8.

3 Hyperbolas
Geometry of a Hyperbola
A Hyperbola is the set of all points in a plane whose distances from two
fixed points in the plane have a constant difference.

foci - the fixed points

focal axis - line through foci
center - point on focal axis midway between foci
vertices - points where hyperbola intersects its focal axis
standard form:

x2 - y2 = 1 y2 - x2 = 1
a2 b2 a2 b2

Title: Jul 15­12:28 PM (1 of 22)
 transverse axis - chord lying on the focal axis connecting the vertices
length of transverse axis: 2a
conjugate axis - line segment that is perpendicular to the focal axis and
has the center of the hyperbola as its midpoint
length of conjugate axis: 2b
semitransverse axis: a
semiconjugate axis: b

Title: Jul 15­12:33 PM (2 of 22)
 Sketching hyperbolas:
x2 - y2 = 1 y2 - x2 = 1
9 16 9 4

Title: Jul 15­12:36 PM (3 of 22)
 Find the center, vertices, foci and asymptotes of the hyperbola.

25y2 - 16x2 = 144

Title: Jul 15­12:38 PM (4 of 22)
 Find an equation of the hyperbola with foci (-6, 0) and (6, 0) whose conjugate
axis has length 20. Sketch the hyperbola and its asymptotes.

Title: Jul 15­12:39 PM (5 of 22)
 Translations :
standard equation: (x - h)2 - (y - k)2 = 1 (y - k)2 - (x - h)2 = 1
a2 b2 a2 b2
focal axis: y=k x=h
foci: (h + c, k) (h, k + c)
vertices: (h + a, k) (h, k + a)
semitransverse axis: a a
semiconjugate axis: b b
Pythagorean Relation: c2 = a2 + b2 c2 = a2 + b2
asymptotes: y = + b/a (x - h) + k y = + a/b(x - h) + k

Title: Jul 15­7:46 AM (6 of 22)
 Sketching hyperbolas:
(x - 2)2 - (y + 3)2 = 1 (y - 3)2 - (x + 2)2 = 1
4 9 9 4

Title: Jul 15­12:36 PM (7 of 22)
 Find the standard form of the equation for the hyperbola whose transverse
axis has endpoints (5, 1) and (-3, 1), and whose conjugate axis has length 6.

Title: Jul 15­1:35 PM (8 of 22)
 Find the center and vertices and foci of the hyperbola
(y - 5)2 - (x + 3)2 = 1
25 9

Title: Jul 15­1:36 PM (9 of 22)
 Find an equation in standard form for the hyperbola with transverse axis
endpoints (5, -4) and (-3, -4), slope of one asymptote is 3/4.

Title: Jul 15­1:39 PM (10 of 22)
 eccentricity: c/a = √a2 + b2 / a

because c > a, the eccentricity e > 1

Graph the hyperbola and find its vertices, foci and eccentricity.
25y2 - 9x2 - 50y - 54x - 281 = 0

Title: Jul 15­1:37 PM (11 of 22)
 8.4 Translation and Rotation of Axes
Second Degree Equations in Two Variables

Ax2 + Bxy + Cy 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

Let‛s look at three equations and their graphs using the calculator:
1. 9x2 + 16y2 - 18x + 64y - 71 = 0

2. 2xy - 9 = 0

3. x2 + 4xy + 4y2 - 30x - 90y + 450 = 0

Title: Jul 16­7:03 AM (12 of 22)
 1. Use the quadratic equation to solve and then graph using the calculator.
9x2 + 16y2 - 18x + 64y - 71 = 0

Title: Jul 16­7:04 AM (13 of 22)
 2. Solve for y and then graph using the graphing calculator.
2xy - 9 = 0

Title: Jul 16­7:04 AM (14 of 22)
 3. Use the quadratic formula to solve and then graph using the calcuator.
x2 + 4xy + 4y2 - 30x - 90y + 450 = 0

Title: Jul 16­7:04 AM (15 of 22)
 To prove that these are actually conics, we will translate and rotate the axes
instead of the actual graphs.

Translation of Axes Formula:

x = x‛ + h and y = y‛ + k
x‛ = x - h and y‛ = y - k

1. Prove that 9x2 + 16y2 - 18x + 64y - 71 = 0 is an ellipse.

Translate the coordinate axes so that the origin is at the center of the ellipse.

Title: Jul 16­7:06 AM (16 of 22)
 To prove examples 2 and 3 we will need to rotate the axes.

Rotation of Axes Formula:

x‛ = xcos α + ysin α
y‛ = -xsin α + ycos α
or
x = x‛cos α - y‛sin α
y = x‛sin α + y‛cos α

where α, 0 < α
�
π��
��
���
��gle of rotation.

2. Prove that 2xy - 9 = 0 is the equation of a hyperbola by rotating the coordinate axes
through an angle α
�
�

Title: Jul 16­7:07 AM (17 of 22)
 Coefficients for a Conic in a Rotated System Rotation of Axes Formula:

We can generalize this to fit to the general formula. x‛ = xcos α + ysin α

y‛ = -xsin α + ycos α
Ax2 + Bxy + Cy 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 or
x = x‛cos α - y‛sin α
y = x‛sin α + y‛cos α

where α, 0 < α
�
π��
��
���
��gle of rotation.

Title: Jul 16­7:09 AM (18 of 22)
 Eliminating the xy term:
B‛ = 0 = Bcos2α + (C - A)sin2α

3. Prove that x2 + 4xy + 4y2 - 30x - 90y + 450 = 0 is a parabola.

First eliminate the xy term.

Title: Jul 16­7:11 AM (19 of 22)
 Discriminant Test B2 - 4AC
Ax2 + Bxy + Cy 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

If B2 - 4AC > 0, hyperbola

If B2 - 4AC = 0, parabola
If B2 - 4AC < 0, ellipse

Title: Jul 16­7:12 AM (20 of 22)
 Try some:
1. Using the point P(x, y) = (5, -2) and the translation information h = -4
and k = 5, find the coordinates of P in the translated x'y' coordinate
system.

2. Using the point P(x, y) = (-4, 6) and the rotation informationα = 2π/3,
find the coordinates of P in the rotated x'y' coordinate system.

3. Identify the type of conic and rotate the coordinate axes to eliminate
the xy term. Write the transformed equation.
10x2 - 8xy + 6y2 + 8x - 5y - 30 = 0

Title: Jul 16­7:12 AM (21 of 22)
 4. Identify the type of conic, solve for y. Approximate the angle of
rotation needed to eliminate the xy term.
4x2 - 6xy + 2y2 - 3x + 10y - 6 = 0

Title: Jul 16­7:17 AM (22 of 22)