Speech and Language Disorders

Chapter 10

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IDEA Definition of Speech or Language Impairment

a communication disorder such as stuttering, impaired articulation, language impairment, or a voice impairment that adversely affects a childs educational performance.
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Communication Speech= audible representation of language. Language= message that is contained in speech.

Communication

Exchange of ideas, information, thoughts, and feelings between senders and receivers The process does not require speech or language Gestures Posture Eye contact Facial expression Head and body movement

Language
The system of symbols that individuals use for communication, based on their culture

Expressive Language

Receptive Language

5 Components of Language

Phonology
Morphology Syntax

Semantics

Pragmatics

Content

Function

Form

Structure of language

Phonology = rules regarding how sounds can be used and combined. Syntax = the way sequences of words are combined into phrases and sentences.

Morphology = the form and internal structure of words.

Semantics = the understanding of language. Pragmatics = rules that govern the reasons for communication as well as the choice of codes to be used when communicating.

Definition

Language process involves:

Memory. Learning. Message reception and processing. Expressive skills.

Language delays= sequence of development is intact but the rate is interrupted. Language disorders= sequence of language acquisition is not systematic or sequential.
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Language development

Stages in developing language. Crying, then cooing, and babbling. Different tones and vocal intensity. Echoing or mimicking responses. Words begin to become attached to people or objects. Strings of two and three words. Basic syntactical structures by age 4. Six word sentences by age 5. Articulate nearly all the speech sounds correctly by age 8. There are variations to the age ranges for each stage!! Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2006

Language Disorders

Specific language impairment

Language delay
Aphasia Central Auditory Processing Disorder

Classification
According to cause.

Receptive language = difficulties in comprehending what others say.

Expressive language = difficulty in formulating and using language.

Aphasia = impairment of language comprehension, formulation, and use due to injury, disease, or maldevelopment of the brain.
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Receptive Language Problems

Encounters difficulty with understanding oral presentation of information Does not understand humor, figurative language, or abstract thought

Expressive Language Problems

Limited use of vocabulary Searches for the right word Poor social language skills Hesitates to ask questions Jumps from topic to topic Topics chosen are concrete rather than abstract, temporal, or spatial Repetitive and unspecific

Dimensions of Speech

Voice

Pitch, intensity, quality

Resonance Articulation Fluency

Speech disorders can occur in all of these areas

Speech disorders

Speech behavior that is sufficiently deviant from normal that it attracts attention. Fluency Disorders

Repeated interruptions, hesitations, or repetitions that seriously interrupt the flow of communication.

Cluttering = speech that is overly rapid, disorganized, and occasionally filled with unnecessary words. Stuttering = flow of speech is abnormally interrupted by repetitions, blocking, or prolongations of sounds, syllables, words, or phrases.

Childhood apraxia of speech

Speech disorders

Articulation Disorders Abnormality in the speech-sound production process resulting in inaccurate or otherwise inappropriate execution of the speaking act. Omissions. Substitutions. Additions. Distortions of certain sounds. Causation Physical malformation, nerve injury, or brain damage. Cleft palate. Occlusion/malocclusion. Defective learning of the speaking act.
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Causation

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Cleft lip and palate

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Speech disorders
Voice Disorders

Unusual or abnormal acoustical qualities in a persons speech. Subjectivity in determining voice normalcy. Problems are persistent when not treated. Nasality, hoarseness, or breathiness.

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Prevalence of Speech Language Disorders

19% of all students receiving special education 2:1 ratio, boys to girls Does not include students who receive speech and language therapy as a related service

Causes of Speech and Language Disorders

Biological causes

Physical causes Emotional causes Brain injury Heredity

Environmental causes

Neglect or abuse Poverty, malnutrition

Cognitive and Academic Characteristics

Problems occur across the entire range of cognitive abilities Problems may profoundly affect a students learning High risk of reading difficulties for students with speech and language delays

Social/Emotional Characteristics
Students may have low self-esteem Students may experience social isolation Students may develop behavior problems

Speech Assessments

Formal tests of articulation

Spontaneous language samples

Developmental history Examination of mouth, teeth, palate

Language Assessments Formal and informal assessments Samples of students written schoolwork Observations

What child talks about How child talks about things How child functions in context of community How child uses language socially

Precautions necessary when assessing students whose first language is not English
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Figure 10.4 Educational Placement of Students with Speech and Language Disorders

Communication and Technology

Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) Unaided sign language Aided depends on equipment or materials Communication board Computer with speech processor Word prediction software
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Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2006