Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
ﺍﻟﻐﺰﻳﺰﺍﻝ@ @
@ @
ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ 1ﻭ 2ﻭ 3ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ
-1ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺐ )) :ﻣﻮﺻﻞ ﺃﻭﻣﻲ ﻭﻣﻜﺜﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ ((
ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻭﻣﻜﺜﻒ ﻧﻨﺠﺰ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ،1ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ
ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﻣﺆﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺗﺮ ﻗﻮﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻣﺤﺮﻛﺔ Eﻭﻗﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ Kﻭ ﻣﻮﺻﻞ ﺃﻭﻣﻴﺬﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ Rﻭ ﻣﻜﺜﻒ
ﺫﻭ ﺳﻌﺔ . Cﻧﻌﻄﻲ E = 4,0 V :ﻭC = 1,0 µF
uR
A D
M i
ﺍﻝﺸﻜل1
.11ﻣﻜﹼﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﻢ ﻭ ﻭﺳﻴﻂ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ UCﻭ Eﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ .
-111ﻣﺜﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ 1ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺭﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺧﻠﻴﻦ 1ﻭ 2ﻟﺮﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺬﺑﺬﺏ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ UCﻭ .E
-211ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ t = 0ﻧﻐﻠﻖ ﻗﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﻧﻌﺎﻳﻦ uC = f(t) :ﻭ ) E = f(tﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ 1
ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻠﺤﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺇﺭﻓﺎﻗﻪ ﺑﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ .ﺻﻨﻒ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻲ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ :
ﺩﻭﺭﻱ*ﺷﺒﻪ ﺩﻭﺭﻱ * ﺩﺍﺋﻢ * ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ .
-311ﺣﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ .
-21ﺗﻤﺜﻞ τﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ .
-121ﺣﺪﺩ ﻣﺒﻴﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ τﻣﺒﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻌﺔ .
-221ﺃﻋﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ τﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻣﻤﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﺓ ،ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ R.
-31ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮﺍﺕ ﺃﺛﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ Eﺏ UCﻭ . URﻋﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ UR
ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ iﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﺓ ،ﺛﻢ ﻋﺒﺮ iﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ Eﻭ Rﻭ . UCﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ
1ﺃﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ iﻋﻨﺪ t1 = 0 msﻭt2 = 9 ms
. ﻝ i = f(t) : -41ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻢ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺭﻗﺘﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺜﻞ
-2ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺐ )) ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻭﻭﺷﻴﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ((
)(L, r
K
i
ا
2
i
’E
L, r
C q uC
ا
3
-13ﺳ ﻢ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻗﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ kﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ 1
ﻫﻞ ﻫﻲ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺃﻡ ﺑﻄﻴﺌﺔ ؟ ﻋﻠﻞ.
-23ﻧﺄﺭﺟﺢ ﻗﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ kﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ 2ﻓﻲ ﻟﺤﻈﺔ ﻧﺘﺨﺬﻫﺎ ﺃﺻﻼ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺍﺭﻳﺦ ،ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﺳﻔﻠﻪ
ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺗﺮ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﺑﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ uCﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ
ﺑﺎﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺻﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﺓ :ﻻ ﺩﻭﺭﻱ ،ﺍﻧﻌﺪﺍﻡ ،
،ﻗﺴﺮﻱ )ﺓ( ،ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ،ﺣﺮﺓ ،ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺨﻤﺪﺓ ،ﺗﺬﺑﺬﺑﺎﺕ ،ﻣﺨﻤﺪﺓ -33ﻧﻮﺩ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ )ﺓ(
ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ rLC ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﺍﺭﺓ
ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ Eeﺍﻟﻤﺨﺰﻭﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﻭ Emﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺷﻴﻌﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ
ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ
Eeو Em -133ﺃﻋﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻓﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ
-233ﺑﺎﺣﺘﺮﺍﻣﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻰ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻼﺣﻲ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ iﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻣﻦ ﻝ
. uC
-43ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﺳﻔﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺘﻴﻦ ) Ee(tﻭ ) ،Em(tﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ :
) Ee(tﻭ ) Em(tﻣﻌﻠﻼ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻙ . -143ﻋﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺜﻞ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ
-243ﺣﺪﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ) Ee(tﻭ ) Em(tﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺘﻴﻦ t1 = 0,5 msﻭ ، t2 = 2,0 msﺛﻢ ﻗﺎﺭﻥ
ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﺍﺭﻳﻦ ) ∆ Ee(tﻭ ) ∆ Em(tﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺘﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺘﻴﻦ
-343ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺍﺭﺓ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺘﻴﻦ t1ﻭ t2ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﻳﻌﺰﻯ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ؟
.
ا
ا إ
ر ا ﺕ
ا
1
-1ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺐ )) :ﻣﻮﺻﻞ ﺃﻭﻣﻲ ﻭﻣﻜﺜﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ ((
ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺧﻞ2 ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺧﻞ1
-111ﻧﺮﺑﻂ :
• ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ M
• ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺧﻞ 1ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ D
• ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺧﻞ 2ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ A
ﻧﻘﻴﺲ ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮﺍﻥ :
uC = uDMﺑﻴﻦ ﻗﻄﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ •
• E = uAMﺑﻴﻦ ﻗﻄﺒﻲ ﻟﻤﻮﻟﺪ .
-211
ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻲ :ﻳﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ ) uC(tﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺘﻴﻦ t = 0 :ﻭ t = 6,0 ms
ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﻢ :ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ ) uC(tﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺣﻴﺚ E = 4,00 Vﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ t = 6,0 ms
-21
-121ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ) ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﺳﻔﻠﻪ(.
τ
: = Rﺇﺫﻥ (122ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ τ = R.C :ﻭﻣﻨﻪ
C
1,00.10−3
=R = 1,0.103 Ω = 1,0 kΩ
Ω.
1,0.10−6
-13ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻊ :
)E = uR(t) + uC(t
)uR(t) = R.i(t ﻭﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺃﻭﻡ :
ﺇﺫﻥ :
)E − uC (t
)E= R.i(t) + uC(t = )⇔ i(t
R
ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ t1 = 0msﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ uC(t1) = 0 V
ﻭﻣﻨﻪ :
E 4,0
= )i(t1 = = 4,0.10–3 A = 4,0 mA.
R 1,0.103
ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ t2 = 9msﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ uC(t2) =E = 4 Vﻣﻨﻪ :
E − uC (t 2 ) 4,0 − 4,0
= )i(t2 = = 0 A.
R 1,0.103
-2ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺐ )) ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻭﻭﺷﻴﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ((
-12
ﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺃﻭﻡ ) uR’(t) = R’.i(t) :ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺡ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ( ،ﺑﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺗﺮ ) uR’(tﻭﻗﻴﻤﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ’ (R’ = 10 Ω) Rﻭﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺣﺎﺳﻮﺏ ﻭﺑﺮﻧﻢ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺄﺧﺬﻫﺎ ﺷﺪﺓ.
)uR' (t) uR' (t
= ) . i(tﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺜﻞ ﻟﺸﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ = ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ:
R 10
ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ .
-22ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺗﺄﺧﺮ ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﺓ ﻳﺴﺒﺒﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻭﺷﻴﻌﺔ .
-32
uL
ﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ
)E = uL(t) + uR’(t
di
uL(t) = r.i(t) + L. ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ :
dt
di di
E = L. )+ (R’ + r).i(t ﻭﻣﻨﻪ : E = r.i(t) + L. )+ R’.i(t ﺇﺫﻥ :
dt dt
di
و "#$%ا
! د
ا
: إذن= 0 : i(t) = IP = Cte -42ا
م ا
ا
:
dt
E = (r + R’).IP
-52
E = r.IP + R’.IP
E – R’.IP = r.IP
E
=r '− R
IP
IP = 290 mA
4,0
=r − 10 = 3,8 Ω
290.10−3
ﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻗﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ kﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ 1ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺷﺤﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ .ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ) (τ = R.Cﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ
ﻷﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﺓ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ) (r = 3,8Ωﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺷﺤﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﺷﺒﻪ ﻟﺤﻈﻲ .
-233
dC.uC dq
ﻭﻷﻥ Cﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ : ﻭ ) q(t) = C.uC(tﺇﺫﻥ = i(t) : )= i(t
dt dt
duC
i(t) = C.
dt
-43
ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ) (aﻳﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺗﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ Eeﻷﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻤﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ )ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ( ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ) (bﻳﻮﺍﻓﻖ
ﺗﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ) Emﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ t =0ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﻌﺪﻣﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ( Em(0 ) = 0 J
Em(t1)=4,5 µJ
Ee
Em
Ee(t2)=2,7 µJ