Methods of Social Research

Everyday Resources for Acquiring Knowledge:

How do we know something?

Authority Tradition Personal Experience Common Sense Media Representations Myths and Urban Legends

Flaws in Everyday Knowledge:

Three contributions to Bias:

Premature Closure Subjectivity Inappropriate Sampling

Why Science Provides More Reliable Knowledge:

Scientific Findings are Objective Science is a Neutral Pursuit Scientific Findings are can be Generalized

Sociology Uses Two Scientific Paradigms

-The Hypothetico-Deductive Paradigm, which makes predictions and conducts research to test those predictions -The Natural-Observational Paradigm, which makes focussed observations and uncovers findings based on those observations. This is also known and inductive or grounded research.

Sociology Traditionally Uses Five Methods for Collecting Data:

Experimentation Surveys Ethnography Content Analysis Historical/Documentary/Library Research

Presentation and Analysis of Data Varies with Methods for their Collection
-Sociologists study either numbers or words -Qualitative studies present narratives and descriptions of findings -Quantitative studies present findings as statistics, which can be descriptive or explanatory.

Assessing Methods
Validity: The condition that a researcher is really studying what he or she claims to study
Internal Validity: Is the experiment designed to permit interpretations of causality correctly? External Validity: Does the study have any relevance to the real world? Face Validity: Do the surveys questions really ask what the researcher claims they are asking?

Reliability: The condition that the findings can be repeatable. Some valid methods of research are not reliable because the cannot be replicated; some reliable findings are not valid.
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