Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
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77
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lLs
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EoYVu Xd
Eo AVu [V] Eo YVp, Eo NpLs
Utm E]eLp SPTm Y]Ls TtV i
BnYm. Eo GuT JLlTjRlThP \p SP
Tm TpXWdLQdL] YqYR Y Y\V
Es[PdVRm.
EoYVp Gu\ Np Rp 1903Bm Bi
_oUu Sh YVXOo Lop Tod (Carl Neuberg)
GuTYWp ALl TjRlThP. C E]eLu
Xdtu YVp TiLs, EVp AUlLu
Ut\eLs, Utm Bt\p Ut\eLu RPoPV LrL[
GjdYRm. G]Y Eo YVp GuT EVp
Y LrL[ [dm TVL LRlT\. CR
LWQjtLL Eo YVp [ E] YVp ApX
Y EVp G]m TVPlT\
S] Eo YVX] [dL Eo YVp, CVe
Eo YVp G] C [L[L dLlThs[u. [dL
Eo YVp YqY Np T ThLu Ti Utm
A[L[ [d\.
2.
EoYVu SdLm
EoYVu dV SdLUY Eo NpLu
XdLp SPTm GpX YVp LrL[
UVL kLsRp Bm. CkR SdLjR
\YtP EoYVX[oLs NpLs[ TpY
EVp XdL[ Rjl jm, AYtu
AUlL[ oUjm, AY GqY YX Nnu\]
Gu Bnm NnY\oLs.
EoYVp BnLs SnLu TpY
TUQeL[ YfNjt Li Y\. X SnL[
TtV BnY] V fN \L[ EYd\.
dLUL SdLeL[ uYU YNlTjRXm.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
TPm - 1
Np
1.1. uW
NpLs ELu AUl Utm NVp AXL[L
LRlTm, A[p UT EPVYL[L CkRm, GpX
ELm NpL]p BdLlThs[]. J Np ELp,
NpX] ARu ElTL LRlT\. UmTPPkR
ELp NpLs Np Tlu Xm TdLUP\. JW
YLV], JWR YXV Nnu\ NpLu Rlt
dLs Utm ElLs Gu TVo. NpLu EYU]
ARu NVpThu ElLs AlTPm, A[Y] ARu
TUQjR Tjm AU\. CRu AlTPp
NpLu \lT] NVpTLs AUu\].
UR EPp GiQt\ \l Qm YnkR dLu
RlLs LQlTu\]. dLs TX Np RlL[p
B]Y. JqY Npm TX Eo Y]L[
UtLs[dV Yj RtNXVL LRlTu\].
1.1.1. NpLu YLLs
TYL NpLs CYLlTm
1. WLVhd NpLs
2. LVhd NpLs
1.1.1.1 WLVhd NpLs
TQUju AlTPp WLVh NpLs Ru
Rp RuV NpL[L LRlTu\]. CfNpLs
A[p Lm VYL[Lm, GV UmT APVR
Np AUlT LiPYL[Lm LQlTu\]. Um
CfNpLs J UpV Nq]p ZlThdm. CkR
UpV NqY tm J \lT] Np Yo
LQlT\.
1
LVhLs
1. Nq]p ZlThP EhL
Ei
2. Nq]p ZlThP Np
ilL[V
UhPLihV,
GiP[N YX Utm
LpL ElLs LQl
Tu\].
WLVhLs
EhL CpX
4. UhPv Utm Vv
Tu\ Np TlLp Te
Tu\ TX WU NmLs
LQl Tu\].
JW J WUNm
LQlTm. CWhP s
.Gu.H Xd\p B].
vPpd
TNp
EPp
Vm
UhPLiV
Np Nq
V A[X] WT
NmLs LQlTu\]
6. gNLs, WhP
NY,
BpLdLs,
UmT APkR EVo
RYWeLs Utm Xe
]eLp
CqYL
NpLs LQlTu\].
Np ilLs CpX
3. TV A[X] WT
NmLs LQlTu\].
5. T] TdL \p
C]l TdLUP\.
WUNm
NuhVp
EhL Nq
EhL
EhL U
TX
C]lTdL
\p C]l TdL
UP\.
TdVeLs, Xl Tm
TLs, vTWh Utm
UdL[vUp
CqYLf NpLs LQl
Tu\].
EhL [
Ydp
LpL
El
NW
NWlT]
ER
YZYZlT]
ER
XN NmLs
T NmLs
TNmLs
Np Nq
Np Yo
dVn
[_pX
pX
N Nm
1.2. Np ilLs
1.2.2. Np Nq
Np NqY] NpL[ rk Ap Es[
Ut\Ytk du\. TX T NdLW NeLs V
TlP NeL[p dL CQdLlTh Np NqY
EYd\. ARu YlTWl lT T NdLWL[p
ZlThs[. Np NqY], [vU Nq, Utm
[vUXmU Gum AZdLlTu\. TLs A]j
4
TdVeLm LQlTYpX. CY Np Yu
hL[m. Np Nqp Uo 45% lLs Utm 55%
WReLs LQlTu\]. CRu NWN TUu 75 Ao. Cp
LQlTu\ RuU lL[Y], TvT lLs,
vuLlLs Utm LXvhWp Bm CY W
Ydm ahW LoTu RL[m ( Pu
]VR ) W mm ( Pu ]m )
RL[m B]. o mm lLs u UVt\
RL[m (G.L. TvTh ApX A] RLs ),
u UVt\ RL[m ( G.L. ad^v ) B]. p
CkR NoUeLu o mm R Uhm Pu RPo
Lis[. B]p Ut\ NoUeLs Ju\L Nok
LQlTu\]. JqY Xdm Es[ o Ydm
NoUeLs JuPu Ju CQk LQlTu\]. CY
Ju\Pu YNl TjRlTh CWhP AdL[L
RtdLlTu\].
Np Nqp CYL WReLs LQlTu\].
A) \ AU WReLs
B) Es AU WReLs
\ AU WReLs Np Nqu UtTWlT Uhm rk
LQlTu\]. CY o mm NoUeLPu Uhm
] u\]. AR]p CY o LWNPu NodLlThPp
UhU RVL jRdL m.
Es AU WR XdLs UVLY ApX
TVLY CWhP l AdLp Gp Ju\
Vu dLRY Ri LQlTu\]. nU
VdL[ TVuTj]XV CkR CWhP AdL[
dL V. (TPm 1.3) lLm, WReLm Nqp oU
UNd AUlp AUks[].
5
\ AU WRm
Es AU WRm
l CWhP
Ad
Np Nqu TLs :
Np Nq TX dV YXL[d Nn\
1.
C NpX Re tu\.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.2.3. Np Yo
RYWeLs Utm TdVeLu NpLp LQlTu\
[vU NqY tm RjR Np Yo LQlTu\.
1.2.3.1. TdV Np Yo
TdVeLu NpX tm Np Yo LQlTu\.
C RYW Np Yk YTh LQlTu\. Np
6
Np Yu TLs
Np Yo, alTPd FPLjp TdV TU]P
VUp Rj TLdu\. C TX V [L[X].
BRXp TmTX] V XdL[ Rus NpX
AUdm. X TLs EsPt\. C T] CQu
T DNAY CP Ut\m Nnm TV Nn\.
7
dVu TLs
1. Np Tlp TeLtu\].
2.
1.2.5. UhPLihV
UhPLuhViLs NhP[Njp LQlTu\
LlTV ilTm. C Npu EXo GPp Uo
15% Rp 20% YW Cdu\. CRu YYm TXYLl Tm.
( L[ YYm, CZ YYm Utm iQ YYm ) CRu
A[Y] ( 0.5 Rp 3 m [m Utm 0.1 Rp 0.6 m hPm
Bm. CRu GidLV] Npu A[Ym Ndu
RYdLtTm UTm. G.L. T\YLp C\dLLp Es[
RNLu NpLp UhPLihVu A[ EPu
Ut\ TLeL[P ALUL Es[.
u] ApX GXdhWu iQdp UhP
LihVY] CWi UpV Nq]p ZlTh
Y Nq
1. NhP Np
(Eh\m)
2. EhL
3. EhL E\
4. GiP
[vd
YXlu]p
Es Nq
UlLs
DNA
Uhdv
TPm 1.4.
EhLu AUl
8
vP
GiP[N YX CYLlTm.
1.
2.
TLs
UhPLihVuLs Npu Bt\p UVeLs
Bm. Bd_u XdL]p LoTahWhLs,
lLs, A] AXeLs Bd_]t\m APk CO2
Utm H2O-Y YVtu\]. YPlThP Nd ATP
VL Nj YdLlTu\. Nd Ut\UPYRt
RYV] SLs UhPLQhVu EhNqp
LQlTu\].
1.2.6. GiP[N YX
GiP[N YXp RhPV] Jt\ Nq
YdsLs LQlTu\]. Cm [vU NqY
Tu\ l CWhP AdL[p B]. B]p [vU
NqY Pm UpV (Uo 7 nm).
10
NWNWlT]
GiP[vd YXu]p
11
TLs
NWNWlT] GiP[N YX WR EtTjp Te
Lsu\. YYlT] GiP[N YX lLs
Utm [L WR EtTjp Te Yd\. GiP[N
YXp Es[ vPo] (Cisternae) Nptm, Npt
YV Es[ Np WYjtPV ThLu
TUt\jt dV Te Yd\. CkR TUt\U]
]NhPv (Pinocytosis) Gu\ \p SPT\.
1.2.7. LpL ElLs
C J YZYZlT] Jt\ Nq]p ZlThP,
RhPV] Np ilTm. Cp Jt\ Nq]p
ZlThP TX YdsLs LQlTm. (TPm 1.7)
lThP Yds
1.2.8. WTNmLs
GiP[N YXu Yf Nqp iV LsLs
LQlTu\]. AY WTNmLs Gu AZdLl
Tu\]. CY NhP [Njp LQlTu\ Lf V
T ThL[m. CYLp ALUL WT dd
AXeLs LQlTu\]. JqY WTNm J TV
Utm J V Q AXL[p B]. AYtu TYm
Uu Ul \V 50 S Utm 30 S Bm. (Sedimentation
Constant)
UV lWhTWuv
hWuv ApX of
APkR X
vPo]
50 S Q AX
AlT
RXlT
[hTom
vPpd
TLs
RL EYdLlThP WReLs Ce Ut\lTh
RtLLUL Nj YdLlTu\].
V YdsLs LpL Elu UtTWlk
rL[L YV Yu\]. AYtp X
YdYpL[L Ut\lTh WjRp ThLs APok
LQlTu\].
TLs
WTNmLs WR EtTj UVeL[L NVpTu\].
RNA CWi Q AXtm CPV Es[ Ts[jp
F AkR CWi Q AXL[m CQj
lhP A] AXeL[ lhP YNlTj
TTlP NeL[ Rtdu\. Nq]p
ZlThP WTNmLp EtTj NnVlTu\ WReLs
NhP[N Nqu XUL LPjRlTu\].
WjRu XUL TX YdYpLs [vU NqPu
CQk ThL[ Npt YV YVtu\.
CkR Lrf Gd^NhPv (Exocytosis) Gu
AZdLlTu\.
12
13
v EYdm
X
YdsLs v
XPu CQ
XNNm Nq
LsLs
TLs
CYtp LQlTm SLs TdVeLs Tu\ \
EL[ YUL Adu\]. Um CY NpLs
C\kR\ Ap Es[ Np ilL[ Nj
u\]. UdW TwLu Es[ CkR XNNmLs
YdYpLPu CQk AVp ThL[ e
TLXNNmL[ (Phagolysosomes) Rtdu\]. CkR
TLXNNmLds AVp ThLs NdLlThP
ApX AdLlThP \. i L[ eV
XNNmLs WhX GiP Vp AUlu Xm
AdLlTu\] CkR Lrf]pRu XNNmLs
RtLX TLs (Suicidal Bags) Gu AZdLlTu\].
14
TLs
CkR i EPXeLs X FhP ThLu
Bd_]t\jp TeLtu\]. Bd_k
JdLlTh Tt\ Sf RuUYnkR ahW_u TWd^
Ce RYPk W EiPdu\.
1.2.11. NhP[Nm
Npu Es[ LQlTm
LWm Utm LWV ThL[
LiP Td NhP [Nm
Gu TVo. NPNp (Cytosol)
CRs Npu ilLs
LQlTu\]. C Np N
Gum AZdLlTu\. Cp,
o , WRm, lLs Utm
HW[U] TX LW ThLs
LQlTu\]. (TPm 1.10) C 1.10 NhP [Nju
AL TjRuU EPV.
AUl
TLs
CkR NhPNp SPTm L dVU] Y
]Ls [dLv, LV_v, A]
AXeL[ FdlT Utm Ll AXeLu
EtTj Bm.
15
RYW Np
RYW NpLp Np Yo LQlTu\. AY
NpXv Gum T]p B]. NhP[Njp
TV YdYpLs Utm TeLLeLs (Chloroplast)
LQlTu\]. (TPm 1.11)
[vU PvUP
[vU Nq
TV YdYp
Np Yo
EhL
dVNm
EhL U
WUhu
RER
UhP LiV
TNmLs
TeLLm
RXdLn
YhpLs
16
17
TLs
CWjRm uYm YXL[ Nn\
18
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
u NUXVl TLd\.
7.
8.
19
CWjRm EYRp.
CWjRjp Es[ Np Ls EYRp Utm ofVPRp
WhdX
GiPVp Np
vPm
Np
UL LV [vh
]p NpLs
(Gm Uw_p)
UL
[vh
UX
[vh
U]
[vh
UL
LV
Nh
hW
p
TNp
DN]
p
lWU Nh
of APkR
NpLs (Ztp)
U] Nh
CWjR
RhdLs
EYdLm
ofVPkR
mTNh
RBC EYdLm
WBC EYdLm
WRm
: 20 45
Lv
: 40 80
[W
: 700 750 mg / dl
WRm ApXR
V 20 40 mg / dl
ThLs
d AXm 1 7 mg / dl
NVm 300 350 mg / dl
ThPVm 11 15 mg / dl
LpVm 4 5 mg / dl
TvTWv 1 1.5 mg / dl
21
1.4.1.3. YXLs
C [Vm, RiYPjRm TLlTPu, SWm
AUlLd W] AjRjR RdL Yd\. UiP
Khs Es[ ThL[ WUdm RdVL NVp
T\. SWm UiPXju Nj ThL[ KW[
TUdLsm R[UL NVpTu\.
1.4.1.4 SnLp CSF
URp uYm SnLs HtTmT CSF Cu
EhLs UTu\].
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Uu_v (Meningitis)
W v (Neuro Syphilis)
v^]Ph vWv (Disseminated Sclerosis)
[ dLm (Encephalitis)
TV UXhv (Poliomyelitis)
RiYPm, [ Lh (Spinal and Brain turnor)
[p CWjRd L (Cerebral haemorrhage)
1.4.2. Qo (Lymph)
Qo GuT Qo S[eLp Es[ WYm
UhUpXUp, NpLm dLm LQlT\.
C Rkf YoLp ZVdV Tl ThLu
A[Lp [vUY Jjs[. B]p X u
TLu NLs UThs[].
J Sd 2 hPo Qo CWjR KhPjp No\.
Qo KhPm L UYL SPT\. Y[okR URu
UjR [vUp Es[ WRju A[ 210 Wm.
CkR WReLu A[p up J Te NpP
WYm XUL Q o WYjt Yk N\. A UTm
CWjRjp RiPdZn Xm Yk N\. RiPd
22
Zn Xm (Thorasicduct) RWd Q W
YVthPp [vU WRju APoj
\ku\. CR]p CWjRju L] A[ \k
\.
GkR ]m H+ N (ahW_u AV N)
23
[u Utm HCl
2.
3.
2.
3.
2.
3.
4.
[ H2PO 4 ]
( CWjRju pH Ul 7.4 )
1.5.3.3. WR ReLp LWNp
WR ReLp LWNpLs [vUm Nps
WYeLm Es[ L dVU] T[m. B]p CRu
N CSF, Qo, NpP WYeLp L \.
AY CWjR pH 7.4Cp GWVVL Ck [Pr -]
CQLWUL NVp T\ Utm H+ HtdLi [ HPr ]
CQ AXUL (HPr) U\ CWjs[ H2Co3I Rem
\] Tts[.
_
(G.L.)
HCl
Ut\ GjdLhLs
HbO 2 + Hb + O2
_
H+ + LWm
H+ + Cl
H2 CO3
H+ + H CO3
H2 SO4
H+ + HSO4
Ka = AXju L U
[H+] + [Ac-]
HAC
H+ + A
[H+] [Ac-]
Ka = [ H+ ] [ A ]
Ka =
[ HA ]
[HAC]
Ka = [ H+ ] [ A ]
Ka = LU
[ HA ]
Ka x [ HA ]
@H =
[ A ]
@ H =
+
Ka x [HAC]
[Ac-]
GdL
[ HA ] ( C\m UPdL
_
[A ]
CTdLeLm hP Ut GR
[ HA ]
- log H = - log Ka - log
_
[A ]
[H2CO3]
@ pH = pKa + log [ A ]
[ HA ]
@ pH = pKa + log
pH = - log H+
@ log
pKa = - log Ka
@ log
[BHCO3]
= log 20
[H2CO3]
[BHCO3]
28
= 1.3
[H2CO3]
[ El]
[ AXm ]
[BHCO3]
log
G]Y
= 20/1
[H2CO3]
[BHCO3] : [H2CO3] = 20:1
29
1.6.1.3. E]eLp pH Ul
RYWeLm, Xe]eLm Np Utm dLs[
WYeLu pH Ul SX pHd NUUL Cd\.
NpLd YV Es[ WYju pH Ul 7.35 Rp 7.5
YW UT\.
1.6.1.4. AX - LW NUX ( pHI JeTjRp )
UR EPp uYm Y\Ls AXLW NUXV
TLd\.
Tt
I. NV] PV RokRj GL
a. Np NqLp lhLs rLiPY AUdLl
Ths[]
A) JWd
B) DWd
C) TWYX] Ad
D) Yd
b. UhP LuVdLs GuTY
A) RtLX TLs
B) Npu Bt\p UVeLs
C) UW TiL[ LPjm LPj
D) WR EtTju R[m
c. SWm UiPXjp W] AjRjR LhlTjm WYm
A) CWjRm
B) Q o
C) [ Ri YP WYm
D) UtV A]jm
d. J NodL ]p DTm il
A) TeLLm
B) UhPLihV
C) WTNm
D) dVv
e. CWjRju NWN pH
A) 6.0
B) 7.4
C) 8.0
D) 4.2
II. LhP CPeL[ WlL
1. URu______________E]jt GjdLh
2. Np ilL[]_____________LVh NpLp
LQlTm Utm_____________ WLVh NpLp
LQlTm.
3. CWjR [vUp Es[ L dVU] ReLp LWNp
______________
30
31
4. CSF-u Rt Sn X______________
5. H+ AV Nu Go UPdL______________
III. NV, RY\ G]d L
1. LVhd ELs Lm TZU YnkRY
2. XNNmLs RtLX TLs Gu AZdLlTu\]
3. SWm UiPXjp J W] AjRjR CSF Lhl Tj\
4. dVXp DNA LQlTm
5. LVhd NpLp TLs LQlTm
6. RYW NpLp YdYpLs lPjRdL YLp
TVRL Cdm
IV. TjL
1. RY] YdYp RYW Np
2. T
aiPoNuaNpTd NUuT
3. pH
RtLX TLs
4. XN NmLs
WT NmLs
5. GiP [NYX
W LVhd NpLs
V. dLUL PV
1. WTNmLu dV TV ?
2. [vU Gu\p Gu]?
3. CWjRju NRW] pH Gu]?
4. aiPoNu aNpTpd NUuThP GRm
5. Es AU WReLs Gu\p Gu]?
VI. rLiP ]dLd PVdLm?
1. Np Nqu l CWhP Adu AUlT Y
2. LVhd Npu YWTPm YWL
3. CSF-p APes[ ThLs Utm ARu TL[ Y
4. UR EPp AX LW NUX GqY X jRlT\
5. aiPoNu aNpTd NUuThP Y ARu TVuL[
GRm.
32
TPm - 2
EVp XdLs
2.1. YWV\
UR EPp LoTu, ahW_u Bd_u Utm ShW_u
BV X RUeLs TXYLV] EoXdLs
Gum XdL[p B]Rm. Su TV dLX]
EVp XdL[Y] LoTahWhLs, WReLs,
lLs, Utm dd AXeL[m. CkR EVp
XdLu RuUL[m, YXL[m RkLsY
dVUm.
2.2. LoTahWhLs
2.2.1. dVjYm
LoTahWhLs GuT] TWYXL RYWeLs Utm
XeLu dLp TWdLdV EoXdLs
Bm. RYWeLs, fLs Utm XeLs BVYtu
YYUlp LoTahWh dV Te Yd\.
RYWeLs Utm XeLs BVYtp EQ ClTL
Nl ElLp LoTahWh Es[. Es[
YWLs A]jtm Y[oR Ut\jt RYV]
Bt\X LdLdV XlTs LoTahWh Bm.
2.2.2. YWV\
LoTahWhLs GuTY T ahWd,
BpaLs ApX hPuLs Bm. AY rLiPY
YLlTjRlTu\].
2.2.3. YLlTjRp
LoTahWhLs 4 Tm L[Ll dLl
Tu\].
33
1.
2.
3.
4.
Jt\ NdLWLs
CWhP NdLWLs
JL NdLWLs
T NdLWLs
GV BpPv
^Wpa
GV hPv
PahWd AhPu
TY] BpPv
dLv
TY] hPv
@lWdPv
NVpTLs
1. D.N.A. Utm R.N.A. Tu\ dd AXeLu
YYUld dVl Ts Tv Bm Utm
CQ SLu AlTP YYUlTn C Es[.
2. dLv Bd]t\m APYRp HtTm Bt\p
TpY YLV] Y[oR Ut\ NVpLd ERm
Rjp Es[.
3. @lWdPv GuT LLs, Ru Tu\ ThLp
Es[. C dL^L Ut\lTh EPp
ETVLlTjRlT\.
4. LXdPv GuT Tp NodLW XdPv, [
LlLs Utm [L WReLp CdLd
VRm.
5. Uu]v GuT L WReLs Utm [L
WReLp Es[ dVU] Tl T[m. C
EPd Lm AYVU]Rm.
LoTu
AdLu
GidL
BpPvLs
hPvLs
3 (WVv)
^Wv (ApX)
NWpa
PaWd
AhPu
4 (PhWv)
GjWv
GjXv
5 (TuPv)
Tv, ^Xv
AW]v
Xv
^Xv
6 (adNv)
dLv LXdPv,
Uu]v
@lWdPv
7 (alPv)
dLalPv
LXdP alPv
( ^P ) T
alXv
34
T YnlT : Cn (H2o)n-1
(G.L.) XdPv, UpPv Utm dWv Bm. Jt\
NdLW AXLs [dLd CQu Xm
CQks[].
35
NVpTLs
1.
2.
3.
UpPv
Lv + @lWdPv
2.2.3.3. JL NdLWLs
Wt TluT 2 Rp 10 Jt\ NdLWL[
RWYpX JL NdLWLs Bm. (G.L.) UpP
hWVv.
2.2.3.4. T NdLWLs
Wt TluT Tjtm UtThP Jt\
NdLWL[ RWYpX LoTaWhLs T NdLWLs
G] AZdLlTu\].
36
T
NdLWLs
P o ly s
a c c h a rid e s
XdPv
UpPv
GuT
Uf
NodLW
G]
AZdLlTu\. C [hP RVeLs Utm
Ul TsLp Es[. vPof AUXv
uXp EQlTRp WtTdLlTmT,
Pdm CPlThP T[L UpPv Es[. C
CWi Lv XdL[p EiPdLlT\.
dLv + dLv
J
TjR]
H om
opoly
Tsaccharides
NdLWLs
Ndm
S torage T
polysaccharides
NdLWLs
TX TjR] T NdLWLs
H eteropolysaccharides
(M ucopolysaccharides)
(L T NdLWLs)
S tructrual
YY
T
polysaccharides
NdLWLs
Xe
RYWm
P lant
A nim al
RYWm
P lant
( vPof
) ( [L_u
(Starch)
(G lycogen) ) ((C
ellulose) )
NpXv
aV
aTu
H eparin C hondroitin H yaluronic K eratan
AXm
sulphate
acid
sulphateWd
LuVu
LWhPu
NpTh
NpTh
A nim al
Xe
(chitin)
( Lu
)
J TjR] T NdLWLs
Wt TluT JW YLV] J TjR] Jt\
NdLWL[d LlTY CY.
( G.L. ) vPof, Cu, [L_u, Tdu, NpXv
Utm a NpXv
TX TjR] T NdLWLs
Wt TjRuT TXYLV] Jt\ NdLWLu
LXY Pdm. YNpUhdp Es[ TXTjR] T
NdLWLs L T NdLWLs G] AZdLl
Tu\].
( G.L. ) aVWd AXm, aTu, LWhPu
NpTh Utm LuVu NpTh.
aVWd AXm GuT dLWd AXm
Utm N - AhPp dLNu BV] NokR
hlT[m.
37
WtTl
aVWd AXm
dLWd AXm +
N - AhPp dLNu
aTu GuT dLNu Utm dLWd AXjRp
B].
WtTl
aTu
WtTl
dLWd ( A ) CWd
AXm
2, N - AhPp A] LXdPv
LWhPu NpTh
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
2.3. WReLs
NVpTLs
1. vPof GuT Lv XdLs TX RPok
CQkR Bm. Sm Eim EQp Es[ L dV
LoTaWh vPof Bm. Wt TjRuT
Lv Uhm LdLdV vPof LNu
G]lTm. C RVeLs, E[dZe ToYL Utm
TfN LnLLp Es[.
2. XeLp LQlTm [L_u G]lTm Xe
vPof, XeLu RNLm LpWm Nj
YdLlT\. C Um TfNVm CpXR RYWeLp
Uhm LQlT\. ( G.L. : gN, Dvh )
2.3.1. YWV\
WReLs GuT] AL Xd GPs[, A]
AXeLs TlP QlTp QdLlTt\ TXTf
NoUm Bm. WReLs GuT] GpX Eo NpLm CdLd
V ALlTV] TlThLs Bm. CY LoTu,
ahW_u, ShW_u Bd_u Utm LkRLm Tu\
RUeL[p B]Y.
38
39
6.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
40
41
7.
RtLl WReLs
X WReLs TLl NVpLp DTu\] CWjRjp
Es[ WReL[] Wmu, @Tl]_u Tu\Y
CWjRm E\Rp TeLtu\] GoTs ApX
Cm][uLs TLl WReL[m CY
AVp ThL[ EPu Es[ YWUp Rdu\].
8.
AUl WReLs
X WReL[] LpX_u, LWhu BVY AUl
T ThL[L NVp Tu\].
9.
Sf WReLs
LvPo up Es[ u, lV Sf Th]m
Sf BVY X YLlWReLs CY EPu TpY
NVpL[m, AUlL[m Tdu\].
2.4. lLs
2.4.1. YWV\
lLs YThP NoUeLu RlTm. CY
Ll AXeLPu SeV RPoPV]. YVp
\lT, CY BpLaPu CQks[ Ll
AXeLu GvPoLs Gu Y\VdLlTu\].
lLs p LWV. B]p DRo, [WTom, Tuu
Tu\ LWlTuLp LWm.
2.4.2. YLlTjRp
lLs rLiPY YLlTjRlThs[].
1. GV lLs
CY TX BpLapLPu CQks[ Ll
AXeLu GvPoLs Bm. CY Um r LiPY
YLlTjRlThs[].
43
A) Ll
Xu
Lu LWlTs
N@Tu
GjR]Xu LWlTs
TvTPPp Wu
[vUX_uLs
CY Ll AXeLu GvPoLs AL Xd
GPV EPV Jt\ ahd BpLapLPu CQk
s[]. (G.L.) LXvhWp GvPo, Np TphPh
Utm hPp TphPh.
2. h lLs
RVm. (G.L.)
44
2.5.1. YWV\
dd AXeLs dVPLu TUoLs
Bm. J dVN, J TvTh RPu
CQk J dVP EYdu\. J u
ApX u ShW_u LWl Ts J TiPv
NodLWPu CQk J dVNP EYd
u\.
TiPv NodLW + u (A)
dVN
u LWl Ts
dVP
dVN + TvTh
dVP ( n )
dd AXeLs
2.5.2. YLlTjRp
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
2.5. dd AXeLs
dd AXeLs T dVPL[m. CY
TpY U] dVPLu RlTm.
46
47
A) aVWd AXm
B) NpXv
C) Uu]v
D) vPof
c. LX UdWu Noks[ R
A) EXL WRm
B) WUWRm
C) lT WRm
D) dV WRm
A) U
B) Ll
) GiQn
D) TvT lLs
( ApX LWm )
A) A]u
B) Y]u
C) NPu
D) Wp
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Tt
I. NV] PV RokR
a. dLv GuT
A) U] NdLW
A) CWhP NdLW
C) JL NdLW
D) T NdLW
48
IV.
TjL
1. @lWdPv
CWhP NdLW
2. WTv
AUXv
3. vPof
dd AXm
4. aVWd AXm
hP NodLW
5. UpPv
TXTjR] T NdLW
V. J YojRLp PV
a. Xp APes[ ]NVp R G?
b. Tp NodLW G] AZdLlTY G?
c. GiQn, Utm LlT GqY Y Tj AYn?
d. ]d Wjt J ERWQm RL
e. dVNLs GuT] VY?
VI. uYY]Ytt PV
a. LoTahWhLu YLTjRX NuLPu
b. T NdLWLu NVpTL[ Y
c. CQ WRm Gu\p Gu]? ARu YXLs VY?
d. l Gu\ NoUeL[ YLlTjL. ARu YXL[
[dL.
50
TPm - 3
SLs
3.1. uW
F
J
O
. J AK
A A. P J
A C, K, ,
F , , Hv M
N Q P J
- F M , P
K F A. F
J J . 0o GJ
A, 100o GJ NA.
1878- ( Kuhne ) J AK
A L F . H
1950 ,
PH, AK A O
. FO F
JKJ PL
JKJ J A AA
A.
F O e A
(Substrate) M . FO M
K K . F
CP (Substrates) M e A.
M AO , F G
F. Y MJ M F
A. Fu M A M
W PH.
51
E + S ES
ES E + P
Coenzyme
E - F; S - M, ES - F, ]Ts hf
NoUm.
P - MM ES - F G
.
ERWQUL :
- v vC e
A. F - v F , v
]lTs (Substrate) v MM
.
- v + v
- v - v
E
ES
- v - v
ES
- v + v
E
P
F F J ] LL
KA. L
s Np F () F . C F
H L O VpA.
Lu OFO O
SLs () F .
+ Apoenzyme
Holoenzyme
F + F
(.) Rv F.
ChPp dL
M MA. F I
v . Q M
.
I v +
TPP
(Hvj F)
()
Cv - TPP
( )ddd
AF F
F. AF
H Fs v F .
H Fs
F . J F K
.
3.2.1. [o UVm
FJ PH F MT
M . F [o UVm
. C FO CkR F I F .
PH C I I FJ ].
YV M . I A
() Fd I I . (.) ,
I v I A I
I . C
F. Uv A
I I . S ]TT[
A O FO
.
ve
a c toi
[
E
Vm
s iUt e
S
s
ES
53
E S hlTs
C o m plex
(AUl
Ut\m)
(altered
con form
ation )
v F M
Ml PV ij R \d (Induced fit hypothesis)
P CRuT SLu. M F
M I I .
Ml FO F
FA. H F ,
Ml F F H
A M A.
FJ
v
v
LlTv
v
v
M
-
v
v
LHLs
WReLs
v (AUXm)
() (R) (Rm) ()
(E.m.) (i) C - Rv
(C1)
(a)
Fe +
Fe3+
(C1)
(a)
Fe 3 +
Fe2+
MJ, C - R
(C1) RF, (a)
RQF () A.
HK . HK FO
. F WP e A.
- CH - OH
(1.1)
-C=O
(1.2)
- C = CH
(1.3)
- CH - NH2
(1.4)
- CH - NH
(1.5)
A + Bx
(E.m.) WM v Iv
FV AM\. (ALT)
54
55
L - + - W WALT
(Ax)
(B)
+ h
(A)
+ (Bx)
MJ Q IF W P A.
O H
O H
|| |
|| |
R - CH2 - C - N -CH2 - C - N - CH2 - CONH- R
F[, MJ PL P
Fl .
) Ko
(2.1)
) () hPu F
(2.2)
) F
(2.3)
(2.4)
A F
) v F
(2.7)
(2.8)
3. ahWXv (Hydrolases)
cM M F v
Ls . F , H H
F A. F M
vLs, , A.
(E.m.) C F Jtl FJ. WRjR
Tdm . O
c F A.
m
Tlu
CP
56
I I.
OH- H+
(WRm)
H2O
O H
O
|| |
||
R - CH2 - C - N -CH2 - C +
|
(C-] TlP)
OH
H
|
N - CH2 - CO - NH - R
| (N-] TlP)
H
H () F, c
F HK[L dLlThs[].
vvLs - vQlL[ c
(3.1)
ACvL s - AC H
c (3.2)
vLs - H c
(3.4)
4. XVvLs (Lyases)
CY FO C . CY K M
PL CP c . Y e
M H MJ CP ,
M m M M
.
x
C = C
57
+ x-y
(E.m.) v
lWv - 1-6-v
(trans-retinene)
R C TvTh +
A 3 - v
CH2 - O P
C
HO
OH
OH
CH2O
v - h
v Wh
vv v A M
MA.
D - A
CH2 - O
Aldolase
BpPXv
(cis-retinene)
O
+
OH
CH2 - O P
HO
Glyceraldehyde
A
3-phosphate
3 - v
CH2 - OH
R
C
Dihydroxy
acetone
TvTh
phosphate
Fructose
1,6 biphosphate
@lWdPv
1, 6 P TvTh
(4.1)
C-O H
(4.2)
C-N H
(4.3)
C-S H
(4.4)
C- H
(4.5)
5. _NUWvLs (Isomerases)
P M F
MA A. ARY O C ,
PL
.
(G.L.) v, v - h] v
Wh]L A.
58
R
C v
3 - v
v F QlL[L
dLlTu\].
Cv
(5.1)
Hv
(5.2)
-
(Cv - v) v
(5.3)
6. LvLs (Ligases)
Cv . F
V f F K TVu
Tu\]. v (ATP) v
H [dLlTYRp V Ql HtTYRt
RYV] Bt\p Pd\.
(E.m.) C CoA v QJ C
CoA, CoA- [T[L EY\.
ATP + AhPp CoA + CO2
C-O H
(6.1)
C-S H
(6.2)
HK - v (5)
C-N H
(6.3)
HK - Cv Hv (1)
C-C H
(6.4)
C FO HK, HK
1. BpLap aW]v ( ADH )
HK - RKv (1)
HK - CH-OH(1) e A.
HK - NAD () NADP F (1)
FJ - 1.1.1
2. adN L]v
HK - e (3)
F - 5.1.3
HK - v H e
HK - vK Jt\ ve (3)
1. pH
HK - vv (2)
HK - v F UtRp (7)
FJ - 2.7
3. ApLXu TvTPv
HK - v (3)
F - 3.1.3
4. @UWv
HK - v (4)
HK - CO v (2)
F L PH pH-
. pH FULY LY CkRp
F m PH pH- F F
F Y. pH- -pH .
(G.L.)
HK - e (1)
) C - 2.0
) Kv - 7.0
F - 4.2.1
) I c AUXv - 6.8
) BpLXu vv 9.9
60
61
pH- , F
M s [ K I IO
Q ES- hlTs Gp EYL
ER\.
W TPm (3.2) G - FO \u
MA.
EfN NVp\u
\u
\u
ELkR pH
Maximum activity
ELkR YlTX
Optimum
temperature
YlTX oC
3.5.3. ]T Tu N
62
FJ F , MJ L
M O P FA.
PH P UhU, M
O P F MJ
FKF.
F PH E A
P GJ
M G. FJ
G . FJ A
L ,
M, M F
. (TPm 3.3)
63
W TPm (3.3) MO P - F
MA.
VAL ThNm
RlSaturation
s
point
(V)
N YLm
]lTlTu N (S)
ES
E +P
Fe2+, Cu2+ Q C R Mp
DTm SLdm A. Mn2+, Zn2+
Co2+ v A.
H Q S
Q SLs S
A.
3.5.5. Su NYp HtTm [
SL[p Lm MJ , Su P
MA . Su P
, A A, F M
M A. M
s PH M A ] j
Ms XdLm TVuTjRlTh ] YLm
G .
W TPm (3.4) Su P - F
MA.
VAL ThNm
Rl s
(V)
N YLm
Su N (E)
64
65
RR F A. C
A v K, C
L vR F A.
COOH
O SO F
GC S .
CH2
S RjRpLu YLLs
S RjRpLs TpY YLlTm. \V
1. Thj RuUs[ RjRp - (competitive inhibition)
2. Thj RuUVt\ RjRp - (uncompetitive inhibition)
COOH
Nd]h
succinate
CH2
dehydrogenase
ahW]v
COOH
CH
CH
COOH
Ndd
AXm
Succinic
acid
Ud
Fumaric acidAXm
CQ I, HK I MJ
C Tv M P
A.
W TPm (3.5) ThjRuUs[ RlTu
NVpTm RjR [d\.
]lTl Ts (S)
S (E)
ES
EI
P (EI = S hl Ts)
66
[lTs
ES hlTs
Thj RuUs[
RlTu
NVp\]t\ S
COOH
CH2
COOH
Malonic AXm
acid
UXd
M Q I
P A.
Q IF
CQ I .
UXd AXm C TR .
. MO P
67
F A. P e
.
PH -C M m UkRL
A.
]Tl Ts (S)
S (E)
[Ts
ES
hl
Ts
Intibitors )
GCJ, , S M hf F
- M - hf
A. MJ M[
F. . O
A M O ES
hlTs A. ,
ES h l T s J M
C A.
E+S
ES
E+P
ESI
Thj RuUVt\
RlTu
NVXt\ S
EI
+
S
ES + I
ESI
E+P
]Tl Ts (S)
S (E)
[Ts
hl
ES Ts
Thj
\]t\
RlTu
[o UVjPu
]lTl Ts
S
CQks[
ApXvd
RlTu
LVL Es[
ApXvd
UVm
NVXt\ SLs
(G.L.)
SH F SO
C M
C L vR
v K M.
P
A. CkR RjRp Lrf TV[
s]VLXm.
70
ApXvd RlTu
ApXvd UVjp
AUl Ut\m
CQks[
HtTYRp ]lTl
Ts SPu
CQYpX.
]lTl Ts
[o UVjp
CQYpX
b
B
c
C
d
D
E....
..... P
A- M, B, C, D, E A M
a, b, c, d A S, P
M, M O P F , C
71
MJ K ( a ) S
H A. M A M
S vK S .
(E.m.)
W
Threonine
FKQ
FKQ
L-Threonine
butyrate + NH3
H
Iv keto
(A)
deaminase (a)
(B)
Intermediates
(C,D,E)
C
Isoleucine
C F , Y\V
JeTjR FKQ IR vK
FJ H F, S d M
A. FJ C
G MA. H
A.
L J M
vK S A.
AK Lv 3 S Y
A. BB, MM MB
AK, AK v
A. BB J,
MM O, MB F
A.
S MA JK M
Au\]. C O M
FAu\].
2.
F C SLs
P Au\].
FK F v IR
A.
. vv - AI
. vv - K
Tt
I. uYm PLp NV]R RokR
Tv 5 S
A. LD1, LD2, LD3, LD4,
LD5. , Y
A. LD1 F LD5
, h AP F .
72
A) vPof
B) XdPv
C) dWv
D) Lv
73
b. XNNu ]d R
3.
4.
5.
A) Pd AXm
B) AvTod AXm
C) Pd AXm AvTod AXm
D) vu
c.
UWv APes[ Tm
1.
2.
3.
Thj Rl J s ]
4.
5.
C) ahWXvLs
D) LvLs
d.
e.
Cl AV FdlT
A) AUXvLs
B) TlPvLs
C) L@PvLs
D) lTvLs
IV. TjL
JW Su TpYThP YY AUlLs
A) AT SLs
2. CQ SLs
ahWXv S
FdlTu
3. ApXvVd RlTu
UX]h
4. Zn2+
u]d
RlTu
B) IN SLs
C) CQ SLs
D) aX SLs
J aX S, AT S Utm______________I
Tts[.
5. Nd]h ahW_]v
2.
1.
CQ S Gu\p Gu]?
2.
74
V. dLUL PV
75
3.
4.
5.
VI. Y] PV
1.
SLu Tm L[ Y
2.
3.
ApXvVd Rl \V ERWQjPu Y
4.
5.
76
TPm - 4
LoTahWhLs
4.1. uW
JfNodLu XUL YUiPXjp Es[
LoTuPBd^ Utm Wd Li EYm
LoTahWhLs RYWeLp TWYXL TW Es[.
RYWeLs WReLs, lLs Utm TX LUf NoUeL[
RjRp LoTahWhL[ u]l T[L
(precusor) TVuTjRu\]. XeLs RYWeLk
AYLd RYV] LoTahWhL[ Tu\].
2.
3.
4.
5.
TX dLu Tl TsLp
LoTahWhLs Cdu\].
6.
BpPv
1. BpP WVv
(G.L.) ^Wv
1. hP WVv
(G.L.) C aWd AhPu
2. BpP PhWv
(G.L.) GjWv
2. hP PhWv
(G.L.) GjXv
3. BpP TuPv
(G.L.) Tv
3. hP TuPv
((G.L.) Xv
4. BpP ad^v
(G.L.) dLv
4. hP ad^v
(G.L.) @lWdPv
LoTahWhLs
Carbohydrates
JL
U]Monosaccharides
NdLWLs Disaccharides
C NdLWLs
NdLWLs
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides
NdLWLs T
UpP
E.m.
eg. Malto
triose JTjR]
BpPv
hPv
Aldose
Ketose
Hetero
TXTjR]
hWVv Homo
G.L.
Reducing
NonJdm
G.L.
Fructose Jdm
G.L.
eg. Glucose eg.
G.L.
eg.
Starch,
vPof
G.L.
eg. Heparin
reducing
dLv @lWdPveg.
Lactose RuUVt\
alTu
NpXv
G.L.
Cellulose
XdPv
Maltose eg. Sucrose
UpPv dWv
Fig. LoTahWh
4.1 Classification of Carbohydrates
TPm 4.1.
YLlT
BpPv
(CHO R)
hPv
(CO R)
hPv
1.
2.
C*
CH2 - OH
C* - oUVt\ LoTu
n-dL] Yuha@l :
J Xds[ oUVt\ LoTu AdLu
GidLVl Tj, UtLu GidL AU\.
CkR uT, 2n GuT J NoUju NjVlTm
UtLu GidLd NUm. n-GuT oUVt\ LoTu
AdLu GidL.
79
4.3.1.1. ad^vLs
ad^vLs B LoTu Es[ Jt\
NdLWL[m. ad^u Xd YnT C6H12O6.
BpP ad^vLs 2, 3, 4 Utm 5 BV CPeLp
oUVt\ LoTu AdL[l Tts[. G]Y BpP
ad^v 16 UtL[l Tts[. ( 2n = 24 = 16 ).
CH2 OH
OH
HO
HO
OH
OH
OH
OH
CH 2 OH
CH2 OH
Glucose
dLv
H
HO
H
H
1C
2C
OH
OH
HO
OH
HO
3
4
5
6
1C
HO
D-Glucose
OH
4C
CH 2 OH
D - dLv
80
@lWdPv
Fructose
CH 2
OH
L-Glucose
L - dLv
81
HO
OH
CH2 - OH
D- NWpa
SdLp
ThPLm
Nicol
Prism
R[Plane
]s[
J
polarised
JW
R[jp
light oscillations
AX\
directions
CH2 - OH
L-NWpa
5. J Zt UtVm :
NRWQ JdLt\ GuTR JTWm Lht
NejRL GpX NLm Ao Lis[ uLkR
AXLs G]d LRXm. CkR Jd Lt\V SdLp
lThPLm YVL Njm T J R[jR RW H]V
R[js[ AoLs dLlTu\]. C R[]s[
J G]lT\. CkR R[]s[ JV J Zt
UtVd LWNp Njm T R[]s[ J
CPl\UL Zt\lThPp A CPgUt G]
AZdLlT\. R[]s[ JV YXl\UL
Zt]p A YXg Ut G] AZdLlT\.
oUVt\ LoTu AdL[ Lis[ NoUeL[p
CkLrf EiP\. CY J Zt UtVm G]lTm.
82
NRWQ J GpXj
Ordinary light
R[eLm
oscillations
in all
AX\
Ztd
R[ ]s[
]s[
Before u Plane R[
polarised
Plane polarised
JV
CPm
VL
JV YXm
rotation
light-rotated
light-rotated
ZtRp (levorotatory)
VL
clockwise
or ZtRp
anti clockwise
(dextrotatory)
dextrorotatory
or levorotatory
J ZtV ( lm ) Gm \ :
CPl\UL JV Ztm TiT ( CPg Ut ) (l-)
hPm YXl\UL J Ztm TiT ( YXgUt )
( d+ ) hPm lPXm.
Un LXY : (Racemic Mixture)
YXg Utm CPg Utm NU A[p LXkkRp
Juu J Ztm Ti Ut\u\p D NnVlTYRp
J Ztm Ti \jR Unk Tn\. CkRd LXY
"Und LXY'' G] AZdLlT\.
83
jRjRp (Resolution)
6. P Zt (Muta rotation)
BpP adNv p LWdLlTh AkRd LWNp
JlTRp YdLlTh R[]LiP J
NjRlThPp BWmTjp Es[ J Zt WL UTh,
lhP U\ Ul] T\. CqY Zt Um
Lrf "hP Zt' G]lT\.
H
HO
OH
C
OH
HO
OH
CH 2 OH
D - dLv
Glucose
+ 112.2
OH
HO
H
H
OH
HO
OH
OH
OH
dLv
D-Glucose
Ne
Chain
form
AUl
+52.7
RL RVdLlThP - D Lu od LWNu
VU Zt +112.2o. CkRd LWNX AlTV YdmT
Zt \k 52.7o-p U\Up Cd\. CqY VU
Ztp HtTm W] Ut\m P Zt ApX UTm
Zt Gu AZdLlT\.
H
C
CH 2 OH
CH 2 OH
D- dLv
Glucose
+ 18.7
84
85
1. dL^ EiPRp
HCl Yu uXp dLv Ujp
BpLaPu ]lTh Utm dL^P
R\. dLp Es[ [Ld - OH EPu
BpLap ]YRp dL^ EiP\.
OH
OCH 3
OH
OH
HO
HO
OH
OH
HCl Y
gas
CH 3 -OH
Ujp
Methyl
alcohol
BpLap
OH
HO
OH
HO
OH
OH
OH
OH
HOBr
CH2 OH
+ H2O
dLd
D-Gluconic
acidAXm
dLv
D-Glucose
- D Ujp
methyl glucoside
dLv
- D glucose
dL^
2. Bd_]t\m :
Lv Wu Pu ]k Ld
AXjR Ld\. Bpa R LoTdp
RVL Bd_]t\m AP\.
Br2 + H2O
CH2 OH
CH 2 OH
CH 2 OH
COOH
HOBr + HBr
COOH
CHO
H
OH
HO
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
HO
HNO3
CH2 OH
COOH
dLv
D-Glucose
NdLd AXm
Saccharic
acid
86
87
CHO
CHO
H
OH
HO
C
C
OH
H
HO
OH
OH
OH
OH
H2 O 2
CH 2 -OH
CH 2 -OH
C
OH
HO
HO
HO
OH
OH
OH
OH
HO
Na - Hg
OH
OH
CH 2 OH
CH 2 OH
dLv
D-Glucose
dLWd
Glucuronic AXm
acid
3. Bd_u JdLm :
Jt\ NdLWLs AL AjRjm, ]
YLUtu uXm NV WNdLXY ApX
ahW_]p JdLUP\. Bpa ApX hP
R ClTRp CY Bd_u JdLUPk
BpLapL[ Ru\].
CH2-OH
CHO
H
OH
HO
OH
@lWdPv
D-Fructose
COOH
CH 2 OH
Na - Hg
OH
HO
OH
HO
OH
OH
NohPp
Sorbitol
88
CHO
CH2 OH
CH2 OH
dLv
D-Glucose
CHO
OH
OH
CH 2 OH
UuhPp
Mannitol
Sorbitol
NohPp
OH
CH 2 -OH
CH2
C
CH
Conc H2SO4
APo
OH
dLv
D-Glucose
O
CH
C
CH2
Levulinic
acidAXm
d
+ +
Formic
acidAXm
Tod
+
+
CO + CO2
OH
methylUjp
furfural
5,5-hydroxy
ahWd
ToWp
5. GvPo EiPRp :
OH, R ClTRp CY LoTdd AXeLPu
GvhPWj R\. dLv, Ik XdLs Ahd
Pu ]k TuP APh YlT[ R\.
C ANXt\ ] G]lTm. Cq] dLv
Xdp Ik - O H RLs Es[] GuTR
ElTj\.
CHO
CHO
H
HO C
H
H
C OH
CH3
H
OH
55(CH
(CH33CO)
CO)2O
O
C
O
C OH
CH2
CH2 OH
dLv
D-Glucose
CH3
CH3
O
O C
+5H2O
CH3
CH3
O
dLv
TiP
AhPh
D-Glucose
penta
acetate
6. JdLl Ti
Jt\ NdLWLs \kR Bd_u JdVL
NVpT\. Td NV], H2O2, ld AV Tu\
Bd_]tL[ CY EP]VL Bd_u JdLm
Nnu\]. Cq]Lp NodLWu LoT]p R
Bd_]t\m AP\. Bd_]t JdLm
APu\.
Bd_]tL[ JdLdV dLv Utm CRW
NodLWl ThLs Jdm NodLWLs G]
AZdLlTu\]. dLv, PXu ]l Ts, Te
LWNp, Tdh ]l Ts BVYt\ Jd\.
AR SWjp dLv dLd AXUL
Bd_]t\m AP\.
90
OH
HO
COOH
H
OH
HO
OH
OH
OH
OH
2Cu 2+ 2Cu +
CH 2 OH
CH 2 OH
dLv
D-Glucose
C O
dLd
D-Gluconic
acid AXm
91
OH
HO
8. KNNu EiPRp :
Bpa ( A ) hPu Rs[ Jdm
NodLWu ( Jt\ NdLW, CWhP NdLW ) dV
]V] ]p ahW], ]p ahWN]L
Utm ]Vm.
COOH
H
OH
HO
OH
OH
OH
OH
2Ag + 2Ag
CH 2 OH
CH 2 OH
dLd
D-Gluconic
acid AXm
dLv
D-Glucose
7. AXPu ]
dLp Es[ Bpa R, AXu
A] RPu dLUPk @l LWjR R\.
@lWdP^m AXPu @l LWjR R\.
CH3
CH3
O + H2N
OH
COOH
OH
HO
AXu
Alanine
HO
OH
OH
OH
OH
CH2 OH
COOH
@lv LWm
NH
]p ahWu
OH
NH
C6H5
OH
(CHOH)3
H2O
CH2 OH
CH2 OH
D - dLv
]p
ahWNu
D-Glucose
phenyl
hydrazone
dLv
D-Glucose
2.
CH
C6H5
(CHOH)3
+ H2O
CH2 OH
dLv
D-Glucose
O + H2N
Schiff's base
HC
HC
NH
OH + H2N
C6H5
NH
HC
C6H5
(CHOH)3
CH2
OH
CH2
93
NH
C6H5
(CHOH)3
D-Glucose
phenyl
hydrazone
D
- dLv
]p
ahWNu
92
OH
NH2 + NH3
AmUV
Ammonia
C6H5
Au
Aniline
3.
HC
C
(CHOH)
C 6H 5
NH
H 2N
NH
C 6H 5
HC
NH
C 6H 5
NH
C 6H 5
(CHOH)
H 2O
OH
CH 2 OH
]p dLNu
Phenyl gucosazone
NUv
2C2H5OH + CO2
Gjp BpLap
HO
OH
HO
HO
OH
OH
3
4
5
6
CHO
CH 2
CHO
CHO
HO
OH
HO
OH
4
5
Uu]v
Mannose
OH
CH 2 OH
Glucose
dLv
OH
CH 2 OH
CH 2 OH
LXdPv
Galactose
1. dLv
OH
HO
OH
CH 2 OH
D - dLv
Glucose
95
HO
OH
HO
OH
CH 2 OH
D- dLv
Glucose
CH 2-OH
O
H
H
OH
H
OH
OH
TW]v
- dL
Glucopyranose
OH
OH
OH
H
OH
CH 2-OH
H
H
OH
TW]v
- dL
Glucopyranose
OH
HO
HO
OH
CH2 OH
CH2
H
H2C
@lWdPv
D - Fructose
OH
HO
OH
CH2
OH
lW]v
D - @lWdP
Fructofuranose
OH
OH
OH
OH
CH2
OH
OH
CH2 OH
@lWdPv
D - Fructose
HO
OH
CH2
OH
OH
OH
@lWdP lW]v
D - Fructofuranose
96
97
HO
OH
OH
OH C
C
H
OH
HO
O
O
OH
HO
CH2 OH
OH
CH2 OH
D - dLv
Glucose (1)(1)
Glucose (2)(2)
D - dLv
( 1, 4 [dLd
CQ )
Y[oR Ut\m :
vPof, Ers[ AUXv Xm NdLlTh
CVL UpP^L U\. Pp LQV lTv
vPofN UpP^L Ut\. Pp UpPv CPX
T[L EiP\. Pp EgNlTYRt u UpPv
Gu\ SVp UpPv C XdLs dL^L
dLlT\.
4.3.2.2. XdPv :
C Tp NodLW G]lTm. ThLu Tp C
LQlT\. LolLs, Utm Thm RnUoLu
m C LQlT\. C p \kR A[Y LWm.
dW^P Clf Y \Y].
OH
OH
O
O
OH
H C
H C
CH2-OH
CH2-OH
dLv
D-glucose
LXdPv
D-galactose
( 1, (
4 [dLd
CQ )
1-4 glycosidic linkage)
Y[oR Ut\m :
XdPv Wt Tl ]d EhTm T ( AXm
ApX XdPv S uXp ) J Xd
dLv, J Xd LXdPv Pd\. Tp dm
Tf[eZkRLu Pp XdPv Gu\ S Es[.
A XdP^ dLv Utm LXdPv BL Ut\.
CkXp Ru, A Pp EgL[p EgNlTm.
ALlTVL EhLs[lTm XdPv NdLUp
ClTRp YtlTd, Yt Y HtTm. Dvh
XdP^ SdLf NnV.
4.3.2.3. dWv :
98
99
H
C
H
OH
HO
OH
CH2-OH
C
O
HO
OH
CH2-OH
CH2-OH
dLv
D-glucose
( , 1 - 2
D-fructose
@lWdPv
[dLd
CQ )
(, 1-2 glycosidic linkage)
dWp J Xd dL^m, J Xd
@lWdP^m LQlT\. dLu Bpa
Rdm Utm lWdPu hP Rdm CPV
[dLd CQl EYs[. Bpa Utm
hP R CQlp DThlTRp. Jdm RLs
CpX. CjRLV RlThP AUlu LWQUL dWv
Jdm TiTt\ NodLWVL Es[. G]Y C ""PXu
Utm Te LWV'' JdL, KNN]d LdL.
Y[oR Ut\m :
ojR AXm ApX dWv ApX CuYoPv
Gu\ S uXp dWv WtTlTPk dLv
Utm @lWdP^ Ldu\. dWv ""GoU NodLW''
Gum AZdLlTm.
4.4 T NdLWLs :
CY [dLuLs Gum AZdLlTu\]. CY,
TX Jt\ NdLWLu Rl Bm. GV NodLW
ApX Jt\ NdLWLu TX XdLs d
]dhTh CY EYu\]. T NdLWLp
[dLd CQl Xm Jt\f NdLWLs
CQks[]. CY iP Ne ApX [L[ EPV
XdL[L Es[]. CY JW YLV] ApX TX
YLV] Jt\ NdLW AXL[l Tts[]. CRu
AlTPp T NdLWLs CWi YLL[Ll
dLlTu\]. AY J TjR] T NdLWLs Utm
TX TjR] T NdLWLs Bm.
J TjR] T NdLWLs WtTdmT JW
YLV] Jt\ NdLWL[d Ldm. ( Em ) vPof,
[dL_u, NpXv CYt\ WtTdmT
dLv Uhm Pd\.
TX TjR] T NdLWLs Jt\ NdLWLu
LXYVp B]. WtTdmT TpY YLV] Jt\
NdLWLu LXYL[d Ldm. ( Em ) aVWd
AXm, aTu, L T NdLWLs.
GoU\dLp ] : (Inversion)
dWv, YXg Ut ( +62.5o ) Bm. B]p CR
Wt TdmT Pdm [ThLs CPg Ut
Bm. H]p lWdPu CP\ Zt, dLu
YX\ ZtVP ALUL Es[. WtTlTp
EiPm [ThLs ZtV UtYRp, dWv
GoU NodLW Gum, CkLrf GoU\dLp Gum
4.4.1. vPof :
RYWeLp Nj YdLlTm LoTaWh
YLVf NokR vPof Bm. C RYWeLu Yo, Ri,
LnLLs, TZeLs Utm RVeLp AL A[ LQl
Tu\. A, LU RVeLp C ALUL Es[.
vPof RVeL[L Pdu\]. CY L[, s
YYeLp Es[]. iQdu XUL TodmT
100
101
CH2-OH
O
H
H
H
OH
OH
CH 2 -OH
CH 2 -OH
H
H
OH
H
4 OH
OH
OH
OH
CQ
F ig . 4 .8 S t r( uc 1,
t u r4e [dLd
o f A m y lo s e ( 1 - 4 g ly
c o s id ic lin)k a g e )
H 1
CH2
5
H
4 OH
3
H
2
OH
1
O
O
H
OH
( 4.9
1 -Structure
4 Utmof Amylopectin
1 - 6 [dLd
CQLs
)
Fig.
linkages)
( 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic
AVPu vPofu ] :
vPof LWNp AVPu ] k X \jRd
Ld\. CkR X \jt LWQm vPofp Es[
AUXv Bm.
AUXTdu
AUXv
OH
O 1-6 branch
point
[ls
O
H
4 OH
chain
RuUMain
Ne
OH
CH2-OH H
H 1
O
OH
LU
Wheat
Rice
O
H
4 OH
E[dZe
Potato
p LWV. B]p W
Eg YYjp TRm.
3. C 1 4 [dLd C , 1 4 Utm , 1 6
CQlT Tts[.
[dLd CQlT
Tts[.
103
4.4.2. [L_u :
[L_u GuT J TjR] T NdLW Bm.
H]p C Wt TdLlTmT dLv AXL[
Uhm Ld\. C XeLp Nj YdLlThs[
LoTahWh Bm. [L_u A]j GmjRN
NpLm LpWm LQlT\. C NhP[vd
LsL[L LQlT\. RYW C]eLp C ALUL
gNLm DvhLm LQlT\. [L_u
KQV AUl AUXTdu AUlPu Jjs[.
B]p [L_u GuT TX [ YY AUlT
Tts[. [L[] Gh Rp TuWi dLv
XdLdPV HtT\.
TjdmT, [dL_u Nljk
CPUt\m NnVlTh [dL_u TvTXv Gu\
SVp dL^L Ut\lT\. CqY EiP]
dLv Bd_]t\UPk Bt\Xj R\.
vPofN P [dL_p Es[ [Lu GidL
lPjRdL A[ ALUL Es[.
CH2OH
CH2-OH
O
H
H
(Main chain)
RuU
Ne O
H
OH
H
4 H
OH
H 1
CQ
1-6 linkage
O
([ls)
6
(Branch
point)
OH CH2
O
OH CH2-OH H
OH
H
H
4 OH
H 1
OH
O
H 1
O
H
OH
CQ
1-4 linkage
105
3
H
2
OH
dWv J
A) hPv NodLW
B) BpPv NodLW
C) CWhP NdLW
D) T NdLW
c. dLv, Shd AXjRp Bd_]t\UPk
LlT
A) NolhPp
B) NdLd AXm
C) ToWp
D) dLWd AXm
d. J Xd dLv KNNu EYLj RYlTm
]p ahWu XdLu GidL
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
e. AVu, CRPu X \jR R\
A) dLv
B) XdPv
C) vPof
D) alTu
f.
vPofN, UphPv Utm Pdvhu BL Utm
S
A) lTv
B) WhVv
C) AUXv
D) Gm CpX
II. LhP CPjR WlL
a. vPof, AUXv Utm ______________Bp B].
b. Xe vPof, ______________G] AZdLlT\.
c. dLv, NV WNd LXYVp JdLUPk
PlT ______________
d. Uu]v GuT______________u GUo Bm.
e. GUWdLp ]______________S Xm SPT\.
f.
Jf Zt Utu, ZtV]______________Xm
LiPVlT\
g. Un LXY jRdLlTm \d ______________
Gu TVo
III. NV, RY\ G]d L
a. Xv J TuPv Bm
b. J BpPad^v, 16 UtL[l Ttdm
b.
[lTLs
Braching
sites
Main
Chain
RuU
Ne
Tt
I. NV] PV RokR
a. [dL_u J
A) Jt\ NdLW
B) CWhP NdLW
C) J TjR] T NdLW
D) TXTjR] T NdLW
106
107
c.
d.
e.
IV.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
V.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
VI.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
TPm - 5
WReLs
5.1. uW
WReLs GuT] Xe, RYW dLp LQlTm
ShW_u Es[ LUf NoUeL[m. WRm GuT WhV
Gu\ WdL Npp Ck T\lThP. WhV Gu\p
RuUV] Gu Ts.
WRm Eo NpLu dVU] TVm.
WhP[^ju 12% WRj]p EYdLlT\. CY
Npd YYUlTd LlTR UhUpXUp, Npu
TL[V YjRp, Gu^mLu ]YLUt\
]Ls, ThLs CPUt\m, Y[oR Ut\jR Jel
TjRp, AN Utm RtLl X ]Lm
DTu\]. EPp EY AUld CY Ru LWQm.
5.2. WRju Xm :
WReLs Xe, RYWeLk T\lTu\].
Xe WReLs Tp, hP, UNm, u, DWp
RVYtkm, RYW WReLs Tl YLLs,
RVeLkm T\lTu\].
5.3. A] AXeLs :
A] AXeLs WR Xdu GV AXL[
EPVRLm, WR AUlu LhU]jR EYdLd
VRLm Es[]. A] AXju TY] YnT.
H
H
R
C
NH
COOH
2
R=H
COOH
NH
[u
G lyc in e
109
D Utm L A] AXeLs
oUVt\ LoTp Es[ A] Ru CPjR
AlTPVLd Li A] AXeLs C YLL[L
Es[]. AY D Utm L A] AXeLs.
HOOC
COOH
H
NH2
H2N C
H3C
CH3
D
YYm
form
LiQ
Mirror
YYm
L-Form
R-COO- + H+
R-NH3+
R-NH2 + H+
CH3
+
NH3
CH
-
COO
NH3
R
CH COOH
(Cation)
So AV
H+
O
OH
+ NH2
CH
COO
(Zwitter ion)
C] AV
OH -
NH2
R
COOH
OH
R
NH3
R CH
\d hl T[ EYd\. C 570 nm AX
[s[ JV Eg\.
Ninhydrin
Amino acid
uahu
CH COO
A] AXm
(Anion)
OH
Go AV
RCHO +
NH3
+ CO 2
Bpa
AmUV
Aldehyde Ammonia
H
O
Hydrindantin
ahuPuu
O
3. IN GXdhd s
OH
OH
A] AXju LW uU ( So Utm Go
uUL[PV RLu hjRL ) LWNu
pH Ul ApX WhPu NYl TjR.
J lhP pH Ulp A] AXm uUV
CZk, uXjp SLof APYpX. CRt IN GXdhd
s ApX IN GXdhd pH Gu TVo.
4. uahPu ]
+ NH3
+
H
OH
O
Hydrindantin
ahuPuu
uahu
Ninhydrin
O
+ 3H2O
H
Purple
complex
FR
\d
hlTs
Ammonia
COO -
CH
CH 3
CH 3
COO -
CH
NH 3
CH 3
Valine
YXu
CH2
CH COO-
HO
CH2
CH 2
CH
COO -
CH
COO
NH 3 +
N
NH 3 +
COO-
RWu
Tyrosine
CH 2
CH
CH
NH3+
Phenylalanine
@]p
AXu
AXu
CH 3
NH3+
Alanine
[u
Glycine
CH
COO
NH 3 +
NH 3 +
CH 3
CH
Leucine
hlPTu
Tryptophan
CH 3
CH 2
114
115
CH
CH 3
CH
COO -
CH 2
S
NH 3+
CH 2
CH 3
CH COO
NH 3
Methionine
UjV]u
Isoleucine
INu
CH
CH 2
OH
NH 3
CH 3
CH
OH
Serine
Wu
COO
CH
NH 3
CH 2
SH
CH
NH 3
COO
TmTX] o mm R-RLs So uU
(-NH3+) ApX Go uU (-COO) Tt\RL Es[.
Xu, Ao]u Utm vu BV A]
AXeLp pH = 7 BL CdmT R - R
lPjRdL So uUVl T\.
CH 2 CH 2 CH 2
NH 3 +
H N
CH 2 CH 2 CH 2
NH 2
+
N
H2
COO
CH 2
CH
NH 3
Asparagine
AvTou
COO
NH3+
hPu
Glutamine
OOC
CH
NH3+
CH2
S S
Cystine
vu
116
CH2 CH COO
NH3+
COO -
NH 3 +
NH
+
CH
Histidine
vu
Proline
HN
Wu
H2N
COO -
Ao]u
Arginine
CH 2
H2N
CH
NH 3+
C = NH 2
Cysteine
vPu
Threonine
jVu
NH 3 +
Xu
Lysine
CH 2
COO -
CH
CH 2
OOC CH 2
CH
COO -
NH 3+
Aspartic acid
NH3
Glutamic acid
AvToPh
hPUh
EQp NojdLs[lTm AlTPp A]
AXeLs AjVYVU]Y Utm AjVYVUt\Y
G] C L[L YLlTjRlTu\].
117
H 2N
C C OH + H 2N C C OH
R O
R' O
Amino AXm
acid'
Amino acid
A]
AXm
A]
H 2N
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
]p AXu
UjV]u
jWV]u
lPTu
YXu
C C
R O
R'
OH
Peptide bond
TlP
Ql
AXeLu TVoLs
118
+H 2O
H 2N
H
N
C
R
C
H
H
C
N
H
H
N
C
COOH
C
H
2. LW\u
WReLu LW\u, pH Bp TdLlT\. IN
GXdhd sp LW\u \YLm, AXm ApX
LWjRf NodmT LW\u ALULm Es[.
3. J Ztj RuU
A]j WRdLWNpLm R[] LiP JV
CP\UL Zt\.
4. rUj RuU
A[ TVRL ClTRp, WReLs TX rUl
TiL[l Tts[]. AY
i. CYtu Fm YLm Lm \
ii. LWNp TU] A[ JfR\X EYd\.
R2
R1
R3
R4
NH2 CH C NH CH C NH CH C NH CH C OH
O
] amino
A acid
]
C-terminal
N-terminal
amino acid
] A]
AXm
AXm
8M urea
V
NVp
RuUVt\
S
Inactive
enzyme
enzyme
NVpActive
RuUs[
S
1. \m Utm Y
(denatured form)
(native form)
i. AX LWLs Xm
HCl - Tu\ APo LU AXeL[d Li
WtTdmT WReLs ahW[WL[d
LiP A] AXeL[j Ru\].
ii. WReL[f Rdm SLs Xm
2. TWh LWPu \]
WRdLWNX, LWm LXkR CuSo 4 - Pu ]
TjmT, WRjs[ TlP Ql, RW
AVLPu ]k FR \s[ TWh AQf
NoUjR R\. \m APojVL UY TlP
Qlu GidLVl TjR.
O
C
HN
Cu
C
++
NH
N
NH
H
C
NH
C
R
KQV AUl
2.
DQV AUl
3.
QV AUl Utm
4.
R2
CH
C
O
NH
CH
R4
R3
C
NH
CH
NH
CH
OH
AXm Peptide
N- ]
terminalA]
amino acid
TlP
bond
Ql
C- terminal
] amino
A acid
]
4.
5.
6.
7.
ii.
AXm
2.
3.
KQV
Tts[.
i. ahW_u Ql :
C
N
O
O
H
H
Ru ShW_dm CPV
H- AdLs
TePlTYRp EY\.
C
O ........... H
( ahW_u Ql )
ii. PNpT Ql :
NH2
H2N
COOH
R
R
C
O ....
....
HN
C
NH
O
....
....
....
NH ..............O
C
NH
O ....
...
...
NH
O ..............HN
HN
NH
C
HN
O
O
Parallel chains
CQV] NeLs
NH
NH.............. O
CQVt\ NeLs
QV AUl :
DQV AUlp LQlTm T TlP Ne,
Um UlL[PV, JuPu Ju dV YqY
A[L[PVRL Es[. CkR YY AUld
QV AUl Gu TVo. CkR JW J YY AUl
UhmRu EVp NVp \u EPV. G]Y CkR
WRjt CVtL WRm Gu TVo. QV AUlp
Es[ A] AXeLs Ju\ h Ju Wjp
CkRm vd RPou Xm UlLs LQlTYRp
AY Sed LQlTu\].
i. o Ydm NVpLs (Hydrophobic interactions)
HN
TYL CY A] AXeLu ]j
RuUs[ TdLj RPp EY\.
iii. AV ApX u XVp LYof :
]jRuUVt\
Ru\.
TdLjRPoLdPV
v. PNpT QlLs :
iv.
Tt
I. uYm PLp NV]R RokR
a. ]p AXu J
A) AWUhd A] AXm
B) AThd A] AXm
C) PTlP
D) [dL WRm
b. AjVYVU] A] AXeLs
A) EPp RdLlT\
B) EPp RdLl TYpX
C) WReLu EVp Rlp TVuTP
D) XVt\Y
c. WReLu KQV AUl CYtPu RPo
EPV
A) A] AXj RPo
B) lhPh RL AUl
C) YYUl
D) Q AXLu NmTkRThP CPm
132
d. WRm CVpZjRu p
A) KQV AUl U\
B) DQV AUl U\
C) QV AUl U\
D) DQV Utm QV AUl U\
e. WReLu QV AUld TlT]
QlLs
A) ahW_u QlLs
B) YiPoYpv N
C) PNpT QlLs
D) UtLiP A]jm
II. LhP CPeL[ WlL
a. GV A] AXm______________
b. A]j A] AXeLm______________ YYjp
Cdu\].
c. hlPTp Es[ ] NVp R______________
d. ______________A] AXjp Y] R
Es[
e. WReLu s AUlT] WReLu
______________AUlTl Ttd \.
f. [Ulp LQlTPR A] AXm
______________
III. NV, RY\ G]d L
a. WReLs RYWeLp LQlTYpX
b. BoRu J WRjp CpXR A] AXm
c. hPd AXm CWi LoTdp RL[l
Tts[.
d. UV[u ARu SuQV AUltLL Tl
Tn NnVm.
e. J PTlP, C TlP QlL[ EPV.
133
IV. TjL
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
134
TPm - 6
lLs
6.1. uW
lLs GuT] LUf NoUeL[m. AY Ym
ELp TWYXL LQlTu\]. YVp \lT
AY Ll AXeLu GvPoLs ApX GvPoL[
EYdm \PVY Bm. W ANp NWpLs
TvT lLs, vWpLs Utm Ll AXeLs
BV] dV lL[m.
6.2 I
I GuT] K
L I. CY
lLu GV AUlTm Utm p LWm RuU
EPV]. L I H
v ( AO) .
I LHOL Lv SVp
cH OA.
6.2.1
I HKA.
1. G I
2. G I
6.2.1.1 G I
CY H I.
P CnH2n +1 COOH (AhPYQ 6.1)
135
YnT
LoTu GiL
CH3 COOH
C2H3 COOH
HK
C3H7 COOH
C5H11 COOH
C7 H15 COOH
C9 H19 COOH
10
C11H23 COOH
12
IKv
C13H27 COOH
14
C15H31 COOH
16
C17H35 COOH
18
C19H39 COOH
20
C21H43 COOH
22
LCK
C23H47 COOH
24
6.2.1.2 G I
CY H I
Bm. P CnH2n-1 COOH G
I HKA.
) G I.
H I .
(. .) L I
CH3 (CH2)7 CH = CH - (CH2)7 COOH
136
) L G I
H
I
(G . L . ) LLJ I,
AQ I.
LLQ I
dVjYm
1. I, K
A.
2.
Np M dV Tl A.
I[ K .
M A.
P I ( EFA ) A.
FJ L G
I. ( PUFA ) LLJ I.
LLQ I AQ I L
.
AUl
CH3 (CH2)4 -CH = CH - CH2 - CH = CH (CH2)7 - COOH
( ]d AXm )
CH3 (CH2)4 CH = CH - CH2 - CH = CH - CH2 CH = CH (CH2)7 - COOH
( ]d AXm )
CH3 (CH2)4 CH = CH - CH2 - CH = CH - CH2 - CH = CH - CH2 - CH =
CH - (CH2)3 - COOH
( AWdPd AXm )
137
6.3. AOL
AO O LH .
P AO I
v M.
LHO F A.
v FO I A. F L
K I F NVpT\.
O
1 CH2 O C
(CH2)14 CH3
O
O
C
O
(CH2)14 CH3
2 CH2 O
(CH2)14 CH3
3 CH
C
O
CH
C
O
(CH2)16 CH3
(CH2)14 CH3
CH2
WTpu
( GV W ANp NWp )
(CH2)16 CH3
CH2
6.3.1.
6.3.1.1. H
1.
AO , c M
, cK . K
O .
2.
F c M
cK I .
3.
AOL G F
IO AL c,
G . AL
c G F
HO E F
G .
4.
G, , L G
.
5.
Ut\ LlL[
A.
6.3.1.2. FJ
Distearopalmitin (mixed
PvVWTpu
triacylglycerol)
( LXl W ANpNWp )
138
OH F
I v LH
O AO . OH F
I v
LH AO .
1. WtTl
200oC GJ c F
AO AO,
I c .
139
O
CH 2
2.
C
O
R1
CH 2
C
O
R1
CH
R2
CH 2
+H 2O
CH
C
O
R2
CH 2
R3
200C
hW
ANp NWp
Triacylglycrerol
R 3-COOH
Ll
Fatty
acid
AXm
P Diacylglycerol
ANp NWp
O G I
G I
AA. G A.
F A.
CH3 (CH2) CH = CH (CH2)7 COOH + H2 Pt, Pd (or) Ni
Jd AXm
O
CH2
C
O
R1
CH
R2
CH2
] dVL
CH2
H
O
CH
+H2O
200C
CH2
P
ANp NWp
Diacylglycerol
vVd AXm
R2
R1-COOH
Ll
Fatty
acid
AXm
H
M A . Q
L G F F
A.
F F,
vF, L AP
FJ A.
U] ANp
NWp
Monoacylglycerol
3. QH ( M )
CH2
CH
CH2
O
O
O
H
O
C
R2
CH2
CH
CH2
+H2O
200C
U]
ANp NWp
Monoacylglycerol
H
H
H
+ R2-COOH
Ll
Fatty
acid
AXm
NWp
glycerol
M Lv Gu\ S QJ M
.
140
L LF
AO I
c. M QH .
CH2 - OOC C17H33
+ Na
OH
NlTRp
Saponification
CH - OOC C17H33
+ Na OH
+ Na
Triolein
hWVu
(a fat)
(Ll)
OH
Sodium
NVm
hydroxide
ahWd^
141
CH2 - OH
CH - OH + 3C17H33. COONa
CH2 - OH
Glycerol
NWp
NVm
Sodium
oleate
KVh
(a soap)
(Nl)
dA A n
M A. Q
OO H F Q
A. IQJ M Rp
RdLlTh ULs dLlT\.
4.
AOL G I
K, I, P
HH G
A.
CH3 (CH2)7 CH = CH (CH2)7 COOH + I2 C I / p
CH3 (CH2)7 CH = CH (CH2)7 COOH + I2
Jd AXm
BpLap
9, 10 vK I
5. (R) (Rancidity)
I F G
I R cH
A. M Hp F
JK , Lv Su
H G A. GC
. G IF
HH GC A.
GC R E I
E, L I, hPXt\m NnVlThP ahWd
Pu CYL[p RPT\. RYW GiQnLp
142
6.3.2. P
O C FJ PL
.
6.3.2.1. I Fd
A H I
G C
ILA E. I Fd
H IO P
A. I
I Fd P KA.
6.3.2.2. Fd
A C
ILA E.
FdOL H IO
K AL [m P P A.
Fd IO AL o [jPu F
MA . IO AL
Fd F
.
6.3.2.3. Fd
100 A H Q A E
Fd . Fd
H IO G J
P . Fd
IOu XdLp HO
E P F.
143
2.
I G
0.1 N C IL L
E . Fd H OF
M IO P A.
6.4.1.1 AO vLH
1.
AO vLH () v AO.
P AO .
144
vH vLH P vHR
.
JKJ O F LH
AO vLH . M
O A. F , ,
Cc, J dv P .
CF, L, v C, LH
Hv A AO
vLH.
O
O
R
CH2
O
CH
CH2 O
CH2
CH2
+
N (CH3)3
OH
Xu
Lecithin
1CH2 O C R
O
R
CH
CH2 O
OH
Cephalin
N@Tu
145
CH2CH2 NH3
O
O
R
CH2
O
CH2 O
Sphingosine
CH
C
C
H
H H
H
C
C
OH
C
CH
CH 3
(CH 2) 12
CH
CH
CH 2 O
NH
CH
CH 2
Inositiol
C]hPp
O
OH
Ll
AXm
Fatty
acid
veL Uu
Sphingomyelin
LXu
Choline
6.4.2. AOvLHO
CH 2
CH 2
NH 3+
1.
AOv LH E
. O R
C G A.
O G
I.
2.
C M H H
O .
3.
c Egm c A,
G .
4.
L] G PF.
CA.
5.
I Gp
c P Tl A.
OH
Plasmalogen
[UoX_u
CH
OH OH
CH
OH
Ceramide
OH OH
H
TvTPPp
OH
C]hPp
Phosphatidyl inositol
NWU
eLu
147
6.
vLv SV c
Tl A.
6.
L A.
7.
VL J L
A.
8.
9.
hL E
A.
TvTlTv
Phospholipase A1
CH2 - O + CO - R1
O
R2
TvTlTvD
O Phospholipase
LWm
TvTlTv
Phospholipase A2 CH2 - O + P - O - N-base
(Choline)
(LXu)
O
TvTlTv
Phospholipase C
Phospholipase A2 produces lysolecithin which is a
potent hemolytic
which degrade red blood
cells.
vLv
A agent
CF
A
C Rd\.
6.4.3 vH LHO
1.
E eL
2.
cK O Y A.
3.
CQ
4.
O G .
6.4.4. v LHO A
1.
M F F, M
F A.
2.
F A AA.
3.
FJL PF A.
4.
M A.
5.
H A A.
A A. LXvh WX
F A.
148
6.5. vWpLs
Y[V EhL] EPV NoUeL[m. Y[V
TuP] To ahW@]uku (CPPP) Gu\
EhLYm Ju\ ApX ARt UtThP -OH
RL[m LiPs[. F M
FO A.
6.5.1 v
MO I A
M v. C O A.
O L O A F
. URu CWjRjs[ LXvhWp A[Y
LhlTjY L dVUm.
6.5.1.1. AUl
LXvPWp C27 (C27 H46O) . Cp C3
Q R F C5 C6
H . L@
C17 . UjRm e
F vL . (TPm 6.1)
v EPVp A
RtT[L MA.
149
20
18
12
17
19
11
13
1
2
10
3
OH
9
6
14
22
23
27
24
25
16
6.5.1.3. vL L A
1.
2.
3.
26
4.
5.
15
6.5.1.2
1.
2.
3.
G ( 150 C )
4.
cK O
.
5.
CP I
I KF F A. [l
Tp LXvhWp ALUL Es[Rp SWm (nerve
impulse) ARtLPjVL Es[.
6.
v GJ R
OF R hPu
LXvhW] R\.
7.
vL R F vK I
I MM v
.
8.
H , ,
NodL M A.
150
6.
L A F.
L A.
CO qXCv ( RBC EPRp )
A.
O O A.
H c, H Ls 7 - v,
I D 3 , v ,
i, v v
A.
vLHd GWL NVpT\.
6.5.2 v
O A. M F
FO, O A. I
D J MA. O
GoLvWp I-DJ GoLLp
@TWp A.
OH
C7 - C8
A Ut\ H.
151
2.
3.
K H .
K CH 3 F
. ( TPm 6.2 )
c.
) 1
d.
6.5.3 vv
C7-I RW CRu AUl GoL vWX Jjs[.
(TPm 6.3) vv F
Rv L O
v. d dv
A .
AQ IF HO
E
e.
) 2
) 3
) 4
v
) MO
) O
) FO
) O
CnHn-1 COOH
) G I
) G I
) O LH
) vLH
II G
OH
TPm 6.3 vdUvWp AUl
JC
I. K M
a.
b.
L
) AO
) O AO
) I
) vLH
vK I
) G I
) G I
) P I
) OLH
152
a.
F I Fd ___________
A.
b.
___________
c.
KW ___________
___________P Ll I .
e. cK___________
d.
LHK O AO
b.
Fd LHO G
MA.
c.
vH LH AO .
d.
R E H
A.
e.
v I D .
153
IV TjL
1. LXvhWp
\\ Ll AXeLs
2. Jd AXm
CuVUVR
AXeLs
3. Xu
GV NW
4. WTpu
TvT l
5. AWdPd AXm
Xe vWp
Ll
V K J MO
1.
vHLHO F ?
2.
CF cH A
M[ .
3.
L A
M[ ?
4.
vL F ?
5.
vL F F ?
V WP MO
1.
AOR MK?
2.
vLHO P
P .
3.
vR M.
4.
v ? v
?
5.
Ll AXeL[ YLlTjRX Y.
CuVUVR Ll AXeLu YXL[m,
AUlTm [d.
154
TPm - 7
dd AXeLs
7.1. uW
dd AXeLs \Ut\, TL YYUt\
NoUeL[m. dd AXeLs u TL[
LiPs[. AYLs \V u Utm Wu
LWeLs, NodLW Utm TvTd AXm RV]
Bm. dd AXeLs DNA Utm RNA Gu\ CYLl
Tm. dd AXeLu AUlTm AYtu Tl
TsL[m Tt AY L dVU]Rm.
7.2. u LWeLs
7.2.1. HKI O
HKI HKIL
A.
C, I, C HKI
GOO . , S ,
R
AdL[ L . ( TPm 7.1 )
2
N
HN
O
N
NhPu
u Cytosine
(2-oxy 4-amino
2, pyrimidine)
Bd 4,
A] u
Pyrimidine
NH 2
N
H
Wp
(2,4, dioxy
2,4,Uracil
PBd
pyrimidine)
u
N
H
RVu
5 Ujp u
CH3
HN
7.2.2 HKIQ
7.3.2 HK O
1.
HKI cK .
1.
HK cK CP .
2.
260nm
FJ UV O P. HKI
GO P P
A.
2.
UV O 260nm FJ PA. HK
3.
Ut\ HK H
.
3.
H .
4.
pH W - P K ( CVe
NUX UtVm ) Tts[].
4.
W - P K .
GO PF PL
A.
7.3. HK
7.4. GO I
7.3.1 HK O
O O GO
I . DNA - R GO
I RNA - GO I. DNA M
i KM A. RNA ,
H Pp A.
HK HKQ
A. HK L AUlTl .
HKI I HK
A. (TPm 7.2)
NH2
6
1
N
O
N
N
NH
8
9
N
Purine
u
N
H
A]u
Adenine
(6 amino purine)
(6-I
H)
NH2
H
Guanine Y]u
(2 amino 6 oxy purine)
(2 I 6
R Hu)
GO I, v , vK
I I
. RNA DNA L
GO. (Jt\) GO
O XTL[m.
GOd AXeLp, GO v P
Gv H H.
7.4.1 GO
GOLp HK HKI ,
v BVY ]. dVN
Lp CYLV] TuPv NodLWLs Es[]. AY
Tv Utm BdTv Bm. (TPm 7.3) HK
GO O HK F N-9
157
Q . HKI GOO
HKI F N-1 .
NodLW, LWjPu N-[dLd Qlu Xm
CQks[. (TPm 7.4)
O
CH 2 OH
H
H
H
OH
CH 2 OH
OH
GvPo Ql
H
H
OH
RKv
-D-deoxyribose
Kv
-D-Ribose
NH2
OH
OH
F . ,
v F. v, Kv
-RKv v HH
H. (TPm 7.5)
Ester linkage
OH P O CH2
OH
CH2 OH
H
Ad
Glycosidic linkage H
H
H
H
OH
GO ()
A Nucleoside (cytidine)
H
H
OH
NH2
]
5 ' end
O
CH 2
O
O
2.
L GO Nem 4
GO . Q,
Q, RI Q L.
3.
L GO AL PH
F j RuU EPV. L
GO AL 5' vK
] V m 3'
.
4.
J v
PP .
A .
5.
s L m FF FJ t m
A. (Anti Parallel)
6.
sLm A.
s[ s[
. p
p I U U AUk A.
p p
C PP .
7.
F F s[ M A.
M H A.
I H
A. C a
H A.
8.
p Km VU] (Major
and Minor grooves) A.
A H
A. F
, DNA K CP
N DNA [ F A.
Y]u
Guanine
Thymine
RVu
CH 2
OH
H
O
O
H
O
NhPu
Cytosine
CH 2
OH
Phosp
ho diester
linkage
TvT
P GvPo
Ql
H
P
CH 2
A]u
Adenine
OH
TvT
P GvPo
Phosp ho diester
linkage
Ql
3 ' ]
end
H
O
CH 2
OH
u HKI H
\. v F
L A.
7.4.3.2. CWhPf s AUlu dV TiLs
1.
L GO AL
YX\ CWhP [
EYd\.
160
161
9.
7.4.3.3. DNAM
1.
DNA
2.
DNA
3.
DNA M
4.
5.
DNA
6.
JKJ O DNAM PL
Y[oR Ut\eL[X FF.
7.
8.
J O H .
Q A .
.
UH
J
A.
Lu G, ,
P, C PH
O
Y[oR
Ut\j\u,
F, nL
C
PH
K
F L .
K
DNA MA. J
WRjR EYdLj RY
V]
DNA -M F
A.
162
OL
A. H
JL
A.
AXm, Bd Yd AXm, Bd
Nhd AXm, Utm Bd Rd AXm.
7.4.4 RNA-M
K O K
H P RNA A.
RNA
H ,
O A. DNA L Q AA.
C RNA S , C S
A. vO H A.
7.4.4.1 RNA-M
K Kd Om
RNA A. 1) RNA
(mRNA) 2) RNA ( tRNA ) 3) K RNA ( rRNA )
, G P
A.
A] AXm
]
]
A] AX s
L A.
s[V c
UlL[ EPVRL A.
C (Hairpin) DQV A.
YXLs
1) ML
HF mRNA A.
2)
WR K
.
164
GoLPu Ri
GodLPu Y[
Jls LWm
(Wobble base)
GoLPu
1.
F (Acceptor arm)
CCA
2.
K, C 3-OH .
God F
RkdA.
mRNA M
3.
T C
4.
D-F CX AL[
AhPYQ 7.1
RNA
DNA
F TYL LQlTPR C
jRd .
.
YXLs
1. R Kv
.
1. v
2. C
2. TYL I
1.
3.
Bm CWim Go
NLp Np\.
3. Q Bm
2.
WRm K 20 I I
tRNA \Y A.
4. HK HKI
O
4. HK HKI
O CpX
G+C=A+T
G+C=A+T
5. T
A
5.
APYpX
6. LW c H
6. LW c H
MM A.
YXLs
1.
NO F A.
2.
WRm K BWmdm MO A.
166
7. M
A
7. C M F
167
e. LWj]p TdLlTPR GO I
) DNA
) tRNA
) mRNA
) rRNA
dVN
dVP
A]u
A]Nu
Ad AXm
1. TC F _____________GO I.
Y]u
Y]Nu
Yd AXm
NhPu
Nhu
Nhd AXm
2. _____________GO I H
RVu
Ru
Rd AXm
Wp
d AXm
Tt
) mRNA
4. _____________RNA, DNAML A.
5. _____________.
1. HK F OV P 260 nm
FJ .
a. RV
) tRNA
3. _____________ GO.
I. K M
) DNA
II G
) rRNA
b. I
2. C HKI .
) HK
) GO
3. GO GO
A.
) GO
) HKI
4. GOv RNA .
c. Go F
) DNA
) tRNA
) mRNA
) rRNA
d. I
5. DNA RNA FK .
IV. TjL
1. NhPu
u LWm
2. RVu
Wu LWm
3. tRNA
Ad AXm
) H
) H
4. dVP
ATP
) H
) I
5. dVN
A] AX ]dLm
168
169
V K J MO
1. GO ?
2. HK ?
3. v Gv H ?
4. DNA J F ?
5. Q W-] ?
VI. W M MO
1. HK HKI O MK?
2. DNAM KQV M?
3. DNA RNAO ?
4. AKA DNA FKJ A
?
5. tRNAM ?
170
TPm - 8
YhPuLs
8.1. uW
I MAO
J I CP M EPdj
K O RlTm. CY
Lp RVdLlTYpX. M XU
AO. I, M I CP
MXV A.
I FJ
H V, F. JKO
YhPm PH FV Tl
Tt, PH V Au\. TmTX]
YhPuLs EPu CQ SL[L NVpTu\].
TYL NR RYV]
Im TU] M OA.
8.2. YLlTjRp
I T Y L
L [ L
dLlTu\]. A) Llp LWm YhPuLs,
B) p LWm YhPuLs.
8.2.1. Llp LWm YhPuLs
ILs A, D, E Utm K CjRVf NokRY
CY p LWYpX. B]p LlTdLWdm,
LU LWlTuLp Gp LWu\]. EPp YhPu
Lu LPjRdm Y[oR Ut\jtm Ll
ClT AYVU\.
171
8.2.1.1. YhPu - A
I A Xe EQl TsLp UhU
LQlT\. C u YLLs, T\YLs Utm
ThLp LQlT\. RYWju UgNs \Ls,
, Utm LWhuLs Utm lP_kRu
BVY YhPu A- u u]Ls Bm.
LWh]n NoUeL[ Sm EPX] YhPu A
YL Utm \PV.
LWhu YVp AUl Bd_]t\
UPk CWi XdLs YhPu AY EYd
\. Ut\ W YhPuLs JW J Xd\
EYd\. LWhu, ApX LWhu ApX
lP_kR] P YhPu A YL Ut\m
APRp AL \u YnkRY.
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH2OH
CH3
Wh]p
(Retinol)
Retinol
(Vitamin A
1)
YhPu A1
172
H3C
CH3
CH3
CH3
H3C
CH3
-Carotene
CH3
CH3
H3C
CH3
LWhu
YXLs
A) YhPu A EPu A]j NpLu Y[oR
Ut\m Utm Y[ofd AYVm.
B) C Wh]p Utm WRjk EYm dLX]
hlT[] WPlu EYdLjt
AYVU\. Wh]p LQlTm WPlu
Gu\ \ \Y] YfNjp TodL ER\.
C) B W dV U] R p , l T L Lo V u
LZlTPXm Utm YNlTRu EhT
CYtt YhPu A AYVUm.
XeLs
A]j XeLu LpWp ALUL YhPu
A LQlT\. u GiQn dVU] XUm.
Tp, hPdL, TUV] CXL[ EPV LnLLs,
UgNs \ LnLLs Utm TZ YLLp LWhuLs
AL[p LQlT\. CY Ytd Pp YWp
YhPu A YL Ut\lT\.
RYLs
EPp CWjRju A[Y TWUlTR AlTPVL
Yj YhPu RYV] GjRdLs[lT\.
VoLs, TX YWeLs YhPu A CpXR EQY
173
1500 IU / Ss
- 2000 - 3000 IU /
TVYoLs
- 5000 IU /
LolHE Utm
Thm RnUoLs
- 6000 - 8000 IU /
(IU = International units)
8.2.1.2. YhPu D
I D .
1.
2.
pC ( I D2 ) I
d NVtL AUlTm.
SLk jRdLlTm GoLvWp Gu\
NoUjR \ FRd LVdLjt EhTjmT
EY\. YhPu CkR AUl TVuRWdV
TsL[] UodLWu Utm ZkR EQLp
NodLlT\.
CH 3
H
C
CH 3
CH 3
CH 2
CH 2
CH 2
CH
CH 3
CH 2
LXLp@TWp
( YhPu D3 )
OH
YXLs
YhPu D EPp Y[ofdm, Gm Utm TtL[
TWUdLm AYVU\. LpVm Utm TvTWv
Pk EhWdLm Gm Utm TtLs, LpVm,
TvTW^ Gjd Ls[m YhPu D ER\.
XeLs
YhPu D CVtLp TWYXL LQlTYpX. u
GiQp dVUL LpWp GiQp ALUL Es[.
175
RYLs
EPdj RYV] YhPu D u hP A[Y
YWVjd Rp L]m. V Ju ERVp EPp
RVdLlTm YhPu Du A[, URd URu
UT\. TYL TmTX] UdLs YhPu DV
V Jk Tu\]o. YhPu D ZkLs Utm
YoLd, EPp Y[of Utm Gm Y[ofdLL
TVYoL[ P ALm RYlT\.
8.2.1.3 YhPu E
YhPu E NVX] PL@TWpLs G]
AZdLlTm GiQt\ NoUeL[p SPT\.
PdL@TWp YhPu E G]lT\. YhPu E
AUlp P ahW TuNTWu EhL IN]n
TdLj RPPu CQdLlThs[. (TPm 8.3) CY UgNs
\ GiQn Tu\Y. Llp LWm CVpPV.
CH3
OH
CH3
H3C
O
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
Tf[m ZkRLs
Utm YoLs
400 IU/Ss
TVYoLs
200 IU/Ss--
400 IU/Ss
YXLs
YhPu E u RuUlT Go Bd_]tVL
NVpTY Bm. YhPu A Bd_]t\m APYR
Rj, YhPu A EPp TVuTht PdU Nn\.
YhPu E , T \\ Ll AXeLu
Bd_]t\jRd \j Xm NRWQ Np NqLs
TWUlTp ER Nn\. UXt (Hemolysis)
GWL CWjR Yl NpL[ TLd\. YhPu E
XeLm URm C]lTdL NVpLp
RYlT\. NpLs ofm T dVU]
TLdm NVp DTu\].
-Tocopherol
PdL@TWp
XeLs
LU R GiQn, UdLf N[ R GiQn
YhPu E ALs[ CVtL XeL[m. RYW GiQn
Utm LlLs \kR XeL[m. Tl YLLs Utm
Xe EQLs PdL@TWp ALPV XeL[m.
177
RYLs
YhPu E RYL[ j LhRp Ld
L]Um. CRu RY GjdLs[lTm T \\
Ll AXeLu A[Y TjR. EQp Es[ J
Wm T \\ Ll AXeLPu (PUFA) 0.4 .
PdL@TWp GjdLs[ Yim GuT TYL
(
HtdLs[lThs[. CkR A[p GkR Wf]m
ClTpX. H]p T \\ Ll AXeLs
Es[ A]j XeLm YhPu E ALPV
XeL[m.
AL[ YhPu E Gjd LsYRp, ILd
(Ischaemic) CRV Snd GW] TLl HtTYRL Gjd
LhLs \lThs[]. H]p AL[ YhPu E
[vU lTWhuLp Es[ T \\ Ll
AXeLu Bd_]t\jRj Rd\ Utm CkR
Bd_]t\m AWvWv (atherosclerosis)
(LW] Bds YoLp Ll TRp) BWmdLd
LWQU\. TVuRWdV A[Y] 17-- 40 .
PdL@TWp / Ss Bm. CkR A[ NRWQ EQk
Pdm A[Y P ALUm.
TVYoLs: 25--30 .. / Ss.
8.2.1.4 YhPu K
YhPu K CWjR TdL Rdm (Anti hemorrhagic)
YhPu G]lT\.
u NoUeLs YhPu Ku EVp ]NVp
\PVY. AY.
a) TpX]u, (phylloquinone) NRWQU] EQ
XUm, TfN CXL[ EPV LnLLp
LQlT\.
b) U]]u, (menaquinone) YTm [eL[d
LiP TdLj RPPV, Yt Pp Ts[
Td VdL[p RVdLlTm NoUeL[m.
c) U]PVu, (menadione) C J NVtL NoUm,
Y[oR Ut\UPk TpX]]j R\.
O
CH3
U]PVu
Menadione
TPm 8.4 U]PVu AUl ( YhPu K )
YXLs
CWjR E\Rdj RYV] WjWmu Gu\
T[ EYdL YhPu K AYVU\. Yt Pp
TdV NRWQUL AL[ YhPu K I EtTj
Nn\. YhPu K EgNlTRp jRo uXp
179
XeLs
TfN CXL[ EPV LnLL[] vT]f, hPd
Lv, LX Tu\Y YhPu K LiP dV
XeL[m. L@[Yo, LU R RVm dV
XeL[m. LWh Utm E[dZe KW[ SpX XeLs
Tp, C\f Utm u RV] \YL YhPu K Il
Tt\ XeL[m.
RYLs
CqYhPu RYlTm A[Y] Ytd Pp
Tp Es[ YhPu K A[Y TjR. EhTp
Es[ YhPu K A[ ALUL CdmT EQu
YVL RYlTm A[ \Ym.
EhWjRp Utm NjRp
Llp LWm RuU EPVRp, YhPu K
EgNlTRp mTdv (lymphatics) YVL _]jp
RYV] A[ jRo ElL[p ALdLlT\. LpWp
TU] A[ YhPu KY Nj Yd\. CWjR
KhPjp lTPjRdL A[ Es[. GpXj dLm
\kR A[ YhPu KY Lis[.
\T
YhPu K \T WjWmu A[Y \lTRp
CWjRm E\m SWm ALU\. C CWjRlTdL
HtTj\. YhPu K \T RL \kR
ZkRLp CWjRlTdL HtTj\.
8.2.2 p LWm YhPuLs
YhPuLs B Lml[dv Utm YhPu C RV]
ClYf NokRY. CY Gp p LWm
CVpPVY.
180
H3C
N
CH3
NH2
CH2
CH2-CH2-OH
+
N
S
Thiamine
(Vitamin BB1))
RVu
(YhPu
1
YXLs
TX SLu AUlp RVu Q SVL Es[.
CY RuUVL dL^ EPj Bt\X Adm
]p DTu\].
RVu, Tv EYRp Q\. UWl
TiL[ Lis[ DNA Utm RNAdLp Es[ NodLW
Tv Bm. TU] A[ RV]l Tts[Rp
BWdVU] SWmL[m, SpX U]X EPV
Rt\jRm, NV] T, EQ NjRp Tu\ YXLs
NYW NnVlTu\].
XeLs
C\fLp dUL Tu C\f Utm LpWp
RVu NW NVL Gjd Ls[lTm A[p Sup J
T Es[. EXokR uv, LPXLs Utm hPLs
RV]m dV XeL[m.
NjkR RVeLs, WhLs, Utm, Tl
YLLs RVu J S[V RYp up J TeL
Adu\].
181
RYLs
Bt\p NXYRl Tj RVu RY
oQdLlT\.
Tf[m ZkRLs
ZkRLs
TVYoLs
Lol Utm
Thm RnUoLs
H3C
NH
Riboflavin
T@[u
YXLs
@[YWReLs G]lTm SLp dVl
TlT[L T@[u LQlT\, RVPu
Nok CkR SLs dL^ EPj Bt\X EYd
Lj RYlTu\]. BWdVU] Rp WLNUL Jp
SpX ToYdm T@[u AYVm. RVs JYo
T@T[u Gjd Lsm A[ EPp RYV
P ALUL CkRp o YVt\m ALUL Cdm.
Gjd Lsm A[ \YL CdmT EPp, ARu
A[Y LY]UL TWUj, o YVt\jRj Rd\.
XeLs
TX Uhm AkYRp T T@[u J
S[Vj RY Yoj NnVlT\. kR Tu Up
Es[ RkR o Tp X YhPuLs CZdLlThPm
TXPdLh dV XUm.
183
RYLs
T@[u RYlTm A[, CWjR YlTp
Es[ hPjRVu PdPv Gu\ Su NVX
NRWQ Xd LiYYRt RYlTm A[Y
TjR. CkR Su NVp EQp Es[ T@[u
A[Yl TjR. C J [Y WRm Bm.
COOH
Tf[m ZkRLs
ZkRLs
TVYoLs/ BiLs
TVYoLs/ TiLs
Lol TiLs
Thm TiLs
YXLs
dLv TlTVL EPdLlTh Bt\p Y
YRt Vu RYlT\. RpLp BWdVjtm,
YtdPp Tu NRWQ YXdm, SWm TLu
TWUltm Vu AjVYVUm.
dLd
AXm
Nicotinic acid
dL]U
Nicotinamide
XeLs
C\f EQ YLL[] L, Utm El C\f
Vu dV XeL[m. W YLLs, RVeLs,
Njs[ WhLs, Tl YLLs RV]m Vu
XeL[m.
\T
RYLs
TkW NnVlThP Vu RY 6.6 / 1600 LX.
CY EQ XULY lP@Tu Gu\ dV A]
AXju (Vu u]) XULY YZeLlT\.
185
Tf[m ZkRLs
5 -- 8 ./Ss
ZkRLs
9 -- 16 ./Ss
TVYoLs
16 -- 20 ./Ss
Lol Ti
14-- -- 18 ./Ss
Thm RnUoLs
--
16 -- 20 ./Ss
\T
Vu ALlTVL \m T TpXdW Gu\
Sn HtT\. Rp V YfNjt EhTmT
PoUhv Gu\ Sm Yp lj RuU, Ytl
Td, U]Ut\m, U] E[fNp, ZlTm, \W NWUp
ClT, RV] Cd\Yp HtTm BWmTXVm.
CY LYdLlTPp C\dL Sm. (CkSn X
NUVeLp 4D- PoUv (Dermatitis), Ytl Td
(Diarrohea), TjVm (Dementia) Utm C\jRp (Death) G]
dLlT\).
H2-C-NH2
H-C = 0
CH2OH
HOCH2
OH
CH3
Pyridoxine
Pdu
HOCH2
HOCH2
OH
OH
CH3
Pyridoxal
Pd^p
CH3
Pyridoxamine
Pd^u
YXLs
CVtLs[ YhPu B6 u u AUlLs
Pdu, Pd^p Utm Pd^u Bm. YhPu
B6u YXLs WR Y[oR Ut\m, A] AXeLs
RVl Utm EPjRp, lP@Tu] V]L UtRp,
Go EL[j RtjRp, U[s[ U
EYdRp, [u dV YXLd RYlTm
aoUuL[ EYdRp Bm.
XeLs
C\f dVUL ElLu C\fLs, (organ meats)
RVeLs, Tl YLLs, LPX, LU RLs
RV] dV XeL[m. Tp Utm TfN LnLLs
\kR A[Y YhPu B6 Ij Ru\].
RYLs
EPp Es[ TmTX] YhPu B6 RNl
Ts[ [dL_u TvTX^Pu CQkk
Rm, YhPu B6 XV]m, TLdLlThs[m Bm.
Bt\p NXPlTRp, [dL_u Y[oR Ut\m
CYt\l Tj RYlTm YhPu B6u A[
AUYpX. B]p WRm GjdLs[l TYRl
Tj YhPu B6 RY Es[. NWN RY 13
U../. EQl WRUm.
186
187
Tf[m ZkRLs
0.3 .. / Ss
ZkRLs
0.6 - 1.2 .. / Ss
TVYoLs
1.6 - 2 .. / Ss
Lol Utm
Thm TiLs
2.5 .. / Ss
YXLs
1. @Td AXm J LoTu AXLd LiP @ToUp,
Ujp Tu\ RL[d LPjm ]Lp CQ
SVL NVpT\.
H
N
N
OH
CH2-N
@Td
Folic AXm
acid
3.
4.
5.
XeLs
@Td AXm W YLLs L@[Yo Utm EXokR
DvLp lTL LQlT\. hP, DWp Utm
WLeLs RV] dV Xe XeL[m.
RYLs
NRWQ URd YWVdLlThP A[ @Td
AXm RYlTYpX. U\L Lol Utm Thm
TiLd AL[ RYlT\.
Tf[m ZkRLs
50 U.. / Ss
ZkRLs
TVYoLs
400 U.. / Ss
(CH2)2
Lol TiLs
800 U.. / Ss
COOH
Thm TiLs
600 U.. / Ss
H2N
2.
COOH
CO - NH - CH
189
2.
3.
VI YhPu B12
YXLs
GpX YhPuL[m P YhPu B12 TV hf
NoUUm. R[ LTph R CmXdu dV
TVL [e\. Gm Uw_p CWjR Yl
NpLu ofd YhPu B12 RYlT\. WRf
NodLm DT\.
XeLs
Tp, hP, TXPdLh, C\f, u RV]
AL[ YhPu B12Ij RWdV]. RYW EQLs B12I
YZeYpX. Um RYW EQY Uhm iP ShLd
EQYL EhLsmT \Th ALs EiP\.
RYLs
YhPu B12 RYlTm A[Y] SVLp RBC
of APVj RYV] A[Pu, Pp LW (Intrinsic
factor) \ WlTp HtTm ToVv AVYm
AlTPVL Yj A[PlThs[. YhPu B12u
GuhWaTd Zt lPjRdL A[ LQlT\.
C jRlTp WdLlTh Pp Tp im
EgNlT\. SVLp Pp LW \ WlTp
YhPu im EgNlTPUp iUd LLs YVL
YVt\lT\. CR]p SVLd, PpLW
\YL WlTRp YhPu B12 RY NRWQUL
ClTYoL[P ALm RYlT\.
NWN YhPu B12 RY
3 U.. / Ss Bm.
Tf[m ZkRLs
0.3 U.. / Ss
ZkRLs
1 2 U.. / Ss
TVYoLs
3 U.. / Ss
Lol Utm
Thm TiLs
4 U.. / Ss
191
CH
NH
CH3 OH O
Pantothenic
acid
TuP
Rd AXm
\m dVUL LRlT\.
1. AhPp CoA LoTahWh, WRm, l
Tu\Ytu Y[oR Ut\ NVpLp dVl Te
Yd\.
2. AhPp CoA LXvhWu u]Vm. (Precursor)
LXvhWp RVl Utm vWn aoUuLs
RVlp dV XUL AhPp CoA [e\.
3. LXPu CQk AhPp LXu RVlp
Te T\.
4. X A] AXeLu NVp \d CoA
RYlT\.
XeLs
EXokR Dv LpWp, WVp _p (Royal jelly) RV]
TuPRd AXju dV XeL[m.
hPdL, C\f, u, Tp RVYm dV
XeL[m.
RYLs
TkW NnVlThP TuP Rd AXju Au\Pj
RY Z LdLlThs[.
Tf[m ZkRLs
1.5 2.5 .. / Ss
ZkRLs
5 8 .. / Ss
TVYoLs
5 12 .. / Ss
Lol Utm
Thm TiLs
10 15 .. / Ss
193
CH (CH
H 2C
2 ) 4 -C
OOH
YXLs
1. TVu X LoTd]t\ ]Lp Qd
LWQVLm, LoTuP Bd^P Gjf NpXm
RYV] Ju\m.
194
LoldXv
UX]p CoA
2.
3.
4.
u RVlp ER\.
5.
XeLs
TVu RYW Utm Xe EQLp TWYXLd
LQlT\. LU R, ThP, LPX, R RV]
dV XeLs Bm. Tl YLLs, XdmLs, C\f
Utm hP RV]m dV XeL[m.
RYLs
Pp Yr TdV Utm EQ YVL TU]
A[ TVu AdLlTYRp TVu \Th Sn
URoLp ARm.
Tf[m ZkRLs
10 15 U.. / Ss
ZkRLs
20 40 U.. / Ss
TVYoLs
50 60 U.. / Ss
EhWjRp Utm NjRp
TVu Pp Tk WL[p Gp
EgNlTh Ztd PlT\. RYd ALUL
EgNlTY EPp NdLlTPUp o YVL
YVt\lT\.
195
HO
HO
H
HO
C
C
CH 2 OH
L -L-ascorbic
AvLod
acidAXm
YXLs
1. YhPu C EPp LhU] AUlT Ju\dLm
CQlj YL WRm, Np Utm dL[ CQj
196
3.
XeLs
TfNd LnLLs YhPu CVd Lis[. J
X EQ YLLs Ut\ EQ YLL[ P AL[
YhPu C Vd Lis[. BWg, WhNlTZeLs,
GfN RV] ALUL YhPu CVd LiP
XeL[m.
RYLs
YqY YV]dl TkW NnVlThP YhPu
C A[Y] Z LdLlThs[.
Tf[m ZkRLs
--
35 . / Ss
ZkRLs
40 . / Ss
TVYo
--
45 . / Ss
Lol TiLs
60 . / Ss
Thm TiLs
80 . / Ss
197
3.
Y.
Gi
CQ Su
TVo
YhPu TVo
1.
RVu
TWTvTh(TPP)
RVu (B1)
Pd^p
TvTh
PhWahW
@TXh (FH4)
CQ S A
2.
@[u
A]u P
dVP
(FAD)
Su TVo
Utm DTm
]
TYh
LoTdXv
(Bpa
R
Ut\lT\)
dLh]U
A]u P
dVP
TvTh
(NADP)
dLh]U
A]u P
dVP
(NAD)
Vu (B3)
Vu (B3)
dLv 6TvTh
ahW]v
(Tv@T GvPo
EYdLm)
YhPu
(B 6 )
AvToTh
A]
WuvTWv
(A] R
Ut\m)
@Td
AXm
S - A]p
Wuv
UjXv
(Ujp R
Ut\m)
TuPRd TYh
AXm (B5)
ahW]v
(ANp Ht\m)
Nd]h
T@[u
ahW]v
(B 2 )
(Bd_]t\m
Utm JdLm)
198
XdPh
ahW]v
(Bd_]t\m
Utm JdLm)
199
Tt
I. NV] PVj RokR
a. uYY]ts G EYL YhPu A AYVm.
i. WPlu
ii. Gm
iii. U[u
iv. aoUuLs
b. LXLp@TWp G]lTY
i YhPu D3
ii. YhPu B1
iii. TVhu
iv. YhPu A
ii. YhPu B6
iii. YhPu E
iv. YhPu C
ii. PhWahW@TXh
iii. TVhu
e. GR EhWjRp Au DT\?
i. TVu
ii. YhPu A
iii. YhPu C
]Lp DT\.
IV. TjL
1. YhPu
- RVu TWTvTh
2. YhPu
B1
- ToVv AV
3. YhPu
B12
- LpVm EhWjRp
4. YhPu
5. YhPu
- LX_u RVl
6. YhPu
- Go Bd_]t
7. YhPu
- CWjRm E\RpPd
ToY
V. K YojRp PV
1. YhPuLu C YLV YTjL
2. YhPu A \Y] HtTm ALs VY?
3. YhPu C \Yp HtTm TlLs VY?
201
[dL.
YXL[ GL.
\Th AL[l Tt Y.
202
TPm 9
RdLs
9.1 uW
RdLs LU ThLs Bm. CY
FO FWO LQlTu\]. CY
M NodLlTu\]. G.L. NaCl Um RdL[],
LU XdLPm, ERWQUL CmT]
U[Pm, NpTo H\d\V A]j WReLm
CQkRs[. ,
RdLs RYpX, F
JK M YLjR ALd\.
KH YIl l
NF. CY cK Y.
L C u
T\.
9.2 YLlTjRp
dV [Ll HK
RUeLs Q.
Q F M Au ( >100 .. / Ss ).
L F . Q
M \, ( <100 .. / Ss ). L F
Utm FO CP M .
9.2.1 UdW RUeLs
C, vv, , K (),
mC A, X UdW RUeLs Bm.
203
9.2.1.1 LpVm
i.
L N ML C AA.
YXLs
1. L 99% C O
A. vv Q
EVj A.
ii.
F CF,
H .
2.
C I Tm F.
O .
3.
C RYlT\.
4.
Q L, Qs L
Of JeTjR\.
ZkR C
A.
5.
SWm F
F e m RuUV Je
Tj\.
6.
C vPv, C
WCv FO A.
LpVju Te
L CF W W.
Y
C.S.F
70 I.A / 100 A
15 I.A / 100 A
CWjRjp LpVju A[
HvM CF 9 11 I.A / 100
.. CkR A[ TmTm PL . A
L, PL W K
A.
204
AL
Tf[e
ZkRLs
0.8 - 1.2 A /
0.8 A. /
Lol Utm
Thm RnUoLs
1.5 / Ss
A[
AA N c
M C v, ,
]. CL F
N C F M AAA.
C C co, Hco Y N
N YVt\lT\.
C A F E
C E Tp pC AA
FAu\].
I D:
I - D C AA Fdd\.
205
LpVju NRm
M AL A[ CjR
EhWlTRt ER\.
C AA p Es[
C Q N cA. ICP
AA C Cc cA. C
KMA C M Cco
Q N N c CF
.
pH:
L Es[ I G,
AA .
v :
C AA F E
M v . L Es[ I
G Xdd AXju XUL F
C AAp Fd.
TvThLs
M Es[ F v C
AA A. M C vR
MA 1:1 .
Ll Utm Ll AXeLs
AAL L
I FA, CjPu p LWVR
LpVm ElT EYd\. C LYL YV\.
CR]p LpVm EhWjRp \\.
Bd^d AXm
C Lp Es[ L IU]
LpVjPu CQk p LWVR LpVm Bd^Xh
ElTL U LYL YVt\lT\. CR]p EhWjRp
\\.
206
\T
CF hP PP
F HT K. F
C . F
C
Au ] .
Kv
( ZkRLp ) d A I - D
Bm. F C vC
C . LpVm M
Q ( Tetany ) v C
( Osteomalacia ) ( TVYoLp ) .
9.2.1.2 TvTWv
O I A vv .
WLs I CuVUVRRL Es[.
1.
2.
vLlH. AA
YA.
3.
4.
5.
F, ,
O C F RYlA.
6.
CWjRjp TvTWv
, K F vR
2.5 - 4.0 I.A / 100 I.LhPo Utm C 4 - 5 I.A. / 100
I.L .
XeLs
T v T W v M E Q L p
LQlT\. , , h, Cc, u C\f
Tu\Y Xe EQYm.
\TLs
vv Kv SVm.
F vR
FA.
9.2.1.3. NVm
1.
2.
3.
, CLp v F
A A.
O , dv, W J
A. L C l
vW^ .
RYLs
Tf[e
ZkRLs
- 0.8 - 1.2 A /
4.
QV] W] j TWUd\.
- 0.8 A. /
5.
HE Utm
Thm RnUoLs
SWm O , O Lm
(permeability) NVXm TWUd\.
- 1.5 A /
F F
F F 310 - 340 I.A./100 I.L
. CWjRf C dLp QLs .
AA N c
Y A I vv
AAd . F C
vv AA A. vv C
cm Q Nm c A.
208
( NRWQ El ) A .
, TXP QOp AL A[m
L, L RYV] A[m Es[.
209
4.
A.
F K F 5
- 10 A .
5.
AX F L]u EfN
C .
AA N c
, L
Ytd FJp
AAA. 95% L Cc
O L I O AA
A.
K HJL
K v F C
F YA. K v
A CWjRjp N cm
ALdLlTRp NVju A[ \\.
F F M
Rp HtTm X KI (Hyponatremia)
. F F M
Rp HtTm X KI . (Hypernatremia)
9.2.1.4 C
w NmTL
C l . L I A
.
1.
L , C I
P.
2.
3.
L I - G YF C
K A.
210
O C . MO
C, , , eQ,
, PO , F
O, dv O (legumes)
C A.
, M CVju A[
4 A / .
AA N c
Ytd FJ ThPVm
AAA. L Cc
Q N cA.
C ,
Fp Y . F,
YtlTd, TuU c EiQUp CjRp
A CF d.
FC Utm WL NVZlu Tm ThPVju
\T . , O L,
O NVpTLs C
PP.
211
9.2.1.5 K
9.2.1.6. UdVm
1.
QV] , I-
G P.
2.
3.
, JP Es[ NU] o, K
- I F NnV \.
L, 70% mC H C
v^ . e
F FO A. FO
A I Q. TvTh RL[
Ut\m Nnm SLu NVpTL[j iPm,
Bd]t\ TvTX`u NVd QdLW
VLm NVpT\.
4.
v Fu ThP Fdd\.
[u C , .
G, M
Al A.
MOL , M F
l . [Wu
RYV] A[ 5 10 / Ss, NaCl TXY.
AA N c
K Ytd FJp
AAA. Cco Utm VoYu
XUL M OA.
YtlTd M C ( S[pX )
WlLu CPolTLu T NVm CZl ALUL
Cdm. CkXp [W \T HtTm.
212
F mC
F mCF 1.3 I.A / 100 I.L
.
, , L, v,
AP mC A.
Tf[eLs -
AA N c
C mC p
K. F mC
AATYpX. mCm
AA FA. , v
C BV] F EQp mCF
AA A.
mC Q N, N
cA. R[ Ccp Ot\lT\.
213
, , m, I, L,
LQ A .
mC , CJ,
A A.
9.2.2.1
9.2.1.7 NpTo
KO L H 3 - 5
A . F qHQ .
qH q
H A q
H CL, F
A. qH fLL R
F A. O
R M GA. dOL Co 2 I
, K, qH
A.
, Cv Cv Tu\ A]
AXeLp LkRLm Es[. O .
lj F, , , O F
. I TV Tu\
I - B O .
A] AXeL[] Cv
Tu\Ytp Es[Rp WRju Xm
Pd\. EQp Es[ Ut\
A.
A.
AA N c
Q (So42- ) LL C C
PA. CcK OA.
Q EPp \ThPp M
RL AVlTPpX.
9.2.2. UdW RUeLs
L
UdW Q - , , I, K,
214
j
FM,
qH A .
Bt\Xl T\ ERm dLv Utm Ll
AXeL[ Bd_]t\m Nnm SLp Cm J
Tl T[L Es[.
I F MA EQLs
C, h, , Cc, a, u
, G AYm. , FL
A , P, , ,
, F Tu\Y RYW EQYm.
M A H
A. Q, ,
d P P , , C, e
P M A.
215
l Q d, C
M F M
A.
3.
I, BL I A
P FA (AA)
H 10 MA L
PC A.
4.
YI C P FA.
5.
PYRt
NRLUL Es[.
C Ls
- 10 - 15 I.A. /
- 15 I.A /
- 18 I.A. /
HE Utm
- 40 I.A /
AA N c
Gp I CP JP,
F PA, CO
O KM F i
ML PNA. O
M .
O, M
P F .
L I F A. I
CP Cc, , M AP
OA.
P F E
1.
J ApX PlH
C c OO P
\YL Es[.
2.
v F Y] CmPu Nok p
K vP EiPdYRp
Pp A.
216
M , F
(anemia) A. O,
HE O A.
, MA ,
M f , A
.
9.2.2.2. I
qH L IF A
( Hart & Co-workers ) Ms 1928
BWnkR]o. H CO IF
P.
1.
qH EYRd I CuVUVR.
2.
, Q, vLH BVYtu
lt I A.
3.
FO F I .
4.
Id WReL[] KK,
KK, K A ,
RBC, h AP A.
O I I CP
M A. (G.L.) hp, WLm, K e (Shell
217
fish) C IF s Utm
RWm K 2 IA, O
0.5 - 0.85 I.A A.
AA N c
F I Ps[ C
P A. 30 iA I ML
F PA. 10 - 60 U.A. I
O (24 E F) C cK
OA.
1. RWm Q CWjR NL
A.
2. lPjRdL Gm AU Ut\eLs RWm
\ThPp EiP\.
3. Um CRu \T GXvu EYRp Td\.
9.2.2.3
L HJ,
O M A.
R ( T4 ) hWAVP RWdu ( T3 )
uLu F . .
1. C A
2. v KH,
I A YXm TeLtu\].
. F E
F A[
. , e, CH
M .
K 0.10
0.15 I.A. C 0.05
0.10 I.A A.
c H M
Y c N OA. c
cK F
V F A.
O A.
K
HEl TiLs
200 U.. /
AA N c
CL Es[ Pp PC AVu
P F LXd\. HJ
90 i K ,
L, LAp O I
A.
Q Cc, h, , f,
OA. CJ K
u 10 i F N OA.
O ,
E
R K \.
U C
A. F K
CJ H M KA. G O
218
219
L O
K . cp 1 - 2 ppm (ILQ F)
A TlT
F. O cK 1 - 2 ppm K
Rp KQ G A.
AA N c
C N AA
KF A. Cc, M,
H N OA
O P F C
N OA.
9.2.2.4 K
K , A.
SfjRuU
K L A.
1.
O C
CP A.
2.
K A
A. A
A.
3.
4.
YnlT Kp Es[ SO C
P, F
dVU] IO K A.
vC I D
A.
K , KQ A .
220
F ( >5 ppm ) K O
E A. K
QM, G H
A.
9.2.2.5 ed
L 2 3 A ed A.
em AAA.
1.
C L FC M KA.
2.
SO F FOL
f M A.
3.
, L K M KA.
221
4.
KH A.
9.2.2.6
5.
M A.
M O
ed A. C, , h,
, , , Q
A .
ed .
eu
.
FO h CP . h
CcO F M
I B12- A. C O
FC RY.
F M M A.
3 - 5 I.A./
10-15 I.A./
15 I.A./
20 - 25 I.A./
HE
AA N c
M O ed A
]FL CL PA.
O IF
f CP PA. ed F, F
N OA.
ed s[jRuU
LC A ed P
(C)
(vI) A.
222
Q
F
F. V] A[ LTph M Es[.
Q I - B 12 Q L
F.
AA N c
O CLL AAA.
65% m, e iUd LYLm
OA.
Q F K.
9.2.2.7 m
1.
m, , l
F AP P.
2.
m, C Tv ( isocitrate
dehydrogenase ) vv v
(Phasphotransferases) Tu\ SLu ThP
Fdd\.
223
3.
4.
5.
v (Pyruvate carbaxylase)
vIv (Super oxide dismutase) AP
I m A.
9.2.2.8 I
I Q MO FO CP
A.
I , LlH
AP CF A.
v YR M LQu L
RlTj\.
I F M K M A.
m QO F
A. L
A\.
K KM. K
IF F A.
AA N c
C L I O AAA.
^ EhLsmT, WVm dLk
YV\. I Ccm, CP Hc
iUdLYLm OA.
C L m O AA. ,
ML 3 - 4% m AAA.
m iUdLYL OA. ICP m
C OA.
9.2.2.9 Ul]m
m C , ANRWQU]
(Skeletal abnormalities) .
Q M FO Ll CP
A.
224
225
I CJ \Tm,
v, LlH O C F
CPolTLm .
_kRu RR ( Xanthine Oxidase ) A
FlTs L. F
Kv Gu\ Sm ( Nitrate reductase )
JK GF
TR ( Nitrogenase ) A. M
FO _ RvR Y
CP L A.
XeLs : NRWQ EQp AL A[ Pd\.
K M L A.
P KM.
AA N c
50 - 70% LiP L O CL
AAA. P F C c N
cA.
UR C]jp Ul]m \T Lm \.
Lu F F A.
F, HJ (Upiquinone) F
i ( Mitochondiral) ATP J FJ
( Biosynthesis ) A. LQVm, I E
C . X SnL[
QlTjRp NVm YhPu E- Pu Nok
TVuTjRlT\.
LQ FM O .
, Ep Es[ LQF
.
ML
LQ A.
Q L LQF K.
F Np C\jRp (Necrosis)
vH (dystrophy) .
JC
9.2.2.10 LQ
LQm F E FL
M A.
LQm, C, C]lTdLm MO
A.
LQ Rv ( Glutathione
Peroxidase GPx ) Gu\ FJ A.
L (Selenoprotein) . F,
W (H2O2) K TWd^
226
ii.
FO i FK
iii. cK
iv. K
227
b. C C FJ
4. RR
Q __________________
A. R v
5. MI__________________
B. CTv
c.
d.
e.
C. Lv
D.
1. A,
Lv
I- GJ R
2. C Q.
A. vv
B. C
3. LQ Q.
C. LQ
D.
4. Q C AA A.
5. M NjR .
A.
B. C
C. mC
D. m
A. Q (tetany)
B. KI (Hypernatremia)
C. (goitre)
D.
3. __________________ FJ H
IV. TjL
1. LpVm
U[u EYdLm
2. Cm
NRWQ El
3. NaCl
Gm EYdLm
4. lu
hPRVuTo BdPv
5. NVm
LnPo
6. AVu
YhPu B12
7. LTph
TpNjR
V. K YojRLp PV
1. v C (Asteo Malacia) ?
2. F CF YF RPoPV
s VY?
228
229
3. mCF L[ MK.
4. H CF ?
5. vv
VI. rLiPYtt PV
1. vR JK ?
2. L C AA F E .
3. QO MK.
4. L H A ?
5. L J K
A A?
230
TPm 10
EoYVp Bn hTeLs
10.1. uW
YiQlL \, u]dLYof, (Electrophoresis)
UV Xd \Ls (Centrifugation) Utm \UX JVp
(Spectrophotometry) Tu\Y EVp XdL[ TiT
Utm A[Y \Lp Bn NnV TVuTm dV
hTeL[m.
10.2. YiQl L \
EoYVXu dV YXV] EVp
ULp (Biological Sample) Es[ LXYu Ju ApX
ARt UtThP Tl ThL[ LiPk, j,
nUlTjYRm. CRtL] J YNV] dV\
YiQlL \ (A) \lL \.
YiQl L Gu\ Np 1906Bm Bi X
\L[ ( _kRp, [Wp ) ARu LXYk
jRdm \d CWxV RYWVX[o UdLp
vYh (Micheal Tswett) GuTYWp ALlTjRlThP.
A LWlTp N
= Kd
B LWlTp N
Kd = Teh QLm.
2.
A
B
32
16
16
16
12
12
12
C
D
E
TPm
F ig . 110.1
0 .1 Teh
P rin cip le QLju
o f d istrib u tio nRjYm
c o e ffic ie n t
232
10.2.1 YiQlL \u
YLLs
a. Zn \lTl \
CkR \p SLW XU
LiQ
ApX
EXLd
ZnLp ( ALu\ Zn ApX
iPo ) Tk YdLlT\.
dLlTPYiV LXYu
lhP Ns[ LWNp
RVdLlTh Zu Up Tp
Ft\lT\. NUX Tl
APkR \ Tl ThLs
lhP SLm XULs Xm
JqYu\L (Ju\uu Ju\L)
YdLQWlT\. dLlThP
TlThL[ YdLi
Ym LWlTu GVuh ( Eluant )
G]lT\.
233
LWlTu
LXu
GVuh
LiQ
Zn
Zn
T
LiQ
So
YYm
WYm
TPm 10.2 Zn
\lL ETLWQm
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1. TWld LYof
\lL \
RjYm : TWld LYo
Ts
G]lTY
XdL[ TWlp
LYm CVpPVm,
i[PVm, Su
s NnVlThP Xm
Es[ iUm Bm.
LXYs[ J Ts
Uhm RokRdLlTh
LYWlTPXm.
Tl
ThLu
L
RUY TWl LYof
T[p LYWlTm CVp
Utm LWlTp LWm
\u CYttPV Es[
YThP Tj
AU\.
Slurry
LiQ
Glass rod f
LWlTp
Es[ ojR
ReLp
Zn
Packed column
TdLlThP
material
Zn Ts
LiQ
Glass woolSo
\lTu
Tap for elution
2. Teh \lL \
RjYm : Cm\ WY SLW XU, WY SLm
XU CYttPV ThLs TePlTm A[Y
AlTPVLd LiP. WY SLW XU RsTu\
HRY iUj Rep GjdLs[lTPXm. C WY
WY \L \ G] AVlT\.
235
3. Y - WY \lL \
RjYm : CkR hTm WY SLW XU, Y SLm
XU CYttPV ThLs TePlTm RjR
AlTPVLd LiP. C L AL A[p NoUeLu
TiT Utm A[Y TlTnLp TVuTjRlT\.
ALU] NoUeLd (G.L. Ll AXm) CkR \
TVuTjRlTY H]p Cm\ pVU], U
BdLm NnVdV (Reproducibility) Utm YLU].
dLu v Tu\ WYm, Ls Utm UkRj RuUs[
iUjp SLWR XUVL ReLlT\. CkRl Ts
V 13 [m, 24 .. Es hPs[ LiQf s
ApX G@ Zp Gjd Ls[lT\. CkRd Zu
YV UkR RuU LiP YdL[] ( SLm XU ) N2,
He ApX BoLu Tu\Y NjRlTu\]. CkRd
Zp YlT Alu (Oven) EVokR YlTXp
YdLlTh dLlTPYiV ThLs BVdLl
Tu\].
CkR Y WY \lL \p ThL[
lTRtL] RjYU] BVdLlThP NoUeLs Zp
YVL NjRlTmT WYY XULd CPV
TePlTm Rju YThP AlTPVLd LiP.
NoUeLs CqY NjRlTh Zk YYmT
LiPUp (Detector) Nu ARPu CQdLlThs[
T Up (Recorder) T NnVlT\. TUp
YWVlTm YWlTPjp Rum EflTu TWlT[
Y] jRdLlTP Tu Nd HtT AUm.
4. AV TUt\ \lL \
RjYm
Cm\p AVLs TtdLdV uULd
HtT DojRXp L HtT\. TX EVp ULp
236
EV TUt\j RV Li Uhdv [l
T\lTRp (Regeneration).
237
Sou AV TUt
(TWl LYof)
RSO3----------- Na+ + X +, X, Y======> RSO3 -----X+ + Na+
(NoUeLu LXY)
(Yd LQoRp)
RSO3 -----X+ + H+ ======> RSO3------- H+ + X+
([lTRp)
+
Gou AV TUt
Uhdv
M a trix
L aTV
rg e ( eLWlTs
x c lu d e d ) s o lu te
mXdLs
o le c u le s
S V
m a ll sLWlTs
o lu te m o le c u le s
(TWl LYof)
R NH3+ ---------- OH- + X -, X, Y======> RNH3 -----X- + OH-
XdLs
(NoUeLu LXY)
(YdLQoRp)
RNH3+ -----X- + Cl -
([lTRp)
RNH -----Cl + OH ======> RNH3 -----OH - + Cl +
3
F ig . 1 0 .4 D ia g ra m m a tic
re p r e s e n ta tio n o f s e p a ra tio n b y
TPm
10.4 Rol \lL \p
e x c lu s iv e c h ro m a to g ra p h y
jRjRp
ML
TV
D
hlTs
Xd (Uhdv EPu CQkR).
Uhd^Pu DLs CQdLlThs[]. C J
Zp Gjd Ls[lT\. jRdLlTP YiV
Ts Es[ LXY Zu UtTp NodLlT\.
lhP Ts UhU DLPu CQY HtTjm.
Ut\Y Zk YVt\lT\. \ lhP
YdLQm WYjRd (Eluant) Zp NolTRu Xm
DLPu CQYd Lis[ dLlThP Ts
ClTVof NnVlTh YVt\lT\. (TPm 10.5p,)
Cm\Vl TVuTj SL[ nUVdm \
LhPlThs[. W], L[ YYs[ EV]
TvPu, NpXv, [s[ LiQ, L Tu\
ThLs Uhd^L CkR \p TVuTjRlT\.
240
Enzyme
S
Bound enzyme
CQkR
S
Uhdv vTNo
Matrix
Spacer Affinity
ShP
arm YdLQoRp
elution
(EPu
)
Dialysis nUVdLl
PVXv
Purified enzyme
ThP S
TPm 10.5 ShP YiQlL \p
SL[ nU NnRp
A. UpVlTPXm RVjRp
10.2.1.3 LR YiQlL \
RjRYm
YiQlLj Rp (Chromato graphy paper) Es[
NpXv CZL[] SLW XUd Rem Uhd^L
NVpT\. SLW XU GuT o, ]lTt\
T[] oU TWu ApX [ EPV PXp
EgVL NVpTPdV L[L CdLXm. Tl
TsLs WY SLW XUdm, WY SLm XUdm
CPV dLlT\. Cm\ rLiP TL[l
Tts[.
Rf =
S o lv e n t f r o n t
LWlTu
SLokR Wm
LWTs
SLokR
S o lu
te f r o n t
Wm
x
Rf =
y
BWmTl s
O r ig in
F ig . 1 0 .5 T h e m e t h o d o f d e te r m in a tio n o f R f
v a lu e in p a p e r c h r o m a to g r a p h y
e.
b.
Y -- WY YiQlL \ Ll AXeLs
Utm lLXYL[l jRdL TVuTu\.
c.
d.
F I I C
3)
(Gel) O I C - L K
4)
K R (isoelectric focussing)
5)
Cv (isotachophoresis).
O I C
(SDS) L K O I C
dLlTu\]. v O 1-3% N
KA. O
coU p L , H F
O
KA. F P
G O F O m.
GO IO I C Lv
O jRlTu\].
QS u pFPLm
p o rtin g m e d iu m
C o ver
CQlTu
W ic k
So
E le c trou
de +
ve
]
E le c tro d e - ]
Gou
la tin g
u LPjRInp las teuRh
ve
C o m p a rtm e n ts o f b u ffe r re s e rv o ir
.
P O G
PHPjRdL FF .
MAJ K H Ut\m, M
. LsLu APoj, YYm, A[
UTYRp CYtu Tm Rm UTh UVXdl
Xjp CY dLlTu\]. Om i
O M .
Tm Rm rpm (revolutions per minute) ApX g(gravitational
force) Gu dLlT\
TYRu AlTPjRjYm (Basic Principle of
Sedimentation)
m i O M F
. M (G) WhPu
F F (w) CL
O (Radial distance) (r) G = w2r
bQA. O m i
F (v) M F m
u . Ru G - Fu. (Sedimentation
Co-efficient) s Bm.
v = sw2r
10.4.1. RjYm
M M HK
O F,
Ls, v , ,
, GO I, L WRm, v, Es
ElLs A HK,
A. F M Q HK (Bulk Isolation)
F .
248
249
) M :
K ApX
AP Pl A. J
CP M Tu\].
M M Q C
E C P (Rotors) Utm
P (Detectors) A.
10.4.2.1 UV Xd \Lm AYtu TVuLm
F M
F A. A 4 F
A. AYVY]
A. CP M F
B. O F [ M F.
C. F M F.
D. AYL UV M F
i) K
ii)
A) V Tgf UV Xd CVkWm (Small bench
centrifuges)
I O, M
YlTdL[ FL HK, A[
M M RL Es[ HK G
A. V M M FO F
4000-6000 rpm ( GIF C) g/
GIPm PHA.
B) hPlThP AL Ls[[ UV Xd
CVkWm (large capacity refrigerated centrifuges)
JK N Q HK
A. GjWNh, F i, v ,
, HvLs M
HKAu\].
C) AYL hPlThP UV Xd CVkWm (High
Speed Refrigerated Centrifuges)
F 25,000 rpm/GI. EJK,
N, K , ir
A K Au\].
D) i) AYL UV Xd CVkWm (Preparative Ultra
Centrifuges)
F 80,000 rpm/GI
. F WhPu F
WhPo O , , P.
L HK, I I
M FO cF A.
ii) TlTn AYL UV Xd CVkWm
(Analytical Ultra Centrifuges)
M 70,000 rpm/GI
F. WhPo PP, odLlThP
A\p . ML
F TYm [ E AYtu
TWYX oUdLm OJ
. , F,
, YWvLs M OL
Es Q HK A.
u F 6000 rpm/G, HK
I F M .
O F . JK h
250
251
Cp Up F (Supernatant) 10
GI 3300 gp M .
) TYLl HK K HK.
) - p p F 20 GI 16300
gp M .
)
TYLl HK . A jRdLl
T\.
252
J Up F 60 GI 1,05,000
gp M
) TYLl HK . A jRdLl
T\.
) C J A Up F Np
CpXR NhPNp Bm.
V M F J
FJ C O. Es
LpWp
Liver
homogenate
aU]h
Centrifuge
tube
UV Xd Zn
XNNm
Lysosomes
EhL
Nuclei
UhP
Mitochondria
LihV
UdW
Nm
Microsomes
NhPNp
1000 g
3300g
10 min.
10 min.
16300g
1,05,000g
C
Final
60 min.
Supern
atent
20 min.
cytosol
EhL
Nuclei
UhP
Mitochondria
LihV
XNNm
Lysosomes
UdW Nm
Microsomes
NhPNp
Cytosol
) JK O oQjRp
) UdW O M
) UdW O P.
N] AV L AL A[p TVuTjRlTm \
\Vp TlTn Bm (colorimetry). \PV LWNp
YVL Ys[ J NpmT, Ut\YL[P X
AX [eLs EhLYWlTu\] Gm Ti \Vp
TVuT\. TmTX] NoUeLs \Ut\Rm, Bm
RkR ]dL[l TVuTj AYL[ LhX]m
Tp AUkR JV EhLYm RuUPVRL
Ut\Xm. CjRLV ]Ls lhP X TsLp
Uhm LZd VRLm Um TmTuUV] ]Ls
pVjRuU EPVRLm AUm G]Y p UXo
A[ ThL[m A[ NnVXm.
LhX]m \UXu lhP T ApX AX
[eLs EhLYWlTYR \eLs Ru\d LWQm GuTR]
Ju CVtVp CVp TtV Aj \k Sm
AYm. GjdLhPL X \dLWNp YV Ys[
JVf Nj]p A X \lTp AUkR \eL[
\Y] A[m Ut\ \eL[ AL A[m EhLYm.
CeM]m LWNs m Ys[ J \Y] NPu
YVm. Bm Cp X \ AXlT TPu
Rum. G]Y LWNp X \ULj Rum. EhLYWlTm
Ju YqY AX [eLu A[ J EhLYm
Tu NYf Nok AUm YPlTm Ut\
\eLu Nm, J EhLYm Tu NYf NokR
AUm.
254
255
Io
X JdLt\
T JdLt\
Jt\
AX[s[
N I0
J
N I
l
J Npm TRu [m
256
257
I = I0 e-k1l
I = Io e - k2 c
oXmToh p Cq Lm JeQdLl
Tu\].
Y RuU (Transmittance)
Lo Utm TLo BVYLu NLu LU
Y RuU (T) Bm. Um C NRRUL dLlTm.
NRRm T = I/I0 100 = e - k3 cl
U\\u (Extinction)
NUuThp Rjt TXL UPdLV WhPp
1.0
50
Ym
RuU
I0 e - k3 cl
I =
100
U\
\u
E xtinctio
n, E = lo g 10 I 0 /I
o : (Beers law)
Ko J EhLYo FPLju YV Npm Jt\ AX
[m LiP Ju N AqPLl Tu NYf
Nok Addh No \p \m.
Concentration
N
0.5
Concentration
Linear
s cale ofRuUu
% transm ittance
Ym
%u
100
80
0.1
60
40
0.2
Log
scale of extinc
tion
U\\u
UPdL
SoLh A[Lp
0.3
0.4
20
0.6
0.8 1.0
A[Lp
Egm
LXu
LpY] hPo
J u LXm
YlTu
(Colour of solution)
(Filter)
Yl BWg
Xm
TfN
Yl LXkR Xm (purple)
UgNs
Xm XlTfN
Yl
Yl
TfN
FR
u CqY J uLXju m. Tm Ju
Nd HtT JuLXm u]hPjR Rtdm.
CeM]m PdLlTm uNL (electrical signal) Ko
260
261
PevPu dm
[d Xuv
YlTu
Td
LQdP YiV
LQdP
absorbance
of unknown
( AVR ) EhLYo\u
Concentration
YiV =
hP ( AkR )ofN
x Concentration
known
of unknown
( AVR
) N hP
absorbance
of known
( AkR ) EhLYo\u
(standard)
slit [
Light
J
source
Xm
slit [
U
J
LXu
Sample
Photo-cell
Amplifier
Td
A[[
JVt Fig. 10.10 The main components of a
Jt\
Monochromator
TU
Direct read out
or recorder
simple spectrophotometer
EhLYo
\u
absorbance
hPConcentration
LWNu
N
of standard
5. dLWNp (Blanks)
2.
3.
4.
Tt
A) LPjj\u
B) Teh QLm
C) uULu NUX
D) UV Xd N
c.
A) LXdPv
B) ALWTVv
C) T AdWXU
D) v AdWXU
B) 7000 rpm
C) 4500 rpm
D) 1000 rpm
A) Xd \Lp
B) u]jRULp
C) J \UXULp
D) PuPULp
A) uahu
B) LkRL AXm
C) GjVm WU
D) mUq WLNU] Xm
LsLs Rp YY\.
4. o uT J LWNp Ck YYm Ju
NY] AdLWNu __________ I Tj
AU\.
Xd \ LiPVlT\.
Es[.
IV. TjL
1. ShP YiQlL \
2. Y WY YiQlL \
3. J \UXU
4. YLh UVXdRp \
5. PAGE
--
Ll AXeLs TlTn
DLs
WReL[ jRp
o - XmToh
- Np EhL[
jRjRp.
269
V. K YojRLp PV
1.
2.
3.
4.
VI. rLiPYLd PV
1.
2.
3.
4.
Nn\
uW
EVp YVp TlTn, CWi YLlTm
A) TiT TlTn
NoUeLu LXYp Es[ ThL[d LiPV
NnVlTY.
B) A[Y TlTn
J LWNp ApX LXYp Es[ lhP
Tu A[Yd LiPV NnVlTY. CWjRm Utm
EPs[ WYeL[l Ttd LiPVm, A[kRVm CkR
CWi TlTnLm Eo YVp BnYLjp
NnVlTu\].
TYL TiT BnLs \eLs EYRX Gp
LiPm YLp, LiQVp B] BndZp
NnVlTu\]. A[Y TlTntj RYV] LiQ
LXuLs mdY, hPdY, lTh Utm Wh
BV]Ym.
LoTahWhLdL] TiT Bn
LoTahWhLdL] TiT BnLs
AlTPp, rdLiP RL[Ll dLlThs[].
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
TuPvLdL] BnLs.
271
RjYm
]lThLs
1. APo LkRL AXjp LWks[ 0.2% BukjWu
Bn : 2 .. ]lT[ BndZp
GjdLi ARPu CLs Bndd
LdLlThs[ LWNXf NodL Yim. u Su\L
LXdL Yim GkRR \Ut\m CpXVp, Yko
Rhp Yj 10 PeLs LdLYdL Yim. TfN
\m EYRp LoTahWh Es[ GuTR E
Nn\.
]lThLs
1. GjR]p LWks[ 5% - SlRp
2. APo LkRL AXm
Bn
LdLlThs[ 2 .. LWNPu, 2 Ls GjR]p
LWks[ SlRp LWNXf NodLYim, u 1
APo LkRL AXjR BndZu TdLeLp Yk
NpU PYim. CWi oUeLm NkdPjp
Xm LXkR FR \ Y[Vm RuRp ApX LWNp
FR \UL URp, LoTahWh Es[ G]
ENn\.
272
Jt\ NdLWdL] Bn
A) ToTVh Bn (Barfoeds Test)
RjYm
ToTVh ]lTs GuT Ahd AXjp
LWks[ ld AhPh Bm. CkR Bn U]
NdLWL[, PNdLWLk YTjRl
TVuTjRlT\. U]NdLWLPu ToTVh
]lT[f Noj TjmT EP]VL ( 1 2
PeLp ) Yl \ rTYV lWv Bd^
Pd\.
]lTs:
ToTVh ]l Ts RVjRp:
13.3 Wm LlTo AhPh, 200 p LWdLlTh,
u 1.8 [Vp Ahd AXm Noj C
RVdLlT\.
Bn
1 Bnd LWNX 2 ]lTPu Noj
NVL J Pm LdL YdL Yim. Yl LXkR
BWg \ rT EYRp U] NdLW Es[
GuTRd Lh\. ALUL LdL YjRp P.
H]p AL SWm LdL YdmT
PNdLWLm Yl \jRd Ld\.
hPu RdL] Bn
NY]@l Bn (Seliwanoff Test)
Bn : 3 4 Ls Bnd LWNPu 2
]lTs Noj LdLYdLlT\. Yl \
rT EYRp JdLl Tis[ NodLW Es[ GuTR
E Nn\.
RjYm
@lWdPv Tu\ hP ad^vLs, ahW
[d AXjPu ahWd jRp @ToWp
TL[j R\. NY]@l ]lTp Es[
WNo]Pu No Yl \ NoUjRj R\.
274
275
]lTs :
NY]@l ]lTs
CkR ]lTs 50 .Wm WNo]p 100
ojR ahW [d AXjp LWj RVdLlT\.
Bn
LdLlThs[ Bnd LWNu X LPu
HtL]Y TjRlThs[ 5 ]lT[f Noj
LdL YdL Yim. 3 PeLp No Yl \m
EYRp, hP NodLW Es[ GuTR E Nn\.
TuhP^dL] Bn
Vp Bn (Bials Test)
RjYm
TuhPv NodLW, ahW [d AXjPu
@ToWp TVj R\. u Bo]Pu ]k
TfN \s[ [T[j R\.
2. d AX Bn
1 Bnd LWNPu 0.5 ojR Shd AXm
Noj, LWNX Ykoj Rhp Yj 90 PeLd
LdL Yj, u CW Ym YdLlT\. TL
Xp Es[ YiU \ rT EYRp, LXdPv
Es[ GuTR E Nn\.
T NdLWLdL] Bn
AVu Bn
RjYm
vPof Utm [dL_u Tu\ T NdLWLp
Es[ 1, 4 [dLd CQlLPu, AVu Nok
X \s[ NoUjRd Ld\.
]lTs
]lTs
150 .. Bo]p 50 APo ahW [d
AXjp LWdLlTh Vp ]lTs
RVdLlT\.
Bn
5 ]lTs, 2 Bnd LWNPu LXk
Ykoj Rhp Yj TjRlT\. 10
PeLds TfN \m EYU]p TuhPv
Es[ G] AVlT\.
LXdP^dL] BnLs:
1. PXu l[W ]p Bn
1 Bnd LWNPu, 0.5 l[W]p
LWNp NodLlT\. Yl \m EYRp, LXdPv
Es[R E Nn\.
276
Bn
277
AhPY] - 1
KNNu Rum SWm Utm YYm
LoTahWh
EP], YlTlTjYRt
uT LWVR U]
NNu ahWNu
EY\. YlTjm
T EPkR
LiQjiL[l
Tu\ JNNu LsLs
Pdu\].
U]v
15
@lWdPv
23
UgNs \ F YYl
TLeLs
dLv
57
UgNs \ FYYl
TLeLs
LXdPv
15 20
EPkR LiQj
iL[l Tu\
TLeLs
XdPv
45 50
P] p LWVdV
ThuhPu TkRl Tu\
YYPV TLeLs,
UphPv
35 45
ShNjW YYPV
TLeLs
AW]v
8 10
iQmjs YYPV
TLeLs
NXv
67
UXoL[l Tu\
YYPV TLeLs
dWv
37
WtTltl u F
YYlTLeLs
EYu\].
LoTahWhLdL] E NR]
@]p ahWu Bn
RjYm
C Jdm NodLWLdL] ( U] NdLW, P
NdLW ) dVU] ], NodLWp Es[ Bpa
ApX hPu R, ]pahWPu ]k
UgNs \ TL YY KNN]j R\. YYm, Utm
KNNu EYm SWjRd Li GkR YLV]
LoTahWh Es[ GuT E NnVlT\.
]lTs
2 Te ]p ahWu ahW [Wm 3 Te
NVm AhPhm EWp Ch Su\L LXdLlTh
]lTs RVdLlT\.
Bn
2 LdLlThs[ LWNPu R[
]lTs Noj Ykoj Rhp Yj LdL
YdLlT\. UgNs \l TLeLs Rum SWjRd
jdLs[ Yim. NR]d ZVd oj
YLh, iQdu Xm TLeLu AUlT Et
SdL Yim. NR]d ZV Su olTRu Xm
\kR TLeL[l T\Xm.
278
KNNu
TLeLu YYm
279
SdLm
LdLlThs[ BndLWNp Es[ dLu
A[Y Tdh A[Y \ Xm LiPRp.
Tdh \
Eo YVp BndPeLp Cm\Vl
TVuTj CWjRm Utm p Es[ dLu A[
LiPVlT\.
RjYm
Tdh A[Y ]lTp Es[ ld AVLs,
dLp Es[ Bpa RVp JdLlTh,
P] Xp YiU \ rT EY\. Tdh
]lTu TUu U\dmT, TVuTjRlThP
dLv LWNu TUm, ARu Nm So Rl
TjRPV. X \m U\YR RWm TojRu
XVm.
]lThLs
A) Tdh A[Y LWNp
C) hP dLv LWNp
\
T - 1 : 100 .. hPd Yp hP dLv
LWNX UX VT RVdL Yim.
T - 2 : J hP Yp \]VR dLv
LWNX Gj AR Yp dLlThs[ A[
YWp Um YX YW Ft WlT Yim.
T - 3 : 10 .. Td A[Y Bn ]lT[
Lf NVL A[k 100 .. m Yp GdL Yim.
ARPu Uo 1 Wm NVm LoT]hI LXdL Yim.
CkR LXYV LdL P Yim. J Whp hP
NodLW LWNX Gj, UtV Ldu\ LXYp
UYL P Yim. Rp APo YiU \ rTYV
lWvRV NV] EYm. CkR Xp NodLWd
LWNX RL X \m tm U\m YW NodL
Yim. NodLW LWNp GqY[ RYlTu\R AR
j Ls[ Yim. JjR A[Ls PdmYW RWm
TojRX im im NnV Yim.
280
281
RWm TojRp - 1
LQd
AhPYQp \lThs[T RWm TojRp A[L[ U
LQdRd GjdLs[ Yim.
l
Wh
A[Ls (..)
BWmTm C
NodLWd LWNu
L] A[ (..)
8.5
X1 (8.5)
10.0
8.5
17.0
RWm TojRp - 2
\]V NodLWd LWNX Tdh ]l
Td GWL RWm TojRp
AhPYQ - 2
Tdh
]lTu
L] A[ (..)
10.0
Wh
A[Ls (..)
GP = 170 .Wm.
NodLW LWNu
L] A[ (..)
BWmTm C
10.0
X2 (10.0)
10.0
10.0
20.0
282
A] AXeLdL] TiT Bn
A] AXeL[d LiPYRt TXYL TiT
NR]Ls LQlTu\]. CkR BnLs Ap LQlTm
R RL[l Tj AUYRp, RjRuUVl
Tts[. rLiP NR]Ls TX A] AXeLPu
NnVlTu\]. ARt 2% A] AXd LWNpLs
RVdLlTu\].
283
1. A] AXeLdL] TY] Bn
]lThLs
i. APo Shd AXm ApX APo LkRL AXm
uahu Bn:
RjYm
J A] AXd LWNX uahPu LdL
YdmT As[ A] AXj R dLlTh
auPuu BL U\. UTm AL A[
uahhu ]k J X \ NoUjR
Rtd\.
]lTs
200 .Wm u ah] 100 .. GjR]p LWdL
Yim.
Bn
1 .. LdLlThP LWNX 2 .. uaPu ]l
TPu LXk, AR L p 10 PeLs YdL
Yim. Xm LXkR FR \ Rt\m A] AXeLs
Es[Rd Lh\. ahWd Wu Utm Wu
Tu\ A] AXeLs BWg \jR Rtd\.
2. RWdL] Bn :
CkR BnLs A] AXjp Es[ ]d
ahWdp RVl Tj AU\.
A) _kR Whd Bn ( Xanthoproteic Test )
RjYm
RWp ( tyrosine ) Es[ ]d ahWdp
RV] APo aW [d AXm ApX APo
LkRL AXjPu ] \ Um ARPu NVm
aWd^P NodmT YlLXkR BWg \m
Ru\.
284
Bn
LdLlThs[ A] AX LWNp 1 .. Gj
Ap X Ls APo Shd AXjR NodL Yim.
EP] X Ls ojR NVm aWd^ LWNXf
NodL Yim. BWg \m EYRp RWu A]
AXm Es[Rd Lh\.
B) pXu Bn ( Millons Test )
]lThLs
i. 15% LkRL AXjp RVdLlThP 15% Uod NpTh.
ii. 1% NVm ShWh LWNp
Bn
LdLlThs[ NR]d LWNp 1 .. Gj Ap
X Ls Uod NpTh ]l T[ NodL Yim.
u]o AR 10 PeLs 100oC-d PdL Yim.
oj u]o, X Ls NVm ShWh LWNX
NodL Yim. Yl \m RuRp RWu ClTR
Lh\.
C. Uo]u Bn ( Morners Test )
]lThLs
Uo]o ]l Ts : 1 .. ToUu, 45 ..
YX Yo Utm 55 .. APo LkRL AXm BVYtu
LXYV Uo]u ]lTs Bm.
285
Bn :
LdLlThs[ NR]d LWNp 0.5 .. Gj
Ap 3.0 .. Uo]o ]lT[ Noj RUL
LdLYdL Yim. TfN \m RuRp RWu
ClTR Lh\.
3. lPTdL] BnLs
CkR BnY] lPTp Es[ CPNp
RV AlTPVL Li AUks[.
Bn
LdLlThs[ Bnd LWNp 1 .. GdL
Yim. Ap 1 .. Gof ] T[ NodL Yim.
Yl \m RuRp lPTu ClTRd Lh\.
4. Ao]dL] Bn
A) NLf Bn ( Sakaguchi Test ) CkR BnY] Ao]p Es[ Yu
RdL] Bn.
]lThLs :
1. 40% NVm aWd^
i. [VdNd AXm
3. ojR Wu o
Bn
LdLlThs[ LWNp 2 .. Gj Ap 2 ..
[ Bd^d AXjR Noj Su\L LXdL Yim.
u]o 2 .. APo LkRL AXjR LY]UL Bn Zu
TdLeLu YVL PYim. Nklp FR \ Y[Vm
RuY lPTu ClTRd Lh\.
Bn
NR]d LWNp 3 .. Gj Ap 1 .. 40%
NVm ahWd^ LWNXf NodL Yim. u
CWi Ls SlRp LWNX NodL Yim. u]o
X Ls Wu W UYL NodL Yim. Yl
\m RuRp Ao]u ClTRd Lh\.
]lTs
286
I. vPdL] Bn
287
]lThLs
1. NVm NpTh ]Ts 15% LWNp 0.5 N
NVm ahWd^.
C. NVm ShWN Bn
2.
2. 5% NVm ahWd^
3.
5 N NVm ahWd^
4.
Bn
BndL] LWNp 5 .. Gj, Ap 1 .. NVm
NV] ]lT[ NodL Yim. u]o 5 ..
NVm NpTh ]lT[ NodL Yim. CYL[
Ju\Ld LXkRu]o, Uo 30 PeLd AlTV YdL
Yim. Yl LXkR Tl \m Rum. u]o Cp 1
.. NVm T NpTh ]lT[ NodL Yim.
Tl \m, APo Yl \UL Ut\UPm. C, vPu
ClTRd Lhu\.
B) Xh NpT Bn ( Lead Sulphide Test )
]lThLs :
1) Xh AhPh 10% o LWNp 2) 40% NVm
ahWd^ ApX ThPVm ahWd^.
Bn
X Ls XhAhPh LWNPu 1 ..
BndLWNp NodLlT\. u 2 .. NaOH ApX
KOH NodLlT\ CkR LWNX X PeLs LdL
YdLYim. LWNp Tl \UL UVPu, Ll \
Xh NpT rT Rum. C vPu ClTRd
Lh\.
288
]lThLs :
1. 1% NVm ShW N LWNp.
Bn
NR]d LWNp 1 .. Gj Ap 1 .. NVm
ShW N ]lTs LWNX NodL Yim.
u]o 2 Ls NVm ahWd^P NodL Yim.
APoL FR \m Ru\. X PeLdl \
Ue\. C vPu ClTRd Lh\.
D) Td [W Bn
]lThLs
1. 1% Td [W LWNp
2. 1% RW NpTh LWNp
Bn
1 .. Bnd LWNp 0.5 .. Td [W
]lT[ NodLYim. CuL X \m Ru
EP]VL U\km. u]o 0.5 .. RW NpTh LWNX
NodL Yim. C[m FR \m Rum. C vPu
ClTRd Lh\.
II. vdL] Bn
Bn
5 .. Bnd LWNPu 1 .. RL RVo NnR 5%
NVm NV] o LWNX Noj Su\L LXdL Yim.
u]o AR 10 PeLd AlTV YdLYim.
u]o Ap 1 .. VRL RVo NnVlThP 0.5% 1, 2
SlR ]u, 4 NVm NpT]h Utm NVm
289
NVm ShW N Bn
] ThLs
1. NVm ahWd^ 5% o LWNp
2.
[u 1.5% o LWNp
3.
4.
6N ahW[d AXm
Bn
0.5. .. Bnd LWNPu Z \lThs[ ]
ThL[ YNVL Ju\uu Ju\L NodL Yim.
1.5 .. 5N NVm ahWd^, 1.5 .. [u, Utm
0.30 .. NVm ShW N. u Bn ZnL[
37 - 45 oC YlTXp Es[ Yko Rhp 15
PeLd Yj, u]o 3.0 . ahW[d
AXjRf Noj, 1 P SWm BndZV dL
Yim. Yl LXkR FR \m RuRp, jV]u
ClTRd Lh\.
A[Y \
[] A[Pp ( Sorensons Method )
NWuNu \V] RWm TojRp \lT [u
A[Y UlPXm.
SdLm :
LdLlThP Bn LWNp Ys[ [ u
GPV A[Pp.
290
RjYm
[] ToUp aPu NodmT [u
A] R BpaPu ]k PjXp
NoUjR Rtd\. ClT [p Es[
LoTdp R ]p DTPUp RjR Xp
Es[. CR NVm ahWdNPu RWm TodLXm. RWm
TojRp RYlTm NaOH-u L] A[Y] LdLl
Ths[ Bnd LWNp Es[ [u Nd So
Rjp Es[. [p Es[ A] R
ToUpa]p TLdLlTPpXVu\p A RWm
TojRuT Xp NVm ahWd^Pu
CP NnYRp NV] XVd LQV.
]l Ts
1.
2.
3.
ToUpa tT]dV
4.
Nn\
T - 1 : hP Yp Es[ [u Bnd LWNX
Ad Yp dLlThs[ A[YWm WlT
Yim.
T - 2 : NVm ahWd^u \u ARp
291
LQdPXm.
RWm TojRp - 1
hP Bd^d AXjR NVm ahWd^d
GWL RWm TojRp
RWm TojRdLL TVuTjRlThP
Bd^d AXju L] A[
hP Bd^d
AX LWNu
L] A[ (..)
V1
Wh
A[Ls (..)
BWmTm C
10.0
V1 = 10 ..
NVm
ahWd
^
LWNu
L] A[
(..) V2
10.2
X1 (10.2)
10.0
10.2
Xd
Lh
]p@l
Ru
20.4
Bd^d AXju \u
N1 = 0.1 N
V2 = 10.2 ..
V2 x N2
293
RWm TojRp - 3
10 x 0.1N
10.2 x X
@X
V1 x N1 / V2
10 x 0.1N / 10.2
0.098N
N2
d
LWNu
L] A[
(..)
RWm TojRp - 2
10.0
10.0
LQd :
Bn [u LWNX SXVdL RYV]
NVm ahWd^u L] A[ =
Wh
A[Ls (..)
BWmTm C
hP NVm
aWd^
LWNu L]
A[ (..)
1.3
X3 (1.3)
1.3
2.6
Xd
Lh
]p@l
Ru
Wh
[u
LWNu A[Ls (..)
L] A[
(..)
BWmTm C
10.0
hP NVm
aWd^
LWNu L]
A[ (..)
12.0
X2 (12.0)
10.0
12.0
24.0
294
NVm ahWdau \u
Xd
Lh
]p@l
Ru
N1 = 0.098 N
= V2 = 10 ..
= N2 = x
V1 N1
= V2 N2
10.7 x 0.098
= 10 x X
295
= 10.7 x 0.098 / 10
= 0.1048
@ [u \u = 0.1048N
BnlTu GP Utm \] RPo Tjm NUuT
=
NU] \ X \u.
GP/hPo
[u NU]\
=
75
BLY LdLlThs[ 1 hPo LWNp Es[
[u GP
=
0.1048 x 75
=
7.864 Wm.
BLY LdLlThs[ 100 . LWNp [u GP
= 7.864 / 10 = 0.786 Wm ApX 786 .Wm.
(U LQdLdLL A[Ls APld ds
LdLlThs[.)
: LdLlThs[ LWNp Ym Es[ [u
GP = 0.786 Wm.
1.
2.
3.
4.
YN Gi
NR]
LiTY
1.
2.
Tt
A[Y Utm TiTTlTntL] BnLu
L[ jdLs[ Et SdLp HL[
TWUdL Yim.
LoTahWh Utm A] AXeLu TiT
BnYlTt AV Et SdLp Hhp u
LhPeL[ YWVYim.
Cp NR], LiTY Utm ATY GR Yim.
Ef NR]V G Ym GR Yim.
TiT NR]p, AhPYQp rLm YWeLs
CdL Yim.
A[Y NR]p LhPeLs YWk Ap RWm TojRp
A[L[ dL Yim u]o LQdRp Yim.
296
ATY
297