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Definitions:
Bearing Capacity:
.
Ultimate bearing capacity ( qult ):
.
Net ultimate bearing capacity ( qun ):
.
qun = qult *DF
Net safe bearing capacity ( qns ):
It is the ultimate bearing capacity over a factor of safety ( F ).
F.O.S = 3
..
= qns
qult = k1c Nc + k2 1 DF Nq + k3 2 B N
:
k1 , k2 , k3 shape factor from table
shape
Strip Footing
Rectangular Footing
Square Footing
Circular Footing
k1
1
1+0.3
1.3
1.3
k2
1
k3
0.5
1-0.6
0.4
0.3
C
Cohesion
( )
B
Foundation Width
( )
L
Foundation Length
1 Soil intensity above F.L
2 Soil intensity under F.L
DF
Foundation Depth
F.L
Foundation Level
NC
B/C Factors
NC
Nq
B/C Factors
Nq
N
B/C Factors
N
3 N , Nq , NC
: Nq ,
N , NC
Nq
NC
0.5
1
2
3
4.5
7
10
15
23
34
53
83
1
1.5
2.5
4
6.5
8
10.5
14
18
25
33
46
64
92
5
6.5
8.5
11
15
17.5
20.5
25
30
37
46
58
75
99
Angle of
Internal
Friction
)(
0
5
10
15
20
22.5
25
27.5
30
32.5
35
37.5
40
42.5
:
40
Nq
Nc
30
(degrees)
20
10
60
50
40
30
N q and N c
20
10
20
40
N
60
80
:
Nq = e tan * tan2 ( 45 + /2 )
NC = (Nq - 1) cot
N = (Nq - 1) tan
qult = k1c Nc + k2 1 DF Nq + k3 2 B N
Cohesion term ( c ) k1c Nc
Foundation Depth term k2 1 DF Nq
Dimension and Foundation Soil term ( ) k3 2 B N
qult = k1c Nc + k2 1 DF Nq + k3 2 B N
qult = k1c Nc + k2 1 DF Nq + 0
For cohesion less soil ( sand ) : ( - soil )
c = 0 , =
qult = k1c Nc + k2 1 DF Nq + k3 2 B N
qult = 0+ k2 1 DF Nq + k3 2 B N
c
C=
4 G.W.T :
Case 1 :
-1
.
B/C
Dw B
wq = w = 1
Case 2 :
-2
.
Dw < B
.
*0.5 1
Dw
wq = 1
w = 0.5+
Case 3 :
. -3
Dw=0
wq = 1
w = 0.5+
Take 2 submerged
Case 4 :
-4
.
w = 1
Wq = 0.5+ *0.5
Take 2 submerged
)qult = k1c Nc +( 1bulk or saturated * D1 + 1sub *D2
Nq wq + k3 2sub B N w
:
D1 G.W.T
D2 G.W.T
Example: 1
Determine the allowable load on a
rectangular footing (2x3) m at depth 1.5 m
below the ground surface if a fill =1.85 t/m3
used above F.L. and the soil under footing has
sat = 1.9 t/m3 , c =3 t/m2 , = 22 , G.W.T was
find at foundation level.
Solution
rectangular footing B = 2 m , L = 3 m
1=1.85t/m3 ,sub = sat - w = 1.9 - 1 = 0.9 t/m3
c =3 , = 22 , Df = 1.5 m , G.W.T was find at
foundation level
For = 22
Nq = e tan * tan2 ( 45 + /2 )
k2 = 1
w = 0.5+
Take 2 submerged
..
= 27.06 t/m2
D2 > 2B
If
B/C
.
D2 < 2B
If
B/C
B/C.
How to choose Foundation type:
Type of foundation:
Isolated footing
Raft footing
Deep foundation (piles)
For sand soil:
c = 0 , =
c=, =0
0+
0
OR
S = mv * H *
qsLB
(L+Z)(B+Z)
L , B Loaded area
Z = H / 2 + height to F.L
Cc = 0.009(L.L% - 10 )
0+
qs L B
=
(L + Z)(B + Z)
Example: 2
Solution
rectangular footing B = 4 m , L = 5 m
For = 0
Nq = 5 , NC = 1 , N = 0
For rectangular footing
k2 = 1
wq = 1 , w = 0.5
D < 2B
2 < 2*4
2<8
Calculate qall for Medium clay
C=
= 40 KN/m2
qult = k1c Nc + k2 (1 DF + 2 DF ) Nq wq
qult =(1.24*40*5)+(1*(15*2)+(18*2)*1*1)
= 248+ 66 = 314 KN/m2
qun = qult - (1 DF + 2 DF )
= 314-((15*2)+(18*2))=248 KN/m2
qns =
..
= 82.67 KN/m2
= 8 m2
S = mv * H *
qs L B
=
(L + Z)(B + Z)
=
14954
(5+6)(4+6)
= 27.1 KN/m2
Example: 4
Example: 5
Fill : = 1.45 t / m3
Sand : = 1.81 t / m3 , = 30 , F.O.S = 3
Clay : sat =2.1 t / m3 , mv = 0.038 cm2 / kg
The allowable Settlement = 2.5 cm
Strip Footing:
working load
Ultimate load
working to Ultimate * 1.5
Procedure of Design:
Plain Concrete:
If tp.c > 20 cm
If tp.c 20 cm
Consider p.c in design Neglect
in design
Pt = Pw *1.1
Pt = Pw *1.1
Ap.c = Pt / qall =1* Bp.c
AR.c = Pt / qall =1* BR.c
BR.c = Bp.c - 2tp.c
BR.c = to the nearest
to the nearest 5cm
5cm
tp.c is assumed 10 40 cm
tp.c = 10 20 cm
tp.c = 20 40 cm
Minimum dimensions of R.C. Footing:
BR.c. = 80 cm
tR.C. = 40 cm
dR.C = 33 cm
p.c
R.c
Pw
tp.c
Ap.c
AR.c
Bp.c
BR.c
bw
qsh
qcu
La
Plain concrete
Reinforced
concrete
wall load
Thickness of
Plain concrete
Area of Plain
concrete
Area of
Reinforced
concrete
Plain concrete
thickness
Reinforced
concrete
thickness
Wall thickness
Actual shear
shear
stress
Allowable shear
shear
stress
Available length
Diameter of
bars
Check shear:
. d/2
Critical section
Qsh = qult ( c - d/2 )
qsh = Qsh / B*d
qcu = 0.4
Check Bond:
Ld = * * * (fy / ) * ( /4 qub )
:
=1
plan bars
= 0.75 H.G.S
=1
= 1
= 1.15
Fy = 3600 kg / cm2
qub = 0.87
= 1.5
Ld La
Fcu
c
Example: 1
Given : fcu = 200 kg/cm2 , Pw= 180 kN / m2 ,
bw = 0.5 m , fy =3600 kg/cm2 , tp,c = 20 cm , B/C (qall =
100 kN / m2
Req : Design of strip footing that carry the given line
load.
Solution
100 kN / m2 = 10 t / m2 = 1 kg / cm2
tp.c 20 cm
Neglect in design
=5
= 21.8 cm 25cm
t = d + cover =25+10 = 35 cm
Check shear:
Qsh = qult (c - d/2)=13.5*(0.75-(0.25/2))=8.4ton
qsh = Qsh / B*d=
8.4103
10025
= 3.3 kg / cm2
3.8105
0.826253600
As min3 =
100
*B*d=
0.15
100
*100*25=3.75cm2/ m'
Check Bond:
Ld = * * * (fy / ) * ( /4 qub )
qub = 0.87
Fcu
c
= 0.87
200
1.5
=10 kg/cm2
Ld = 0.75*1*1*(3600 /1.15)*(1.2/(4*10))
= 70.4 cm 0.704 m
Ld La
0.704 2 ok
Isolated footing:
Squared Isolated footing .
:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
Hunched Squared Isolated footing .
Rectangular Isolated footing .
:
-1 .
-2 .
Circular Isolated footing .
.
Procedure of Design:
Plain concrete:
If tp.c > 20 cm
If tp.c 20 cm
Consider p.c in design Neglect
in design
Pt = Pw *1.1
Pt = Pw *1.1
Ap.c = Pt / qall=Bp.c2
AR.c = Pt / qall=BR.c2
BR.c = AR. c
Bp.c = Ap. c
BR.c = Bp.c - 2tp.c
Bp.c =BR.c + 2tp.c
to the nearest 5cm to the nearest 5cm
Check shear:
. d/2
Critical section
Qsh = qult (BR.c*( c - d/2) )
qsh = Qsh /( BR.c*d)
qcu = 0.4
Check punching:
Qp = pu - qult (b+d)2
qp = Qp / (4(b+d)d)
qpcu =
fcu
c
Procedure of Design:
If tp.c > 20 cm
If tp.c 20 cm
Consider p.c in design Neglect
in design
Pt = Pw *1.1
Pt = Pw *1.1
Ap.c = Pt / qall=Bp.c2
AR.c = Pt / qall=BR.c2
BR.c = AR. c
Bp.c = Ap. c
BR.c = Bp.c - 2tp.c
Bp.c =BR.c + 2tp.c
to the nearest 5cm
to the nearest 5cm
:
Check stresses on plain concrete:
:
C1 = (BR.c - a / 2)
Mult 1 = qult *( BR.c*c1)*(c1 / 2)
Direction 2:
C2 = (BR.c - b / 2)
Mult 2 = qult *( BR.c*c2)*(c2 / 2)
Mult 1 , Mult 2
d = c1
Check shear:
. d/2
Critical section
Check punching:
Qp = pu - qult (A'+B')
A' = a + d , B' = b + d
a , b
qp = Qp / (2(A'+B')d)
qpcu = (0.5 + )
fcu
c
Procedure of Design:
Plain concrete:
If tp.c > 20 cm
If tp.c 20 cm
Consider p.c in design Neglect
in design
Pt = Pw *1.1
Pt = Pw *1.1
Ap.c = Pt / qall=Bp.c x Lp.c AR.c = Pt / qall=BR.c x LR.c
BR.c = AR. c
Bp.c = Ap. c
=
=
Lp.c + Bp.c = a-b
LR.c + BR.c = a-b
BR.c = Bp.c - 2tp.c
Bp.c =BR.c + 2tp.c
LR.c = Lp.c 2tp.c
to the nearest 5cm
to the nearest 5cm
C1 = (LR.c - a / 2)
Mult 1 = qult *( BR.c*c1)*(c1 / 2)
d1 = c1
C2 = (BR.c - b / 2)
Mult 2 = qult *( LR.c*c2)*(c2 / 2)
d2 = c1
Check punching:
Qp = pu - qult (A'+B')
A' = a + d , B' = b + d
a , b
qp = Qp / (2(A'+B')d)
qpcu = (0.5 + )
fcu
c
:
Lp.c - BP.C = a - b
c1 = c2 Mult 1 = Mult 2
d1 = d2
qult = 1.5*pw / (Bp.c * Lp.c) = . t/m2
C = C1 = C2 = (LR.c - a / 2) OR (BR.c - b / 2)
Mult1=Mult2= qult * C2 /2 =.. m t/m'
d=c1
b= 100 cm
Check shear:
. d/2
Critical section
qpcu = (0.5 + )
fcu
c
= . Kg/cm2
If As As min ok
Example: 1
Given : fcu = 250 kg/cm2 , Pult= 1800 kN,
Col 30x70 cm , fy =3600 kg/cm2 , tp,c = 50 cm , B/C (qall
= 150 kN / m2
Req : Design of strip footing that carry the given line
load.
Solution
100 kN / m2 = 10 t / m2 = 1 kg / cm2
Pult = 1800 KN 180 ton
qall = 150 KN/m2 15 t/m2
tp.c > 20 cm
50 > 20 cm Consider p.c in design
Pw =
pult
1.5
180
1.5
= 120 Ton
:
a - b = 0.7 - 0.3 = 0.4 m
Lp.c = Ap. c + (a - b / 2)
Bp.c = Ap. c - (a - b / 2)
.
2 Bp.c Lp.c
Ft =6*Mult /100*(tp.c) =
2
Ftcu=
Ft < Ftcu
1.5
3.22.8
20(0.5)2
2
0.75()3
180
= 2.5 mt
6(2.5105 )
100(50)2
2
0.75(250)3
1.5
= 20 t / m2
= 6 kg/cm2
= 19.8 kg/cm2
qult=1.5*pw/(BR.c*LR.c)=
C =(LR.c - a / 2) =
2.20.7
Mult = qult * C /2 =
d=c1
= 5
180
2.21.8
= 45.5 t / m2
= 0.75
45.5(0.75)2
2
=12.8 m t/m'
=35.7cm40cm
Check shear:
. d/2
Critical section
25103
= 6.25 Kg/cm2
10040
Check punching:
Qp = pu - qult (A'+B') =
A' = a + d= 0.7+0.4= 1.1 m
B' = b + d= 0.3+0.4= 0.7 m
Qp =pu-qult(A'+B')=180-45.5(1.1*0.7)=145 ton
qp =
145103
Qp /(2(A'+B')d)= (
=
(2 110+70)40)
qpcu =(0.5 + )
qpcu > qp
fcu
c
=(0.5+
0.3
0.7
250
12 > 10 ok safe
t = d + cover = 40+10= 50 cm
1.5
10 Kg/cm2
=12 Kg/cm2
Mult
12.8105
Jdfy 0.826403600
=10.76 cm2/m'
As min=
100
*b*d=
0.15
100
*100*40 = 6 cm2/m'
Combined Footing:
Types of Combined Footing:
-1 :
-2 :
.
C1 P1 < P2
Take C1 = 1 m if not given.
Steps of Design:
1) Dimension of Footing ( working Loads ):
Pt
qall
= L * B = m2
.
= Take C1
C2 = C1 + S = m
=m
:
C
Pt
)(c1p1)+(c2p2
pt
=C
LR.C = 2* C = m to nearest 5 cm
= m to nearest 5 cm
AR.C
LR.C
= BR.C
qult =
(p1+p2)1.5
LR.CBR.C
= t/m2
Q1 = Wult * C1 = Ton
Q2 = Q1 P1u = Ton
Q3 = Wult * C2 P1u = Ton
Q4 = Q3 P2u = Ton
M1 , M2 Moment
Max Moment at point of zero shear
At p.o.z.s
Xo =
P1u
Wu
=m
X1 = LR.C (C2 +
b2 or a2
2
)=m
:
M1 = Wu *
M2 = Wu *
(1)2
2
= mt
(X1+a2 or b2)2
2
P2u *
a2 or b2
2
= mt
:
a
b
b2 or a2
(Xo)2
2
) = mt
Mu
FcuBR.C
c1 5
Mu Max Moment
4) Check shear:
Critical section at
d
Qsh = QMax Wu ( +
2
a12 or b1orb2
2
) = Ton
:
a
b
QMax b2 or a2
QMax Max of Q1 , Q2 , Q3 , Q4
qsh =
Qsh
BR.Cd
= kg/cm2
5) Check Punching:
:
For Column 1:
QP1 = Pu1 qU (A1' *B1') = Ton
:
d
A1' = (a1 + ) = m
2
B1' = (b1 + d) = m
For Column 2:
QP2 = Pu2 qU (A2' *B2') = Ton
:
A2' = (a2 + d ) = m
B2' = (b2 + d) = m
qp =
QpMax
2(A1or2 +B1or2 )d
= kg/cm2
:
b1or2
a1or2
= kg/cm2
For Column 1:
QP1 = Pu1 qU (A1' *B1') = Ton
:
A1' = (a1 + d) = m
d
B1' = (b1 + ) = m
Mmax
JdFy
As Bot =
M1orM2
JdFy
In Short Direction:
Mu = qult *
(y1or2)2
2
= mt
BR.Cb1
2
BR.Cb2
2
=m
=m
Y1 =
Y2 =
As =
BR.Ca1
2
BR.Cb2
2
Mu
JdFy
=m
=m
= cm2 /m'
If As As min ok
Steps of Design:
1) Dimension of Footing ( working Loads ):
Pt
qall
= L * B = m2
(c1p1)+(c2p2)
pt
=m
:
C
Pt
LR.C = 2* C = m to nearest 5 cm
BR.C =
AR.C
LR.C
= m to nearest 5 cm
qult =
(p1+p2)1.5
LR.CBR.C
= t/m2
Q1 = Wult * C1 = Ton
Q2 = Q1 P1u = Ton
Q3 = Wult * C2 P1u = Ton
Q4 = Q3 P2u = Ton
M1 , M2 Moment
Max Moment at point of zero shear
At p.o.z.s
Xo =
P1u
Wu
=m
X1 = LR.C (C2 +
X2 = C 1
b2 or a2
b1 or a1
2
)=m
=m
:
M1 = Wu *
(1)2
2
M2 = Wu *
M4 = Wu *
(X1+a2 or b2)2
(2)2
M3 = Wu *
= mt
a2 or b2
P2u *
= mt
(X2+a1 or b1)2
2
P1u *
a1 or b1
2
= mt
= mt
:
a
b
b2 or a2
(Xo)2
2
)= mt
Mu
FcuBR.C
c1 5
Mu Max Moment
4) Check shear:
Critical section at
d
Qsh = QMax Wu ( +
2
a1ora2 or b1orb2
2
) = Ton
:
a
b
QMax b2 or a2
QMax Max of Q1 , Q2 , Q3 , Q4
qsh =
Qsh
BR.Cd
= kg/cm2
5) Check Punching:
For Column 1:
QP1 = Pu1 qU (A1' *B1') = Ton
:
A1' = (a1 + d ) = m
B1' = (b1 + d) = m
For Column 2:
QP2 = Pu2 qU (A2' *B2') = Ton
:
A2' = (a2 + d ) = m
B2' = (b2 + d) = m
qp =
QpMax
2(A1or2 +B1or2 )d
= kg/cm2
:
b1or2
a1or2
= kg/cm2
Mmax
JdFy
As min = 0.15 * d
If As Top As min ok
As Bot=
M1orM2orM3orM3
JdFy
In Short Direction:
Mu = qult *
(y1or2)2
2
= mt
BR.Cb1ora1
2
BR.Cb2ora2
Mu
JdFy
=m
=m
= cm2 /m'
As min = 0.15 * d
If As As min ok
Example: 1
The two column shown in fig are to be supported en a
combined footing with the given Dimension.
It is required to:
1 ) Determine the Foundation thickness required to
satisfy Max bending Moment and shear.
2 ) Determine the reinforcement steel in both
direction.
3 ) Draw net sketch a section elevation and a plan
showing concrete dimension and steel details.
Solution
Given: fcu = 250 kg/cm2 , qall = 150 kN / m2 ,
Fy = 3600 kg/cm2 , Foundation depth = 2m
P1 = 700 KN = 70 Ton
P2 = 1200 KN = 120 Ton
Pt = 190 Ton
P1u = 70*1.5 = 105 Ton
P2u = 120*1.5 = 180 Ton
qall = 150 kN /m2 = 15 t / m2
1) Dimension of Footing:
Pt = (P1+P2 ) * 1.1 =(70 + 120)*1.1=209 Ton
AR.C =
Pt
qall
209
C1 = 0.2 m
15
=13.93 m2
(c1p1)+(c2p2)
pt
(0.270)+(4.7120)
LR.C = 2* C = 2* 3=6 m
BR.C =
AR.C 13.93
LR.C
190
= 3m
= 2.32m 2.35 m
qult =
(p1+p2)1.5
LR.CBR.C
(70+120)1.5
62.35
= 20.21 t/m2
X1 = LR.C (C2 +
M1 = Wu *
M2 =Wu*
(1)2
2
At p.o.z.s
P1u
Wu
= 47.5*
(X1+b2)2
180*
Xo =
0.3
47.5
P2u*
= 23 mt
105
) = 6 (4.7 +
(1.15)2
2
b2
2
0.3
2
)=1.15 m
= 31.4 mt
= 47.5*
(1.15+0.3)2
2
=2.2 m
(47.5 *
(Xo)2
2
)=105*(2.20.2)
) =95.1 mt
d =c1
Mu
FcuBR.C
4) Check shear:
=5
Qsh =QMaxWu ( +
=94.5 Ton
qsh =
Qsh
BR.Cd
b2
2
250235
=63.6cm 70cm
)= 118.2547.5 (
94.5103
23570
95.1105
0.7
2
0.3
2
= 5.7kg/cm2
5) Check Punching:
For Column 1:
QP1 = Pu1 qU (A1' *B1')
d
A1'=(a1 + )= (0.4 +
2
0.7
2
)= 0.75 m
qpcu = (0.5 +
=(0.5 +
b2
a2
0.3
0.6
=4.8 kg/cm2
250
1.5
= 12.9 kg/cm2
qpcu > qp
12.9 > 4.8 ok safe
t = d + cover = 70 + 10 = 80 cm
6) Reinforcement of the footing:
in Long Direction:
As Top =
=
Mmax
JdFy
95.1105
0.826703600
=45.7/2.35=19.4cm2 /m'
As Bot =
=
M1
JdFy
31.4105
0.826703600
BR.Cb1
2
BR.Ca2
2
Mu = qult *
As =
(y1)2
Mu
JdFy
2.350.3
2
2.350.6
(y1)2
= mt
= 1.025 m
=0.875 m
= 20.21 *
10.62105
0.826703600
(1.025)2
Use 6y16/m'
=10.62 mt
Example: 2
The two interior column shown in fig are to be
supported en a combined footing with the given
Dimension.
It is required to:
1 ) Determine the Foundation thickness required to
satisfy Max bending Moment and shear.
2 ) Determine the reinforcement steel in both
direction.
3 ) Draw net sketch a section elevation and a plan
showing concrete dimension and steel details.
Solution
Given: fcu = 200 kg/cm2 , qall = 120 kN / m2 ,
Fy = 3600 kg/cm2 , Foundation depth = 2m
P1u
1.5
P2u
1.5
=
=
120
1.5
165
1.5
= 80 Ton
= 110 Ton
Pt =(P1+P2)*1.1=(80+110)*1.1=209 Ton
AR.C =
Pt
qall
209
12
= 17.4 m2
Take C1 = 1 m
C2 = C1 + S = 1 + 4 = 5 m
C=
(c1p1)+(c2p2)
pt
(180)+(5110)
190
AR.C
LR.C
17.4
6.6
= 2.64m 2.7m
= 3.3 m
qult =
(p1+p2)
LR.CBR.C
(120+165)
6.62.7
= 16 t/m2
a1
2
M3 =Wu*
0.5
2
At p.o.z.s
=
P2u*
(1.25+0.7)2
2
(2)2
2
120
43.2
a2
0.7
) = 1.25 m
= 33.75 mt
=24.38 mt
=12.15 mt
a1
2
120*
= 2.78 m
(0.75)2
P1u*
(0.75+0.5)2
2
(1.25)2
165*
= 43.2 *
(X2+a1)2
0.7
= 0.75 m
= 43.2 *
=43.2*
Wu
) = 6.6 (5 +
(X1+a2)2
M4 = Wu *
P1u
= 1
2
=43.2*
Xo =
(1)2
M1 = Wu *
M2 =Wu*
a2
0.5
2
= 3.75 mt
(Xo)2
d = c1
Mu
FcuBR.C
4) Check shear:
=5
Qsh = QMax Wu ( +
= 96 43.2 (
qsh =
Qsh
BR.Cd
0.5
2
a2
70103
27050
46.7105
200270
)= 46.7 mt
= 46.5 50cm
)= Ton
0.7
2
)= mt
(2.78)2
=120*(2.781) (43.2*
3) Calculation the Depth:
)= 70 Ton
= 5.18 kg/cm2
5) Check Punching:
For Column 1:
QP1 = Pu1 qU (A1' *B1')
A1' =(a1+d)= (0.5+0.5)= 1 m
B1' =(b1+ d)= (0.3 + 0.5) = 0.8 m
QP1 =12016(1*0.8)=107.2Ton
For Column 2:
QP2 = Pu2 qU (A2' *B2')
A2' = (a2 + d ) = (0.7 + 0.5 ) = 1.2 m
B2' = (b2 + d) = (0.3 + 0.5) =0.8 m
149.64103
=
2(A2 +B2 )d 2(120+80)50
Qp2
qpcu = (0.5 +
=(0.5 +
qpcu > qp
b2
a2
0.3
0.7
= 7.48kg/cm2
200
1.5
= 10.7 kg/cm2
Mmax
JdFy
46.7105
0.826503600
Use 6y 16 / m'
As Bot=
=
M1
JdFy
33.75105
0.826503600
In Short Direction:
Mu = qult *
Y1 =
Y2 =
BR.Cb1
2
BR.Cb2
2
Mu = 16 *
As =
(y1or2)2
Mu
=
=
2.70.3
2.70.3
(1.2)2
JdFy
2
2
= 1.2 m
= 1.2 m
= 11.52 mt
11.52105
0.826503600
= 7.75cm2 /m'
Steps of Design:
1 ) Dimension of Footing:
Pt1
qall
= Af1
) ( A1
) ( B1
Area of Footing (2):
= m2 A2, B2
:
Pt2
qall
= Af2
A2
B2
2 ) Determination of eccentricity:
:
.
P1
. R1
C1 = m
A1
2
=e
C=se=m
3 ) Check Area:
e
R1u = P1 + P1 * = ton
C
R2 = P2 P1 * = ton
C
= t/m2 qall
= t/m2 qall
Rt11.1
A1B1
Rt21.1
A2B2
= q1
= q2
R1u
A1
R2u
A2
= t/m'
= t/m'
p1u
w1
=m
Mmax = P1u ( Xo C1 ) W1 * (
(Xo)2
2
) = mt
d = c1
= cm
:
c1 = 4 beam
b strap beam
b = 40 80 cm
strap beam
5 ) Check Shear:
Q1 = W1 * C1 = t
Q2 = Q1 P1u = t
Q3 = W2 *
A2
2
=t
Q4 = Q3 P2u = t
d
Qsh1 = Q1 or Q2 W1 *( +
2
a1 or b1
2
)= ton
:
Qsh2 = Q3or Q4 W2 *( +
2
a2 or b2
)= ton
:
b2 or a2
qsh =
Qsh1or2
= kg/cm2
bd
Fcu
c = 1.5
If qcu > qsh ok ( use min stirrups 5y8/m')
If qcu < qsh ( use min stirrups 7y10/m')
t = d + cover
cover =(5 to 10 cm)
Reinforcement of the Strap beam:
As top =
Mmax
Jdfy
= cm2
6 ) Design of Footing:
Footing 1 (F1 ):
qu1 =
R1u
A1B1
M1 = qu1 *
d1 = c1
= t/m2
B1b 2
= mt
= cm
Check Shear:
d
Qsh = qu1 *( +
qsh =
Qsh
Bd1
B1b
2
)= ton
= kg/cm2
:
B = 100 cm
qcu = 0.4*Fcu = kg/cm2
If qcu > qsh ok safe
M1
Jd1Fy
= cm2 /m'
Footing 2 (F2 ):
qu2 =
R2u
A2B2
M2 = qu2 *
d2 = c1
= t/m2
B2b 2
= mt
= cm
:
Qsh = qu2 *( +
2
B2b
2
)= ton
qsh =
Qsh
Bd2
= kg/cm2
:
B = 100 cm
qcu = 0.4*Fcu = kg/cm2
If qcu > qsh ok safe
M2
Jd2Fy
= cm2 /m'
Details of Reinforcement:
Example: 1
The two column shown in fig are supported to be
connected with a strap beam passing through the
outer face of footing (1) to the outer face of
footing (2)
It is required to:
1 ) Determine the footing Area.
2 ) Draw bending Moment and shear of the strap
beam.
3 ) Determine the depth & reinforcement steel of the
strap beam wish satisfy bending Moment and shear .
4 ) Draw clear sketch showing dimensions of strap
beam and steel details.
Solution
Given: fcu = 250 kg/cm2 , qall = 175 kN / m2 ,
Fy = 3600 kg/cm2 , Foundation depth = 2m
Pt1
qall
B1= 3.2 m
144
17.5
= 8.3 m2 A1, B1
A1= 2.6 m
Area of Footing (2):
Af2 =
Pt2
qall
B2= 3.3 m
A2= 2.8 m
160
17.5
= 9.15 m2 A2, B2
2 ) Determination of eccentricity:
e=
A1
2
C1 =
2.6
2
0.35= 0.95 m
C = s e = 6 0.95 = 5.05 m
3 ) Check Area:
e
R2 = P2 P1 * = 160 120 *
q1=
Rt11.1 142.61.1
A1B1
q1 > qall
2.63.2
q1=
A1B1
5.05
0.95
5.05
=18.85 t/m2
0.95
= 142.6 ton
= 137.4 ton
17.5 =
142.61.1
2.6B1
Rt21.1
A2B2
137.41.1
2.83.3
R1u
A1
R2u
A2
=
=
213.9
2.6
206
2.8
= 82 t/m'
= 73.6 t/m'
p1u
w1
180
82
= 2.195 m
(2.195 )2
)= 135 mt
Take b = 80 cm
135105
d = 4
25080
= 104 110 cm
5 ) Check Shear:
A2
2
= 73.6 *
2.8
2
= 103 t
Qsh1=Q2W1*( +
2
a1
2
= 151.3 82 * (
1.1
2
0.7
2
) = 77.5 ton
Qsh2=Q4 W2*( +
2
=137 73.6*(
qsh =
Qsh2
bd
b2
2
1.1
2
81.8103
80110
qcu = 0.75*
Fcu
0.4
2
)= 81.8 ton
= 9.2 kg/cm2
= 0.75*
250
1.5
= 9.68 kg/cm2
Mmax
Jdfy
Use 11 y 22
135105
0.8261103600
= 41.3 cm2
6 ) Design of Footing:
Footing 1 (F1 ):
qu1 =
R1u
A1B1
M1 = qu1 *
d1 = c1
213.9
2.63.5
B1b 2
Check Shear:
d
Qsh =qu1*( +
2
=23.5*(
qsh =
Qsh
Bd1
= 23.5*
3.50.8 2
21.4105
= 5
B1b
0.5
= 23.5 t/m2
250100
= 21.4 mt
= 46.26 50 cm
3.50.8
2
37.6103
10050
)=37.6 ton
= 7.52 kg/cm2
37.6103
1006.32
= 59.49 65 cm
t1 = d + cover = 65 + 10 = 75 cm
Reinforcement of the footing (1):
As1 =
M1
Jd1Fy
Use 6 y 16
21.4105
0.826653600
R2u
A2B2
M2 = qu2 *
d2 = c1
206
2.83.3
B2b 2
Check Shear:
d
Qsh =qu2*( +
2
=22.3*(
= 22.3*
3.30.8 2
17.4105
= 5
B2b
0.5
= 22.3 t/m2
250100
= 17.4 mt
= 41.71 50 cm
3.30.8
2
)=33.45 ton
Qsh
qsh =
Bd2
33.45103
10050
= 6.69 kg/cm2
33.45103
1006.32
= 52.92 60 cm
t2 = d2 + cover = 60 + 10 = 70 cm
Reinforcement of the footing (1):
As2 =
M2
Jd2Fy
Use 6 y 16
17.4105
0.826603600
Details of Reinforcement:
Raft Footing:
Calculation of soil pressure under Raft:
Steps of Calculation:
1 ) Determination of C.G of Raft:
. C.G
2 ) Determination of Resultant Load and its
point of application:
. ) (
:
Col
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Load
(p)
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
P6
P*X
P*Y
X1
X2
X3
X4
X5
X6
Y1
Y2
Y3
Y4
Y5
Y6
P1* X1
P2* X2
P3* X3
P4* X4
P5* X5
P6* X6
P1* Y1
P2* Y2
P3* Y3
P4* Y4
P5* Y5
P6* Y6
P X
P Y
PX
X= =m
P
PY
Y= =m
P
ey = -
Y=m
2
:
C.G
C.G
A
2
B
2
Mx = P * ey = KN.m
My = P * ex = KN.m
My
Iy
*y
Mx
Ix
N
A
N P
)(
)(
A Area of Raft
Area of Raft (A) = (A*B) = m2
= m4
12
= = m4 Ix
A(B)3
12
= Ix
)(X
= m4
:
12
= = m Ix
)(Y
B(A)3
12
= Iy
C.G of Raft
soil pressure ) ( X ,Y
5 ) If required to Draw the soil pressure on
Nutural axies:
:
)Nutural axies (N.A
- = 0 , x = 0 y =
*x
My
*0
Iy
My
*x
My
Iy
*y
*y
Mx
Ix
Mx
Ix
- = 0 , y = 0 x =
*x
Iy
My
Iy
*y
*0
Mx
Ix
Mx
Ix
A
N
A
A
N
A
=
=0
=
=0
:
N.A
.
Method ( 1 ):
If not given Col strip width take:
Col strip width =
Col strip width =
qun =
Pult
Area
Mult
FcuB
= cm
:
c1 = 5
B= 100 cm
Check Shear:
d
Qsh
Bd
= kg/cm2
B = 100 cm
qcu = 0.4*Fcu = kg/cm2
If qcu > qsh ok safe
Check Punching:
QP = Pu qU (A' *B') = Ton
:
Pu
A' = (a1 + d ) = m
B' = (b1 + d) = m
a , b
qp =
Qp
2(A +B )d
b
= kg/cm2
qpcu = (0.5 + )
a
= kg/cm2
As Top =
Mutop
= cm2 /m'
As Bot =
Mubot
= cm2 /m'
JdFy
JdFy
:
Mutop
Mubot
Method ( 2 ):
W=
Pw
L
= KN/B
:
P w Col strip
B Col strip
L Col strip
WU = W * 1.5
Mult
FcuB
= cm
:
c1 = 5
B Col strip
Check Shear:
d
Qsh
Bd
= kg/cm2
B Col strip
qcu = 0.4*Fcu = kg/cm2
If qcu > qsh ok safe
qun =
Pult
Area
= KN/m2
qp =
Qp
2(A +B )d
b
= kg/cm2
:
qpcu = (0.5 + )
a
= kg/cm2
:
Mutop
JdFy
Mutop
JdFy
Mubot
JdFy
Details of Reinforcement:
Example: 1
The Raft footing shown in fig all columns 40 X 40 cm .
It is required to:
1 ) Determine the soil pressure under the corners of
the given Raft.
2 ) Make Full design for strip AF take strip width=3m.
3 ) Determine the reinforcement steel of the Raft
footing .
4 ) Draw net sketch showing dimensions of Raft
footing and steel details.
Solution
Given: fcu = 250 kg/cm2 , Fy = 3600 kg/cm2
A1 = 6.2 * 5.8 = 35.96 m2
A2 = 12.2 * 12 = 146.4 m2
Area
X
Y
A*X A*Y
35.96 3.1 15.1 111.5 543
146.40 6
6.1 878.4 893
182.36
Area
989.9 1436
A*X A*Y
AY
XC.G =
YC.G =
Area
Area
989.9
= 5.4 m
1436
= 7.87 m
182.36
182.36
45800
P*X
PX 45800
X= =
= 5.3 m
P
PY
Y= =
P
8600
66780
8600
= 7.77 m
P*y
7120
7120
12000
14400
4800
6000
9000
6000
80
180
80
66780
P*Y
ey = YC.G
Y = 7.87 7.77 = 0.1 m
N
A
Mx
Ix
*y
My
Iy
* x = KN/m2
A1 = 6.2 * 5.8 = 35.96 m2
A2 = 12.2 * 12 = 146.4 m2
Area of Raft (A) = Area = 182.36 m2
For A1 :
A1= 6.2 , B1=5.8, YC.GA1 = 15.1, YC.G=7.87
For A2 :
A2= 12 , B2=12.2, YC.GA2 = 6.1, YC.G=7.87
Ix ={
A1(B1)3
6.2(5.8)3
+35.96*(15.1 7.87)2}+{
12
Ix ={
12
12(12.2)3
12
A2(B2)3
12
+146.4*(6.17.87)2
For A1 :
A1= 5.8 , B1=6.2, XC.GA1 = 3.1, XC.G=5.4
For A2 :
A2= 12.2 , B2=12, XC.GA2 = 6, XC.G=5.4
Iy ={
A1(B1)3
12
Iy ={
5.8(6.2)3
12
+35.96*(3.15.4) }+{
+146.4*(6 5.4 )2
A2(B2)3
12
12.2(12)3
12
=(115.19 +190.23)+(1756.8+52.7)
= 2115 m4
=
A=
Mx
Ix
8600
8600
8600
182.36
*y
My
Iy
* x = KN/m2
860
*(18-7.87)-
860
*(12.2-7.87)+
4255
=-47.3 KN/ m2
D=
182.36
4255
2115
= - 43.6 KN/ m2
F=
182.36
860
4255
*(7.87)-
860
860
2115
*5.4
860
2115
*(5.4)
*(12-5.4)
= -51 KN/ m2
E=
8600
182.36
860
4255
= -46 KN/ m2
*(7.87)+
860
2115
*(12-5.4)
Pw
L
2800
18
= 155.56 KN/B
= 15.56 t/B
Mult =
Mult =
w(L)2
10
w(L)2
12
=
=
Mmax = 84 mt
23.33(6)2
10
23.33(6)2
12
= 84 mt
= 70 mt
Q = 0.45*wL = 0.45*23.33*6 = 63 t
Q = 0.5*wL = 0.5*23.33*6 = 70 t
Qmax = 70 t
d = C1
Mult
FcuB
Check Shear:
= 5
84105
250300
= 53 cm 60 cm
0.6
Qsh
Bd
63103
30060
= 3.5 kg/cm2
Check Punching:
qun =
Pult
Area
8600
182.36
0.6
2
) = 0.7 m
Qp
2(A +B )d
b
qpcu =(0.5 + )
a
96.7103
2(100+70)60
=(0.5+
0.4
0.4
= 4.74 kg/cm2
250
1.5
=19.36 kg/cm2
qpcu > qp
19.36 > 4.74 ok safe
t = d + cover = 60 + 10 = 70 cm
Reinforcement of the footing:
As Top1 =
=
Mutop
JdFy
84105
0.826603600
Use 8Y 16 /m'
As Top2 =
=
Mutop
JdFy
70105
0.826603600
Use 7Y 16 /m'
As Bot =
=
Mubot
JdFy
84105
0.826603600
Use 8Y 16 /m'
Details of Reinforcement:
Example: 2
The Raft footing shown in fig all columns 50 X 50 cm .
It is required to:
1 ) Determine the soil pressure under the corners of
the given Raft.
2 ) Make Full design for strip width=3m.
3 ) Determine the reinforcement steel of the Raft
footing .
4 ) Draw net sketch showing dimensions of Raft
footing and steel details.
Solution
Given: fcu = 250 kg/cm2 , Fy = 3600 kg/cm2
, qall = 60 KN/m2
Col N.o
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
P (KN)
400
500
350
1500
1500
1200
1500
1500
1200
400
500
450
11000
P
X
0.25
8.25
16.25
0.25
8.25
16.25
0.25
8.25
16.25
0.25
8.25
16.25
Y
0.25
0.25
0.25
7.25
7.25
7.25
14.25
14.25
14.25
21.25
21.25
21.25
P*X
100
4125
5687.5
375
12375
19500
375
12375
19500
100
4125
7312.5
P*y
100
125
87.5
10875
10875
8700
21375
21375
17100
8500
10625
9562.5
85950 119300
P*X P*Y
PX 85950
X= =
= 7.81 m
P
11000
11000
PY 110300
Y= =
= 10.85 m
16.5
ex = -X =
-7.81 = 0.44 m
2
21.5
ey = - Y =
- 10.85 = 0.1 m
2
N
A
Mx
Ix
*y
My
Iy
* x = KN/m2
Iy =
A(B)3
12
B(A)3
12
=
=
16.5(21.5)3
12
21.5(16.5)3
12
= 13665 m4
= 8048 m
Example: 3
The Raft footing shown in fig all columns 50 X 50 cm .
It is required to:
1 ) Determine the soil pressure under the corners of
the given Raft.
2 ) Make Full design for strip ABDC strip width=2.5m.
3 ) Determine the reinforcement steel of the Raft
footing .
4 ) Draw net sketch showing dimensions of Raft
footing and steel details.
Solution
Given: fcu = 250 kg/cm2 , Fy = 3600 kg/cm2
Example: 4
The Raft footing shown in fig all columns 40 X 40 cm .
It is required to:
1 ) Determine the soil pressure under the corners of
the given Raft.
2 ) Make Full design for strip width=2.5m.
3 ) Determine the reinforcement steel of the Raft
footing .
4 ) Draw net sketch showing dimensions of Raft
footing and steel details.
Solution
Given: fcu = 250 kg/cm2 , Fy = 3600 kg/cm2
Piles:
1 ) Design of piles:
2 ) Bearing Capacity of piles:
3 ) Determination settlement:
4 ) Short and Long pile:
5 ) Design of piles cap:
6 ) Design of steel sheet piles:
Piles:
B ) Friction piles.
:
).(Qs
C ) End Bearing + Friction piles.
).( Qb+Qs
Friction piles
FRICTION PILE
LOAD
LOAD
SAND
L
O
A
D
L
L
SOFT
CLAY
ROCK
O
O
A
A
D
D
SAND
SANDS
CLAYS
CLAY
SAND
A ) Timber piles:
:
.
Use in temporary works.
Length: 9 15 m
Max load: 45 Ton
B ) Steel piles:
:
.
Use when the pile cross hard layers.
Length: 12 50 m
Max load: 35 100 Ton
C ) Concrete piles:
:
C-1 ) Pre cast: Driven
:
C-2 ) Cast in place: Driven , Bored
:
If 30 AS = 1.25 % AC
L
If > 40 AS = 2 % AC
:
L
D
1 ) Design of piles:
:
-1 :
Use standard penetration test (S.P.T):
-2 :
Use cone penetration test (C.P.T):
-3 :
Use standard penetration test (S.P.T):
Assume:
Dpile = cm
Lpile = m
Qall = 45*N*
(Dpile)2
4
+ * *Dpile *Lpile = KN
3
Qall .
Example: 1
For the inspection of soil Design of piles
Use standard penetration test (S.P.T)
Solution
Assume:
Dpile = 40 cm
Lpile = 12 m
Qall = 45*N*
N=
31+33
2
(Dpile)2
= 32
+ * *Dpile *Lpile
3
3+4+5+25+31
N=
= 13.6
5
Qall =45*32*
Qall = 25 T
(0.4)2
4
13.6
Qult
F.O.S
(D)2
4
+ Ca * * d*L
End Bearing = C * NC *
(D)2
Friction = Ca * * d * L
:
Qult
.
Qall
.
C Cohesion of soil at pile tip.
.
d pile diameter.
.
L pile length.
.
F.O.S Factor of Safety.
.
F.O.S = 3 if (D.L+L.L)
F.O.S = 2.5 if (D.L+L.L+WIND+EAETHQUAKE)
NC Bearing capacity factor (69)
.
NC = 6 if d > 100 cm
NC = 7 if 50 < d < 100 cm
NC = 9 if d < 50 cm
Ca adhesion
.
2
Ca = * C
3
OR
Adhesion Ca
2
(kN/m )
(kN/m2)
0-12.5
0-12.5
12.5-25
12.5-24
25-50
24-37.5
50-100
37.5-47.5
100-200
47.5-65
0-12.5
0-12.5
12.5-25
12.5-23
25-50
23-35
50-100
35-36
Timber or concrete
Steel
Ca *
:
Ca1 * L1 + Ca2 * L2 + Ca3 * L3
2 ) Tension:
:
Tult = Ca * *d * L + Wp
tult
F.O.S
= Tall
Tult
.
Tall
.
Wp Weight of pile.
.
* L * c
) (d2
4
= Wp
c = 2.5
1 ) Compression:
:
(d2 )
Qult =P*Nq*
Qall =
Qult
F.O.S
(d2 )
4
D = 20*d
.
P= 1*h1+ 2*h2
P
. D
Ka =
1sin
1+sin
Displacement
pile
Bored pile
If = 0 , Nq = 0
25
15
30
30
35
75
40
150
15
37
75
+40o
2
Nq
KHC
1.0 - 0.50
1.5 - 1.0
2.0 1.5
0.9 0.4
1.5 0.7
KHt
0.50 0.30
1.0 0.6
1.3 1.0
0.6 0.3
1.0 0.4
Po
.
Pile-Soil friction angle
.
3
F.O.S
= Tall
Example: 2
Solution
100 kN / m2 = 10 t / m2 = 1 kg / cm2
Qult =P*Nq*
Ka =
3
1sin 1sin 30
1+sin 1+sin 30
= 0.33
= * = * 30 = 22.5
4
Po1 = (
) * 6 = 16.8 T
Qult =3.8*30*
= 45.77 Ton
Qall =
Qult
F.O.S
2 ) Tension:
45.77
3
+1.5*64.4*tan22.5* *0.3
= 15.26 Ton
KHt = 1
Wp =
Wp =
Tall =
, L = 22
(d2 )
4
* L * c
(0.3)2
4
tult
F.O.S
* 22 * 2.5 = 3.89
29
3
= 9.67 Ton
Example: 3
Given : d= 40 cm , KHt = 1 , KHc = 1 , F.O.S = 3 , No. of
piles = 12
Req : Determine the safe Load capacity of the pile
group.
Solution
Qult(1) = Ca * * d*L
Ca = 0.4* qu = 0.4 * 80 = 32 KN/m2
Qult(1) = 32* * 0.4*8 = 321.7 KN
For Sand Soil:
Sand (1):
:
Friction only:
D = L*d = 20*0.4 = 8 m
Qult = KHC *Po *tan * * d * L
Ka =
1sin 1sin 30
1+sin 1+sin 30
= 0.33 = 1/3
sub = w = 19 10 = 9 KN/m3
Po1 =
32+56
2
= 44 KN/m2
Po2 = 56 KN/m2
Qult(2) = 1*{(8*44)+(4*56)} *tan20* *0.4
= 263.45 KN
Sand (2):
:
End Bearing only:
(d2 )
Qult(3) = P*Nq*
Qult(3) = 56*25*
(0.4)2
4
= 176 KN
Qult
F.O.S
761.15
3
= 253.72 KN
Example: 4
Given : d= 40 cm , F.O.S = 3 , No. of piles = 16 ,
Friction pile.
Req : Determine the safe Load capacity of the pile
group.
Solution
end Bearing = 0
Qult(F) = Ca * * d*L
Ca = 0.4* qu = 0.4 * 60 = 24 KN/m2
Qult(F) =24* *0.4*20 = 603.2 KN = 60.3 Ton
Qall =
Qult
F.O.S
603.2
3
= 201.1 KN
AEp
:
Qb Bearing load at pile tip.
.
Qf Friction load transmitted by pile shaft.
.
L Pile length.
.
A Pile cross-sectional area.
.
Ep Elastic modulus for pile material.
.
f Skin friction distribution coefficient.
.
f = 0.67
f = 0.33
f = 0.5
f = 0.5
pp
Cb Qb
d. q
In which:
Cb Factor according to table 9.1.
.
Qb Bearing load at pile tip.
.
d pile diameter.
.
q Ultimate end bearing capacity.
.
Bearing stratum under pile tip assumed to
extend at least 10 pile diameters below tip
and soil below tip is of comparable or higher
stiffness.
.
Table 9.1 Values of Cb:
Soil Type
Driven piles
Bored Piles
Loose to dense
sand
0.02-0.04
0.09-0.18
0.02-0.03
0.03-0.06
Loose to dense
silt
0.03-0.05
0.09-0.12
ps
Cs Q f
Lo . q
In which:
:
Cs Factor from the following relation:
.
Cs = (0.93 + 0.16
Lo
).Cb
d
b
d
In which:
:
b pile group width.
) (
.
d pile diameter.
.
So Single pile settlement estimated or
determined from load tests.
.
Example: 5
Given : d= 80 cm , L= 25 m , Qall = 200 Ton ,
Ep = 2000000 t/m2 , b = 5.6 m , Soil Type is Loose to
dense sand , Bored Piles
Req : Determine the settlement of a single pile & the
Settlement of pile groups.
Solution
Ss = (Q b +f*Q f )*
A=
(d)2
(0.8)2
AEp
= 0.5 m
Spp =
dq
25
0.52000000
= 0.00313 m
d = 0.8 m , Qb = 0 T
Cb = 0.09 From table
q=
Qb
A
Spp =
Sps =
0.5
0.090
0.80
=0
=0
CsQf
Loq
Lo
Cs = (0.93+0.16 )*Cb
d
18
0.8
)*0.09 = 0.15
Sps =
0.15150
18300
= 0.0042 m
S o = Ss + S pp + S ps
=0.00313 + 0 + 0.0042 = 0.0073 m
For Settlement of pile groups:
b
5.6
SG = So = 0.0073 *
d
0.8
= 0.02 m
EI
T=
(D)4
64
25
600
50
1600
100
3700
pile
L
pile
:
L pile length (embedded length)
0.5D(L)3 Kp
H+L
L+H+(1.5D)
L' = L 1.5*D
Lo =
(Lo)2 2L Lo+(0.5L )
2
3
(H+ L)
2H+L
9 Cu D
2Mult resisting
Pu
H+{0.54
}
( DKp)
2Mult resisting
H+{1.5(
Pu
}
9CuD)
(T)3
EI
Pu =
Mult resisting
Pu
H+{0.54
}
( DKp)
Mult resisting
H+{1.5(
Pu
}
9CuD)
Pservice()3
EI
1.55Mo()2
EI
Rection
no.of pile
Reaction = ( )2 + ()2
Mu
Fcu(R)3
Get
As = ( 104 )* *(R)2
Example: 5
Given : D= 80 cm , L= 25 m , Ep = 2000000 t/m2 , piles
in clay soil , qun = 50 KN/m2 , Cu = 5 t/m2 , Fx = 327.7 ,
Fy = 73.34 , No. of piles = 11 ,
Fcu = 30 N/mm2 , Pile Rested in cohesive soil
Req : Determine the pile is Short or Long pile.
Solution
EI
T=
I=
(D)4
64
(0.8)4
64
= 0.02 m4
T=
20000000.03
80
= 3.47 m
L = 25 2 = 23 m
L
23
3.47
= 6.63 > 4
Pu =
2Mult resisting
H+{1.5(
Take H = 3
Pu
}
9CuD)
Cu = 5 t/m2
Pu =
Rection
no.of pile
Reaction = ( )2 + ()2
Pu =
336
11
30.55 =
= 30.55 T
2Mult
3+{1.5(
2Mult = 130.54
30.55
}
950.8)
Mu
Fcu(R)3
=4
65.27107
30(400)3
= 0.34
As = ( 104 )**(R)2
Use 20 y 25
Steps of Design:
1) No.of.pile=
1.15p
Qall
+ (1 2)
1.1P
no.of piles
Pu = 1.5* Ppile
:
pile diameter
No. of piles
I
MII = no. of pile*Pu *a2
No. of piles
II
dI = C1
MuI
FcuB
dII = C1
MuII
FcuL
C1 = 5
Take the bigger of dI , dII
dmin = {(1.5*)+10cm}
:
pile diameter
dI , dII , dmin depth of pile cap
t = d + cover
cover = (10 to 15 cm)
Check Punching:
Qp = pu pupile
A' = (a+ d ) = m
B' = (b + d) = m
:
a , b
d depth of pile cap
Qp
2(A +B )d
qpcu =
= kg/cm2
= kg/cm2
Check Shear:
Qsh1
Bd
d = Qsh1 / (qcu * B)
t = d + cover
cover = (10 to 15 cm)
Qsh2= sum no. of piles
No. of piles
II
qsh2 =
Qsh1
Ld
: B=L
Check Punching:
Qp =
Pu(X+ )
:
pile diameter
A' = (a+ d ) = m
B' = (b + d) = m
:
a , b
d depth of pile cap
c =1.5
qp =
Qp
2(A +B )d
qpcu =
= kg/cm2
= kg/cm2
qsh =
Qsh
Bd
Details of reinforcement:
Plane
Example: 6
Given : Pile Diameter = 40 cm , Qall = 50 T,
Fcu = 200 Kg/cm2 , Fy = 3600 Kg/cm2 ,
Column Caring =200 T , Column Dimension =60x60 cm
Req : Design Pile Cap.
Solution
No.of.pile=
1.15p
Qall
1.15200
50
S = 3* = 3*0.4 = 1.2 m
= 4.6 5 piles
Ppile =
1.1P
no.of piles
1.1200
5
= 44
MuI-I = MuII-II
Mu = no. of pile*Pu *a =2*66 *0.3 = 39.6 m.t
d = C1
Mu
FcuB
=5
39.6105
200220
= 47.43 cm 50 cm
Pu(X+ )
66(0.05+
0.4
0.4
)
2
= 41.25 t
Qp
2(A +B )d
qpcu =
qpcu > qp
41.25103
2(130+130)70
200
1.5
= 1.13 kg/cm2
= 11.55 kg/cm2
Qsh
Bd
82.5103
22070
= 5.36 kg/cm2
Mult
JdFy
As min =
39.6105
0.15
100
0.826703600
* B *d=
0.15
100
= 19.02 cm2
As < As min
take As = As min = 23.1 cm2
Use 10 y 18
.
1.15p
Qall
+ (1 2)
Case of My:
Pi = Pmax , min =
Pmax <
Pall
1.15P
no.of pile
pile
My
Mx
2 *X
Y2
*Y
OR
Increace length of piles
:
No. of pile
1
2
3
4
5
Y
Y1
Y2
Y3
Y4
Y5
Y2
(Y1)2
(Y2)2
(Y3)2
(Y4)2
(Y5)2
Y2
X
X1
X2
X3
X4
X5
X2
(X1)2
(X2)2
(X3)2
(X4)2
(X5)2
X2
Pi
Form eq
Form eq
Form eq
Form eq
Form eq
MuI
FcuB
dII = C1
MuII
FcuL
:
C1 = 5
Take the bigger of dI , dII
dmin = {(1.5*)+10cm}
:
pile diameter
dI , dII , dmin depth of pile cap
t = d + cover
cover = (10 to 15 cm)
Check Punching:
Qp = pu pupile
A' = (a+ d ) = m
B' = (b + d) = m
:
a , b
d depth of pile cap
Qp
2(A +B )d
qpcu =
= kg/cm2
= kg/cm2
Check Shear:
Qsh1
Bd
Qsh1
Ld
Example: 7
Given : Pile Diameter = 80 cm ,Qall = 192 T, Qult = 200 T
Fcu = 350 Kg/cm2 , Fy = 3600 Kg/cm2 ,Mx = 290.22 m.t
My = 55.71 m.t , Column Caring =1020 T
Column Dimension =250x120 cm
Req : Design Pile Cap.
Solution
No.of.pile=
1.1p
Qall
1.151020
192
S = 3* = 3*0.8 = 2.4 m
= 6.11 7 piles
No. of
pile
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Y2
X2
Pi
2.4
0
2.4
0
2.4
0
2.4
5.76
0
5.76
0
5.76
0
5.76
1.2
1.2
1.2
0
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.44
1.44
1.44
0
1.44
1.44
1.44
-205.55
-159.83
-190.07
-167.57
-190.07
-159.83
-129.59
23.04
Pi =
1.15P
no.of pile
Mx
8.64
My
2 *y
X2
*x
= 167.57
1.151020
7
no.of pile
55.71
290.22
= 6.45
= 12.6
1.15P
8.64
23.04
My
X2
Mx
Y2
Pi(4) =-167.57 0 0
No. of
pile
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Y2
X2
Pi
3.6
1.2
1.2
3.6
3.6
0
3.6
3.6
1.2
1.2
3.6
12.96
1.44
1.44
12.96
12.96
0
12.96
12.96
1.44
1.44
12.96
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
0
0
0
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
5.76
5.76
5.76
5.76
0
0
0
5.76
5.76
5.76
5.76
-122.04
-113.71
-105.38
-97.05
-119.13
-106.64
-94.15
-116.23
-107.9
-99.58
-91.25
83.52
Pi =
1.15P
no.of pile
1.15P
no.of pile
My
X2
Mx
Y2
Mx
55.71
290.22
46.08
83.52
My
2 *y
1.151020
11
46.08
X2
*x
= 106.64
= 1.21
= 3.47
= -119.13
Pi(6) =-106.64 0 0
= -106.64
= -94.15
dI =C1
=5
MuI
FcuB
839.89105
350640
dII = C1
=5
MuII
FcuL
= 96.82 cm 100 cm
788.72105
350880
= 80 cm 85 cm
dmin = {(1.5*)+10cm}
={(1.5*80)+10} = 130 cm
Take d = 130 cm
t = d + cover = 130 + 10 = 140 cm
Check Punching:
Qp
2(A +B )d
qpcu =
qpcu > qp
913.36103
=
2(380+250)130
350
1.5
5.58 kg/cm2
= 15.28 kg/cm2
Check Shear:
Qsh1= (Pi(1) +Pi(5) +Pi(8) )
=(122.04+119.13+116.23) =357.4 T
qsh1 =
Qsh1
Bd
357.4103
640130
= 4.3 kg/cm2
Qsh1
Ld
438.18103
880130
= 3.83 kg/cm2
Mult I
JdFy
839.89105
0.8261303600
Mult II
JdFy
788.72105
0.8261303600
0.15
100
* B *d=
0.15
100
*100*130= 19.5cm2
Water press = w * hw
1 = 1*4 = 4 t/m'
2 = (1*d)+4 = (4+d) t/m'
Take = 30
Ka =
Ka =
1sin
1+sin
1+sin
1sin
=
=
1sin30
1+sin30
1+sin30
1sin30
= 0.333
=3
Force
Distance
Moment
From Point
O
4
E@1=0.5*4*4=8
8d+10.666
d+
3
E@2=4d
0.5d
2d2
2
E@3=0.5*2*0.533=0.533
0.35+0.533d
+d
3
E@4=0.533d
0.5d
0.267d2
3
1
E@5=0.5d*0.266d=0.133d
0.0444d
d
3
1
Ep1=0.5*2.4d*d=-1.2d2
-0.4d3
d
3
Moment
-0.355d3+2.267d2+8.533d+11.016 = 0
-0.355
d3 - 6.3859 d2 24.03d 31.031 = 0
d = 9.7 m
(9.7)3 6.3859 *(9.7)2 24.03*9.7 31.031
= 47.7
L1 = F.o.s *d = 1.2*9.7 = 11.64
L = 11.64 +4 = 15.64 16 m
2 4
2
b = - 4.25 , a= 1 , c = 8
=
4.25+(4.25)2 (418)
(21)
= 5.66 m
Mmax = -0.355*(5.66)3+2.267*(5.66)2
+8.533*5.66+11.016 = 67.47 69 m.t/m'
F=
Zx
F = 2.1 at steel 52
2.1 =
69100
Zx
Zx = 3385.71 cm3/m'
Take sec VI from table
profile section
VI
Dimensions (mm)
b
h
t
t1
420 440
22
14
Weigh
g(kg/m)unit
G(kg/m3 wall
121.8
290