Audio Vid

KHI NIM CHUNG V
AUDIO
m thanh (audio)
! m thanh:
! L dao ng sng m gy ra p lc lm dch chuyn cc ht vt cht trong mi trng n hi
lm tai ngi cm nhn c cc dao ng ny.
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
Tai ngi c th nghe c trong khong tn s t 20Hz n 20kHz.
m thanh t nhin:
L s kt hp phc gia cc sng m c tn s v dng sng khc nhau.
Di ng ca tai:
Gii hn bi ngng nghe thy (0dB) n ngng au (120dB) ca ngi.
Ngng nghe ti thiu:
L mc thp nht m tai ngi c th cm nhn c m thanh tu thuc vo tng ngi,
mc p lc v tn s ca m thanh.
!
!
Hiu ng che khut m thanh:
L hin tng m thanh m ti ngng nghe thy ca mt m thanh ny c tng ln
trong khi c mt ca mt m thanh khc (kh nghe hn). c s dng trong k thut nn.

KHI NIM CHUNG V
AUDIO
! Hng m thanh:
! Tai v no c th gip ta xc nh hng m thanh, iu ny c th ng dng to cc hiu
ng m thanh nh stereo, surround.
!
!
Vang v tr:
Vang l hin tng kp di m thanh sau khi ngun m tt.
! Tr l thi gian ( m thanh phn x n ch so vi m thanh trc tip. Nu (>50ms th tr
gi l ting vng. Bin ca m thanh c sau 1 ln phn x th b suy gim.
! m nhc:
! L m thanh c chu k nhng tn s m tai ngi cm nhn mt cch d chu, m i, c
kt hp mt cch ph hp.
! m nhc gm cao , m sc v nhp iu.
H THNG AUDIO-VIDEO
H thng audio tng t
Ngun m
Tin khuch
i
Khuch i

Xut
X l

Lu tr
Hnh 1-4 H thng audio tng t
Chuyn
i nh-
tn hiu
X l tn
hiu
To
xung
ng b
Lu tr
hoc
truyn dn
X l tn
hiu
Chuyn
i tn
hiu- nh
Tch
xung
ng b
H thng video tng t
Cnh t nhin
ng knh
nh ti to
Mt
ngi
Hnh 1-5 H thng Video tng t

Audio-Video Engineering
H THNG AUDIO-VIDEO
H thng audio-video s:
Ngun tn
hiu analog ADC
X l
Lu tr
B hin th,
xut tng t DAC
Truyn dn

Hnh 1-6 H thng audio-video s
Cc thnh phn ca h thng:
B phn thu: Qu trnh thu tn hiu audio hoc video t m thanh hay cnh t nhin vo mi
trng lu tr c gi l qu trnh thu. iu ny c th thc hin bi micro thu m hay camera
thu hnh. Micro v Camera l cc thit b thu tn hiu v chuyn tn hiu (m thanh hoc nh) sang
tn hiu in tng t. i vi cc h thng s phi thc hin vic chuyn i tng t sang s.
Lu tr: Thit b lu tr l bng t hoc a t. C th l cc thit b ring bit s dng vi muc
ch thun tin v yu cu mt cht lng no .
X l tn hiu: iu chnh c tuyn tn s, mu sc, to hiu ng..
Truyn dn: Truyn tn hiu t v tr ny sang v tr khc vi mt khong cch khng gian no
qua mt mi trng truyn dn no .

GII THIU

! m thanh l mt dng lan truyn ca sng trong khng gian, khi n tai ngi
nghe, p vo mng nh, lm cho ngi cm nhn c s rung ng ny v c kh
nng phn bit vi cc m thanh khc da vo mt s c tnh nh tn s, nhp iu,
mc p lc...
! Mc ch ca cc h thng audio: x l, to hiu ng, nn tn hiu audio t tn
hiu thu nhn t ngun.
! H thng audio tng t, vic x l tn hiu gp phi mt s vn nh kh nng
ca linh kin (v mt tn s), lu tr, phc tp...
! i vi cc h thng audio s, vic thu nhn, hiu chnh, x l v pht li tr nn
d dng hn rt nhiu. Cc k thut tng hp v nhn dng pht trin mt cch nhanh
chng, tng thch my tnh v con ngi tr nn phong ph hn.
!
gian.

!
Audio s l mt chui cc gi tr s c biu din bng mc m thanh theo thi

Thu nhn v tng hp
Thu nhn t cc ngun bn ngoi qua cc h thng nh micro hoc c tng hp.
! T tn hiu c thu nhn, h thng x l audio phi thc hin chuyn i sang
tn hiu audio s bng vic m ho. Vi cc yu cu khc nhau, h thng s m ho
theo cc tiu chun khc nhau vi cc tn s ly mu khc nhau v cc phng php
m ho khc nhau t c mc ch theo mun.
GII THIU
Cc ng dng
Cc h thng thng tin khng dy:
- Truyn hnh phn gii cao (HighDensity TV HDTV).
- m thanh qung b s (Digital Broadcast Audio DBA)
- V tinh qung b trc tip (Digital Broadcast Satelite DBS).
Cc mi trng mng:
- m thanh theo yu cu (chuyn mch gi, Internet)
- Truyn hnh cp (CATV) cc tuyn studio.
Cc ng dng a mi trng:
- CD-R
- a a nng s (DVD).
Cinema:
- Dolby AC-3 (5 knh, @384kbps).
- APT-x100.
Lu tr khi:
- MiniDisc
- DCC.
M HO AUDIO CM QUAN
Gii thiu
i tng:
Biu din chui s ngn gn.
Tc bit thp.
Cht lng cao
ng c:
Gim tc d liu.
Gim chi ph truyn dn (BW).
Gim cc yu cu lu tr.
Mnh.
Cc yu cu:
Cm nhn trong sut.
c lp ngun.
C kh nng a knh.
phc tp bt i xng, thp.
tr hp l.
M HO AUDIO CM QUAN
M ho ngun khng thc t vi tn hiu audio, do , trong audio, ngi ta tin
hnh
- Khai thc cc c tnh thu c.
- Loi b cc thnh phn khng thch hp vi cm nhn.
Gim cc d tha thng k.

Thoi Audio
Bng thng
Tc ly mu
S bits trn mu
Tc bit th
S knh
M hnh hiu qu ngun
Sc chu ng ngun
Cht lng mong i
Tnh a dng ca ph
200-3400Hz
8kHz
8bits
64kbps
1
C
C th yu cu
Mo do b gii hn
Harmonic, V/UV/TR
20Hz-20kHz
44.1kHz/48kHz
16+bits
768kbps
1-6+knh
Khng
Yu cu
Cht lng CD
Khng th phn loi

11.025kHz

M HO AUDIO CM QUAN

L do chuyn i audio tng t sang s
- Mo phi tuyn.
- T s SNR b.
! u im ca audio s:
- mo tn hiu nh (0,01%).
- Di ng m thanh ln gn mc t nhin (>90dB).
- p tuyn tn s bng phng.
- Cho php ghi m nhiu ln m khng gim cht lng.
- Thun tin lu tr, x l.

Ly mu
Lng
t M ho
20Hz-20kHz
64-
384kbps
128-
768kbps
48kHz
44.1kHz
fs = 22.05kHz

8kHz
Hnh 2-1 Chuyn i A/D tn hiu audio
M HO AUDIO CM QUAN

Kin trc m ho cm quan:
!Tng quan
i tng:
Tc bit thp, cht lng cao, tr v phc tp thp, sc chu ng cao v c lp
ngun.
Cc k thut:
Khai thc cc tn hiu khng thch hp vi h thng thnh gic ca con ngi, phn tch
tm l m hc, khai thc tn hiu d tha thng k...
Phn tch tml mhc:
Tai ngi c c trng nh mt b lc m thng di c tnh ng, khng ng nht v
khng tuyn tnh. S dng hin tng tm l m hc gim s bit m ho tn hiu.

Phn tch
thi
gian/tn s
Lng
t v ly
mu
M ho
Entropy
(khng
tn hao)
Ghp
knh
Phn tch
PA
Phn
phi bit
s(n)
Tham s
Tham s
Thng tin
thm
Cc ngng
che
Hnh 2-2 Kin trc m ho cm quan
M HO AUDIO CM QUAN

! K thut phn tch thi gian- tn s:
Mc ch: thun tin trong qu trnh x l.
! Bin i tn s ly mu
! B phn chia:
! Gim tn s ly mu, chuyn tn s ly mu fs v tn s fs vi fs=fs/M.
! Tn hiu ng ra c bin nhng thi im c chu k Ts=1/fs.
! B ni suy:
! Tng tn s ly mu, chuyn tn s ly mu fs v tn s fs vi fs=Lfs.
! Tn hiu ng ra c bin ca tn hiu ng vo, ngoi ra, n cn chn L-1 mu c gi tr bng 0 gia
hai mu t tn hiu ng vo.

M

L
s(n)

fs

s(n)

fs
yM(n)

fs=fs/M

yL(n)

fs=Lfs
Hnh 2-3 B phn chia v b ni suy
M HO AUDIO CM QUAN

! Bng lc s:

H1 (ej( )

HM-1(ej( )
X1(ej( )
XM-1(ej( )
Khi nim:
Bng lc s l mt tp hp cc b lc s c chung u vo nhiu u ra hoc chung u ra nhiu u vo.
Bng lc s phn tch:
Bng lc s phn tch l tp hp cc b lc s c p ng tn s Hk(ej( ) c chung u vo v nhiu u ra
x0(n)
H0(ej( ) X0(ej( )
x1(n)
xM-1(n)
x(n)
X(ej( )
Hnh 2-4 Bang l? c phn tch

Ng ra gm M tn hiu xk(n) chim di tn lin tip nhau gi l cc tn hiu bng con (subband).
Cc b lc
H0(ej( ): thng thp.
HM-1(ej( ): thng cao.
Hi(ej( ): thng di, vi i t 1 n M-2

G1(ej( ) +
XL-1(ej( )
M HO AUDIO CM QUAN
Bng lc s tng hp:
Bng lc s tng hp l tp hp cc b lc s c p ng tn s Gk(ej( ) c chung u ra
Cc b lc : G0(ej( ): thng thp, GM-1(ej( ): thng cao, Gi(ej( ): thng di, vi i t 1 n L-2
Bng lc s nhiu nhp hai knh v bng lc gng cu phng QMF (Quadrature
Mirror Filter Bank):
Bng lc s nhiu nhp l s kt hp ca bng lc s phn tch, bng lc s tng hp vi b
phn chia v b ni suy.
Vi s b lc ca bng lc phn tch v tng hp bng 2 th ta c bng lc s nhiu nhp hai
knh.

G0(ej( )
X0(ej( )
x0(n)
x1(n)

xL-1(n)
x(n)

X(ej( )
X1(ej( )

GL-1(ej( ) +

Hnh 2-5 Bng lc tng hp
v1(n) y1(n)
(n
x(n) =xcx()nn0)

M HO AUDIO CM QUAN
H0(ej( )
2 2
G0(ej( )
2
G1
(ej( )
x(n)
x0(n) v0(n)
y1
+
(n)
x (n)
y0(n)
y0(n)
H1(ej( )

Phn tch
2
x1(n)
Phn chia Ni suy Tng hp
Hnh 2-6 Bng lc nhiu nhp gng cu phng
H0(ej( ), G0(ej( ) :Lc thng thp. H1(ej( ), G1(ej( ) :Lc thng cao.
L tng:x (n) = x(n)
Nu |H0(ej( )|=|H1(ej( )| v nu chn tn s ct cho 2 b lc l /2 th ta thy
|H0(ej( )|l nh ca |H1(ej( )| qua gng t v tr /2. Bng lc nhiu nhp hai knh
vi c tnh nh vy gi l bng lc gng cu phng.

Nu x (n) = cx(nn0)ging dng tn hiu ng vo th ta gi l bng lc gng cu
phng khi phc hon ho PRQMF (Perfect Reconstructure QMF)

M HO AUDIO CM QUAN

Bng 2-2 Cc tiu chun ly mu in hnh
Cc tiu chun ly mu theo cc yu cu c th khc nhau
-
-
-
-
Cht lng.
tr.
Bng thng.
Tc

Bng tn

4Khz
5kHz

10kHz

20kHz

20Khz

20kHz
Tc

8 kbytes/s
11.0 kbytes/s

88.2 kbytes/s

176.4 kbytes/s

192.0 kbytes/s

1152.0 kbytes/mu
Mono/stereo

Mono
Mono

Stereo

Stereo

Stereo

Stereo
S bits/mu

8 bits/mu
8 bits/mu

16 bits/mu

16 bits/mu

16 bits/mu

24 bits/mu
Tc ly mu

8 kHz
11.025 kHz

22.05 kHz

44.1 kHz

48 kHz

192 kHz
Tiu chun

in thoi
AM radio

FM radio

CD

DAT

DVD audio
M HO AUDIO CM QUAN

Kin trc m ho cm quan:
!Tng quan
i tng:
Tc bit thp, cht lng cao, tr v phc tp thp, sc chu ng cao v c lp
ngun.
Cc k thut:
Khai thc cc tn hiu khng thch hp vi h thng thnh gic ca con ngi, phn tch
tm l m hc, khai thc tn hiu d tha thng k...
Phn tch tml mhc:
Tai ngi c c trng nh mt b lc m thng di c tnh ng, khng ng nht v
khng tuyn tnh. S dng hin tng tm l m hc gim s bit m ho tn hiu.

Phn tch
thi
gian/tn s
Lng
t v ly
mu
M ho
Entropy
(khng
tn hao)
Ghp
knh
Phn tch
PA
Phn
phi bit
s(n)
Tham s
Tham s
Thng tin
thm
Cc ngng
che
Hnh 2-2 Kin trc m ho cm quan
+h (tX )h (n * ,m)(= t) cdt== 'x(t).h
k l kl
x(t) =cn.mhn,m(t)
'kl =
M HO AUDIO CM QUAN

C s trc giao:

Tp cc vector {vk}={v1,v2, ,vn} c gi l c s trc giao nu chng
trc giao tng i mt v c di bng 1.
<vm,vn>='mn. Hay:
Hm delta:
b

a
+ +
1,k = l
0,k l
*
( n,m n,m
Chuyn i Wavelet:
X( (n,m) = cn,m =x(t)hn *,m
+ +

PHN TCH TM L M HC
H thng thnh gic ca con ngi
c ch trng khai thc trong m ho audio cm quan.
Con ngi c th nghe trong di 20Hz n 20kHz vi kh nng nghe
khng ng nht vi cc tn s trong di ny. Vic cm nhn cn ph
thuc vo mc p lc v tu thuc vo tng ngi.
Di 20Hz20kHz c chia thnh cc di con khng ng nht v
khng tuyn tnh. Cm nhn tt trong khong 2kHz n 4kHz v
ngng nghe n ngng au khong 96dB.
Ph thuc vo mi trng nghe, vi mi trng nhiu ln th hn ch
kh nng nghe v kh nng phn bit cc m thanh khc nhau.
Vy, phn tch tm l nghe l xt cc vn :
nhy ca tai, kh nng p ng ca cc cng khc nhau.
p ng ca tai vi cc tn s khc nhau.
Nghe mt m khi c mt mt m khc.
PHN TCH TM L M HC
Ngng nghe tuyt i ATH (Absolute Theshold of
Hearing)
Th nghim:t mt ngi trong phng kn, im lng, pht m kim tra
(test tone) vi tn s xc nh (1kHz), tng mc m thanh cho n khi
c th nghe c, ghi li cc gi tr v lp li vi tn s khc.
V th, ta c ngng nghe tuyt i. Th vi ngi khc, ghi kt
qu.
Hnh 2-10 Ngu? ng nghe tuy? t d? i
PHN TCH TM L M HC
Di ti hn (critical bankwidth)
Fletcher tin hnh cc th nghim v cho thy vic nghe ca con ngi ging
nh s dng cc b lc tm sinh l c rng gn bng mt gi tr ti hn v
Flecher gi rng ca b lc ti hn l di ti hn.
tn s thp, di ti hn hp hn tn s cao, thang tn s khng tuyn tnh "
thang bark (Barkhausen)
1 bark=1 rng di ti hn, z=13arctg(0.76f)+3.5arctg(f/7500) [bark]
Hnh 2-11 D? i t? i h? n
PHN TCH TM L M HC
K thut che (masking)
Con ngi khi nghe mt m vi s c mt ca mt m khc s cm nhn yu i khi
m ny c tn s gn vi m cn nghe hoc bin ln.
Che tn s (frequency masking)
Th nghim: t mt ngi trong phng kn, pht ra mt m che (masking tone)
vi tn s xc nh (1kHz) mt mc no (60dB), sau , pht m kim tra (test
tone) (1,1kHz) , tng mc n khi c th nghe c. Thay i m kim tra, v ngng
nghe, lp li vi m che khc.
Hnh 2-12 Che t? n s?
PHN TCH TM L M HC
Che thi gian (temporal masking)
Th nghim:
Pht mt m che tn s 1kHz, bin 55dB, thm mt m kim tra 1,1kHz, bin
20dB trc v sau m che. m kim tra khng th nghe c (n ang b che).
Lp li cc mc khc ca m kim tra v v.
Vi th nghim trn, ta thy m 1,1kHz vi 20dB b che trc khong 15ms v che
sau khong 50ms.
Hnh 2-13 Che th? i gian
K THUT NN AUDIO
C s
m thanh trung thc v cht lng dch v tho mn th tc dng d
liu phi ln.
V d : H thng m thanh a knh m ho 16 bits, tn s ly mu 48kHz
(6 knh) s c tc : 48x16x6=4.5Mbps.
Tc cao " Kh khn lu tr, truyn dn v gi thnh thit b. " Nn.
Nn khng tn hao
Khi phc ng thng tin ban u sau khi gii nn.
C s: Loi b d tha thng k, cc thng tin xut hin trong tn hiu m
c th d bo trc.
T s nn thp, khong 2:1, ph thuc vo phc tp ca tn hiu ngun.
Thng s dng k thut m ho d on trong min thi gian.
K THUT NN AUDIO
Thut ton vi sai:
Tn hiu m thanh c c tnh lp i lp li nn xut hin s d tha s liu.
Thng tin lp s c loi b trong qu trnh m ho v c a vo li trong
qu trnh gii m s dng k thut DPCM.
Cc tn hiu audio u tin c phn tch thnh tp hp cc di bng con
bao gm mt s lng m thanh ri rc, sau , DPCM c s dng d
bo cc tn hiu lp li theo chu k. Nu s dng ADPCM cn cho kt qu tt
hn.
M ho Entropy:
Tn dng d tha trong cch miu t cc h s bng con lng t
ho nhm ci thin tnh hiu qu ca qu trnh m ho. Cc h s lng t
c gi i theo s tng dn ca tn s.
Kt qu nhn c l bng m ti u thng k cc gi tr min tn s thp
v cao.
S dng m ho Hufman, Lempel-Zip nn.

K THUT NN AUDIO
Nn tn hao
H thng thnh gic ca con ngi khng th phn bit cc thnh phn ph
c bin nh gia cc thnh phn ph c bin ln.
H s nn ln, khong 20:1 ph thuc vo qu trnh nn v gii nn v cht
lng audio yu cu.
Cc k thut c s dng:
- K thut che (masking) i vi cc thnh phn tn hiu trong min thi
gian v tn s.
- Che mc tp m lng t cho tng m ca tn hiu m thanh bng
cch ch nh s bit va chc chn rng mc nhiu lng t lun nm
di mc gi tr cn che.
- M ho ghp: Khai thc d tha trong h thng audio a knh vi cc
thnh phn s liu trong cc knh ging nhau. M ho mt phn s liu chung
trn mt knh v ch nh cho b gii m lp li tn hiu trn cc knh cn
li.
MPEG-1
Gii thiu
Lp I Lp II Lp III
MPEG-1

Mono v Stereo
32, 44.1, 48kHz
Hnh 2-14 MPEG-1
c pht trin trn c s phi hp chun ISO/IEC 11172.
S dng tn s ly mu ca CD-DA, vi fs=32;44.1;48kHz, m ho
16bits/mu tn hiu.
Tc bt: 32 - 768 kbps/channel.
Cc kiu: Mono, dual-mono, dual-stereo, joint-stereo.
Xc nh cc tham s khc nhau v tc , dng s sau khi nn, s mu
trong header cho mt knh, cu trc thi gian khung, phng php m ho d
on v cc ch lm vic.

MPEG-1
Khung lp I : 12x32 =384.
Khung lp II, III: 12x32x3=1152.

Hnh 2-15 Cc m? u trong MPEG-1
bit ng
MPEG-1
Kin trc
M
UX
Bng lc
phn tch a
pha 32 knh

FFT
LI: 512
LII: 1024
32

Phn tch
tm sinh l
nghe
SMR
Lng t D liu
ho
Nn khi
Lng t

Phn phi Thng
tin thm
32
knh
Hnh 2-16 S khi MPEG layer I, II
Hnh 2-17 S khi MPEG layer III
Bng lc
phn tch a
pha 32 knh
MDCT
Phn on
tng hp
M
U
X
FFT
Phn tch
tm sinh l
nghe
D liu
SMR
32
s(n)
knh
32
Vng lp ch nh bit
Nn khi
Lng t ho
M ho Huffman
M thng
tin thm
s(n)
SMR: T? s? tn
hi? u/tn hi? u che
MPEG-1

Vi mi bng con, xc nh mc bin v mc nhiu bng m hnh tm sinh l
nghe. SMR (signal-mask rate) c s dng xc nh s bit cho qu trnh lng t
ho i vi mi bng con vi mc ch gim thiu dung lng.
V d: Sau khi phn tch, mc ca 16 bng con u l:
Band 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Level (db) 0 8 12 10 6 2 10 60 35 20 15 2 3 5 3 1
Nu mc ca bng con th 8 l 60 th n che 12 dB bng con th 7 v 15 dB
bng con th 9.
Bng con 7 c mc 10dB<12dB: loi. Bng con 9 c mc 35dB>15dB: gi i.
" Ch c cc mc ln hn mc che l c gi i thay v dng 6 bits m ho, ta
ch dng 4 bits.
MPEG-Layer I: B lc DCT 1 khung v tn s bng phng trong mi bng con. M
hnh tm sinh l nghe s dng che tn s.
MPEG-Layer II: C 3 khung trong b lc (trc, hin ti v k), tng l 1125 mu.
S dng vi bits che thi gian.
MPEG-Layer III: S dng b lc ti hn p ng tt hn. M hnh tm sinh l
nghe s dng che thi gian, che tn s, tnh ton d tha stereo v m ho Hufman.
MPEG-2
M rng MPEG-1 cho cc ng dng mi.
C kh nng p dng nhiu tc khc nhau, t 32 n 1066kbps.
Cht lng m thanh tu thuc ng dng.
Tn s ly mu c th gim 1 na so vi MPEG-1 (16; 22,05; 24kHz).
Kh nng a knh, tc bits m rng c th ln n 1 Mbps cho cc ng
dng tc cao.
Cho php nn ng thi nhiu knh.
H tr kh nng lng ting, bnh lun nhiu ngn ng trong phn bits m
rng.
MPEG-2 s dng m ho cng cao, gim xuyn m, m ho d on
lin knh v m ho o nh knh trung tm nhn c tc bit kt hp
384 kbps.
Khung MPEG-2 c chia thnh 2 phn, phn u l MPEG-1stereo tng
hp lp I vi tc ti a 448kbps, lp II tc ti a 384kbps v lp III ti
a 320kbps; phn m rng MPEG-2 cha tt c nhng d liu surround khc.
MPEG-2

MPEG-2
Mono-stereo
MPEG-1
32;44.1;48kHz

Layer I
Layer II
Layer III
Mono-stereo
MPEG-2
16;22,05;24kHz

Layer I
Layer II
Layer III
5 channels
MPEG-2
multi channel
32;44.1;48kHz
Layer I
Layer II
Layer III
Hnh 2-18 Chu? n MPEG-2 m ho mono/stereo t? c d? bit th? pv da knh
AC-3 (DOLBY DIGITAL)

Chuyn ti m thanh a knh trong cc ng dng nh DVD-Video, DTV v DBS.
Pht trin t AC-1 v AC-2.
M ho m thanh t 1 n 6 knh, thng thng cung cp m thanh 5.1 knh: tri,
phi, trung tm, tri vm, phi vm v 1 knh hiu ng tn s thp.
6 knh yu cu 6x48kHzx18bits=5.184Mbps cha nn c th c m ho ti thiu
vi tc 384kbps (t l 13:1).
Tuy nhin, AC-3 h tr tc t 32 n 640kbps.
Cung cp kh nng t chn mc m thanh cho thnh gi.
Cho php gim d liu bng qu trnh lng t biu din trong min tn s ca tn
hiu m thanh.
B m ho s dng bng lc phn tch chuyn cc mu PCM thnh cc h s trong
min tn s. Mi h s biu din k hiu m nh phn gm phn m nh phn v
phn nh tr. Cc tp m nh phn c m ho th qua ph tn hiu v c xem
nh ng bao ph. S dng phn phi bt xc nh s bits cn m ho mi nh tr.
ng bao ph v cc nh tr c lng t cho 6 khi m thanh (1536 mu m
thanh) c nh dng thnh khung ri chuyn i.

AC-3 (DOLBY DIGITAL)

Qu trnh gii m hon ton ngc li, y ch xt qu trnh m ho
Bng lc
phn tch
M ho
ng bao
Ch nh bit
Lng t ho
phn nh tr
Thng tin ch nh bit
Phn nh tr
S
m
ng bao ph
c m ho
Phn nh tr c
lng t ho
Cc mu
PCM
Dng bit
AC-3
nh dng khung AC-3

Hnh 2-20 B m ho AC-3

APT-X100

APT-X100 cho t l nn 4:1.
S dng truyn dn, lu tr cc tn hiu audio mono, stereo hay a knh cht
lng cao.
Khng hn da vo m hnh tm sinh l nghe, cng khng trc tip loi cc thnh
phn khng thch hp trong tn hiu audio, m n ngm hiu mt m hnh p ng
nghe bng vic phn phi t bit tn s cao.
Thut ton hon ton trong min thi gian s dng m ho d on tuyn tnh trong
cc bng con.
Hot ng vi bt k tn s ly mu vi ng ra 16 bits/t mu.
Tn hiu audio c chia thnh 4 bng con vi bng thng u nhau s dng cc b
lc QMF.
Tn hiu c phn tch trong min thi gian: s dng m ho d on tuyn tnh
ADPCM lng t mi bng theo ni dung v loi b d tha trong cc bng
con.
M ho s khc bit ca mu hin thi v mu trc.
Gii m c tin hnh mt cch ngc li.

M HO M THANH NI
Tri phi (LR)
Khng loi b d tha.
Cc knh ring bit c m ho c lp.
Ngng che khng lin quan.
Hiu qu vi m thanh rt khc bit gia knh tri v knh phi.
N1
LHR

RHL
+

+
L

R
Ngun
N2
Hnh 2-21 M ho tri ph? i
M HO M THANH NI
Joint Stereo Midle-Side
Khuynh hng ca Joint Stereo khng ch l kt hp cc nh dng ca chun nn mp3
(MPEG1 lp III) m cn kt hp cc dng khc: MPEG v AAC.
Middle-Side Stereo xt hai knh d liu theo hai phng din khc nhau. Thay v lu tr
mt d liu m thanh theo hai knh Left v Right, ta c th ch cn lu tr mt chui
tng t s trung bnh Average (ca Left v Right) v s sai bit Difference (gia Left
v Right).
dng Middle-Side, ta c th lu tr cc gi tr Middle v Side nh sau:
Middle=(L+R)/2, Side=(L-R)/2.
Du ca Side l rt quan trng, nu Side >0 ngha l tn hiu L ln hn tn hiu R.
Ta hon ton c th ti to hai knh L, R nh sau:
L=Middle+Side, R=Middle-Side.
u im l s khc bit tng i ca cc tn hiu audio ca cc knh L v R. Kt qu
l knh Middle ln hn nhiu so vi knh Side, Vic m ho knh Side s dng t bt
hn gii phng ti nguyn m c th c s dng trin khai hu hiu hn trn
knh Middle. Khi ti nh dng li L, R th kt qu s th hin tn hiu gc ng vo thc
hn.
M HO M THANH NI

Stereo ghp cng cao (Intensity Stereo):
Mc ch: Ti thiu ho thng tin stereo nhn c tc bit thp nht nu
c th.
M ho tn hiu tng cc knh + cc hng ca cc knh. Truyn ng
bao, sau t l theo cc knh.
Kim chng da trn vic cm nhn ca con ngi km i vi tn s trn
3kHz.
Khng lin quan n k thut suy gim.
Bin v pha l khng quan trng.
Gim gn 50% d liu.
Khng m bo thng tin v pha ca tn hiu.
Mt vi s mo c th nhn bit c.
S dng trong cc ng dng tc bit thp.

M HO M THANH NI
Chnh pha

Chnh pha

o bin

o bin
o bin

L+R

o bin

Hng knh L

Hng knh R

L

R
X
X
L+R
Hng knh L

Hng knh R
L

R
Hnh 2-22 M ho v gii m ghp stereo cng cao
AUDIO-VIDEO
CHNG 3

C S VIDEO
Cc dng ca tn hiu Video mu
Tn hiu video thnh phn:
Cc tn hiu video thnh phn c x l ring l.
- Tp cc thnh phn RGB: L cc tn hiu c bn video mu c camera cung
cp. Ba tn hiu mu c cng rng bng tn.
- Tp cc thnh phn Y, R-Y, B-Y: L t hp ca cc gi tr mu c cn. Thng
thng tn hiu Y c bng tn rng hn hai tn hiu R-Y v B-Y.
"Ti to hnh nh tt nht nhng yu cu bng thng v ng b tt cho cc thnh
phn.
Tn hiu video tng hp:
L tn hiu video m trong thng tin chi (luminance), mu (chrominance) v
ng b (synchronization) c phi hp vi nhau (theo tn s, thi gian v bin )
to ra mt tn hiu duy nht.
Ph nng lng tp trung vo hi ca tn s tn hiu qut dng.
Cho php qut cch dng nhn c cm nhn tt hn.
" Yu cu bng thng nh, khng ng b nhng x l kh khn.
C S VIDEO

Video tng t

Thng tin v cnh vt truyn i mang cc tnh cht v choi, mu sc v s thay
i theo thi gian.
Mt tn hiu video bao gm cc nh theo trnh t thi gian, mi nh bao gm im
nh. Cc im nh mang thng tin v chi v mu sc ca vt th, cnh quan.
K thut qut

Qut lin tc: Tn s qut
ln.
Qut cch dng: Gim
c tn s qut dng
nhng vn m bo c
cm nhn lin tc, khng
b tri, nhp nhy

Hnh 3-1 Qut lin tc v qut cch dng
C S VIDEO
Cc tiu chun video mu
NTSC Video:
525 dng trn mt khung, 30 khung hnh trong mt giy.
Qut cch dng. Chia lm hai trng (mi trng 262.5 dng).
C 20 dng d tr cho thng tin iu khin ti thi im bt u mi trng.
Ph hp v phn gii ca Laser Disk v S-VHS l 420 v TV thng thng
c phn gii khong 320 dng.
Hnh 3-3 Tn hiu video vi thng tin iu khin
C S VIDEO

Biu din mu:
NTSC s dng kiu mu YIQ.
Thnh phn tng hp =Y+Icos(fsct)+Qsin(fsct).
Trong , fsc l tn s ca sng mang ph ca mu.
PAL Video:
625 dng trn mt khung, 25 khung hnh trong mt giy.
Qut cch dng.
Khung gm hai trng chn l, mi trng 312.5 dng.
S dng kiu mu YUV.
Di tn tn hiu chi Y rng 5MHz. Tn hiu U v V c xc nh
theo cng thc:
V=0.877(R-Y)=0.615R-0.515G-0.100B
U=0.493(B-Y)=-0.147R-0.293G+0.473B

C S VIDEO

Video s
Thun li:

Truy cp ngu nhin trc tip thun tin,
Vic to, lu tr v ghi c nhiu ln khng nh hng n cht lng nh.
Khng cn xung xo v xung ng b.
X l thun tin, khng gp tr ngi v gii hn tn s, bng thng.
Kh khn
Tuy nhin, tn hiu s gp mt s tr ngi xoay quanh vn v tnh hiu
qu, chng hn b lc s c gi thnh tng i cao.
Tiu chun ly mu mu:
Thun li trong vic x l i vi tn hiu video thnh phn, nhng bng
thng yu cu ln.
im khc nhau ch yu ca cc tiu chun ly mu l t l gia tn s
ly mu v phng php ly mu tn hiu chi v cc tn hiu mu. Tn s
chun l 3,375MHz. Mu tn hiu c ly ch i vi phn t tch cc ca
tn hiu video. Cu trc ly mu l trc giao.
4:4:4

4:1:1
Ly mu Y, CR, CB
Ly mu CR
4:2:2

4:2:0
Ly mu Y
Ly mu CB
Hnh 3-4 Cc tiu chun ly mu mu
C S VIDEO

4:4:4:
Tn s ly mu mucho cc thnh phn
Y, CR, CB l 13.5MHz.
4:2:2:
Y: 13.5MHz, CR, CB l 6.75MHz.
Khi gii m, mu im nh sau c
suy t im nh trc.
4:1:1:
Y:13.5MHz,CR, CB l 3.375MHz.
4:2:0:
Y:13.5MHz,CR, CB l 3.375MHz. Ly
mu mu xen k.
C S VIDEO
Tn hiu video s
? nh

t

im nh
Mang thng tin v
chi, mu sc

Hnh 3-5 Video s?
NN D LIU
Khi nim
Nn nh l qu trnh lm gim thng tin d tha trong d liu gc v do ,
lng thng tin thu c sau khi nn thng nh hn d liu gc rt nhiu.
Cc loi d tha d liu
S phn b k t
M ho cc k t c tn sut xut hin cao vi s bits t.
S lp li lin tip ca cc k t
M ho chui lp (dy k hiu 0 hoc 1 lp lin tip) bng mt dy mi gm 2
thnh phn: s ln lp v k hiu.
Tn sut ca mu
Dy k hiu xut hin vi tn sut cao c m ho vi s bit t.
d tha v tr
Khi nhn c mt k hiu c th on c k hiu tip theo do mi quan h
gia chng. M ho d on.
Theo Shannon, entropy ca ngun tin c nh ngha:
log p
( ) H S =
i p
NN D LIU
C s l thuyt thng tin
Trong : pi:xc sut xut hin ca k hiu SiS, log2 trong trng
hp m ho nh phn.
H(S)c 0, i vi m ho nh phn, H(S) th hin m ho vi s bt/k
hiu ti thiu.
V d:
Trong mt nh phn b u thang xm (256 mc): pi=1/256, s bit
m ho cho mc xm l log2256=8bits. "Entropy ca nh ny l
H(S)=pilog2(1/pi)=8bits/k hiu.
Vy, trong trng hp phn b u, m ho s t c s bit ti
thiu.
1
i 2
i=
NN D LIU
Thut ton Shannon-Fano
V d m t thut ton:

-
-
-
M ho theo thut ton Shannon-Fano:
Sp xp cc k t theo th t gim dn ca tn sut xut hin.
Tnh xc sut.
quy lm hai phn, mi phn c tng xc sut gn bng nhau. M ho
phn trn bng bit 0 (hoc bit 1), phn di bng bit 1 (hoc bit 0).
- V s cy.
- Tnh Entropy, s bits m ho trung bnh v s bit m ho thng thng.
- Nhn xt.

E

6
D

5
C

6
B

7
A

15
K hiu

S l xut hin
1 15 7 6 6 5
H(S) = pi log2
0
S bits s dng trung bnh:
0 30+14+12+18+15
R = ! 2.28bits
S bt m ho thng thng: log25=3bits
NN D LIU

Tng bits
30
14
12
18
15
M
00
01
10
110
111
Log2(1/pi)
1.38
2.48
2.7
2.7
2.96
Pi
15/39
7/39
6/39
6/39
5/39
m
15
7
6
6
5
K hiu
A
B
C
E
D
G? c
D
0
1
2.96
Entropy ca ngun:
E
= .1.38+ .2.48+ 2.7+ 2.7+
i=A pi 39 39 39 39 39
H(s) = 2.19. 1
1 0
1
39 A B C
E
Nhn xt: S bits s dng trung bnh gn H(S) th b m cng hiu qu.
NN D LIU
Cc phng php nn nh c s

M ho lot di RLC (Run Length Coding)
Nguyn tc:
Pht hin lot (run) k hiu lp (lot bit 0 gia 2 bit 1 hoc ngc li).
Thay lot bng 1 chui mi gm: chiu di lot (runlength), k t lp.
c im:
Hiu qu vi chiu di lot ln.
T l nn cha cao, " m ho lot di thch nghi hay bin i VLC.
M ho Huffman
Nguyn tc:
Da vo m hnh thng k ca d liu gc, k t c xc sut cng cao th m ho vi t
m cng ngn.
Thut ton:
- Tnh tn sut xut hin trong d liu gc, sp xp theo th t gim dn.
- Xt t di ln trn,bt u t hai k t c xc sut b nht, quy inh mi nhnh l 0
(hoc 1) hp li vi nhau thnh nt c xc sut bng tng hai xc sut hp thnh.
Nhnh trn c xc sut ln hn nhnh di.
- Lp li cho n ht.
NN D LIU
M ho Lempel-Zip-Welch:
Nn t in c Jacob Lampel v
Abraham Ziv xut nm 1977, pht
trin thnh h LZ, LZ77, LZ78.
Nm 1984, Terry Welch ci tin
thnh LZW.
Nguyn tc: Da vo vic xy dng
mt t in lu cc chui k t c tn
sut cao v thay th bng mt t m
mi.
LZW t chc t in tt hn nn
nng cao t l nn.
V d: Xt t in c ln bng
4096 gi tr t m, vy di ln nht
ca t m l 12 bits (212=4096).
Xt chui vo ABCBCABCABCD.
EoI: Bo hiu ht mt phn nn.
256 256 | Clear Code
257 257 | End of Information
258 Chui mi

4095 Chui mi
257: M xo CC khc phc tnh
trng mu lp ln hn 4096, nu
mu lp ln hn 4096 th gi CC
xy dng t in cho phn tip
theo.
0

255
0

255
NN D LIU
Thut ton:
- w = NIL;
- trong khi c c k t th k
trong chui
- nu wk tn ti trong t in
th w = wk
- cn khng th thm wk vo
trong t in, m ho ng ra cho
w; w = k;
- k=k+1;
Chui ra: 65 66 67 259 258 67
262 68
u vo 12ktx8bits=96 bits.
u ra : 5ktx8+3ktx9=67bits.
T l nn: 96/67=1.43
68
ABCD 264 262 D ABC
B
C
A
AB
AB
BC
CB

BCA

ABC
CA
258
259
260

261

262
263
65
66
67

259

258
67
B
C
B
C
A
B
C
A
A
B
C
B
BC
A
B
C
A Nil
Symbol Index Output K W
NN D LIU

Lu thut ton

Start

w=nil

count=0

k=str[count]
k=nil?
wk in dict?
Output(w)
index++
Symbol=dict[index]= wk.
Output(w).
w=k

count++

End
Y
N
Y
w=wk
N
JPEG

Khi nim
Chun JPEG m t mt h k thut nn nh cho tone lin tc (mc xm hay mu)
ca nh. JPEG khai thc d tha sinh l th gic trong nh. JPEG c tin hnh
vo thng 3 nm 1986, n thng 1 nm 1988 th JPEG c nht tr vi gii php
DCT thch nghi ci thin v tng cng nh.
DCT lin tc: nh c m ho t tri sang phi, t trn xung di da vo DCT.
DCT lu tin: nh m ho qut phc hp theo ch phn gii khng gian cho cc
ng dng bng hp
Khng tn hao: Khi phc chnh xc, t
l nn thp, ch loi b thng tin khng
cm nhn c.
Th bc (phn cp): M ho qut phc
hp phn gii khng gian, hiu qu vi
nhng nh c phn gii cao.
Th bc
DCT
lin tc
DCT
lu tin
Khng
tn hao
Baseline
Ti liu ny ch xt DCT lin tc.
Hnh 3-6 Cc kiu hot ng ca JPEG
JPEG
M ho JPEG
Hnh 3-7 M ho JPEG
JPEG
Chuyn i Cosin ri rc DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform)
DCT ngc:
Hnh 3-8 DCT
DCT thun:
F(0,0) = f (i, j) = 591
Thnh phn DC:
JPEG
V d

DCT lm gim tng quan khng gian ca thng tin trong khi, " biu
din DCT c d tha thng tin t hn, ng thi, DCT cha thng tin v ni dung
tn s khng gian ca thng tin trong khi, da vo c tnh sinh l th gic, ta ch m
ho nhng h s DCT quan trng, " nn.
98
97
95
93
91
89
87
85
92
91
89
87
85
83
81
79
95
94
92
90
88
88
84
82
80
79
77
75
73
71
69
67
75
74
72
70
68
66
64
62
82
81
79
77
75
73
71
69
68
67
65
63
31
59
57
55
50
49
47
45
43
41
39
37
591
35
-1
3
-1
0
-1
0
106
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-18
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
28
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-34
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
14
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
18
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1 7 7
8 i=0 j=0
Cc gi tr cn li l thnh phn AC
Nhn xt:
DC
F(u,v)+
F(u,v)
Fq(u,v) = = round
q(u,v)

JPEG
Lng t ho
Lng t cc h s F(u,v) gim s bits.
Cc h s tng ng vi cc tn hiu tn s thp l cc gi tr ln nn phi
c lng t chnh xc.
Cc h s tng ng vi cc tn hiu tn s cao (AC) c gi tr b nn cho
php sai s, ta c th chia vi mt s ln hn.
Lng t ho thay i theo khong cch t c hiu qu nn cao.
q(u,v)
2
q(u,v)

Trong , q(u,v) l gi tr trong bng lng t ho 8x8, tu thuc vo knh
chi hay knh sc.
Mt ngi t cm nhn c cc ni dung tn s cao v cng km i vi
cc ni dung tn s caoca knh sc

Nhn xt:
H s lng t q(u,v) cng xa th c gi tr cng ln, " kt qu ca cc thnh
phn c lng t c tn s cng cao cng tin v 0.
y l qu trnh tn hao thng tin duy nht trong nn nh khng tn hao.

16
12
14
14
18
24
49
72
11
12
14
17
12
35
64
92
10
14
16
22
37
55
78
95
16
19
24
29
56
64
87
98
24
26
40
51
68
81
103
112
40
58
57
57
109
104
121
100
51
60
69
69
103
113
120
103
61
55
56
56
77
92
101
99
17
18
24
47
99
99
99
99
18
21
26
66
99
99
99
99
24
26
56
99
99
99
99
99
47
66
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
Ma trn lng t knh chi Ma trn lng t knh sc
JPEG
Ma trn lng t knh chi v knh sc:

tng
JPEG
Qut zigzag
nh x ma trn 8x8 thnh vector 1x64, y ca vector l gi tr EOB (End
of Block).
0 0 0 0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
2
0
-2
0
10
0
40
3
..
EOB
-2
2
0
..
-1
0
0
10
3
40
Qut zigzag
7
Mc ch: Nhm cc thnh phn tn s thp vo nh ca vector. 0
DC
V d: Xt v d trn, vi cc thnh phn c lng t ho
AC(0,7)
AC(7,0)
64
0 0 0 AC(7,7)

Hnh 3-9 Qut zigzag
H.261
M ho trong khung
Hnh 3-18 M ho trong khung H.261
H.261
S m ho trong khung
Hnh 3-19 M ho khung I

Control iu khin tc bit v b m, nu b m y th gim tc bit.
Memory dng lu hnh nh c khi phc li vi mc ch tm vector
chuyn ng cho Frame P tip theo.

H.261
M ho lin khung
Hnh 3-20 M ho lin khung H.261
H.261
S m ho lin khung
Hnh 3-21 S m ho khung P
H.263
Khi nim
Tiu chun ci tin H.261 cho video tc thp, c th truyn trn mng
in thoi cng cng PSTN, c cng nhn nm 1996.
Ging nh H.261, m ho DCT cho cc MB trong I Frame v DCT sai bit
d on trong P Frame.
Tc ti thiu
u im:

Chnh xc sai bit d on vi pixels.
Khng hn ch vector chuyn ng.
M ho s hc theo c php.
D on thun li vi cc khung P.
Ngoi CIF, QCIF, H.263 cn h tr SQCIF, 4 CIF v 16CIF vi phn
gii tn hiu chi tun t l 128x96, 704x576, 1408x1152. phn gii tn
hiu sc bng tn hiu chi.

MPEG-1
Dng tn hiu ng vo
MPEG-1 ch xt tn hiu video lu tin. t c tc bit 1.5Mbps, video ng
vo thng c chuyn i trc khi a vo dng ng vo chun MPEG SIF
(Standard Input Format).
Khng gian mu (Y, Cr, Cb) c tha nhn theo khuyn ngh CCIR 601. Trong
SIF MPEG, knh ch l 352 pixel x 240 dng v 30 khung/s.
- S pixel ln nht trn mt dng: 720.
- S dng ln nht trn mt nh: 576.
- S nh trong mt giy: 30.
- S macroblock trn mt nh: 396.
- S macroblock trn mt giy: 9900.
- Tc bit ti a: 1.86Mbps.
- Kch thc b m gii m ti a: 376.832bits.
Ch : Rng buc trn khng c ngha l tn hiu video c nn vi tc
ti a.
cp v cc tc bit yu cu.
MPEG-1
Cu trc d liu v cc kiu nn
Cu trc d liu gm 6 lp, cho php b gi m hiu c nhng tn hiu cha xc
nh.
1) Cc chui c nh dng bi mt vi nhm nh GOP.
2) Nhm nh to nn nh. Nhm nh c xc nh bi hai thng s m v n. Thng
s m xc nh s khung hnh P v khung hnh B xut hin gia hai khung hinh I gn
nhau nht. S n xc nh s khung hnh B gia hai khung P.
3) nh bao gm cc phn (slice). C 4 dng nh tng ng vi cc kiu nn, l
nh I, nh P, nh B v nh D.
nh I l nh c m ho DCT trong khung s dng thut ton ging nh JPEG.
Chng cho php cc im truy cp ngu nhin n chui. C hai dng nh c m
ho lin khung l nh P v nh B. Cc nh ny m ho DCT b chuyn ng sai bit
d on. Ch c vic d on ti l c s dng trong kiu nh P, l cc nh c
m ho lin quan n nh I v P trc . S d on trong nh B c th l ti hoc
li hoc lin h hai chiu ti cc nh I hoc P khc. Cc nh D ch cha cc thnh
phn DC trong mi khi vi mc ch cho cc tc bit rt thp. S khung I, P v B
trong mt GOP c p dng mt cch ph thuc, v d tu thuc vo thi gian truy
MPEG-1
V d:
Mt GOP nh hnh v c kt hp bi 9 nh. Ch rng khung u ca mi
GOP lun l mt nh I. Trong MPEG, trt t trong cc nh khng cn thit ging
nhau theo th t lin tip. Ngha l th t truyn nh v th t nh hin ln mn hnh
l khng ging nhau. nh trong hnh v c c th c m ho trong mt trt t nh
sau: 0, 4, 1, 2, 3, 8, 5, 6, 7 hay 0, 1, 4, 3, 8, 5, 6, 7
Khi d on vi cc nh P v B nn da trn cc nh c truyn
I B B B P B B B P
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Nhm nh
Hnh 3-22 Nhm nh trong MPEG-1
MPEG-1
4) Cc phn (slice) c to bi cc
macroblock. Chng c a ra vi mc
ch khi phc li.
5) S kt hp cc macroblock MB l
tng t nh H.261. Mt vi tham s nn c
th c mang trong MB c s. Cc dng
MB nh bng bn.
I: Ni suy(hai hng); B: Li
A: Thch ng; F: Ti
D: Sai bit d on.
6) Cc khi l cc mng 8x8 pixels.
Chng l mt n v DCT nh nht.
Cc tiu c nh ngha cho cc chui,
GOP, nh, phn v cc MB xc nh c
nht d liu sau n.
nh I
Intra
Intra-A

nh P
Intra
Intra-A
Inter-D
Inter-DA
Inter-F
Inter-FD
Inter-FDA
Skipped

nh B
Intra
Intra-A
Inter-F
Inter-FD
Inter-FDA
Inter-B
Inter-BD
Inter-BDA
Inter-I
Inter-ID
Inter-IDA
Skipped
MPEG-1
Kiu nn trong khung
Cc gi tr cng ca im nh c m ho DCT theo cch tng t nh JPEG
v kiu intra ca H.261.
Vic nn t c bng s kt hp ca lng t ho v m ho chiu di thay i
ca cc h s 0.
MPEG cho php lng t ho khng gian thch ng bng vic a ra t l lng t
MQUANT trong c php.
C hai kiu MB trong cc nh I:
- MB Intra c m ho vi ma trn lng t ho hin thi.
- MB Intra A th ma trn lng t ho c t l bi h s MQUANT c truyn
trong header.
Ch rng MQUANT c th thay i trong MB c bn iu khin tc bit
hoc vi mc ch lng t.
MPEG c chng minh rng kiu nn Intra cung cp 30% nn tt hn so vi
JPEG v tnh lng t thch ng.
- M ho cc h s DCT sau lng t ging nh JPEG.
MPEG-1
Khung B (d on hai hng, ni suy)
L c trng ca MPEG.
D on MB cho khung hin hnh da vo: Khung trc; khung sau v trung bnh
MB ca khung trc v khung sau.
u im: Hiu qu trong vic nn nu dng khung B d on chu khung sau,
trung bnh MC qua hai khung cho SNR tt hn.
Nhc: Cn t nht hai khug tham chiu I, P; nu s dng khung B qu nhiu th
khong cch gia cc khung tham chiu I, P tng " tr m ho ln.
Hnh 3-24 D on hai hng
MPEG-1
M ho MPEG-1
Hnh 3-25 M ho MPEG-1
MPEG-1
Gii m MPEG-1
Hnh 3-26 Gii m MPEG-1
Tng quan, b m ho MPEG-1 tin hnh cc bc sau:
- Quyt nh nhn ca cc khung I, P v B trong mt GOP.
- nh gi chuyn ng cho mi MB trong cc nh P, B.
- Xc nh kiu nn MTYPE cho mi MB.
- t t s lng t MQUANT nu lng t thch ng c chn.
B gii m MPEG-1 hot ng theo hng ngc li.
MPEG-2
Khi nim
Dng nh trong MPEG-2
Video lu tin Video kt hp
Khung nh
I, P hoc B
Khung nh
I, P hoc B
Trng nh
I, P hoc B
Hnh 3-27 Dng nh trong MPEG-2
Cht lng MPEG-1 tc 1.2Mbps cho thy khng th chp nhn c vi cc
ng dng gii tr.
MPEG-2 l mt phin bn m rng ca MPEG-1 cung cp phm vi rng ca
cc ng dng vi cc tc bit v cc phn gii khc nhau (2-20Mbps).

c trng ca MPEG-2:
- Cho php ng vo kt
hp (interlace), phn gii
cao, ly mu ph thay i ca
cc knh sc.
- Cung cp dng bit co
dn.
- Cung cp cc tu chn
lng t ho v m ho.
MPEG-2
Cc hnh thi ca MPEG-2
Hnh thi n gin: S bc nn thp nht, ch cho php m ho cc
nh loi I hoc P, khng cho php m ho cc nh loi B. Tc ti a ca
hnh thi ny l 15Mbps.
Hnh thi chnh: Cho php s dng tt c cc loi nh nhng
khng to ra cc mc bt k. Cht lng nh tt hn hnh thi n gin nhng
tc bit khng i.
Hnh thi phn cp theo SNR: Tnh phn cp theo SNR c
ngha l c s tho hip v cht lng hnh nh vi t s tn hiu trn tp m.
H tr cho cc tc 4 v 15Mbps.
Hnh thi phn cp theo khng gian: Tnh phn cp theo
khng gian l c s tho hip v phn gii. H tr tc bit 60Mbps.
Hnh thi cao: Bao gm cc cng c ca cc hnh thi trc
cng vi kh nng m ho cc tn hiu mu khc nhau cng mt lc. L h
thng hon ho c thit k cho ton b cc ng dng m khng b gii hn
bi tc cao.

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