LI GII THI CHN I TUYN QUC GIA

TRUNG QUC NM 2012

*********
TST 1.
Ngy 1.
Bi 1.
Cho cc s phc ,
i i
x y vi 1, i n = tha mn 1
i i
x y = = vi mi 1, i n = . t
1 1
1 1
, , , 1,
n n
i i i i i i i
i i
x x y y z xy yx x y i n
n n
= =
= = = =
_ _

Chng minh rng
1
n
i
i
z n
=
_
_
.
Li gii.
Ta c
( )( )
i i i i i
z x x y y xy x x y y x y = _ vi mi 1, i n = .
Do , t bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz, ta c:
( )
2 2
1 1 1 1 1
n n n n n
i i i i i i i
i i i i i
z x x y y x y x x y y n x y x x y y n x y
= = = = =
_ = _
_ _ _ _ _
Hn na vi hai s phc , u a bi v c di = = trong , , , a b c d , ta c:
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 u v a c b d a c b d ac bd
u v a c b d
= =
=

Suy ra
( )
( )
( )
2 2 2
2 2Re u v u v ac bd uv = = (trong k hiu Re( ) x l phn
thc ca s phc x , tng t Im( ) x l phn o ca s phc x ).
Do ,
( )
2 2 2
2Re u v u v uv = . p dng vo bi ton:
L Phc L tng hp v gii thiu
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
1 1 1
2
1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
2Re 2 Re
2 Re Re Im Im
2 Re Im 2 1
n n n
i i i i
i i i
n n
i i
i i
x x x x xx n x n xx
n x n x x x x
n x n n x n x n x n n x n x
= = =
= =
= =
1

=

( )
= = =
_ _ _
_ _

T suy ra
( )( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
1 1 1 1
n
i
i
z n x y x y n x x y y n
=
1

_ _ =

( )
_
.
Ta c pcm.

Bi 2.
Cho tam gic ABC nhn, khng cn ngoi tip ng trn (I). Gi , , D E F ln lt l
tip im ca ng trn (I) ln cc cnh , , BC CA AB. Gi
0
A l im i xng vi D
qua EF v
1
A l giao im ca
0
AA vi ng thng BC. Cc im
1 1
, B C c xc nh
tng t. Chng minh rng
1 1 1
, , A B C cng nm trn ng thng Euler ca tam gic DEF.
Li gii.
Q
H
K
P
N
M
A
1
O
A
0
E
D
F
I
A
B
C

Gi , , M N P ln lt l giao im ca cc phn gic gc , , A B C vi ng trn (O). Gi
, R r ln lt l bn knh ng trn ngoi tip v ni tip tam gic ABC.
Trc ht, ta s chng minh OI chnh l ng thng Euler ca tam gic DEF.
Tht vy, gi H l trc tm ca tam gic DEF v ta cn c , , O I H thng hng.
Ta thy rng , MI MB PI PB = = nn PM chnh l trung trc ca IB hay NI l ng cao
ca tam gic MNP. Tng t, MI cng l ng cao ca tam gic MNP, suy ra I l trc
tm ca tam gic MNP. Do hai tam gic MNP v DEF c cc cnh tng ng cng
vung gc vi , , IA IB IC nn hai tam gic ny ng dng vi nhau.
Hn na, tam gic MNP ni tip ng trn bn knh R, tam gic DEF ni tip ng
trn bn knh r nn suy ra
, ,
R R R
OM ID ON IE OP IF
r r r
= = =


Cng tng v ca cc ng thc vector, ta c
( )
R
OM ON OP ID IE IF
r
=

. Hn
na, ta cng c
, OM ON OP OI ID IE IF IH = =


nn
R
OI IH
r
=

hay , , O I H thng hng.
Gi K l giao im ca DH vi ( ) I . D thy , H K v
0
, A D i xng vi nhau qua
ng thng EF nn
0
DK A H = .
T gic ABMC ni tip ng trn (O) nn theo nh l Ptolemy th
MC BC
AB MC AC MB AM BC
AM AB AC
= = =

(do MB MC = )
Gi Q l chn ng phn gic gc A vi BC th
IQ BQ BC
IA BA AB AC
= =

.
Do hai tam gic MNP v DEF ng dng vi nhau nn
0
DH MI DH MC
DK AM A H AM
= = = .
T cc ng thc trn, ta c
0
IQ DH
IA A H
= . Theo nh l Thales o, d dng c c ba
im
1
, , A I H thng hng hay
1
A nm trn ng thng Euler ca tam gic DEF.
Chng minh hon ton tng t vi cc im
1 1
, B C .
Ta c pcm.

Bi 3.
Vi mi s nguyn dng n, ta t
2
n
n n
x C = .
Chng minh rng tn ti hai tp hp v hn , A B sao cho A B =2 v 2012
i
i A
i
i B
x
x

=
]
]
.
Li gii.
Ta thy rng
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
1 2
1 2 2
2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 1
2 (2 1)
:
! ! 1 ! 1 !
n
n n
n
n n
n n n
x C n n
x n n n n n C n

= = = =

.
Do vi , a b

th
1 1
2 1 2 1
4
a b
a b
x x a b
x x a b

1 1


=



( )( )
.
Ta s chn k

sao cho
( ) 2 2 1
2 1 2 1 8 1
2 4
k a
a b k
b
a b k a k
1 1


= = =



( )( )
.
Chn 4 2 a k = hoc 6 a k = th u c gi tr b nguyn v tng ng l ( ) 8 3 b k k =
hoc 12 1 b k = .
T ta c
( ) 2
2
4 2 8 3 6 12 1
4 1 6 1 12 2
8 3 1
2 8 1
k k k k k
k k k
k k
x k x x x
x x k x x

= = .
Vi 100, k _ ta chn

2 2
1 1
0 1 0 1
4 1, 6 ,12 1, 8 3 1 , 4 2, 6 1,12 2, 8 3 , 100
,
A k k k k k B k k k k k k
A A A B B B
= = _
= ' = '

n y, ta thy rng t s gia tch ca cc gi tr
i
x c ch s tng ng ln lt thuc
1 1
, A B s l 1 v ch cn chn
0 0
, A B thch hp.
Ta xt
0 0
1, 5, 252 , 251 A B = = , d thy
1 5 252
2 10 504
251
502
2 252 4 (2 252 1)
2012.
2 252
C C C
C

= =

Ta thy rng hai tp hp , A B u l cc tp v hn, ri nhau v c 2012
i
i A
i
i B
x
x

=
]
]
nn
chng tha mn bi v ta c pcm.
Nhn xt.
trn thay v chn
2 1 2 1 8 1
,
2
a b k
a b k
1 1


=



( )( )
ta c th chn
2 1 2 1 4 1 a b k
a b k
1 1


=



( )( )

cng ra c cc dy tng t tha mn bi.

Ngy 2.
Bi 1.
Cho trc hai ng trn
1 2
, . Gi S l tp hp tt c cc tam gic ABC tha mn
1 2
, ln lt l ng trn ngoi tip v ng trn bng tip gc A ca tam gic
ABC. Gi s
2
tip xc vi cc ng thng , , BC CA AB ln lt ti , , . D E F
Chng minh rng nu tp S khc rng th trng tm ca tam gic DEF c nh.
Li gii.
A'
B'
C'
F
E
D
I
O
A
B
C

Gi ,
a
I r ln lt l tm v bn knh ca ng trn
2
.
Xt php nghch o tm I vi phng tch
2
a
r , d thy cc yu t ,
a
I r c nh nn
php bin hnh ny l duy nht.
Gi s , , A B C ln lt l trung im ca on , , DE EF FD th theo h thc lng
trong tam gic vung, ta c
2
IA IA r

= ; suy ra \ bin A

thnh . A
Tng t vi cc nh , . B C
Do , \ bin , , A B C ln lt thnh , , A B C v n cng s bin ng trn ngoi
tip tam gic A B C thnh ng trn ngoi tip tam gic . ABC
Suy ra \ bin ng trn Euler ca tam gic DEF thnh
1
nn ng trn Euler ny
c nh. (*)
Gi , , K G H ln lt l tm ng trn Euler, trng tm v trc tm ca tam gic . DEF
R rng K l trung im IH nn =
1
2
KI HI v
1
3
GI HI = nn
3
2
KI
GI
= .
Do Kc nh nn suy ra G cng c nh. Ta c pcm.
Bi 2.
Vi mi s nguyn dng , n ta k hiu ( ) n l s phn t ca tp hp tt c cc c
nguyn dng ca n. Mt s nguyn dng n c gi l s tt nu ( ) ( ) m n < vi
mi m n < .
Chng minh rng vi mi s nguyn dng k cho trc, lun tn ti hu hn s tt
khng chia ht cho k.
Li gii.
Gi G l tp hp tt c cc s tt nu trong bi, d thy G khc rng.
Trc ht, ta s chng minh hai b sau:
B 1.
Gi s
1 2 3
... p p p < < < l cc s nguyn t c xp th t tng dn. Nu xt , r l
cc s nguyn dng vi a G e tha mn iu kin |
r
p a

th
1
r
i
i
n p a

=
| |
=
|
\ .
[
.
Chng minh.
K hiu ( )
p
v a l s m ln nht ca p trong khai trin a thnh tha s nguyn t.
Gi s rng kt lun trn sai th tn ti 1 i r _ < m ( )
i
p
v a = < , khi , ta c
i r
i r
a
b p p a
p p


= < v ( ) ( ) b a = , mu thun do . a G
B c chng minh.
B 2.
Vi mi s nguyn t ,
t
p tn ti mt s nguyn dng M m vi mi a G , nu
a M th |
t
p a .
Chng minh.
Xt s nguyn dng tha mn 2
t
p

v t ( )
3
1 2 3 1
...
t
M p p p p

= .
Vi mi a G , gi s a M v ( ) , 1
t
a p = .
Theo b 1 th tt c cc c ca a u thuc tp hp { }
1 2 3 1
, , ,...,
t
p p p p

, suy ra tn ti
mt gi tr 1 1 i t s s m ( ) 3
i
p
v a = > .
Tuy nhin, ta li c 2
t
i
p p

> > nn
t
i
a
b p a
p

= < .
Do ( ) 2 1 1 + > + nn ta c ( ) ( ) b a > , mu thun.
B c chng minh.
B 3.
Vi mi s nguyn t
t
p v l s nguyn dng, tn ti mt s nguyn dng M m
vi mi a G e , nu a M > th |
t
p a

.
Chng minh.
Xt mt s nguyn t tha mn
r t
p p

> , theo b 2 th tn ti s nguyn dng M m

vi mi , a G e nu a M > th ( ) 1
r
p
v a = > .
Nu ( )
t
p
v a = < th
t
r
a
b p a
p

= < , nhng do
1 2
1
1 1 1


+ +
> >
+ + +
hay ( ) ( ) b a > ,
li mu thun.
B c chng minh.
Tr li bi ton,
Gi s c nguyn t ln nht ca k l
t
p , xt mt s nguyn dng tha mn
2 k

> .
Suy ra vi mi s nguyn t p m | p k v ( )
p
v k a < th
1
t
i
i
k n p

=
| |
=
|
\ .
[
.
Theo b 3, tn ti mt s nguyn dng M m vi mi , a G a M e > th | n a hay ni
cch khc l | . k a
Vy tp hp cc s tt khng chia ht cho k l hu hn. Ta c pcm.
Bi 3.
Xt n v hm s : f tha mn
( ) ( ) ( ) f x y f y f x ny = vi mi , . x y
Hy tm tt c cc hm s f tha mn iu kin trn.
Li gii.
Xt cc trng hp ca : n
- Vi 0 n = , ta c
( ) ( ) ( ), , f x y f y f x x y = \ .
Nu ( ) ( ) 0, y f y y f y y = \ = = l mt hm s tha mn bi.
Nu tn ti
0
y m ( )
0 0
0 f y y = th khi
( ) ( ) ( ) f x y f y f x = l hm s tun
hon vi chu k dng dng nh nht phi chia ht ( ) y f y .
Gi 0 T l chu k nguyn dng nh nht ca hm s trong trng hp ny.
Do ( ) ( ), f x T f x x = \ , do tnh nh nht ca T nn
( ) ( ) T y f y hay tn ti hm s
( ) g x sao cho ( ) ( ) f x x g x T = vi mi . x
Ta c ( )
( ) ( )
( ) 1 1
f x T x T f x x
g x T g x
T T

= = = .
Suy ra, tn ti hm s ( ) : 0,1, 2,..., 1 h x T tha mn
( )
x x
g x h x T
T T
1 l l

l l =

l l
( )
l l
.
Do , ta c ( ) ( ) , f x g x T x x = \ vi ( ) g x c xc nh nh trn, tha mn bi.
- Nu 0 n , t ( ) 0 f a = th trong ng thc cho, cho 0 x y = = , ta c ( ) 0 0. f =
Tip tc cho , 0, x a y = = ta c ( ) 2 . f a a =
Ta li thay 0, x y a = = th ( ) ( ) 2 0 0 a f a a na f a = = = = = .
Trong ng thc cho, thay 0 x = th
( ) ( )
f y f y ny = (*).
Trong (*), cho ( ) y x f x = th
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
f x f x f x f x n x f x f nx x f x n x f x = = = ,
m
( ) ( ) ( ) f nx x f x f nx nx = nn ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ), . nx nf x f nx nx nf x f nx x = = = \
Gi s ( ) ( ) f x f y = th
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f y nx f y x f x f x y f y f x ny x y = = = = =
hay ( ) f x l n nh trn .
Vi mi s nguyn , m t
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1 k m m f m m f m
l l
=
l l
l l
.
Trong ng thc cho, thay 0, , x y m = = ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1 1 f m f m n m = .
Cng trong ng thc cho, tip tc thay ( ), x k m y m = = , ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 f m f m f k m m f m f k m nm = =
Suy ra
( ) ( )
f k m n = , hn na do ( ) f x n nh nn ( ) f m l mt cp s cng v
( ) 0 0. f = Do , tn ti hng s c sao cho ( ) . f m mc = Thay vo ng thc cho, ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 cx ny f x ny f x y f y c x y f y c x y cy n c c = = = = = .
Hn na, ta thy rng c nn ( ) 1 0 c c _ nn vi 0 n< hoc n dng nhng khng
biu din c di dng trn th khng tn ti hm s ( ). f x
Vy vi 0 n = th ( ) f x x = hoc ( ) ( ) f x g x T x = vi
( )
x x
g x h x T
T T
1 l l

l l =

l l
( )
l l
trong
( ) h x l hm s ( ) : 0,1, 2,..., 1 h x T .
Vi 0 n tha mn tn ti s c ( ) 1 c c n = th ta c ( ) , f x cx x = \ hoc
( ) ( ) 1 , . f x c x x = \
Vi 0 n< hoc 0 n nhng khng tn ti c sao cho ( ) 1 c c n = th khng tn ti
hm s tha mn bi.
TST 2.
Bi 1.
Cho mt th n G. Gi mt tp hp gm t nh l t clique nu chng i mt k
nhau. Mt nh c ni vi tt c cc nh trong th th gi l nh trung tm.
Cho 2 s nguyn , n k tha mn
3 1
2 2
n k n _ < < . Mt th G tha mn ng thi cc
iu kin sau:
( ) 1 G khng cha ( ) 1 k clique .
( ) 2 Nu ta thm vo G mt cnh bt k s thu c mt ( ) 1 k clique .
Tm s nh trung tm nh nht ca G.
Li gii.
Ta thy rng iu kin
1
2
n k n < < c th vit li thnh 1 2 1 k n k _ _ .
nh ngha ( ) N X l tp hp cc nh k vi tt c cc nh thuc X(quy c mt nh
bt k cng k vi chnh n).
Ta s chng minh rng vi cc s , n k tha mn iu kin trn th G c t nht 2k n
nh trung tm. chng minh iu ny, ta dng cch xy dng tp cc nh trung
tm ca G nh sau:
V 1 n k _ nn tn ti 2 nh , u v khng k nhau.
t , T u v = , S l mt ( ) 1 k clique k vi c u v v ( c ngha l , u v c cnh ni
vi tt c cc nh ca S ) v ( ) \ U G T S = ' .
D thy rng 1 2 S k k n U = = .
Do tn ti cc phn hoch , , T S U, ( ) ( ) T S N S ' _ v 2 S k n U _ , trong S l
tp khng rng ) (*). Ta c hai trng hp sau
- Trng hp 1.
Nu U =2 th ( ) G N S = do S cha cc im trung tm v 2 S k n _ . Kt lun
ng trong trng hp ny.
- Trng hp 2.
Nu U =2 th tn ti nh u U .
Nu ( ) S N u _ th chn , \ , S S U U u T T u = = = ' .
R rng 2 S k n U

_ v ( ) ( ) T S N S

' _ nn ta quay tr li (*). Ngc li s tn ti
nh v S sao cho , u v khng k nhau. Theo iu kin (2) cho, tn ti ( ) 1 k clique
k vi , u v v to thnh t cc tp hp
0 0 0
\ , , \ U U u T T S S v _ _ _ .
Li theo iu kin (1) th
0
T S k _ .
T y suy ra
0 0 0 0
1
o
k U T S k U S S = _
hay
0 0 0
1 2 1 0 S S U k n U U _ _ _ .
Do vy
0
S khng rng, ta t ( ) ( )
0 0 0 0
\ , \ , U U u U T T u S S U S S

= ' = ' ' ' = ri tr
li (*). V sau mi bc nh vy th U gim ngt nn n mt lc no , ta s c
U =2. Theo trng hp 1, kt lun ng.
Vy s nh trung tm nh nht l 2k n .

Bi 2.
Chng minh rng tn ti s thc dng C tha mn tnh cht:
Vi mi 2 n_ v tp hp X l tp con ca tp 1, 2, 3,..., n tha mn 2 X _ , tn ti
cc s , , , x y z w thuc X (khng nht thit phn bit) tha mn
4
0 xy zw C

< < vi .
X
n
=
Li gii.
t
2
1 2
n
C
X
^= vi
1
C l s thc dng s c xc nh sau.
Chia on 0; n
l
l
thnh cc min, mi min c di ^ v min cui cng c th c
di nh hn ^. Tng s cc min khng vt qu
2 2
1 1
2
1 1
X X
n
C n C n
= <
^
.
Do c tt c X phn t thuc v tp hp X nn theo nguyn l Dirichlet, tn ti mt
min 0; I n
l

l
sao cho trong c cha
1
2
nC
X
phn t thuc tp hp X.
Xt tp hp
1 2
1 2
| , ,
2
x x
M x x x x X I
' '
1 1
1 1
= =
! !
1 1
1 1 + +
.
Ta thy rng
2 2
1 1 1
2
1
4 2
8
C n C n C n
M
X X
X
1

( )
. D thy rng cc phn t thuc tp M l cc
s nguyn dng hoc l cc s thp phn c phn thp phn l 0, 5 nn c nhiu nht
l
2
1 2
2 4 4
n
I I I C
X
< = s khc nhau trong chng.
n y, ta chn
1
C sao cho
2
1
1 1
4 32
8
C
C C = . Khi , theo nguyn l Dirichlet, tn
ti cc s
1 1 2 2
, , , x y x y X I sao cho
1 1 2 2
2 2
x y x y
= .
Tip theo, ta s nh gi
1 2 2 1
x y x y .
Ta c
( ) ( )
2 2
4
2
1 1 2 2 2
1 1 2 2 1 4
2 2
4 4
x y x y
n
x y x y I C
X

= < = .
Chn hng s
2
1
2 C C = th ta lun chn c
4
1 1 2 2
x y x y C

< .
Suy ra tn ti 4 s nguyn dng tha mn bi nn ta c pcm.

Bi 3.
Cho
1 2
, a a vi
1 2
a a < l cc s nguyn cho trc. Vi 3, n > s
n
a l s nguyn dng
nh nht ln hn
1 n
a

v
n
a c th c biu din mt cch duy nht di dng tng
ca
i j
a a + m 1 1 i j n s < s .
Chng minh rng nu tn ti hu hn cc s chn trong dy { }
n
a th dy { }
1 n n
a a
+

tun hon, ngha l tn ti s nguyn dng T m
1 1
,
n T n T n n
a a a a n
+ + + +
= .
Li gii.
Cch 1.
Xt
n
a l s l vi n N . Vi n ln, ta thy rng
n k l
a a a = vi k l < vi k N _ ,
iu ny c ngha l :
(1)
l n
k N a a N l n N _ = _ = _ .
(2) Nu k l < khi c hai s ny ln th , 1, 2, 3,...,
l i k i
a a d i N

= = khi
1 1
.
l N k N
a a d

=
(3) Vi n ln th ta c
1 n n N
a a a

_ . Xt
( ) ( )
1 2 3 2 1 3 1 1
: : , , ,..., 0, , ,
N N
N N
f x x x x x x x x x x .
Nu ( ) ( )
1 1 1 2
, ,..., , ,...,
n n n N N
f a a a b b b

= th ( ) 1 , 1, 2, 3,...,
i N
b N a i N < = .
Theo nguyn l Dirichlet th tn ti s nguyn dng , n T sao cho
( ) ( )
1 1 1 1
, ,..., , ,...,
n T n T n T N n n n N
f a a a f a a a

= , y ta gia s n ln.
iu ny c ngha l , 0,1, 2,..., 1
n T i n i
a a d i N

= = .
Theo (2) th
n T N n N
a a d

= .
T suy ra
1 1
, ,
m T m m T m T m m
a a d m n m n a a a a

= \ _ = \ _ = .
Ta c pcm.
Cch 2.
Do dy s cho ch cha hu hn s chn nn ta c th gi s chng l
1 2 3
...
m
i i i i
a a a a _ _ _ _ .
Khi , tn ti mt s N sao cho vi mi r N _ th
r
a l s l, tuy nhin
r i j
a a a = nn
hai s ,
i j
a a khc tnh chn l.
iu ny c ngha l
1
m
r r i
a a a

_ vi mi . r N _
Vi n N _ xt tp hp

1 2
, ,...,
n n n n n n n k
S a a a a a a

= vi k l s nguyn dng ln nht tha mn iu
kin
m
n n k i
a a a

_ .
Khi , r rng ta c
m
i
k a _ v t
n n j
a a

b chn nn tn ti hu hn tp hp .
n
S
Cc tp hp
n
S c th xc nh c cc gi tr
s
i tha mn
1
s
n i j
a a a

= nn
n
S c
xc nh duy nht xc gi tr
1 n n
a a

v xc nh duy nht tp hp
1 n
S

.
Do c hu hn tp hp
n
S nn dy
n
S nu trn l dy lp hay dy
1 n n
a a

cng l
dy lp vi cc gi tr n N _ ln.
Ta c pcm.

Ngy 2.
Bi 1.
Cho 2 n_ l s t nhin.
Chng minh rng tn ti hu hn cc b n s nguyn dng ( )
1 2
, ,...,
n
a a a tha mn
ng thi cc iu kin sau:
(i)
1 2 3
...
n
a a a a .
(ii) ( )
1 2 3
, , ,..., 1
n
a a a a = .
(iii) ( )
1 1
1
,
n
i i
i
a a a

=
=
_
vi quy c
1 1
.
n
a a

=
Li gii.
t ( )
1
, , 1, 2, 3,...,
i i i
d a a i n

= = trong
1 1 n
a a

= . Theo gi thit, ta thy rng,

1 1 2 2 2 3 1 1
, ,..., , 1, 2, 3
n i n
a d a a d a a d a i

_ _ _ = .
a vo dy cho, ta c
1 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1
... ... ...
n n n
d d d a d a d d a d d d a

= _ _ _ _
T y suy ra
n n
d a _ , nhng do ( )
1
,
n n
d a a = nn
n n
d a _ hay ng thc phi xy ra.
Do , ta c
1
, 1,
i i i
a a d i n

= \ = .
Tip theo, ta s chng minh rng tn ti v s dy s tha mn bi.
Ta thy rng vi dy s tha mn bi, tn ti hu hn cc s nguyn dng
i
r sao
cho
1
, 1,
1
i
i i
i
r
a a i n
r

= \ =

. Do ( )
1 2
, ,..., 1
n
a a a = nn ( )
2 3
, ,..., 1
n
a a a = v
1
|
n
a a .
Ta s chng minh bi ton bng quy np
- Vi 2, n= do
2 1
| a a nn ta c th vit
2 1
, a m a km = = vi , k m

. Hn na, do
( )
1 2
, 1 a a = nn 1 m= m ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2 1
, , 2 a a a a a = = nn vi 2 n = , tn ti ng mt dy
tha mn bi.
- Gi s bi ton ng vi 1 n , ta s chng minh rng tn ti hu hn dy s tha
mn trong trng hp n phn t.
Ta c hai trng hp:
+ Nu
2
a khng chia ht cho
n
a , t
2 n
p
a a
q
= vi , p q

v ( ) , 1, 1 p q q = .
Do
1
1 2 1
1
, |
1
n
r
a a a a
r
=

nn suy ra
1
1
1
r p
q r
l s nguyn dng. Vi mi
2
a , tn ti hu
hn cc gi tr
1
r v cng do c hu hn cc dy 1 n tha mn nn t suy ra trong
trng hp ny, s b n phn t l hu hn.
+ Nu
2
a chia ht cho
n
a th theo nguyn l quy np, tn ti hu hn dy
2 3
, ,...,
n
a a a v
do cch xc nh ( )
1 1
1
,
n
i i
i
a a a

=
=
_
, ta thy rng tn ti hu hn dy s tha mn bi.
Do , theo nguyn l quy np, bi ton c chng minh.
Bi 2.
Cho hai s nguyn dng , 1 m n v cc s thc dng , r s tha mn r s < . Vi mi
0
ij
a _ l cc s thc khng ng thi bng 0, hy tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
( )
( )
1
1 1
1
1 1
r
r
n m
s s
ij
j i
s
s
m n
r s
ij
j i
a
f
a
= =
= =
1

( )
=
1

( )
_ _
_ _

Li gii.
t biu thc cn tm gi tr nh nht l ( , , , ). f m n r s Ta s chng minh rng
1 1
max ( , , , ) min( , )
r s
f m n r s m n

= .
t ,1 ,1
r
ij ij
b a i m j n = s s s s v t
r
k
s
= , ta cn chng minh rng
1
1
1 1 1 1
min( , )
k
n m m n
k
k
k k
ij ij
j i i j
b m n b

= = = =
| |
s
|
\ .

(*)
Ta s chng minh mnh sau
Nu
1 2
... 0
n
c c c > > > > v
1 2
, ,..., 0, 1
n
x x x k > > v nu t
1
n
i
i
S x
=
=

th
1 1
n n
k k
k k k
i i n i
i i
c x c S c
= =
+ s + +

(**)
Tht vy, nu 0
n
c = th bt ng thc (*) ng do t , 1,
k
k k
i i i i
c x x c i n + s + = , ta c th
suy ra
1 1
n n
k
k k
i i i
i i
c x S c
= =
+ s +

.
t , 1,
k
i i
d c i n = = , ta vit li bt ng thc (**) di dng
1 1
1 1
k k
n n
i
k k
i n i
i i i n
x S
d d d
d d
= =
| | | |
+ s + +
| |
\ . \ .

.
t ( ) 1, 0
k k
g x x x = + > th g l hm li v
( )
1
2
2
( ) ( 1) 1 0
k k
k
g x k x x

'' = + > vi mi s
thc dng . x Hn na, ,
i
n i
x S
i
d d
> nn theo bt ng thc Karamata th bt ng thc
(**) ng. B c chng minh.
Tr li bi ton, t
1
n
i ij
j
S b
=
=

, theo b trn, trong v tri ca bt ng thc (*), ta

c th thay cc s
ij
b bi cc s
ij
b' sao cho vi mi 1 , i m s s tn ti duy nht mt gi tr
j m 1 j n s s sao cho
ij i
b S ' = v 0
ij
b = vi cc gi tr khc ng thi khng nh hng
n gi tr v tri ca bt ng thc (*).
Suy ra tn ti mt phn hoch { }
1 2
, ,...,
l
P A A A = ca tp hp { } 1, 2, 3,..., n sao cho
1 1 1 1 1
j
n m n m l
k k k
k k
ij ij i k
j i j i j i A
b b S
= = = = = e
' s =

.
Hn na, theo bt ng thc v trung bnh ly tha, ta c
1 1
1 1
1 1 1
j j
k
l l m
k k
k k
k k
i i i k k
j i A j i A i
S l S l S

= e = e =
| |
| s =
|
\ .

.
Ta cng c l n s v l m s nn min( , ). l m n = Bt ng thc (*) ng.
ng thc xy ra khi 1
ij
a = nu i j = v 0
ij
a = nu . i j = Ta c pcm.

Bi 3.
Cho mt s nguyn dng 2, n_ mt hm s : 1, 2, 3,..., f n gi l tt, nu vi
mi s nguyn dng k tha 1 1 k n _ _ th tn ti mt s nguyn ( ) j k tha mn vi
mi s nguyn mth
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) mod 1 f m j k f m k f m n =
Tm s cc hm s tt.
Li gii.
gii quyt bi ton, ta chng minh cc nhn xt sau:
Nhn xt 1.
Hm s f l hm ton nh v c chu k dng nh nht l . n
Tht vy, xt m

v gi s tn ti s nguyn dng k sao cho 1 1 k n _ _ v
( ) ( ) f m k f m = th khi , ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0(mod 1) f m j k f m k f m n = = , iu ny v l
do : 1, 2, 3,..., f n .
Do , ( ) ( ) ( ) , 1 ,..., 1 f m f m f m n i mt khc nhau v
( ), ( 1),..., ( ) 1, 2,..., f m f m f m n n = .
Suy ra f l hm ton nh. Tng t, thay m bi 1, m ta c
( 1), ( 2),..., ( ) 1, 2,..., f m f m f m n n = .
D thy rng t y, ta c ( ) ( ) f m f m n = hay ( ) f m tun hon vi chu k dng nh
nht l n.
n y, do f l hm tun hon ta c th gi s 0 ( ) 1 j k n _ _ vi mi 1 1. k n _ _
Nhn xt 2.
Ta lun c ( ) ( ) j u j v = vi mi 1 1. u v n _ < _
Tht vy, gi s ngc li rng tn ti cc s , u v sao cho 1 1 u v n _ < _ v ( ) ( ). j u j v =
Khi , ta c ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) mod 1 f m u f m f m j u f m j v f m v f m n = = = .
Suy ra ( ) ( )(mod 1) f m u f m v n = m 1 ( ), ( ) f m u f m v n _ _ nn ta phi c
( ) ( ) f m u f m v = ,
v l do 1 1. u v n _ < _
Nhn xt 3.
Vi mi 1 1 k n _ _ th tn ti
( )
( ) 0 j k =

trong
( )
( ) j k

l hm hp ln ca j .
Cng bng phn chng, ta gi s tn ti k vi 1 1 k n _ _ m
( )
( ) 0 j k =

vi mi .
D dng thy rng
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )(mod 1) f m j k f m k f m n =

.
T

( 2) ( )
( ), ( ),..., ( ) 1, 2,..., 1
n
j k j k j k n _ , theo nguyn l Dirichlet, ta thy rng tn ti
hai s , u v m 1 u v n _ < _ v
( ) ( )
( ) ( ).
u v
j k j k = Khi , ta c
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )(mod 1)
u v
f m k uf m f m j k f m j k f m k vf m n = = =
Suy ra ( 1)|( ) ( ) n v u f m vi mi . m
Tuy nhin, iu ny v l do 1 1 v u n _ _ v tn ti s m sao cho ( ) 1. f m =
Nhn xt 4.
Tn ti hm s f khi v ch khi 1 n l s nguyn t.
Tht vy, ta thy rng vi mi k m 1 1 k n _ _ th tn ti s
k
nh nht sao cho
( )
( )
0
k
j k =

. Khi ,
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )(mod 1) f m j k f m k f m n =

vi mi 1
k
_ _ .
Suy ra
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 ( ) ( )(mod 1)
k
k k
f m f m j m f m k f m f m f m k n = = = =

.
Do , ( ) ( )
1
1 ( ) 1 ( ) ... ( ) ( )(mod 1)
n n
k k
f m f m k f m nk f m n

= = = = hay
( ) 1 1(mod 1)
n
k
n = vi mi k m 1 1 k n _ _ (*).
R rng 1
k
n _ _ vi ,
u v
u v = = (nu
u v
= th
( ) ( ) ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) ( )(mod 1)
u v
f m u f m f m f m v n = = = , dn n u v = , mu thun.
Hn na,
k
n = v nu khng th
k
n = dn n
( ) ( ) 1 ( ) 0 (mod 1)
k
f m k f m n = = , mu thun.
T suy ra rng
1 2 1
, ,..., 1, 2,..., 1
n
n

= v t (*), ta thy rng 1(mod 1)

n
a n =
vi mi 2 a n _ _ , suy ra 1 n l s nguyn t.
Nhn xt 5.
Nu 1 n l s nguyn t th hm s ( ) n n tha mn bi.
Tht vy,
Theo nhn xt 4, tn ti nh nht m 1 n _ _ v
( )
(1) 0 j =

, suy ra
( ) ( 1) 1 ( )(mod 1) f m f m n = vi mi . m
Do ( ) ( ) 1 (0)(mod 1)
m
f m f n = v t f l mt ton nh, 1 phi l mt cn
nguyn thy ca g modun 1. p n =
T suy ra mi hm s f tha mn bi u c dng ( ) (0)(mod 1)
m
f m g f n = ,
trong , cc hm u phi tha mn ( ) j k l bc ca 1
k
g (do 1 1, 0
k
k n g _ _ = nn
bc ny tn ti).
Ta c tt c ( ) 1 ( ) p n = cch chn hm g v ncch chn (0) 1, 2,..., f n nn
c tt c ( ) n n hm s tha bi.
Bi ton c gii quyt hon ton.

TST 3.
Ngy 1.
Bi 1.
Cho tam gic ABC nhn c
0
60 A . , trc tm H . Gi , M N ln lt l cc im
thuc cc cnh , AB AC sao cho
0
60 HMB HNC . =. = . Gi O l tm ng trn ngoi
tip tam gic HMN . Gi s D l im nm cng pha vi A so vi BC sao cho tam gic
DBC u.
Chng minh rng , , H O D thng hng.
Li gii.












Cch 1.
Gi T l trc tm ca tam gic HMN, ng thng , HM CA ct nhau ti ; P ng
thng , HN BA ct nhau ti . Q D thy cc im , , , N M P Q cng thuc mt ng trn.
Do THM OHN Z = Z nn 90 PQH OHN NMH THM Z Z = Z Z =

hay
HO PQ . (1)
Gi R l im i xng vi C qua ng thng HP, ta c . HC HR =
Ta c
( ) ( )
60 90 30 HPC HCP BAC BAC Z + Z = Z + Z =

nn 60 CHR Z =

.
Suy ra HCR A l tam gic u.
Hn na, do HPC HQB Z = Z v HCP HBQ Z = Z nn ( . ) PHC QHB g g ^ ^ .
Suy ra ( . ) PHR QHB g g ^ ^ v ( . ) QHP BHR g g ^ ^ .
Xt ( , ) UV XY Z to bi hai vector UV

v XY

(chiu dng l ngc chiu kim ng h).

Do 150 PHR Z =

nn ta c ( , ) ( , ) 150 PQ RB HP HR Z = Z =

, BCD A v RCH A l cc tam gic
u nn BRC A v DHC A ng dng.
Do , ( , ) ( , ) 60 RB HD CR CH Z = Z =

nn
( , ) ( , ) ( , ) 150 60 90 PQ HD PQ RB RB HD Z = Z + Z = =

hay DH PQ . (2)
T (1) v (2), ta thy rng cc im , , H O D thng hng, ta c pcm.
O
N
M
D
H
C B
A

Cch 2.
Xt mt phng phc c O l tm, trong mt phng , gi s ta v cc im ln lt l
1 H =
2 i
N e

=
2 i
M e

= .
Khi , | | 2sin NH = | | 2sin MH = v
5
( )
6
HCA HBA

Z = Z = + .
Do
( )
6
sin
3
5
sin( )
6
i
C H
e
N H

nn ta c:
2
( )
3
( ) ( )
6 2
sin
3sin
3
2sin 1 1
5
sin( ) cos( )
6 3
i
i i
e
C e e

+ +

= + = +
+
(1)
Tng t, ta tnh c
2
( )
3
( ) ( )
6 2
sin
3sin
3
2sin 1 1
5
sin( ) cos( )
6 3
i
i i
e
B e e

+ +

= + = +
+
. (2)
Do BCD A l tam gic u nn
2
D B C = v
2
D B C = .
Vi iu kin , , H O D thng hng nn suy ra D D = hay B C B C + = + .
T (1) v (2), ta c
R
Q
P
T
O
N
M
D
H
C B
A
O
N
M
D
H
C B
A
2 4
( ) ( )
3 3
3sin 3sin
1
cos( ) cos( )
3 3
i i
e e
B C








+ = + + +
+ +
,
2 4
( ) ( )
3 3
3sin 3sin
1
cos( ) cos( )
3 3
i i
e e
B C








+ = + + +
+ +
.
Ta ch cn chng minh rng
2 4 4 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 3 3 3
sin sin sin sin
i i i i
e e e e




+ = + .
Tuy nhin, so snh hai v, ta thy ng thc hin nhin ng. Ta c pcm.

Bi 2.
Xt s nguyn dng 2. k _ Chng minh rng tn ti k s nguyn dng
1 2 3
, , ,...,
n
a a a a
i mt khc nhau sao cho tn ti cc s nguyn khng m
1 2 3
, , ,...,
k
b b b b v
1 2 3
, , ,....,
k
c c c c tha mn 2 , 1, 2, 3,...,
i i i
a b a i k _ _ = v nu
1 1
i
k k
c
i i
i i
b b
= =
<
] ]
th ta cng c
1 1
i
k k
c
i i
i i
k b b
= =
<
] ]
.
Li gii.
Trc ht, ta s gii mt bi ton tng qut hn l
Xt s nguyn dng 2. k _ Chng minh rng tn ti n s nguyn dng
1 2 3
, , ,...,
n
a a a a
tha mn cc iu kin:
(i)
1
2 , 1, 2, 3,..., 1
i i
a a i n

< = .
(ii) Vi mi , 2
i i i
b a a
l

l
, nu
1 1
i
k k
c
i i
i i
b b
= =
<
] ]
th ta cng c
1 1
i
k k
c
i i
i i
k b b
= =
<
] ]
.
C nh s nguyn dng 2, k _ ta s chng minh bi ton bng quy np theo . n
- Vi 1 n = , ta chn
1 1
0, c a k = th vi mi
1
b m
1 1 1
2 a b a _ _ th d thy rng lun c
1
1 1 1
1
c
b k a b = < < _ v
1
1 1 1
c
kb k a b = < _ .
Bi ton ng vi 1. n =
Gi s rng tn ti n s nguyn dng
1 2 3
...
n
x x x x < < < < v tha mn cc iu kin
(i), (ii).
Khi , chng minh bi ton vn ng trong trng hp 1 n , ta s xy dng mt
b c 1 n phn t tha bi bng cch chn thm mt s nguyn dng
1 n
x

sao
cho
1
2
n n
x x

v
1
1
2
2
n
n n
n
x x
k
x x

( )
.
t , 1, 2, 3,..., 1
i i
a tx i n = = trong t l mt s nguyn dng ln sao cho hai
iu kin sau y c tha mn ng thi:
1
1 2 3 1
2 ...
n n
n
a a a a

v
1 1
1 1 2
2 ...
n n
n n
k a a a a

< .
Tip theo, ta s chng b s ( )
1 2 3 1
, , ,...,
n
a a a a

ny tha mn hai iu kin (i) v (ii).
Xt cc s s nguyn dng , 2
i i i
b a a
l

l
vi 1, 2, 3,..., 1 i n = v cc s nguyn khng m
1 2 3 1
, , ,...,
n
c c c c

sao cho
1 1
1 1
i
n n
c
i i
i i
b b

= =
<
] ]
.
Ta s chng minh rng khi , ta cng c
1 1
1 1
i
n n
c
i i
i i
k b b

= =
<
] ]
.
Ta xt cc trng hp sau:
- Xt
1
1
n
i
i
c n

=
_
_
th
1 1
1 1
1 1 1 1 2 1
1 1
2 ...
i
n n
c n n n
i n n n n n i
i i
k b kb k a b a a a b b



= =
_ _ _ _
] ]
, tha iu kin (ii).
- Xt
1
1
2
n
i
i
c n

=
_
_
th
1 1
1 2
2 3 1 1 1 1 1
1 1
2 ...
i
n n
c n n n
i n i
i i
b a a a b a b b b

= =
_ < _ _
] ]
, iu ny mu thun
vi cch chn cc b s ny nn trng hp ny khng th xy ra.
- Xt
1
1
1
n
i
i
c n

=
=
_
, ta xt ba trng hp nh sau:
+ Nu
1
2
n
c

_ th ta c
1
1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1
1
1
2 2 2 2
i
n
c
n n n
i
n n n i
n
n n n n n n
i
i
b
b a x b a x
b b a a x x
b

=
1 1 1


_ _ =



( ) ( ) ( )
]
]
, mu thun vi cch chn b s.
Do , trng hp ny cng khng th xy ra.
+ Nu
1
1
n
c

= th
1
1 1
1
1 1
i i
n n
c c
i i
i i
n n
i i
i i
b b
b b

= =

= =
=
] ]
] ]
v , 2 , 1, 2, 3,...,
i
i i
b
x x i n
t
l
=
l
nn ta c
1 1
1 1
i
n n
c
i i
i i
k b b

= =
<
] ]

theo nguyn l quy np.
+ Nu
1
0
n
c

= th
1
1 1 1 1
1
1 1 1
1
2 2 2 2
i
n
c
n n
i
n n n i n n n
n
n n n
i
i
b
b a x b a x
k
b b a a x x
b

=
1 1 1

_ _ =



( ) ( ) ( )
]
]
, tha iu kin (ii).
T y suy ra, trong mi trng hp, lun tn ti b 1 n s tha mn.
Theo nguyn l quy np, bi ton c chng minh.

Bi 3.
Tm gi tr nh nht c th c ca c sao cho vi mi a thc monic c bc 2012
( )
2012 2011 2010
2011 2010 1 0
... P x x a x a x a x a = ,
ta c th xy dng c a thc ( ) Q x t bng cch nhn 1 vo mt s h s ca a
thc ( ) P x nu trn sao cho vi mi nghim phc z ca a thc ( ) Q x ny th ta lun c
bt ng thc sau Im Re z c z _ .
Li gii.
Ta s chng minh rng cot
4022
c

_ .
Xt a thc
2012
( ) P x x x = . Bng cch thay i h s ca ( ) P x theo quy tc nu
(nhn 1 vo mt s h s), ta c th thu c 4 a thc sau ( ) P x , ( ) P x ,
2012
( ) Q x x x = + v ( ) Q x .
Ch rng ( ) P x v ( ) P x c cng tp nghim, mt nghim trong s chng l
1
1006 1006
cos sin
2011 2011
z i = + .
Hn na, ( ) Q x v ( ) Q x cng c cng tp nghim, tt c cc nghim ny u tri du
vi nghim ca a thc ( ) P x , iu ny c c l do ( ) ( ) Q x P x = .
Suy ra lun tn ti mt nghim ca ( ) Q x l
2 1
z z = nn ta phi c
1 2
1 2
| Im | | Im |
min , cot .
| Re | | Re | 4022
z z
c
z z
| |
> =
|
\ .

Tip theo, ta s chng minh rng cot
4022
c

= tha mn bi. Xt mt a thc monic
bc 2012 c h s thc vit di dng tng qut l:
2012 2011 2010
2011 2010 1 0
( ) P x x a x a x a x a = + + + + +
Bng cch thay i cc h s ny thch hp, ta thu c
2012 2011 2010
2012 2011 2010 1 0
( ) R x b x b x b x b x b = + + + + + ,
trong ,
2012
1 b = v vi 1, 2, , 2011 j = th
, 0,1(mod4)
, 2, 3(mod4)
j
j
j
a j
b
a j
'
1
=
1
1
=
!
1
=
1
1+
.
Ta s chng minh rng tt c cc nghim z ca a thc ( ) R x u tha mn
| Im | | Re | z c z s .
Gi s ngc li rng tn ti a thc ( ) R x c nghim
0
z m
0 0
| Im | | Re | z c z > . D thy
rng khi
0
0 z = , gi s rng argument ca s phc ny nh hn
4022

= , trng
hp cn li ch cn xt s phc lin hp vi n. Ta c hai trng hp sau:
- Nu
0
z nm trong gc phn t th nht, t
0
( , ) z i = < , trong k hiu
0
( , ) z i
l gc hp bi
0
z v i theo ngc chiu kim ng h.
Vi cc s 0 2012 j s s m ( ) 0, 2 mod 4 j th
0
( ,1) 2012 2012
j
j
b z j = s < ; cn
vi ( ) 1, 3 mod 4 j th
0
( , ) 2011
j
j
b z i j = < hay
1 0
( , ) b z i = . Do , vi mi
0
j
j
b z c
argument nm trong
1
[2 2012 , 2 ) [0, ]
2
vi ln ca min ny l
1 1
2012 2011
2 2
+ = + <
hay
0
j
j
b z , 0 2012 j s s khng cha 0, mu thun.
- Nu
0
z nm trong gc phn t th hai, t
0
( , ) i z = < vi ( ) 0, 2 mod 4 j , th
0
(1, ) 2012
j
j
b z j = < vi 1, 3(mod4) j = th
0
( , ) 2011
2
j
j
i b z j

= s < nn vi mi
0
j
j
b z c gc nm trong [0, +2011 ]
2

th ln ca min ny l 2011
2

+ < v
0
j
j
b z ,
0 2012 j s s khng cha 0, cng mu thun.
Tm li, gi tr nh nht cn tm ca c l cot
4022

.

Ngy 2.
Bi 1.
Cho s nguyn dng 4 n_ v xt cc tp hp , 1, 2, 3,..., A B n _ tha mn iu kin
Vi mi , a A b B th 1 ab l s chnh phng. Chng minh rng

2
min , log A B n _ .
Li gii.
Trc ht, ta s chng minh b sau:
Vi hai tp hp , A B tha bi, nu , a a l hai s nguyn dng thuc tp hp A v
a a < , , b b l hai s nguyn dng thuc tp hp B v b b < th ta lun c 4 . a b ab
Chng minh.
Ta thy rng v ( )( ) 0 a a b b

nn ( )( ) ( )( ) 1 1 1 1 ab a b ab a b

. T y suy ra
( )( ) ( )( ) 1 1 1 1 ab a b ab a b

.
Theo gi thit th c hai v u l cc s chnh phng ln hn 0 nn ta cng phi c
( )( ) ( )( ) 1 1 1 1 1 ab a b ab a b

hay
( )( ) ( )( )
( )
2
1 1 1 1 1 ab a b ab a b .
Khai trin bt ng thc ny, ta c
( )( ) 2 1 1 1 2 ab a b ab a b ab a b ab a b ab a b


Do a a' < v b b' < nn ab a b ab ' ' + > ; t bt ng thc trn th 2 a b ab a b ' ' ' ' > hay
4 a b ab ' ' > .
B c chng minh.
Tr li bi ton, t
1 2 1 2
{ , , , }, { , , , }
m n
A a a a B b b b = = trong
1 2 m
a a a < < < v
1 2 n
b b b < < <
Khng mt tnh tng qut, ta c th gi s m n s .
V
1 1
1 a b + l cc s chnh phng ln hn 1 nn
1 1
1, 2 a b = .
Nu
1 1
3 a b = th ta c th gi s
1 1
1, 3 a b = = .
Do cc s
1 2 2 1
1, 1 a b a b + + cng u l cc s chnh phng v
1 2 1 2
, a a b b < < nn d dng
thy rng
2 2
5, 8 a b > > hay
2
2 2
5 8 4 a b .
Do , t
1 1
4 a b > , ta cng c
2
2 2
4 a b >
p dng b chng minh trn, ta c
1 1
4 , 1, 2, , 1
k k k k
a b a b k m
+ +
> = .
Nu
1 1
4 a b > th
2 1
1 1 1 1
4 4 4
m m
m m m m
n a b a b a b

> > > > > .
Nu
2
2 2
4 a b > th
2 2
1 1 2 2
4 4 4
m m
m m m m
n a b a b a b

> > > > > .
T suy ra
2
log m n s , y chnh l iu phi chng minh.
Bi 2.
Tm tt c cc s nguyn dng 3 k _ tha mn tnh cht:
Tn ti cc s nguyn dng , m n sao cho
1 ,1 m k n k < < < < v ( ) ( ) , , 1, m k n k m n k = = , ng thi ( )( ) | 1 1 k m n .
Li gii.
Trc ht, ta thy rng nu tn ti s nguyn t p sao cho
2
| p k th ta c th chn
1
k
n
p
m k = = v d dng thy rng
1
2 2
p
m n k k
p
1

( )
,
( )( )
2 2
2
( 1)
1 1
p k
m n
p

= l s nguyn nn tha mn iu kin bi.

Xt s k khng c c nguyn t no c ly tha ln hn 1.
Nu s k c hai c nguyn t
1 1
3. p q _ nn
2 2 1 1
( 2)( 2) 4, | p p p k p > .
t
1 2 r
k p p p = trong
1 2
, , ,
r
p p p i mt khc nhau 2 r > .
Trong hai s
1 2 3
( 1) 1
r
p p p p + v
1 2 3
( 2) 1
r
p p p p + c t nh mt s nguyn t cng
nhau vi
1
p v nu ngc li th
1
p chia ht hiu ca chng l
3 2 r
p p p , mu
thun.
Xt s nguyn dng mm 1 m k < < , ( , ) 1 m k = .
Tng t, ta cng c
2 1 3
( 1) 1
r
p p p p + v
2 1 3
( 2) 1
r
p p p p + l c nguy nt ca n
vi 1 n k < < ( , ) 1 n k = .
Do ,
1 2
| ( 1)( 1)
r
p p p m n hay
1 2 3 2 1 3
( 2) 1 ( 2) 1
r r
m n p p p p p p p p + > + + +

1 2 3
(( 2)( 2) 4) 2
r
k p p p p k = + + > .
tha mn iu kin bi.
Nu k ch c hai c nguyn t l
1 2
, p p th
2 2 1 1
( 2)( 2) 4, | p p p k p > .
D thy rng 3 k > th c th 15, 30 hoc c dng , 2 p p trong p l s nguyn t.
Khi , cc s c dng , 2 , 30 k p p = s khng tha mn bi.
Vi 15 k = , ta c th chn 11, 13 m n = = .
Do , vi 3 k _ th tt c cc s cn tm l cc s cc s t nhin tr 30 v cc s c
dng , 2 p p vi p l s nguyn t.

Bi 3.
Trong mt hnh vung c to bi 2012 2012 vung c cha nhng con b, trong
mt vung c nhiu nht 1 con b. Vo mt thi im no , nhng con b ny bay
ln ri li u xung li vo cc vung, mi vung cng c nhiu nht mt con b.
i vi mi con b, c th xem on thng c hng ni tm ca vung lc u v
tm ca lc sau m n u ln to thnh mt vector.
Vi mt s lng b ban u, xt tt c nhng trng hp c th xy ra vi cc v tr
u tin v cui cng ca nhng con b, hy tm di ln nht ca tng cc vector.
Li gii.
Xt mt phng cha hnh vung cho l mt phng ta Oxy vi O l tm ca
hnh vung ln.
Gi tp hp cc tm ca tt c cc vung nh l S, tp hp nhng im m nhng con
b dng li lc u l
1
M S _ , tp hp nhng im m nhng con b ri xung lc sau
l
2
M S _ .
B qua trng hp mt con b cng mt ni lc u v lc sau. Xt php t tng
ng t
1
M n
2
M l . f
n gin, vi mt im x S , ta k hiu x l vector c im u l , O im cui l
. x Ta c tng cc vector c tnh bng
( )
1 2 1
( )
v M u M u M
V f v v u v

= =
_ _ _
.
D thy rng
1 2 1 2
, , M M S M M _ = ; ng thi, do ta cn tm gi tr ln nht ca di
ca vector V nu trn nn ch cn xt trng hp
1 2
M M =2 (bi v nu
1 2
, M M c
giao khc rng th phn giao ca chng s cho cc vector c di bng 0).
Do cch chn
1 2
, M M hu hn nn s tn ti mt cp
1 2
( , ) M M no m V t gi tr
ln nht v hin nhin gi tr V khc 0. Qua O k ng thng l vung gc vi V.
Ta s chng minh cc b sau:
B 1.
Nu V t gi tr cc i th ng thng l khng i qua bt k im no ca S v
1 2
, M M nm hai pha khc nhau so vi l.
Chng minh.
u tin ta thy rng
1 2
M M S ' = v nu khng th do
2
2012 S = l s chn nn c t
nht hai im , a b khng c trong
1 2
M M ' , c th gi s gc to bi a b v V khng
qu
0
90 th ( ) V a b V (nu gc ln hn
0
90 th xt b a ). Suy ra nu thm a
vo
2
M , thm b vo
1
M (hoc ngc li) th V tng ln, mu thun do V t gi tr
cc i.
Hn na,
2 1
M M = v nu khng th trong
1 2
, M M u c cha t nht mt cp im
i xng, c th l , a b S sao cho
1 2
, ; , a a M b b M .
C th gi s a b v V hp thnh gc khng qu
0
90 th

2 1
( \{ }) ( \{ })
2( )
u M b a v M a b
u v V a b V
' '
=
_ _
.
iu ny cng mu thun vi tnh ln nht ca V hay
1 2
, M M l tp hp cc im i
xng vi nhau.
Ta cng c l khng i qua bt k im no thuc S v nu khng th do l i qua O nn
nu l i qua mt im
1
a M th n cng i qua
2
. a M Khi , ta i ch, thay a
vo
2
, M thay a vo
1
M th tng vector l 4 V a , ch rng gc hp bi a v V l
0
90 nn 4 V a V , mu thun.
Cui cng, ta cng phi c
2
M l tp hp cc im nm v mt pha so vi l , gi s
y l pha c cha im cui ca vector V v
1
M nm v pha ngc li v nu khng
th v pha c im cui ca vector , V tn ti hai im , a b ln lt thuc
1 2
, M M th
gc hp bi a b v V nh hn
0
90 ; tng t, ta li thay a vo
2
M , b vo
1
M th s c
2( ) V b a V , mu thun vi tnh ln nht ca . V

l
V

O



B 2.
t
1 1
( , )
2 2
k
S x y S x k y k
' '
1 1
1 1
= = . =
! !
1 1
1 1 + +
.
Xt l l mt ng thng qua O nhng khng qua bt k im no ca .
k
S Gi nhng
im thuc
k
S nm v mt pha no ca l l ,
k
A pha cn li l .
k
B
Khi , gi tr ln nht ca
k k
k
u A v B
V u v

=
_ _
t c khi l vung gc vi .
k
V
Chng minh.
Cc im ca
k
S nm vo pha trong hnh vung ln v d dng thy rng cc im
ny lp thnh 4 nh ca hnh vung vi cnh c di 2k l
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
, , , , , , ,
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
A k k B k k C k k D k k
1 1 1 1






( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
.
Do tnh i xng, ng thng l ct on AD v gc nghing khng m, nh vy giao
im gia l v AD nm gia im th t v 1 t ca
k
S tnh t trn xung. Ta c
( )( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2
2 2 1 2 3 3 1
k
V k k j k t k i t j t k i k t j
k k t i k t k k j
=
=



trong , i j l cc vector n v. t
2 2
( ) , 0 k t u u k = _ _ th
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
1
2 1 2 3 3 1 3 3 1
4
2 2 1 3 3 1
k
V k u u k k u k k
u k k u k k
=
=
Cc biu thc trn c lin quan n hm s bc hai ca u
vi trc i xng l
2
1
2
u k k = nn d thy rng khi
0 u = ,
2
1
4
k
V t gi tr ln nht hay
k
V t gi tr ln
nht; lc ny, ta cng c t k = v l vung gc vi
k
V .
Tr li bi ton ban u,
Do tnh i xng, ta ch cn xt trng hp gc nghing khng m nh hn
0
90 ; gi
1 2
, M M l nhng tp hp im nm v hai pha ca . l
t
2 1
, ,
k k
k k k k k
u A v B
S A M S B V u v M

= = =
_ _
th
max
max
1006 1006 1006
1 1 1
k k k
k k k
V V V V V
= = =
= = _ _
_ _ _

Xt mt ng thng l l ng thng i qua O, song song vi cc cnh ca hnh
vung th
2
M nm na phn trn,
1
M nm na phn di v tt c cc gi tr
k
V
u t cc i.
Suy ra
3
max
2 1006 V = .
Vy gi tr ln nht cn tm l
3
2 1006 . Bi ton c gii quyt hon ton.