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KOMPARTEMEN CAIRAN
Seluruh cairan tubuh didistribusikan diantara dua kompartemen utama, yaitu : 1. Cairan intraselular (CIS) 2. Cairan ekstra selular (CES) 3. Pada orang dewasa 60% dari berat badan adalah air (cairan dan elektrolit).
Transcelluler Interstitial Plasma 1-3% 15% (10.5 lt in 70 kg 5% (3.5 lt in (Cerebrospinal) young adult) 70 kg young adult) (aqueous humor)
PROSENTASE TOTAL CAIRAN TUBUH DIBANDINGKAN BERAT BADAN Umur Bayi BL 6 Bulan Total cairan tubuh (%) terhadap BB 77 72
60 60
60/50 55/47
Cations
Anions
Ca Mg 2+
2+
ICF
100 150
Osmolarity = solute/(solute+solvent) Osmolality = solute/solvent (290~310mOsm/L) Tonicity = effective osmolality Plasma osmolility = 2 x (Na) + (Glucose/18) + (Urea/2.8) Plasma tonicity = 2 x (Na) + (Glucose/18)
Mg2+
Total Anion: ClHCO3Protein Others Total
2
153 103 25 17 8 153
2
154 117 28 9 154
40
210 3 7 45 155 210
Sarana untuk mengangkut zat-zat makanan ke sel-sel Mengeluarkan buangan-buangan sel Membantu metabolisme sel Sebagai pelarut untuk elektrolit dan non elektrolit Membantu memelihara suhu tubuh Membantu pencernaan Mempemudah eliminasi Mengangkut zat-zat seperti (hormon, enzim, SDP, SDM)
INTAKE DAN OUTPUT RATA-RATA HARIAN DARI UNSUR TUBUH YANG UTAMA
Intake (Range)
AIR (ml) Air minum = 1400 1800 Airdalam makanan= 700 1000 Air hasil oksidasi = 300 - 400
Output (range) 1.Urine = 1400 1.800 2.Faeces = 100 3.Kulit = 300 - 500 4.Paru-paru = 600 - 800
TOTAL
2400 -3200
11
12
Balance
Fluid and electrolyte homeostasis is maintained in the body Neutral balance: input = output Positive balance: input > output Negative balance: input < output
13
Output (range) Urine = 65 (50-100) Faeces = 5 (2-20) Urine = 90 (50-120) Faeces = 10 (2-40)
Kalori
= 1800-3000
Regulation of Fluids:
Hydrostatic pressure v.s. Oncotic pressure Albumin is the major determining oncotic pressure
Tonicity
Isotonic Hypertonic Hypotonic
18
19
20
21
Regulation of Fluids:
Renal sympathetic nerves Renin-angiotensinaldosterone system Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Penyebab
(1) Penurunan masukan
(2) Kehilangan cairan yang abnormal melalui : kulit, gastrointestinal,ginjal (3) Perdarahan
Tanda-gejala Klinis
Pusing, kelemahan, Keletihan Sinkope anoreksia,mual, muntah, haus, kekacauan mental Konstipasi dan oliguria. HR meningkat, suhu meningkat, turgor kulit menurun, lidah kering, mukosa mulut kering, mata cekung.
Keparahan Defisit
Ringan Sedang Berat
15 20 %
Fatal
Hipovolemia Sedang
Hipotensi ortostatik Takikardia Penurunan CVP Penurunan haluaran urine
Hipovolemia Berat
Hipotensi
berbaring Nadi cepat dan lemah Dingin, kulit kusam Oliguria Kacau mental, stupor, koma
Signs of Hypovolemia:
Diminished skin turgor Dry oral mucus membrane Oliguria - <500ml/day - normal: 0.5~1ml/kg/h Tachycardia Hypotension Hypoperfusioncyanosis Altered mental status
Thorough history taking: poor intake, GI bleedingetc BUN : Creatinine > 20 : 1 - BUN: hyperalimentation, glucocorticoid therapy, UGI bleeding Increased specific gravity Increased hematocrit Electrolytes imbalance Acid-base disorder
Tindakan
Pemulihan volume cairan normal dan koreksi gangguan penyerta asambasa dan elektrolit Perbaikan perfusi jaringan pada syok hipovolemik Rehidrasi oral pada diare pediatrik Tindakan terhadap penyebab dasar
2. Hipervolemia
Hipervolemia adalah penambahan / kelebihan volume (CES) Hipervolemia adalah kelebihan cairan di dalam bagian-bagian ekstraseluler (CES). Penyebab 1. Stimulus kronis pada ginjal untuk menahan natrium dan air 2. Fungsi ginjal abnormal, dengan penurunan ekskresi natrium & air 3. Kelebihan pemberian cairan intra vena 4. Perpindahan cairan interstisial ke plasma
Signs of Hypervolemia:
Hypertension Polyuria Peripheral edema Especially when Wet lung hypo-albuminemia Jugular vein engorgement
Management of Hypervolemia:
Prevention is the best way Guide fluid therapy with CVP level or pulmonary wedge pressure Diuretics Increase oncotic pressure: FFP or albumin infusion (may followed by diuretics) Dialysis
Crystalloids: - contain Na as the main osmotically active particle - useful for volume expansion (mainly interstitial space) - for maintenance infusion - correction of electrolyte abnormality
Crystalloids:
Isotonic crystalloids - Lactated Ringers, 0.9% NaCl - only 25% remain intravascularly Hypertonic saline solutions - 3% NaCl Hypotonic solutions - D5W, 0.45% NaCl - less than 10% remain intravascularly, inadequate for fluid resuscitation
Colloid Solutions:
Contain high molecular weight substancesdo not readily migrate across capillary walls Preparations - Albumin: 5%, 25% - Dextran - Gelifundol - Haes-steril 10%
Infusion volume
1000cc
200
600
1000
Lactated Ringers
500cc
5% Albumin
500cc
6% Hetastarch
500cc
Whole blood
Fluid Management:
For acute blood loss - Begin with 2-3L isotonic crystalloid to restore blood pressure and peripheral perfusion - Early use of colloid - Crystalloid + 5% albumin in a ratio of 4:1 - Blood transfusion - Large borne IV line