + t = 3
x + 3y 3t = 1
7y + 3z + 3t = 3
_

_
2x + y 3z = 4
x + 2y + z = 1
3x 3y + 2z = 11
_

_
x + 3y + 4z = 8
2x + y z = 2
2x + 6y 5z = 4
_

_
x y + 2z 3t = 1
x + 4y z 2t = 2
x 4y + 3z 2t = 2
x 8y + 5z 2t = 2
_

_
2x + 3y z + t = 2
2x + 3y +z = 4
2x + 3y + 2z = 3
2x + 3y = 5
_

_
3x + 4y + 5z + 7t = 1
2x + 6y 3z + 4t = 2
4x + 2y + 13z + 10t = 0
2x + 21z + 13t = 3
_

_
x + y + 5z = 7
x + 3y + z = 5
2x + y + z = 2
2x + 3y 3z = 14
_

_
2x 5y + 4z + 3t = 0
3x 4y + 7z + 5t = 0
4x 9y + 8z + 5t = 0
3x 2y + 5z 3t = 0
_

_
3x + y 3z + t = 1
2x y + 7z 3t = 2
x + 3y 2z + 5t = 3
3x 2y + 7z 5t = 3
_

_
x + 2y + 3z t = 1
3x + 2y + z t = 1
2x + 3y + z + t = 1
5x + 5y + 5z = 2
_

_
8x + 6y + 5z + 2t = 21
3x + 3y + 2z + t = 10
4x + 2y + 3z+ = 8
3x + 5y + z + t = 15
7x + 4y + 5z + 2t = 18
_

_
x
1
+x
2
= 1
x
1
+x
2
+x
3
= 4
x
2
+x
3
+x
4
= 3
x
3
+x
4
+x
5
= 2
x
4
+x
5
= 1
_

_
x
1
+ 2x
2
+ 3x
3
+ 4x
4
= 0
7x
1
+ 14x
2
+ 20x
3
+ 27x
4
= 0
5x
1
+ 10x
2
+ 16x
3
+ 19x
4
= 2
3x
1
+ 5x
2
+ 6x
3
+ 13x
4
= 5
2.2. Giai v`a bie
.
n lua
.
n theo a cac he
.
sau:
21
_

_
(a + 1)x + y + z = 1
x + (a + 1)y + z = a
x + y + (a + 1)z = a
2
_

_
ax + y + z +t = 1
x +ay + z +t = a
x + y +az +t = a
2
_

_
x y +az +t = a
x +ay z +t = 1
ax +ay z t = 1
x + y + z + t = a
_
_
_
2 1 1 1
2 1 0 3
3 0 1 1
2 2 2 a
_
_
_
_
_
_
x
y
z
t
_
_
_=
_
_
_
1
2
3
6
_
_
_
2.3. Cho he
.
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
_

_
ax
1
3x
2
+ x
3
= 2
ax
1
+ x
2
+ 2x
3
= 3
3x
1
+ 2x
2
+ x
3
= b.
a. T`m a de

he
.
tren l`a he
.
Cramer; u
.
ng vo
.
i gia tri
.
cua a v` u
.
a t`m, t`m nghie
.
m cua he
.
theo b.
b. T`m a, b de

he
.
tren vo nghie
.
m.
c. T`m a, b de

he
.
tren co vo s o nghie
.
m, t`m nghie
.
m to

ng quat cua he
.
.
2.4. T`m m de

cac he
.
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh sau day:
a. co nghie
.
m
_
_
2 3 1
3 7 6
5 8 1
_
_

_
_
x
y
x
_
_
=
_
_
7
2
m
_
_
;
_
_
3 6
4 8
2 7
_
_

_
x
y
_
=
_
_
9
12
m
_
_
;
_
_
3 2 5
2 4 6
5 7 m
_
_

_
_
x
y
z
_
_
=
_
_
1
3
5
_
_
;
_
_
3 7 5
2 3 1
6 9 3
_
_

_
_
x
y
z
_
_
=
_
_
m
2
5
_
_
;
_

_
3x + 4y + 5z + 7t = 1
2x + 6y 3z + 4t = 2
4x + 2y + 13z + 10t = m
5x + 21z + 13t = 3
;
_

_
mx + 2y + 3z + 2t = 3
2x +my + 3z + 2t = 3
2x + 3y +mz + 2t = 3
2x + 3y + 2z +mt = 3
2x + 3y + 2z + 3t = m
b. vo nghie
.
m:
_

_
2x y + z t = 1
2x y 3t = 2
3x z + t = 3
2x + 2y 2z +mt = 6
;
_

_
x + y + (1 m)z = m+ 2
(1 +m)x y + 2z = 0
2x my + 3z = m+ 2
c. vo di
.
nh:
_

_
mx
1
+ x
2
+ x
3
+ + x
n
= 0
x
1
+mx
2
+ x + 3 + + x
n
= 0
x
1
+ x
2
+mx
3
+ + x
n
= 0
. . . . . . . . .
x
1
+ x
2
+ x
3
+ +mx
n
= 0
_

_
3x + 2y + z +t = 1
2x + 3y + z +t = 1
x + 2y + 3z t = 1
5x + 5y + 2z = 2m+ 1
;
_

_
3x + 2y + z = 3
mx + y + 2z = 3
mx 3y + z = 2
;
_

_
x +my z + 2t = 0
2x y +mz + 5t = 0
x + 10y 6z + t = 0
22
d. co nghie
.
m duy nhat:
_

_
x + 3y z + t = 1
3x + 3y z +mt = 2
2x + 2y +z + t = 3
5x + 3y + 2t = 1
;
_

_
x + y + z +mt = 1
x +my + z + t = 1
mx + y + z + t = 1
x + y +mz + t = 1
;
_

_
x + 4y + 3z + 6t = 0
x + z + t = 0
2x + y z = 0
2y +mx = 0
2x + 5y + 3z + 7t = 0
2.5. Ch u
.
ng minh he
.
sau c o nghie
.
m duy nhat, t`m nghie
.
m do:
_

_
x
2
+x
3
+x
4
+ +x
n1
+x
n
= 1
x
1
+x
3
+x
4
+ +x
n1
+x
n
= 2
x
1
+x
2
+x
4
+ +x
n1
+x
n
= 3
. . . . . . . . .
x
1
+x
2
+x
3
+x
4
+ +x
n1
= n
2.6. T`m die `u kie
.
n theo a de

he
.
sau c o nghie
.
m duy nhat
_

_
x
1
+ ax
2
= 0
x
1
+ (1 +a)x
2
+ ax
3
= 0
x
2
+ (1 +a)x
3
+ ax
4
= 0
x
3
+ (1 +a)x
4
+ ax
5
= 0
x
4
+ (1 +a)x
5
= 0
2.7. Bie
.
n lua
.
n theo a s o nghie
.
m cua he
.
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh:
_

_
(a 3)x + y + z = 0
x + (a 3)y + z = 0
x + y + (a 3)z = 0
;
_

_
ax +ay + z = a
ax + y +az = 1
x +ay +az = 1
;
_

_
ax +ay + (a + 1)z = a
ax +ay + (a 1)z = a
(a + 1)x +ay + (2a + 3)z = 1
;
_

_
x y +az +t = a
x +ay z +t = 1
ax +ay z t = 1
x + y + z + t = a
2.8. T`m nghie
.
m nguyen du
.
o
.
ng (neu co) cua he
.
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh sau:
_
x + y + z = 100
x + 15y + 25z = 500
;
_
x + 2y + 3z = 14
2x + 3y z = 5
;
_
x + 3y 3z = 1
3x 3y + 4z = 4
;
_

_
x y + z + t = 2
2x + y 3z + 2t = 2
3x 2y + z + t = 3
2.9. T`m cac da th u
.
c ba
.
c 3 f(x) biet:
a. f(1) = 0; f(1) = 4; f(2) = 3; f(3) = 16;
b. f(1) = 5; f(1) = 5; f(3) = 45; f(4) = 25.
2.10. T`m nghie
.
m to

ng quat v`a he
.
nghie
.
m co
.
ban cua he
.
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh sau:
23
_

_
2x y + 5z + 7t = 0
4x 2y + 7z + 5t = 0
2x y + z 5t = 0
;
_

_
x + y 4z = 0
2x + 9y + 6z = 0
3x + 5y + 2z = 0
4x + 7y + 5z = 0
;
_

_
x + 2y + 4z 3t = 0
3x + 5y + 6z 4t = 0
4x + 5y 2z + 3t = 0
3x + 8y + 24z 19t = 0
;
_

_
x + 8z + 7t = 0
2x + y + 4z + t = 0
3x + 2y z 6t = 0
7x + 4y + 6z 5t = 0
2.11.
a. Trong mo
.
t x nghie
.
p san xuat, co 15 c ong nhan du
.
o
.
.
c chia l`am 3 ba
.
c (I,II,III),
hu
.
o
.
ng lu
.
o
.
ng thang la `n lu
.
o
.
.
t l`a: 600.000, 500.000, 400.000 do `ng. Mo

i thang x
nghie
.
p phat 7,7 trie
.
u do `ng tie `n lu
.
o
.
ng. Hoi trong x nghie
.
p ay, so cong c ong mo

i
ba
.
c c o the

l`a bao nhieu?

b. Mo
.
t ho
.
.
p tac xa nong nghie
.
p c o 300 ha dat, 850 cong lao d o
.
ng v`a 65 trie
.
u do `ng
tie `n von d`anh cho san xuat vu
.
h`e thu vo
.
i du
.
.
di
.
nh tro `ng cac loa
.
i cay I,II,III c o chi
ph san xuat cho mo

i ha giao tro `ng nhu

.
sau:
Loa
.
i cay Von ba
`
ng tie `n (do `ng) Lao do
.
ng (cong)
I 200.000 2
II 150.000 3
III 400.000 5
-ooOoo-
24
Chu
.
o
.
ng 3
H
`
AM NHI

E
`
U BI

N & T

ICH PH

AN K

EP
I. H`am nhie `u bien
1. Khai nie
.
m
* Cho D R
2
. Mo
.
t anh xa
.
f : D R
(x, y) f(x, y) = z R
du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a h`am hai bien x ac di
.
nh tren D, D du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a mie ` n xac di
.
nh
cu a h`am hai bien f(x, y).
V du
.
.
+ Mie `n xac di
.
nh cua h`am z = f(x, y) =
_
1 x
2
y
2
l`a ta
.
p
D =
_
(x, y) R
2
: x
2
+y
2
1
_
(h`nh tr`on tam O ban knh 1).
+ Mie `n xac di
.
nh cua h`amz = f(x, y) = ln(x+y) l`a ta
.
p D =
_
(x, y) R
2
: x +y > 0
_
(nu
.
a ma
.
t pha

ng na
`
m pha tren du
.
`o
.
ng tha

ng y = x tren ma
.
t pha

ng xOy.
* Cho h`am hai bien z = f(x, y). Tren ma
.
t pha

ng Oxy, mo

i ca
.
p (x, y) du
.
o
.
.
c bie

u die

n
bo
.
i mo
.
t die

m M(x, y), nen ta co the

xem z = f(x, y) l`a h`am cac die

m M(x, y), k y
hie `u z = f(M).
* Cho h`am hai bien z = f(x, y) co mie `n xac di
.
nh D. Trong khong gian Oxyz, xet
cac die

m P(x, y, z) thoa man (x, y) D v`a z = f(x, y). Khi M cha

.
y tren mie `n D,
cac die

m P va
.
ch trong khong gian mo
.
t ma
.
t cong du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a do ` thi
.
cu a h`am
hai bien x = f(x, y).
* Cho D R
n
= (x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
) : x
i
R, i = 1, ..., n. Mo
.
t anh xa
.
f : D R
(x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
) f(x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
) = z R
du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a h`am n bien f(x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
) xac di
.
nh tren D (D du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a mie ` n
xac di
.
nh).
* Cho h` am hai bien z = f(x, y) xac di
.
nh trong khoang ho
.
U cua M
o
(x
o
, y
o
) (khong
ca `n xac di
.
nh ta
.
i M
o
). So L du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a gio
.
i ha
.
n cu a f(x, y) khi M(x, y) da `n
den M
o
(x
o
, y
o
) neu vo
.
i mo
.
i day die

m M
n
(x
n
, y
n
) thuo
.
c U da `n den M
o
(x
o
, y
o
), ta
de `u co: lim
n
f(x
n
, y
n
) L. Ta k y hie
.
u:
lim
xx
o
yy
o
f(x, y) = L.
* H`am soz = f(x, y) x ac di
.
nh trong mie `n D du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a lien tu
.
c ta
.
i M
o
(x
o
, y
o
) D
neu:
lim
xx
o
yy
o
f(x, y) = f(x
o
, y
o
).
25
2. D
-
a
.
o h`am v`a vi phan h`am nhie ` u bien
2.1. D
-
a
.
o h`am rieng
* Cho h`am so z = f(x, y) xac di
.
nh tren khoang ho
.
U cua M
o
(x
o
, y
o
), khi d o x =
xx
o
v`a y = yy
o
du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i la `n lu
.
o
.
.
t l`a so gia cu a bien so x v`a y,
x
z = f(x
o
+
x, y
o
)f(x
o
, y
o
) v`a
y
z = f(x
o
, y
o
+y) du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i la `n lu
.
o
.
.
t l`a s o gia rieng cu a h`am
z = f(x, y) theo x v`a theo y ta
.
i M
o
(x
o
, y
o
), c`on z = f(x
o
+x, y
o
+y)f(x
o
, y
o
)
du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a so gia to`an pha `n cu a h`am z = f(x, y) ta
.
i M
o
(x
o
, y
o
).
* Neu lim
x0

x
z
x
v`a lim
y0

y
z
y
to `n ta
.
i h u
.
u ha
.
n th` cac gio
.
i ha
.
n do du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a c ac
da
.
o h`am rieng cu a h`am x = f(x, y) ta
.
i (x
o
, y
o
) cu a bien x v`a bien y, k y
hie
.
u la `n lu
.
o
.
.
t l`a:
z

x
(x
o
, y
o
) = f

x
(x
o
, y
o
) =
z
x
(x
o
, y
o
) = lim
x0

x
z
x
z

y
(x
o
, y
o
) = f

y
(x
o
, y
o
) =
z
y
(x
o
, y
o
) = lim
y0

y
z
y
* Neu h`am z = f(x, y) co c ac da
.
o h`am rieng theo bien x v`a bien y ta
.
i (x, y) D,
ta noi z = f(x, y) co cac da
.
o h`am rieng theo bien x v`a theo bien y trong
mie ` n D, k y hie
.
u l`a:
f

x
(x, y) = z

x
=
z
x
; f

y
(x, y) = z

y
=
z
y
V du
.
. Tnh cac da
.
o h`am rieng cua
+ z = x
y
, x > 0:
z

x
= (x
y
)

x
= yx
y1
;
z

y
= (x
y
)

x
= x
y
. lnx
+ z = e
x
y
:
z

x
=
_
e
x
y
_

x
= e
x
y
.
_
x
y
_

x
= e
x
y
.
1
y
;
z

y
=
_
e
x
y
_

y
= e
x
y
.
_
x
y
_

y
= e
x
y
.
_

x
y
2
_
=
x
y
2
.e
x
y
+ z = Arctg xy;
z

x
= (Arctg xy)

x
=
(xy)

x
1 + (xy)
2
=
y
1 +x
2
y
2
;
z

y
=
(xy)

y
1 + (xy)
2
=
x
1 +x
2
y
2
2.2. Vi ph an
* Vi phan to`an pha `n cua h`am hai bien z = f(x, y) l`a: dz = z

x
dx +z

y
dy, co the

u
.
ng
du
.
ng de

tnh ga `n d ung gia tri

.
cua h`am so ph u
.
c ta
.
p theo cong th u
.
c s o gia h u
.
u ha
.
n
nhu
.
sau:
f(x
o
+ x, y
o
+ x) f

x
(x
o
, y
o
) x +f

y
(x
o
, y
o
) y +f(x
o
, y
o
)
26
V du
.
. Tnh ga `n d ung cac s osau: a. A = (0.998)
3.001
; b. B =
_
(4.001)
2
+ (2.997)
2
a. Xet z = f(x, y) = x
y
ta
.
i M
o
(1; 3). Ta c o:
+ f(x, y) = x
y
f(1, 3) = 3.1
2
= 3
+ f

x
(x, y) = yx
y1
f

x
(1, 3) = 3.1
2
= 3
+ f

y
(x, y) = x
y
. lnx f

y
(1, 3) = 1
3
. ln1 = 0
Cho
.
n x = 0.002, y = 0.001, khi d o:
A = (1 0.002)
3+0.001
= f(1 0.002, 3 + 0.001) = f(x
o
+ x, y
o
+ y)
f

x
(x
o
, y
o
) x +f

y
(x
o
, y
o
) y +f(x
o
, y
o
) = 3 (0.002) + 0 (0.001) + 1 = 0.994
b. Xet z = f(x, y) =
_
x
2
+y
2
ta
.
i M
o
(4, 3). Ta c o:
+ f(x, y) =
_
x
2
+y
2
f(4, 3) =

4
2
+ 3
2
= 5
+ f

x
(x, y) =
x
_
x
2
+y
2
f

x
(4, 3) =
4
4
2
+ 3
2
=
4
5
= 0.8
+ f

y
(x, y) =
y
_
x
2
+y
2
f

x
(4, 3) =
3
4
2
+ 3
2
=
3
5
= 0.6
Cho
.
n x = 0.001, y = 0.003, khi d o:
B =
_
(4.001)
2
+ (2.997)
2
=
_
(4 + 0.0001)
2
+ (3 0.003)
2
= f(x
o
+ x, y
o
+ y)
f

x
(x
o
, y
o
) x +f

y
(x
o
, y
o
) y +f(x
o
, y
o
)
= 0.8 0.001 + 0.6 (0.003) + 5 = 4.999
* Neu c ac da
.
o h`am rieng z

x
, z

y
(du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a da
.
o h`am rieng cap 1) c ung co da
.
o
h`am rieng th` cac da
.
o h`am rieng d o du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a da
.
o h`am rieng cap 2 cu a
z = f(x, y), du
.
o
.
.
c k y hie
.
u v`a xac di
.
nh nhu
.
sau:
z

xx
= f

xx
(x, y) =

2
f
x
2
= (z

x
)

x
;
z

xy
= f

xy
(x, y) =

2
f
xy
= (z

x
)

y
;
z

yx
= f

yx
(x, y) =

2
f
yx
= (z

y
)

x
;
z

yy
= f

yy
(x, y) =

2
f
y
2
= (z

y
)

y
+ Neu z = f(x, y) co c ac da
.
o h`am rieng cap 2 lien tu
.
c trong mie `n D th` trong mie `n
do: z

xy
= z

yx
.
* Neu z = f(u, v) l`a h`am kha vi v`a u = u(x, y), v = v(x, y) co cac da
.
o h`am rieng
u

x
, u

y
, v

x
, v

y
trong mie `n D th` trong mie `n do to `n ta
.
i cac da
.
o h`am rieng
z

x
= z

u
u

x
+z

v
v

x
;
z

y
= z

u
u

y
+z

v
v

y
27
V du
.
. Cho z = e
u
sinv vo
.
i u = xy, v = x
2
+y
2
. Tnh z

x
, z

y
.
V`: z

u
= e
u
sinv; z

v
= e
u
cos v; u

x
= y; u

y
= x; v

x
= 2x; v

y
= 2y, nen:
+ z

x
= z

u
u

x
+z

v
v

x
= e
u
sinvy+e
u
cos v2x = ye
xy
sin(x
2
+y
2
)+2xe
xy
cos(x
2
+y
2
)
+ z

y
= z

u
u

y
+z

v
v

y
= e
u
sinvx+e
u
cos v2y = xe
xy
sin(x
2
+y
2
)+2ye
xy
cos(x
2
+y
2
)
1.3. Cu
.
.
c tri
.
cua h`am hai bien
* Cho h`am z = f(x, y) xac di
.
nh, lien tu
.
c trong mie `n D. Ta noi z da
.
t cu
.
.
c da
.
i
(tu
.
o
.
ng tu
.
.
, cu
.
.
c tie

u) di
.
a phu
.
o
.
ng ta
.
i M
o
(x
o
, y
o
) D neu to `n ta
.
i khoang ho
.
U
cua M
o
(x
o
, y
o
) trong D sao cho f(x
o
, y
o
) f(x, y) (tu
.
o
.
ng tu
.
.
, f(x
o
, y
o
) f(x, y))
vo
.
i mo
.
i (x, y) D.
+ Quy ta

c t`m cu
.
.
c tri
.
: Gia su
.
z = f(x, y) co da
.
o h`am rieng lien tu
.
c den c ap
2 trong khoang ho
.
ch u
.
a M
o
(x
o
, y
o
) v`a co f

x
(x
o
, y
o
) = f

y
(x
o
, y
o
) = 0. D
-
a
.
t A =
f

xx
(x
o
, y
o
), B = f

xy
(x
o
, y
o
), C = f

yy
(x
o
, y
o
), th`:
+ Neu B
2
AC < 0, A < 0 th` z = f(x, y) da
.
t cu
.
.
c da
.
i ta
.
i (x
o
, y
o
);
+ Neu B
2
AC < 0, A > 0 th` z = f(x, y) da
.
t cu
.
.
c tie

u ta
.
i (x
o
, y
o
);
+ Neu B
2
AC > 0 th` (x
o
, y
o
) khong phai l`a die

m cu
.
.
c tri
.
;
+ Neu B
2
AC = 0 th` khong ket lua
.
n du
.
o
.
.
c.
V du
.
. T`m cu
.
.
c tri
.
cua h`am so:
a. z = f(x, y) = x
2
xy +y
2
+ 3x 2y + 1
b. z = x
3
+y
3
3xy
a. Ta co: z

x
= 2x y + 3; z

y
= x + 2y + 2; z

xx
= 2; z

xy
= 1; z

yy
= 2.
Giai
_
z

x
= 0
z

y
= 0

_
2x y + 3 = 0
x + 2y 2 = 0

_

_
x =
4
3
y =
1
3
Ta
.
i die

m M
o
_

4
3
,
1
3
_
, ta co: A = z

xx

M
o
= 2, B = z

xy

M
o
= 1, C = z

yy

M
o
= 2,
nen: B
2
AC = (1)
2
2 2 = 3 < 0.
Suy ra h`am 2 bien da
.
t cu
.
.
c tie

u ta
.
i M
o
_

4
3
,
1
3
_
vo
.
i z
min
=
4
3
.
b. Ta c o: z

x
= 3x
2
3y; z

y
= 3y
2
3x; z

xx
= 6x; z

xy
= 3; z

yy
= 6y.
Giai
_
z

x
= 0
z

y
= 0

_
3x
2
3y = 0
3y
2
3x = 0

_
x = y = 0
x = y = 1
Ta
.
i die

m M
o
(0, 0), ta c o: A = z

xx

M
o
= 0, B = z

xy

M
o
= 3, C = z

yy

M
o
= 0,
nen: B
2
AC = 9 0 = 9 > 0. V a
.
y M
o
(0, 0) khong phai l`a cu
.
.
c tri
.
.
Ta
.
i die

m M
1
(1, 1), ta c o: A = z

xx

M
o
= 6, B = z

xy

M
o
= 3, C = z

yy

M
o
= 6,
nen: B
2
AC = 9 36 = 27 < 0. Suy ra h`am 2 bien da
.
t cu
.
.
c tie

u ta
.
i M
1
(1, 1) vo
.
i
z
min
= 1.
B
`
AI T

A
.
P
3.1.1. Cho h`am f(x, y) =
x y
x +y
. Ch u
.
ng minh:
lim
x0
_
lim
y0
f(x, y)
_
= 1; lim
y0
_
lim
x0
f(x, y)
_
= 1
28
trong khi do lim
x0
y0
f(x, y) khong to `n ta
.
i.
3.1.2. Cho h`am f(x, y) =
x
2
y
2
x
2
y
2
+ (x y)
2
. Ch u
.
ng minh:
lim
x0
_
lim
y0
f(x, y)
_
= lim
y0
_
lim
x0
f(x, y)
_
= 0
, trong khi do lim
x0
y0
f(x, y) khong to `n ta
.
i.
3.1.3. Cho h`am f(x, y) = (x + y) sin
1
x
sin
1
y
. Ch u
.
ng minh lim
x0
_
lim
y0
f(x, y)
_
v`a
lim
y0
_
lim
x0
f(x, y)
_
khong to `n ta
.
i, nhu
.
ng lim
x0
y0
f(x, y) = 0
3.1.4. Tnh cac gio
.
i ha
.
n sau:
lim
x0
y0
x +y
x
2
xy +y
2
; lim
x0
y0
x
2
+y
2
x
4
+y
4
; lim
x0
y0
_
xy
x
2
+y
2
_
x
2
; lim
x0
y0
(x
2
+y
2
)
x
2
y
2
3.1.5. Cho h`am
f(x, y) =
_
_
_
xy
x
2
y
2
x
2
+y
2
neu x
2
+y
2
,= 0
0 neu x
2
+y
2
= 0.
Ch u
.
ng minh f
yx
(0, 0) ,= f
xy
(0, 0).
3.1.6. Nghien c u
.
u cu
.
.
c tri
.
di
.
a phu
.
o
.
ng cu a cac h`am sau:
a. z = x
4
+y
4
x
2
2xy y
2
+ 1
b. x = 2x
4
+y
4
x
2
2y
2
1
II. Tch phan hai lo
.
p
1. D
-
`nh ngha, tnh chat
Xuat phat t` u
.
cac b`ai toan thu
.
.
c te (nhu
.
tnh the

tch va
.
t the

h`nh tru
.
, du
.
`o
.
ng knh
mo
.
t mie `n), ta co di
.
nh ngha sau:
* Cho h`am z = f(x, y) xac di
.
nh trong mie `n h u
.
u ha
.
n D trong xOy. Ph an hoa
.
ch
D th`anh n mie `n nho tu` y y co ten v`a die
.
n tch s
1
, s
2
, . . . , s
n
. Tren mo

i S
i
(i = 1, . . . , n), lay M
i
(x
i
, y
i
) tu` y y v`a go
.
i to

ng
I
n
=
n

i=1
f(x
i
, y
i
)s
i
l`a to

ng tch phan cu a f(x, y) trong D.

Neu khi du
.
`o
.
ng knh lo
.
n nhat cua cac mie `n s
i
da `n den 0 (max d
i
0) m`a I
n
da `n
den mo
.
t gio
.
i ha
.
n xac di
.
nh I, khong phu
.
thuo
.
c c ach chia mie `n D (phan hoa
.
ch) v`a
29
cach cho
.
n M
i
(x
i
, y
i
) trong mo

i mie `n s
i
th` gio
.
i ha
.
n do du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a tch phan
hai lo
.
p cu a f(x, y) trong mie ` n D v`a k y hie
.
u l`a:
__
D
f(x, y)ds = lim
max d
i
0
n

i=1
f(x
i
, y
i
)s
i
trong do f(x, y) l`a h`am du
.
o
.
i dau tch phan, D l`a mie ` n lay tch phan, ds l`a
yeu to die
.
n tch, x, y l`a bien tch phan.
+ Khi tch phan hai lo
.
p to `n ta
.
i, ta co the

chia D bo
.
i lu
.
o
.
i cac du
.
`o
.
ng song song vo
.
i
Ox, Oy, khi do s
i
l`a h`nh ch u
.
nha
.
t, yeu to die
.
n tch ds ba
`
ng dx, dy:
__
D
f(x, y)dxdy = lim
maxd
i
0
n

i=1
f(x
i
, y
i
)s
i
+ Die
.
n tch mie `n D du
.
o
.
.
c tnh ba
`
ng:
o(D) =
__
D
dxdy
+ T o

ho
.
.
p tuyen tnh nh u
.
ng h`am kha tch tren D c ung kha tch tren D v`a:
__
D
[f
1
(x, y) f
2
(x, y)]dxdy =
__
D
f
1
(x, y)dxdy
__
D
f
2
(x, y)dxdy
+ Neu f(x, y) kha tch tren D th` [f(x, y)[ c ung kha tch tren D v`a:

__
D
f(x, y)dxdy

__
D
[f(x, y)[dxdy
+ Chia D th`anh 2 mie `n D
1
, D
2
r`o
.
i nhau bo
.
i mo
.
t du
.
`o
.
ng L. Neu f(x, y) kha tch tren
ca D
1
, D
2
(ke

ca bien L) th` no kha tnh tren D v`a:

__
D
f(x, y)dxdy =
__
D
1
f(x, y)dxdy +
__
D
f(x, y)dxdy
+ Neu f(x, y) kha tch tren D v`a m f(x, y) M, (x, y) D, th`:
[m, M] : =
__
D
f(x, y)dxdy
o(D)
30
+ Neu f(x, y), g(x, y) kha tch tren D v`a thoa man f(x) g(x) th`:
__
D
f(x, y)dxdy
__
D
g(x, y)dxdy
2. Cach tnh tch phan hai lo
.
p
+ Neu h`am so f(x, y) lien tu
.
c tren mie `n D = a x b; (x) y (x) trong do
(x) v`a (x) lien tu
.
c tren [a, b] th`:
__
D
f(x, y)dxdy =
_
b
a
_
_
(x)
(x)
f(x, y)dy
_
dx
V du
.
1. Tnh the

tch h`nh tru

.
gio
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i cac ma
.
t:
x = 0, x = 1, y = 1, y = 1, z = 0, z = x
2
+y
2
.
Ta c o: V =
__
D
f(x, y)dxdy =
_
1
0
__
1
1
(x
2
+y
2
)dy
_
dx =
_
1
0
_
2x
2
+
2
3
_
dx =
4
3
V du
.
2. Tnh the

tch h`nh tru

.
gio
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i ma
.
t
z = f(x, y) = xy
2
, ma
.
t z = 0, x = 0, x = 1, y = 2, y = 3.
Ta c o: V =
_
1
0
xdx
_
3
2
y
2
dy =
x
2
2

1
0
y
3
3

3
2
=
35
6
V du
.
3. Tnh the

tch h`nh tru

.
gio
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i cac ma
.
t:
x = 1, x = 2, y =
x
2
2
, y = x
2
, z = 0, z = xy.
Ta c o: V =
__
D
xydxdy =
_
2
1
_
_
x
2
x
2
2
xydy
_
dx =
_
2
1
3x
5
8
dx =
63
16
.
V du
.
4. Tnh
__
D
xdxdy, vo
.
i D l`a mie `n gio
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i cac du
.
`o
.
ng y = x v`a y = x
2
.
Mie ` n D du
.
o
.
.
c xac di
.
nh: D = 0 x 1; x
2
y x, nen:
__
D
xdxdy =
_
1
0
__
x
x
2
xdy
_
dx =
1
12
.
V du
.
5. Tnh I =
__
D
(x y)dxdy, trong do D du
.
o
.
.
c gio
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i cac du
.
`o
.
ng
y = 1, x = y
2
, y = x + 1.
31
Mie ` n D du
.
o
.
.
c xac di
.
nh: D = 1 y 1; y 1 x y
2
, suy ra:
I =
_
1
1
_
_
y
2
y1
(x y)dx
_
dy =
_
1
1
_
y
4
2
y
3
+
y
2
2

1
2
_
dy =
7
15
.
+ Cho f(x, y) lien tu
.
c tren D dong v`a bi
.
cha
.
n, l`a anh cua D

qua anh xa
.
_
x = x(u, v)
y = y(u, v)
.
Neu
x(u, v), y(u, v) lien tu
.
c v`a co c ac da
.
o h`am rieng lien tu
.
c
J(u, v) =

x
u
x
v
y
u
y
v

,= 0, (u, v) D

th`:
__
D
f(x, y)dxdy =
__
D

f[x(u, v), y(u, v)][J(u, v)[dudv

Cha

ng ha
.
n khi da
.
t
_
x = r cos
y = r sin
th`:
J(u, v) =

cos r sin
sin r cos

= r
khi do:
__
D
f(x, y)dxdy =
__
D

f(r cos , r sin)rdrd

V du
.
6. Tnh tch phan I =
__
D
e
x
2
y
2
dxdy trong do D l`a du
.
`o
.
ng tr`on do
.
n vi
.
.
Ta c o: I =
_
2
0
d
_
1
0
e
r
2
rdr =
_
2
0
1
2
_
1
1
e
_
d =
_
1
1
e
_
.
V du
.
7. Tnh tch phan I =
__
D
(x + 2y)dxdy, trong do D l`a h`nh b`nh h`anh gio
.
i ha
.
n
bo
.
i cac du
.
`o
.
ng
x +y = 1, x +y = 2, 2x y = 1, 2x y = 3.
Ta c o: D

= (u, v) : 1 u 2, 1 v 3 v`a J =

1
3
1
3
2
3

1
3

=
1
3
,= 0, nen:
I =
__
D

1
3
_
u +v
3
+
4u 3v
3
_
dudv
=
1
9
_
2
1
__
3
1
(5u v)dv
_
du =
1
9
_
2
1
(10u 4)du =
11
9
32
V du
.
8. Tnh I =
__
D
ydxdy vo
.
i D l`a mie `n:
a. H`nh qua
.
t tr`on tam O, ban knh a na
`
m trong goc pha `n tu
.
th u
.
2.
b. Mie `n gio
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i c ac du
.
`o
.
ng cong co phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh trong he
.
toa
.
do
.
cu
.
.
c l`a: r =
2 +cos , r = 1.
a. I =
_

2
sind
_
a
0
r
2
dr =
a
3
3
_

2
sind =
a
3
3
.
b. I =
_
2
0
__
2+cos
1
rdr
_
sind =
1
2
_
2
0
(3 + 4 cos + cos
2
) sind = 0.
V du
.
9. Tnh I =
__
D
_
4 x
2
y
2
dxdy trong do:
D l`a nu
.
a tren cua h`nh tr`on (x 1)
2
+y
2
1.
D
-
a
.
t
_
x = r cos
y = r sin
th` D

= (r, ) : 0 r 2 cos , 0

2
, khi do:
I =
_
2
0
__
2 cos
0
_
4 r
2
rdr
_
d =
8
3
_
2
0
(1 sin
3
)d =
8
3
_

2

2
3
_
.
III. Tch phan 3 lo
.
p
1. D
-
i
.
nh ngha, tnh chat
Cho f l`a mo
.
t h`am bi
.
cha
.
n, xac di
.
nh tren mo
.
t ta
.
p V do du
.
o
.
.
c trong R
3
. Chia V
th`anh h u
.
u ha
.
n nh u
.
ng ta
.
p V
i
do du
.
o
.
.
c, khong c o die

m trong chung. La
.
p to

ng tch phan
n

i=1
f(, , )V
i
(1)
o
.
day V
i
l`a the

tch ta
.
p V
i
, v`a (, , ) l`a mo
.
t die

m tu` y y thuo
.
c V
i
.
* Go
.
i D l`a so lo
.
n nhat trong cac du
.
`o
.
ng knh d(V
i
) cua phep phan hoa
.
ch V
i

1in
.
Neu
lim
D0
n

i=1
f(, , )V
i
to `n ta
.
i th` gia tri
.
n`ay du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a tch phan ba lo
.
p cu a h`am f tren ta
.
p V v`a
du
.
o
.
.
c k y hie
.
u l`a
___
V
f(x, y, z)dxdydz,
h`am f du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a kha tnh tren V .
+ Tch phan ba lo
.
p co cac tnh chat ho`an to`an tu
.
o
.
ng tu
.
.
nhu
.
tch phan hai lo
.
p.
2. Cach tnh tch phan ba lo
.
p
+ Neu mie `n lay tch phan l`a mo
.
t h`nh ho
.
p
V = [a
1
, b
1
] [a
2
, b
2
] [a
3
, b
3
],
33
th`:
___
V
f(x, y, z)dxdydz =
_
b
1
a
1
_
_
b
2
a
2
_
_
b
3
a
3
f(x, y, z)dz
_
dy
_
dx
V du
.
. Tnh I =
___
V
xyzdxdydz vo
.
i V = [0, 1] [2, 4] [5, 8].
I =
_
1
0
xdx
_
4
2
ydy
_
8
5
zdz =
x
2
2

1
0

y
2
2

4
2

z
2
2

8
5
=
1
2
6
39
2
=
117
2
+ Neu mie `n l`a mo
.
t the

tru
.
mo
.
r o
.
ng (gio
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i 2 ma
.
t
1
(x, y),
2
(x, y), ma
.
t tru
.
co du
.
`o
.
ng sinh song song Oz, du
.
`o
.
ng chua

n l`a bien
D
xy
= (x, y) : a x y,
1
(x) y
2
(x)
vo
.
i
1
,
2
lien tu
.
c tren [a, b] th`:
___
V
f(x, y, z)dxdydz =
_
b
a
_
_

2
(x)

1
(x)
_
_

1
(x,y)

2
(x,y)
d(x, y, z)dz
_
dy
_
dx
V du
.
. Tnh
___
V
(1 x y)dxdydz vo
.
i mie `n V gio
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i cac ma
.
t pha

ng toa
.
do
.
v`a
ma
.
t pha

ng x +y +z = 1.
Ta co: V = (x, y, z) : 0 x 1, 0 y 1 x, 0 z 1 x y, nen:
I =
_
1
0
__
1x
0
__
1xy
0
(1 x y)dz
_
dy
_
dx =
_
1
0
__
1x
0
(1 x y)
2
dy
_
dx
=
_
1
0
1
3
(1 x)
3
(1 x
3
)dx =
1
12
* D
-
o

i bien trong tch phan ba lo

.
p: Cho f lien tu
.
c tren mie ` n d ong, do du
.
o
.
.
c v`a
bi
.
cha
.
n V R
3
, vo
.
i V l`a a nh cu a V

qua do
.
n anh
_

_
x = x(u, v, w)
y = y(u, v, w)
z = z(u, v, w).
Neu cac h`am
s o x = x(u, v, w), y = y(u, v, w), z = z(u, v, w) lien tu
.
c, co cac da
.
o h`am rieng lien
tu
.
c tren V

v`a neu
J(u, v, w) =
D(x, y, z)
D(u, v, w)
=

u
x

v
x

w
y

u
y

v
y

w
z

u
z

v
z

,= 0
34
th` ta
.
i mo
.
i die

m (u, v, w) V

, ta co:
___
V
f(x, y, z)dxdydz =
___
V

f[x(u, v, w), y(u, v, w), z(u, v, w)][J(u, v, w)[dudvdw

+ Neu theo toa
.
do
.
tru
.
:
_

_
x = r cos
y = r sin
z = r,
th`:
J(r, , z) =

cos r sin 0
sin r cos 0
0 0 1

nen
___
V
f(x, y, z)dxdydz =
___
V

f(r cos , r sin, z)rdrddz

V du
.
. Tnh I =
___
V
(x
2
+ y
2
)zdxdydz trong do V l`a mie `n gio
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i c ac ma
.
t
x
2
+y
2
= 1 v`a z = 2.
H`nh tru
.
tr`on xoay V du
.
o
.
.
c xac di
.
nh bo
.
i: V = (r, , z) : 0 r 1, 0
2, 0 z 2, suy ra:
I =
_
2
0
zdz
_
2
0
d
_
1
0
dr = .
+ Neu theo toa
.
do
.
ca `u:
_

_
x = r cos sin
y = r sinsin
z = r cos ,
th`:
J(r, , ) ==

cos sin r cos cos r sinsin

sinsin r cos sin r cos sin
cos r sin 0

nen
___
V
f(x, y, z)dxdydz ==
___
V

f(r cos sin, r sinsin, r cos )r

2
sindrdd
V du
.
. Tnh I =
___
V
(x
2
+ y
2
)dxdydz trong do V l`a mie `n gio
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i ma
.
t ca `u
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
= 1 v`a ma
.
t non x
2
= y
2
z
2
= 0 (z > 0).
35
Giai he
.
_
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
= 1
x
2
+y
2
z
2
= 0,
giao tuyen l`a du
.
`o
.
ng tr`on
_

_
x
2
+y
2
=
_

2
2
_
2
z =

2
2
suy ra:
V = (r, , theta) : 0 r 1, 0 2, 0

4

v`a f(x, y, z) = x
2
+y
2
= r
2
sin, nen
I =
_
1
0
r
4
dr
_
2
0
d
_
4
0
d =
1
5
2
_
4
0
(1 cos
2
)d(cos )
=
2
5
_
cos
3

3
cos

4
0
_
=
8 5

2
30

*

U
.
ng du
.
ng cu a tch phan kep
+ Die
.
n tch cua mo
.
t h`nh pha

ng D dong, do du
.
o
.
.
c, bi
.
cha
.
n trong R
2
o(D) =
__
D
dxdy
+ The

tch mie `n V do du
.
o
.
.
c, dong, bi
.
cha
.
n
1 =
___
V
dxdydz
Neu V l`a h`nh tru
.
cong, xet D l`a h`nh chieu cua V xuong ma
.
t pha

ng,
z = f(x, y) l`a ma
.
t tren h`nh tru
.
cong:
1 =
__
D
f(x, y)dxdy
Neu V l`a the

tru
.
mo
.
r o
.
ng, xet D l`a h`nh chieu cua D len xOy, z =

1
(x, y), z =
2
(x, y) l`a ma
.
t du
.
o
.
i, ma
.
t tren cua V :
1 =
___
D
f(
1
(x, y),
2
(x, y))dxdy
V du
.
1. Tnh die
.
n tch h`nh gio
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i cac du
.
`o
.
ng tha

ng x = 1, x = 2 v`a cac du
.
`o
.
ng
y =
a
2
x
, y =
2a
2
x
(x > 0)
36
D = (x, y) : 1 x 2,
a
2
x
y
2a
2
x
, suy ra:
o(D) =
__
D
dxdy =
_
2
1
_
_ 2a
2
x
a
2
x
dx
_
dx =
_
2
1
_
2a
2
x

a
2
x
_
dx = a
2
ln2
V du
.
2. Tnh the

tch va
.
t the

V gio
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i cac ma
.
t
x
2
+y
2
= 2, z = 4 x
2
y
2
, z = 0.
V l`a h`nh tru
.
cong, ma
.
t tren co phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh z = 4 x
2
y
2
, h`nh chieu D cua
V len ma
.
t pha

ng xOy l`a h`nh tr`on x

2
+y
2
2. V a
.
y
1 =
__
D
(4 x
2
y
2
)dxdy =
_
2
0

_

2
0
(4 r
2
)rdr = 6
+ Cho S l`a ma
.
t cong c o phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh z = f(x, y), trong do f lien tu
.
c, co da
.
o h` am
rieng lien tu
.
c tren mie `n dong, bi
.
cha
.
n, do du
.
o
.
.
c, th` die
.
n tch ma
.
t cong o l`a:
o =
__
D
_
1 +f

x
2
+f

y
2
dxdy
V du
.
. Tnh die
.
n tch pha `n ma
.
t c a `u x
2
+y
2
+z
2
= a
2
na
`
m trong ma
.
t tru
.
x
2
+y
2
= a
2
.
Ma
.
t tru
.
ca

t ma
.
t ca `u th`anh hai manh doi x u
.
ng nhau qua ma
.
t pha

ng xOy, mo

i
manh n`ay la
.
i du
.
o
.
.
c c ac ma
.
t pha

ng toa
.
do
.
chia th`anh 4 manh ba
`
ng nhau. Vo
.
i z 0, ta
co: z =
_
a
2
x
2
y
2
, suy ra 1 +z

x
2
+z

y
2
=
a
2
a
2
x
2
= y
2
, nen
o = 8
__
x
2
+y
2
a
2
,x0,y0
a
_
a
2
x
2
y
2
dxdy = 8x
_
2
d
0

_
a
0
rdr

a
2
r
2
= 4a
2
B
`
AI T

A
.
P
3.2.1. Tnh
__
D
xlnydxdy
vo
.
i D l`a h`nh ch u
.
nha
.
t:
0 x 4, 1 y e.
3.2.2. Tnh
__
D
(cos
2
x + sin
2
y)dxdy
37
vo
.
i D l`a h`nh vu ong:
0 x

4
, 0 y

4
.
3.2.3. Tnh
I =
_
2
1
_
_
x
2
x
(2x y)dy
_
dx.
3.2.4. Tnh
__
D
(x y)dxdy
vo
.
i D l`a h`nh gi o
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i:
y = 2 x
2
, y = 2x 1.
3.2.5. Tnh
__
D
(x + 2y)dxdy
vo
.
i D l`a h`nh gi o
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i c ac du
.
`o
.
ng tha

ng:
y = x, y = 2x, x = 2, x = 3.
3.2.6. Tnh
__
D
e
x+sin y
cos ydxdy
vo
.
i D l`a h`nh ch u
.
nha
.
t:
0 x , 1 y

2
.
3.2.7. Tnh
__
D
(x
2
+y
2
)dxdy
vo
.
i D l`a mie ` n gio
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i c ac du
.
`o
.
ng
y = x, x = 0, y = 1, y = 2.
3.2.8. Tnh
__
D
ln(x
2
+y
2
)dxdy
vo
.
i D l`a mie ` n h`nh v`anh kh an gi u
.
x hai du
.
`o
.
ng tr`on
x
2
+y
2
= e
2
v`a x
2
+y
2
= e
4
.
38
3.2.9. Tnh
__
D
(x
2
+y
2
)dxdy
vo
.
i mie ` n D gio
.
i h` an bo
.
i du
.
`o
.
ng tr`on x
2
+y
2
= 2ax.
3.2.10. Tnh
__
D
x
3
ydxdy
vo
.
i D l`a mie ` n gio
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i c ac du
.
`o
.
ng
y = 0 v`a y =
_
2ax x
2
.
3.2.11. Tnh
__
D
sin(x +y)dxdy
vo
.
i D l`a mie ` n gio
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i c ac du
.
`o
.
ng
y = 0, y = x, x +y =

2
.
3.2.12. Tnh
__
D
x
2
(y x)dxdy
vo
.
i D l`a mie ` n gio
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i c ac du
.
`o
.
ng
x = y
2
v`a y = x
2
.
3.2.13. Tnh
__
D
f(x, y)dxdy
vo
.
i D l`a mie ` n gio
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i du
.
`o
.
ng
x
2
a
2
+
y
2
b
2
= 1,
c`on h`am du
.
o
.
i d au tch ph an
f(x, y) =
_
c

1
x
2
a
2

y
2
b
2
0
tdt.
3.2.14. Tnh
__
D
r
2
drd
39
vo
.
i D l`a mie ` n:
a. Cac du
.
`o
.
ng tr`on r = a v`a r = 2a.
b. D
-
u
.
`o
.
ng r = a sin2.
3.2.15. Tnh
__
D
r sindrd
vo
.
i D l`a mie ` n:
a. Qua
.
t tr` on gio
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i c ac du
.
`o
.
ng r = a, =

2
, = .
b. Nu
.
a du
.
`o
.
ng tr`on r 2a cos , 0

2
.
c. Nu
.
a du
.
`o
.
ng tr`on r = 2 + cos v`a r = 1.
3.2.16. Su
.
du
.
ng cong th u
.
c do

i bien trong toa

.
do
.
cu
.
.
c, tnh cac tch phan:
a.
_
R
0
_
_

R
2
x
2
0
ln(1 +x
2
+y
2
)dy
_
dx
b.
_
R
0
_
_

Rxx
2

Rxx
2
_
R
2
x
2
y
2
dy
_
dx
3.2.17.
a. Tnh
_
1
0
__
2x
x
dy
_
dx
ba
`
ng cach d` ung cac bien mo
.
i
_
x = u(1 v)
y = uv
b. Tnh
__
D
dxdy
neu D gio
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i c ac du
.
`o
.
ng
xy = 1, xy = 2, y = x, y = 3x.
3.2.18. Tnh cac tnh phan ba lo
.
p sau:
a. I =
___
V
_
x
2
a
2
+
y
2
b
2
+
z
2
c
2
_
dxdydz vo
.
i V gio
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i ma
.
t
x
2
a
2
+
y
2
b
2
+
z
2
c
2
= 1.
b. I =
___
V
(x
2
+y
2
)dxdydz, v o
.
i V du
.
o
.
.
c gio
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i c ac ma
.
t x
2
+y
2
= z
2
, z = 2.
c. I =
___
V
(x
2
+y
2
)dxdydz, v o
.
i V du
.
o
.
.
c gio
.
i ha
.
n bo
.
i c ac ma
.
t x
2
+y
2
= 2z, z = 2.
40
3.2.19. Tnh I =
___
V
xyzdxdydz, v o
.
i V na
`
m trong goc ph a `n tam th u
.
nhat, gio
.
i ha
.
n
bo
.
i c ac m a
.
t sau, vo
.
i 0 < a < b, 0 < < , 0 < m < n:
z =
x
2
+y
2
m
, z =
x
2
+y
2
n
, xy = a
2
, xy = b
2
, y = x, y = x
-ooOoo-
41
Chu
.
o
.
ng 4
PHU
.
O
.
NG TR
`
INH VI PH

AN
I. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan cap 1
1. Khai nie
.
m chung
* Ta go
.
i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan cap 1 l`a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh co da
.
ng
F(x, y, y

) = 0 (I)
hoa
.
c
y

= f(x, y) (I
o
)
trong do x l`a bien so, y l`a h`am cua x, v`a y

l`a da
.
o h`am cua y.
* Neu co h`am y = (x) thoa man phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh (I) hay (I
o
) th` y = (x) du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i
l`a nghie
.
m cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh (I) hay (I
o
).
* Neu co h`am y = (x, C) hoa
.
c he
.
th u
.
c (x, y, C) = 0 thoa man (I) hay (I
o
) vo
.
i C
t` uy y trong mie `n n`ao do cua R, v`a vo
.
i mo

i die `u kie
.
n da `u y(x
o
) = y
o
vo
.
i (x
o
, y
o
)
thuo
.
c mie `n x ac di
.
nh cua phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh, ch co duy nhat gia tri
.
C = C
o
l`am cho
y = (x, C
o
) hay (x, y, C
o
) = 0 thoa man die `u kie
.
n da `u, th` y = (x, C) hoa
.
c
(x, y, C) = 0 du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a nghie
.
m to

ng quat cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh (I) hay (I
o
).
* Neu y = (x, C) hay (x, y, C) = 0 l`a nghie
.
m to

ng quat cua (I) hay (I

o
), cho
C = C
o
(gia tri
.
cu
.
the

xac di
.
nh) th` y = (x, C
o
) hay (x, y, C
o
) = 0 du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i
l`a nghie
.
m rieng cu a (I) hay (I
o
). Neu nghie
.
m y = (x) khong phai l`a nghie
.
m
rieng nha
.
n t` u
.
nghie
.
m to

ng quat vo
.
i bat k` y gia tri
.
C n`ao (ke

ca C = ) th` ta
go
.
i no l`a nghie
.
m k`y di
.
cu a (I) hay (I
o
).
+ (D
-
i
.
nh ly to `n ta
.
i v`a duy nhat nghie
.
m): Cho phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh (I
o
). Neu f(x, y)
lien tu
.
c trong mie ` n n`ao do ch u
.
a die

m (x
o
, y
o
) th` to `n ta
.
i t nhat mo
.
t nghie
.
m
y = (x) sao cho y
o
= (x
o
) v`a neu f

y
(x, y) lien tu
.
c ta
.
i (x
o
, y
o
) th` y = (x) to `n
ta
.
i duy nh at.
2. Cac loa
.
i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan cap 1
2.1. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh bien so phan ly
L`a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh m`a neu thay y

=
dy
dx
th` co the

bien do

i ve ` da
.
ng f
1
(y)dy =
f
2
(x)dx. Lay tch phan bat di
.
nh 2 ve th` giai du
.
o
.
.
c phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh.
V du
.
1. Giai phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh:
ydy = (x
2
+ 1)dx.
Lay tch phan hai ve cua phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da cho:
_
ydy =
_
(x
2
+ 1)dx
y
2
2
=
x
3
3
+x +
C
2
y
2
=
2
3
x
3
+ 2x +C
V du
.
2. Giai phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh:
(y x
2
y)dy + (xy
2
+x)dx = 0.tag1
Ta co: (1) y(x
2
1)dy = x(y
2
+ 1)dx (2)
42
+ Neu x
2
1 0 x 1 th` dx = 0, nen (2) thoa man. Va
.
y x = 1 l`a nghie
.
m
cua (1).
+ Neu x
2
1 , 0 x , 1: (2)
y
y
2
+ 1
dy ==
x
x
2
1
dx. Lay tch phan 2 ve:
_
ydy
y
2
+ 1
=
_
xdx
x
2
1

1
2
ln[y
2
+ 1[ =
1
2
ln[x
2
1[ +
1
2
ln[C[
y
2
+1 = C(x
2
1) (C ,= 0). Va
.
y (1) co nghie
.
m:
_
y
2
+ 1 = C(x
2
1), C ,= 0
x = 1
V du
.
3. Giai phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh:
y

= 3x
2
y (1)
Ta co: (1)
dy
dx
= 3x
2
y dy = 3x
2
ydx (2)
+ Neu y 0 th` y

= 0, nen (2) thoa man. Va

.
y y = 0 l`a nghie
.
m cua (1).
+ Neu y , 0: (2)
dy
y
= 3x
2
dx. Lay tch phan 2 ve:
ln[y[ = x
3
+ ln[C[ ln[y[ = ln[Ce
x
3
[ y = Ce
x
3
, C ,= 0
Va
.
y (1) co nghie
.
m: y = Ce
x
3
(vo
.
i C t` uy y).
2.2. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan da

ng cap cap 1
L`a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh co da
.
ng y

= f(x, y) vo
.
i f(x, y) = f(x, y), ,= 0.
D
-
a
.
t y = ux, ta co: u

x +u = y

= f(x, y) = g(u), ta du
.
a ve ` phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh co bien
s o phan ly u

x = g(u) u.
V du
.
6. Giai phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh:
y

=
x +y
x y
(1)
D
-
a
.
t y = ux y

= u

x +u, ta c o:
(1) u

x +u =
x +ux
x ux
u

x =
1 +u
1 u
u
1 u
1 +u
2
du =
dx
x
.
Lay tch phan 2 ve:
_
du
1 +u
2

1
2
_
2udu
1 +u
2
= ln[x[ +
1
2
ln[C[ arctg u
ln[1 +u
2
[
2
=
ln[Cx
2
[
2
Va
.
y (1) co nghie
.
m:
2Arctg
y
x
= ln[C(x
2
+y
2
)[, C ,= 0
V du
.
5. Giai phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh:
y

=
y
2
x
2
2 (1)
D
-
a
.
t y = ux y

= u

x +u, ta c o:
(1) u

x +u = u
2
2 u

x = u
2
u 2 (2)
43
+ Neu u
2
u 2 0
_
u = 1
u = 2
th` u

= 0, (2) thoa man, va

.
y
_
y = x
y = 2x
l`a cac
nghie
.
m cua (1)
+ Neu u
2
u 2 , 0
_
u ,= 1
u ,= 2
th` (2) tu
.
o
.
ng du
.
o
.
ng vo
.
i:
du
u
2
u 2
=
dx
x

1
3
ln

u 2
u 1

+
1
3
lnC ln

u 2
u + 1

= Cx
3
y2x = Cx
3
(y+x), C ,= 0. Suy ra cac nghie
.
m cua (1) l`a:
_
y 2x = Cx
3
(y +x)
y = x
vo
.
i C t` uy y.
2.3. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan tuyen tnh cap 1
L`a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh co da
.
ng y

+p(x)y = q(x) trong do p(x), q(x) l`a cac h`am lien tu

.
c
tren [a, b].
Cach giai thu
.
.
c hie
.
n qua cac bu
.
o
.
c:
Giai phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh tuyen tnh thua `n nhat (q(x) = 0), ta c o: y 0 hoa
.
c
dy
y
= p(x)dx y = Ce

p(x)dx
, va
.
y nghie
.
m l`a: y = Ce

p(x)dx
T`m nghie
.
m rieng y

cua phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh khong thua `n nhat (q(x) ,= 0) b a
`
ng
cach da
.
t y

= C(x).u(x) vo
.
i u(x) = e

p(x)dx
, suy ra
y

= e

p(x)dx
.
_
q(x)e

p(x)dx
dx.
la
.
p nghie
.
m to

ng quat cua phu

.
o
.
ng tr`nh khong thua `n nhat da
.
ng y = y +y

V du
.
6. Giai phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh:
y

2xy = x
+ Giai phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh thua `n nhat y

2xy = 0, ta c o nghie
.
m:
y = 0 hoa
.
c
dy
y
= 2xdx lny = x
2
+ lnC y = Ce
x
2
.
+ Nghie
.
m rieng cua phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh khong thua `n nhat l`a:
y

= e
x
2
.
_
x.e
x
2
dx = e
x
2
.
_

1
2
e
x
2
_
=
1
2
.
Va
.
y (1) co nghie
.
m to

ng quat: y = y +y

= Ce
x
2

1
2
vo
.
i C t` uy y.
V du
.
7. Giai phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh:
y

+ 2xy = xe
x
2
.
+ Giai phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh thua `n nhat y

+ 2xy = 0, ta c o nghie
.
m:
y = 0 hoa
.
c
dy
y
= 2xdx lny = x
2
+ lnC y = Ce
x
2
.
44
+ Nghie
.
m rieng cua phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh khong thua `n nhat l`a:
y

= e
x
2
.
_
x.e
x
2
.e
x
2
dx = e
x
2
.
_
xdx =
x
2
e
x
2
2
.
Va
.
y (1) co nghie
.
m to

ng quat l`a: y = y +y

= Ce
x
2
+
x
2
e
x
2
2
vo
.
i C t` uy y.
2.4. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh Bernoulli
L`a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh co da
.
ng y

+p(x)y = q(x).y

.
D
-
e

giai, gia thiet y , 0, chia 2 ve cho y

, ro `i da
.
t z =
y
1
1
(l`a h`am theo x, z , 0),
giai phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh tuyen tnh cap 1 theo z.
V du
.
8. Giai phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh:
y

+ 2xy = 2x
3
y
3
.
+ Neu y 0 th` y

= 0: (1) thoa man nen y = 0 l`a nghie

.
m cua phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
+ Neu y , 0 (1) y

y
3
+ 2xy
2
= 2x
3
. D
-
a
.
t z =
1
2
y
2
(l`a h`am theo x, z , 0),
th`: z

= y

y
3
, phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh tro
.
th`anh z

4xz = 2x
3
(3)
Giai (3). Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh thua `n nhat:
z

4xz = 0
dz
z
= 4xdx z = Ce
2x
2
v`a nghie
.
m rieng
z

= e
2x
2
_
2x
3
e
2x
2
dx = e
2x
2
_

1
2
_
x
2
+
1
2
_
e
2x
2
_
=
1
2
_
x
2
+
1
2
_
.
Va
.
y (3) c o nghie
.
m to

ng quat: z = z +z

= Ce
2x
2

1
2
_
x
2
+
1
2
_
, nen (1) c o nghie
.
m
_
_
1
y
2
= 2Ce
2x
2
+x
2
+
1
2
y = 0
, vo
.
i C t` uy y.
B
`
AI T

A
.
P
4.1.1. Gia i cac phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi ph an sau (da
.
ng du
.
a ve ` bien so phan ly):
(xy
2
x)dx+(y+x
2
y)dy = 0; y

+sin
x +y
2
sin
x y
2
= 0; y

= 2x+y+4;
y

y x + 1; y

= e
x+y
1; xy

= e
y
1;
2x
2
1 +2x
2
dx+
5y
y
2
+ 1
dy = 0;
(1 +e
2x
)y
2
dy = e
x
dx (biet y(0) = 0); y

= e
y4x
(biet y(1) = 1)
4.1.2. Gia i cac phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi ph an sau (da
.
ng da

ng cap cap 1):

y

=
y
2
x
2
2; y

= e
y
x
+
y
x
; xy

= y ln
y
x
; y

=
2xy
x
2
y
2
;
(x
2
+2xy)dx+xydy = 0; xy

= y

xy; y

=
y
x
_
1 +ln
y
x
_
; y

=
y
x
+
x
y
;
45
y

=
y
x
+ cos
2
y
x
; x
3
y

= y(x
2
+y
2
); y

=
y
x
+ sin
y
x
(biet y(1) =

2
);
xy

y = xtg
y
x
(biet y(1) =

2
); y

=
y
x
+
y
2
x
2
(biet y(1) = 1);
y

=
y
x
+
1
2
_
y
x
_
3
(biet y(1) = 1);
4.1.3. Gia i cac phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi ph an sau (da
.
ng tuyen tnh cap 1):
y

+ 2y = 4x; (1 +x
2
)y

2xy = (1 +x
2
)
2
; xy

y
1 +x
= x;
xy

+y = x
2
cos x; y

+ 2xy = xe
x
2
; y

cos x +y sinx = 1;
xy

xy = (1+x
2
)e
x
; y

+e
x
y = e
2x
; y

1
xln x
y = xlnx; y

2
x
y = 4x
2
;
y

+xy = 3x; y

+
y
x
= 3x
3
; y

+ 2y = cos x; y

2y = sinx;
xy

+y = e
x
(biet y(1) = 0); (x + 1)xy

y = x(x + 1) (biet y(1) = 0)

II. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan cap 2
1. Khai nie
.
m chung
* Ta go
.
i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan cap 2 l`a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh co da
.
ng
F(y

, y

, y, x) = 0 (II)
hay
y

= f(y

, y, x) (II
o
)
trong do y l`a h`am so theo bien x, c`on y

, y

l`a da
.
o h`am cap 1,2 cua y, v`a nghie
.
m
cu a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh l`a h`am y = (x) hay (x, y) = 0 thoa man phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh do.
* H`am y = (x, C
1
, C
2
) hoa
.
c (x, y, C
1
, C
2
) = 0 thoa man phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh (II) hay
(II
o
) vo
.
i C
1
, C
2
l`a ha
`
ng so t` uy y trong ta
.
p con n`ao do cua R, v`a vo
.
i mo

i die `u
kie
.
n y(x
o
) = y
o
v`a y

(x
o
) = y

o
ta t`m du
.
o
.
.
c duy nhat c a
.
p so C
10
, C
20
sao cho y =
(x, C
10
, C
20
) hay (x, y, C
10
, C
20
) = 0 thoa (II) hay (II
o
) du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a nghie
.
m
to

ng quat cu a cac phu

.
o
.
ng tr`nh do.
* Neu y = (y, C
1
, C
2
) hay (x, y, C
1
, C
2
) = 0 l`a nghie
.
m to

ng quat cua (II) hay

(II
o
), cho C
1
= C
01
, C
2
= C
02
vo
.
i C
01
, C
02
l`a hai so xac di
.
nh cu
.
the

th` y =
(x, C
01
, C
02
) hay (x, y, C
01
, C
02
) = 0 du
.
o
.
.
c go
.
i l`a nghie
.
m rieng cu a phu
.
o
.
ng
tr`nh do.
+ (D
-
i
.
nh ly to `n ta
.
i v`a duy nhat nghie
.
m): Trong phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh (II
o
), neu h`am
f(y

, y, x) lien tu
.
c trong mie ` n n`ao d o ch u
.
a die

m (y

o
, y
o
, x
o
) th` to `n ta
.
i mo
.
t nghie
.
m
y = y(x) cu a (II
o
) sao cho y +o = y(x
o
), y

o
= y

(x
o
) v`a neu f

y
.f

y
c ung lien tu
.
c
trong mie ` n ch u
.
a die

m (y

o
, y
o
, x
o
) th` nghie
.
m ay l`a duy nhat.
2. Cac loa
.
i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan cap 2 thu
.
`o
.
ng ga
.
p
2.1. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan cap 2 giam cap du
.
o
.
.
c
+ Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh co da
.
ng y

= f(x) (thieu y, y

)
Cach giai: tch phan 2 la `n.
V du
.
1. Giai phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh:
y

= x + 1.
46
Ta co: y

=
_
(x + 1)dx =
x
2
2
+x +C
1
, suy ra:
y =
_ _
x
2
2
+x +C
1
_
dx =
x
3
6
+
x
2
2
+C
1
x +C
2
vo
.
i C
1
, C
2
t` uy y.
+ Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh co da
.
ng y

= f(y

, x) (thieu y)
Cach giai: da
.
t y

= z (h`am theo x) y

= z

. Nen: z

= f(z, x) l`a phu

.
o
.
ng
tr`nh c ap 1 cua z theo x, giai ra nghie
.
m to

ng quat z = (x, C
1
), thay z = y

, ta co:
y

= (x, C
1
) giai ra nghie
.
m to

ng quat cua phu

.
o
.
ng tr`nh ban da `u.
V du
.
2. Giai phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh:
y

= y

+x.
D
-
a
.
t y

= z (h`am theo x) y

= z

, suy ra z

z = x. D
-
ay l`a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi
phan tuyen tnh cap 1 cua h`am z theo x vo
.
i p(x) = 1, q(x) = x nen co nghie
.
m:
z =
__
q(x)e

p(x)dx
dx +C
1
_
e

p(x)dx
=
__
xe
x
dx +C
1
_
e
x
= C
1
e
x
(x + 1).
Thay z = y

, ta c o: y

= C
1
e
x
(x + 1) y = C
1
e
x

x
2
2
x +C
2
vo
.
i C
1
, C
2
t` uy y.
+ Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh co da
.
ng y

= f(y, y

) (thieu x)
Cach giai: da
.
t y

= z (h`am theo y), da

.
o h`am theo x, ta co: y

= z

y
y

= z

z,
nen: z

z = f(y, z).
Giai phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh cap 1 cua z theo bien y, ta c o: z = (y, C
1
), thay z = y

ro `i giai
tiep phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh y

= (y, C
1
) ta co nghie
.
m to

ng quat cua phu

.
o
.
ng tr`nh da cho.
V du
.
3. Giai phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh:
(1 y)y

+ 2(y

)
2
= 0 (1)
D
-
a
.
t y

= z (theo y) y

= z

= z

z (vo
.
i z

=
dz
dy
), ta co:
(1 y)z

z + 2z
2
= 0 (2)
+ Neu z 0 z

= 0: (2) thoa man nen z 0 l`a nghie

.
m cua (2) y

= 0 y = C
1
(vo
.
i C
1
t` uy y) l`a nghie
.
m cua (1)
+ Neu 1 y 0 y 1 y

= 0: (1) thoa man nen y = 1 l`a nghie

.
m (1) (tru
.
`o
.
ng
ho
.
.
p rieng cua nghie
.
m y = C
1
)
+ Neu y , C
1
z , 0:
(2) (1 y)
dz
dy
= 2z
dz
z
=
2dy
y 1
ln[z[ = 2 ln[y 1[ + ln[C
1
[
Suy ra: z = y

= C
1
(y 1)
2

dy
(y 1)
2
= C
1
dx
1
y 1
= C
1
x +C
2
.
Va
.
y (1) co nghie
.
m:
_
_
y =
1
C
1
x +C
2
+ 1; C
1
,= 0, C
2
t` uy y
y = C
1
, C
1
t` uy y
2.2. Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi phan tuyen tnh cap 2 vo
.
i he
.
so ha
`
ng
47
L`a phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh co da
.
ng y

+py

+qy = f(x) trong do p, q l`a ha

`
ng so thu
.
.
c. * D
-
oi
vo
.
i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh thua `n nhat (f(x) = 0):
Giai phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
.
c tru
.
ng: k
2
+pk +q = 0. (DT)
+ Neu (DT) c o 2 nghie
.
m thu
.
.
c phan bie
.
t k
1
, k
2
th` nghie
.
m to

ng quat cua phu

.
o
.
ng
tr`nh thua `n nhat l`a:
y = C
1
e
k
1
x
+C
2
e
k
2
x
.
+ Neu (DT) co nghie
.
m kep k
1
= k
2
th` nghie
.
m to

ng quat cua phu

.
o
.
ng tr`nh thua `n
nhat l`a:
y = (C
1
+C
2
x)e
k
1
x
.
+ Neu (DT) co 2 nghie
.
m ph u
.
c k
1
= + i, k
2
= i th` nghie
.
m to

ng quat cua
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh thua `n nhat l`a:
y = e
x
(C
1
cos x +C
2
sinx).
* D
-
oi v o
.
i phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh kh ong thua `n nhat y

+ py

+ qy = f(x) (ve pha i c o da

.
ng da
.
c
bie
.
t):
Bu
.
o
.
c 1: Giai phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh thua `n nhat tu
.
o
.
ng u
.
ng, t`m nghie
.
m to

ng quat du
.
o
.
i da
.
ng:
y = C
1
y
1
(x) +C
2
y
2
(x)
Bu
.
o
.
c 2: T`m nghie
.
m rieng y

cua phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh khong thua `n nhat de

suy ra nghie
.
m
y = y +y

+ Neu f(x) c o da
.
ng P
n
(x)e
ax
(P
n
(x) l`a da th u
.
c ba
.
c n):
Neu a khong phai l`a nghie
.
m cua (DT) th` y

co da
.
ng:
y

= (a
n
x
n
+a
n1
x
n1
+ +a
1
x +a
o
)e
ax
Neu a l`a nghie
.
m do
.
n cua (DT) th` y

co da
.
ng:
y

= x(a
n
x
n
+a
n1
x
n1
+ +a
1
x +a
o
)e
ax
Neu a l`a nghie
.
m kep cua (DT) th` y

co da
.
ng:
y

= x
2
(a
n
x
n
+a
n1
x
n1
+ +a
1
x +a
o
)e
ax
+ Neu f(x) co da
.
ng e
ax
[P
n
(x) cos bx + Q
m
(x) sin bx]: (P
n
(x), Q
m
(x) l`a cac da th u
.
c
ba
.
c n, m), da
.
t h = maxm, n:
Neu a +bi khong phai l`a nghie
.
m cua (DT) th` y

co da
.
ng:
y

=
_
(a
h
x
h
+ +a
1
x +a
o
) cos bx + (b
h
x
h
+ +b
1
x +b
o
) sinbx

e
ax
Neu a +bi l`a nghie
.
m cua (DT) th` y

co da
.
ng:
y

= x.
_
(a
h
x
h
+ +a
1
x +a
o
) cos bx + (b
h
x
h
+ +b
1
x +b
o
) sinbx

e
ax
D
-
e

xac di
.
nh cac s o a
i
, b
i
o
.
tren, ta d` ung phu
.
o
.
ng phap he
.
s o bat di
.
nh: tnh y

, y

r o `i thay y

, y

, y

v`ao phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh khong thua `n nhat, do `ng nhat hai ve v`a giai he
.
phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh theo a
i
, b
i
.
48
+ Nguyen l y cho `ng chat nghie
.
m: Neu y
1
(x), y
2
(x) la `n lu
.
o
.
.
t l`a nghie
.
m rieng cu a
cac phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh y

+p(x).y

+q(x).y = f
1
(x) v`a y

+p(x).y

+q(x).y = f
2
(x) th`
y
1
(x) +y
2
(x) l`a nghie
.
m rieng cu a y

+p(x).y

+q(x).y = f
1
(x) +f
2
(x).
V du
.
1. Giai phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh:
y

2y

3y = e
4x
(1)
Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
.
c tru
.
ng k
2
2k 3 = 0 c o nghie
.
m
_
k
1
= 1
k
2
= 3
nen phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh
thua `n nhat: y

2y

3y = 0 co nghie
.
m y = C
1
e
x
+C
2
e
3x
, C
1
, C
2
t` uy y.
Ve phai (1) co da
.
ng P
n
(x)e
ax
vo
.
i n = 0, a = 4 ,= k
1
, k
2
nen nghie
.
m rieng c o da
.
ng
y

= a
o
e
4x
, suy ra:
_
y

= 4a
o
e
4x
y

= 16a
o
e
4x
. Thay v`ao (1), ta co:
16a
o
e
4x
8a
o
e
4x
3a
o
e
4x
= e
4x
a
o
=
1
5
, suy ra:
y = y +y

= C
1
e
x
+C
2
e
3x
+
1
5
e
4x
, C
1
, C
2
.
V du
.
2. Giai phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh:
y

2y

+y = 6xe
x
(2)
Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
.
c tru
.
ng k
2
2k + 1 = 0 co nghie
.
m kep k
1
= k
2
= 1 nen phu
.
o
.
ng
tr`nh thua `n nhat: y

2y

+y = 0 co nghie
.
m y = (C
1
x +C
2
)e
x
, C
1
, C
2
t` uy y.
Ve phai (2) co da
.
ng P
n
(x)e
ax
vo
.
i n = 1, a = 1 = k
1
= k
2
nen nghie
.
m rieng c o da
.
ng
y

= x
2
(a
1
x +a
o
)e
x
, suy ra:
_
y

= [a
1
x
3
+ (3a
1
+a
o
)x
2
+ 2a
o
x]e
x
y

= [a
1
x
3
+ (6a
1
+a
o
)x
2
+ (6a
1
+ 4a
o
)x + 2a
o
]e
x
.
Thay v`ao (2), ta co:
_
6a
1
= 6
2a
o
= 0

_
a
1
= 1
a
o
= 0
y

= x
3
e
x
nen (2) co nghie
.
m:
y = y +y

= (C
1
x +C
2
)e
x
+x
3
e
x
= (C
1
x +C
2
+x
3
)e
x
, C
1
, C
2
V du
.
3. Giai p[hu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh:
y

+y = 4xe
x
(3)
Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
.
c tru
.
ng k
2
+ 1 = 0 co nghie
.
m k = i nen phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh thua `n
nhat: y

+ y = 0 co nghie
.
m y = e
0x
(C
1
sinx + C
2
cos x) = C
1
sinx + C
2
cos x, C
1
, C
2
t` uy y.
Ve phai (3) co da
.
ng P
n
(x)e
ax
vo
.
i n = 1, a = 1 ,= k
1
, k
2
nen nghie
.
m rieng c o da
.
ng:
y

= (a
1
x +a
o
)e
x
, suy ra:
_
y

= (a
1
x +a
1
+a
o
)e
x
y

= (a
1
x + 2a
1
+a
o
)e
x
.
Thay v`ao (3), ta co: 2a
1
x + 2a
1
+ 2a
o
= 4x. D
-
o `ng nhat 2 ve:
_
a
1
= 2
a
1
+a
o
= 0

_
a
1
= 2
a
o
= 2
y

= (2x 2)e
x
nen (2) co nghie
.
m:
y = y +y

= (C
1
sinx +C
2
cos x) + (2x 2)e
x
, C
1
, C
2
V du
.
4. Giai phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh:
y

y = 2e
x
x
2
(4)
Phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh da
.
c tru
.
ng k
2
1 = 0 co nghie
.
m k = 1 nen phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh thua `n
nhat: y

y = 0 co nghie
.
m y = C
1
e
x
+C
2
e
x
, C
1
, C
2
t` uy y.
49
Theo nguyen l y cho `ng chat nghie
.
m, nghie
.
m rieng cua (4) l`a to

ng hai nghie
.
m rieng
cua hai phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh sau:
_
y

y = 2e
x
(4a)
y

y = x
2
(4b)
Ve phai (4a) co da
.
ng P
n
(x)e
ax
vo
.
i n = 0, a = 1 = k
1
nen nghie
.
m rieng c o da
.
ng:
y

1
= x(a
o
)e
x
= a
o
xe
x
, suy ra:
_
y

= (a
o
x +a
o
)e
x
y

= (a
o
x + 2a
o
)e
x
.
Thay v`ao (4a), ta co: (a
o
x + 2a
o
a
o
x)e
x
= 2e
x
a
o
= 1, nen y

1
= xe
x
Ve phai (4b) co da
.
ng P
n
(x)e
ax
vo
.
i n = 2, a = 0 ,= k
1
, k
2
nen nghie
.
m rieng c o da
.
ng:
y

2
= a
2
x
2
+a
1
x+a
o
, suy ra:
_
y

= 2a
2
x +a
1
y

= 2a
2
(4b)

_
a
2
= 1
a
1
= 0
a
o
= 2
y

2
= x
2
+2.
Suy ra nghie
.
m rieng cua (4) l`a: y

= y

1
+y

2
= xe
x
+x
2
+ 2 v`a nghie
.
m to

ng quat:
y = y +y

= C
1
e
x
+C
2
e
x
+xe
x
+x
2
+ 2, C
1
, C
2
B
`
AI T

A
.
P
4.2.1. Gia i cac phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi ph an cap 2 sau (da
.
ng gia m cap):
xy

= y

; xy

= y

ln
y

x
; x
2
y

= y

2
; y
3
y

= 1; y

(e
x
+ 1) +y

= 0;
(xln x)y

= 0; x
2
y

+ 3xy

= 0; 1 +y

2
= 2yy

; yy

2
= 0
4.2.2. Gia i cac phu
.
o
.
ng tr`nh vi ph an cap 2 sau (da
.
ng tuyen tnh vo
.
i he
.
s o ha
`
ng):
y

2y

+y = e
x
; y

5y

+6y = e
2x
; y

2y

+2y = 2x
2
; y

+y

2y = xe
x
;
y

3y

+ 2y = e
x
(2x + 3); y

x; y

6y

+ 5y = 3e
x
+ 5x
2
;
y

5y

= 3x
2
+ sin5x; y

+y = sinxcos 3x; y

2y

3y = 3 4e
x
-ooOoo-
50
T`ai lie
.
u tham kha o
Tieng Vie
.
t
1. Lu
.
o
.
ng H`a. 2002. Giao tr`nh H`am nhie `u bien so. Trung tan D
-
`ao ta
.
o T` u
.
Xa, D
-
a
.
i
ho
.
c Hue.
2. Le Tu
.
.
Hy. 1974. Giao tr`nh Giai tch, Vie
.
n D
-
a
.
i ho
.
c Hue.
3. Le Viet Ngu
.
, Phan van Danh. 2000. Toan ho
.
c cao cap (chuyen ng`anh Sinh, Y,
Nong Lam). NXB Giao du
.
c.
4. Thai Xuan Tien, D
-
a
.
ng Ngo
.
c Du
.
c. 2002. Toan cao c ap (pha `n Giai tch). Trung
tam D
-
`ao ta
.
o T` u
.
Xa, D
-
a
.
i ho
.
c Hue.
5. Nguye

n D
-
`nh Tr v`a co
.
ng su
.
.
. 1983. To an ho
.
c cao c ap. Ta
.
p I,II,III. NXB D
-
a
.
i ho
.
c
v`a THCN.
Tieng Anh
6. P.E. Danko, A.G. Popov. 1996. B`ai ta
.
p Toan cao cap (ban di
.
ch). NXB Giao du
.
c.
7. G.Dorofeev, M.Potapov, N.Rozov. 1976. Elementary mathematics. Mir Publisher.
8. Liasko. 1979. Giai tch toan ho
.
c (ban di
.
ch). T a
.
p I. NXB D
-
a
.
i ho
.
c v`a THCN.