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Classification :
1. 2. 3. Metals : Material which are bonded by metallic bonds. Polymers : Organic compounds with large molecular structures. Ceramics : Compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements.

AdvancedandModernMaterials 1)Semiconductors 2)BioMaterials 3)Piezoelectricmaterials 4)SmartorIntelligentmaterials 5) NanoMaterials

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AtomicBonding

Ionicbond
Thisprimarybondexistsbetweentwoatomswhentransfer ofelectron(s)resultsinoneoftheatomstobecomenegative (hasanextraelectron)andanotherpositive(haslostan electron). ThisbondisadirectconsequenceofstrongCoulomb attractionbetweenchargedatoms. Basicallyionicbondsarenondirectionalinnature.

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IonicBonding
Occursbetween+and ions. Requireselectrontransfer. Largedifferenceinelectronegativityrequired. PredominantbondinginCeramics

unstable electron

unstable

cation stable

+
Coulombic Attraction

anion stable

Examples:IonicBonding
NaCl MgO CaF2 CsCl

Giveupelectrons

Acquireelectrons
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FromFig.2.7,CallistersMaterialsScienceandEngineering,AdaptedVersion. (Fig.2.7isadaptedfromLinusPauling,TheNatureoftheChemicalBond,3rdedition,Copyright1939and1940,3rd edition.Copyright1960byCornellUniversity.

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IonicBonding
Energy minimumenergymoststable
Energybalanceofattractive andrepulsive terms
RepulsiveenergyER

Interatomicseparationr NetenergyEN

AttractiveenergyEA

EN =EA +ER =

A r

B rn

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2.14

E0

CovalentBonding

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similarelectronegativity shareelectrons bondsdeterminedbyvalence s &p orbitalsdominatebonding Example:CH4

C:has4valencee, needs4more H:has1valencee, needs1more Electronegativities arecomparable.

CH 4

sharedelectrons fromcarbonatom

H sharedelectrons fromhydrogen atoms

PrimaryBonding
IonicCovalentMixedBonding %ioniccharacter =
( X A X B )2 x ( 100 %) 4 1 e

whereXA &XB arePaulingelectronegativities

Ex:MgO XMg =1.2 XO =3.5

( 3.51.2 ) 4 % ionic character = 1 e

x (100%) = 73.35% ionic

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SECONDARYBONDING
Arisesfrominteractionbetweendipoles Fluctuatingdipoles

asymmetricelectron clouds

ex:liquidH2 H2

H2 H H

secondary bonding

secondary bonding

Permanentdipolesmoleculeinduced

generalcase: ex:liquidHCl ex:polymer

+ H

Cl

secondary bonding secondary bonding

+ H

Cl

secondarybonding
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HF(19.4C)havinghigherboilingtemperaturethanHCl(85C) Why?

PropertiesFromBonding:Tm
Bondlength,r MeltingTemperature,Tm Energy r Bondenergy,Eo Energy r

o smallerTm largerTm

unstretchedlength o Eo = bondenergy

Tm islargerifEo islarger.

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PropertiesFromBonding:
Coefficientofthermalexpansion, length, L o coeff.thermalexpansion L Lo

unheated,T 1 L heated,T 2
~symmetryatro Energy unstretchedlength r o

= ( T 2 T 1 )

islargerifEo issmaller.

Eo Eo

smaller larger
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Ceramics

Largebondenergy

(Ionic&covalentbonding):

largeTm largeE small

Variablebondenergy

Metals

(Metallicbonding):

moderateTm moderateE moderate

DirectionalProperties

Polymers

(Covalent&Secondary):

Secondarybondingdominates smallTm smallE large

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