Chapter 4Ecology of Parenting Study Test

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Parenting is _________. a. Bidirectional. b. Dynamic.

c. Both of the above. d. Neither of the above.

2. Political ideology refers to a. Theories pertaining to government. b. Theories specific to child development. c. The production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. d. An individuals rank or position within society. 3. A society in which one person has unlimited power over others is called a. Autocracy. c. Collectivistic. b. Democracy. d. Automatic. 4. Parents of low socioeconomic status may use commanding without explanation because a. They would rather not talk to their children. b. Commanding without explanation requires less time and effort. c. Commanding without explanation is less efficient than other methods. d. They are under less stress than parents of higher socioeconomic statuses. 5. Kohn (1977, 1995) found that, compared to other families, middle-class families were more

likely to judge their childrens behavior in terms of a. Its immediate consequences. b. The childs motives. c. Its external characteristics. d. Whether or not it conformed to social norms.
6. A parents workplace is thought to affect a. Their perception of life. b. The way he/she parents. c. The way he/she interact with family members. d. All answers are correct. 7. One of the universal goals of parenting is a. Ensuring a college education. b. Ensuring physical health and survival. c. Ensuring economic wealth. d. All answers are correct; All are goals shared by parents around the world. 8. Interdependent relations, social responsibility, and the well-being of the group are emphasized

in _________. a. Collectivist Cultures b. Traditional Cultures

c. Individualism d. Classism

9. Ethnic groups are found to vary (differ) in their a. Displays of emotion. c. Emphasis on specific skills. b. Discipline of children. d. All answers are correct.

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10. Research comparing ethnic groups suggests Latino Americans tend to a. Encourage children to learn by observation, by doing, and by the reactions of

others.
b. Include children in many adult activities. c. Use feedback. d. All answers are correct. 11. Individualistic groups tend to value _________ authority whereas collectivistic groups tend to

value _________ authority. a. Achieved; ascribed b. Ascribed; earned-through- hard- work c. Collective; Individual d. No answers are correct
12. According to your text, which of the following is an example of a group that is likely to be

collectivistic? a. Japanese-American families b. Middle-Eastern families

c. Native-American families d. All answers are correct

13. Individual-oriented families believe the self is located within the a. Individual. c. Culture. b. Group. d. Authority figure. 14. All but which of the following characterizes a group with a collectivist orientation? a. Emphasis on nonverbal communication b. Emphasis on group loyalty c. Social responsibility (sharing, helping) d. Emphasis on individual fulfillment 15. A primary concern of social scientists is that recent trends, such as occupational mobility (the

movement of individuals for job-related reasons), will a. Isolate nuclear families from those who can help nurture and care for their children. b. Increase employment opportunities for parents. c. Increase the number of children in quality child care settings. d. Increase the number of child labor laws.
16. During which century were children considered to be significant only if they contributed to

their elders welfare? a. 18th century b. 19th century

c. Early 20th century d. Late 20th century

17. A system of beliefs concerned with the interests and ideals of humans rather than of the

natural or spiritual world is a. Humanism.

c. An idea proposed by Watson.

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b. Tabula Rasa.

d. Behaviorism.

18. Watson believed a. Behavior that is rewarded will get repeated. b. Conditioning of the child must take place early in life. c. Learning is a change in the way an individual responds to a particular situation. d. All answer are correct. 19. Which of the following theories emphasizes observed behavior? a. Behaviorism c. Humanism b. Parent-Centered d. Psychoanalytic 20. Based on observations of children of all ages, Gesell concluded that a. Children need structured learning environments. b. Parents should not push their children, as growth occurs naturally. c. Children do not need experiences to develop. d. Children achieve most when pressured and pushed. 21. Researchers have found that although specific parenting practices change according to the age

of the child, basic parenting styles _________ over time. a. Remain quite stable c. Disappear b. Change even more d. Cannot be determined
22. Which of the following is not a dimension of temperament? a. Cuteness c. Threshold of responsiveness b. Intensity of reaction d. Quality of mood 23. Baby Carrie is adaptable and approachable; she shows positive mood and regularity in body

function. When she reacts to a stimulus, her reaction is moderate or low in intensity. We would classify Carrie as a. Easy. c. Slow-to-Warm-Up. b. Difficult. d. Irregular.
24. Kelly has a child who is very active and distractible. Kelly has worked hard over the years to

adjust her expectations to meet the needs of this child. Based on this information, one would say Kelly has worked hard to develop a. Goodness of fit. c. Fixations. b. Rhythmicity. d. Her childs ethnic awareness.
25. Which children adapt best to any of a number of styles of parenting? a. Easy c. Slow-to-Warm-Up b. Difficult d. Irregular 26. Factors which will influence family dynamics and parenting styles when a child in the family

has a disability include

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a. The nature of the disability. b. The age of onset of the disability.

c. The severity of the disability. d. All of the above.

27. Which of the following is a family characteristic that affects parenting practices? a. Family size c. Parents stage of life b. Family configuration d. All answers are correct 28. According to your text, parents with large families tend to be a. Permissive. c. Authoritarian. b. Individualistic. d. Neglectful. 29. According to research, mothers provide which children more attention, guidance, and

discipline? a. The oldest child b. The second child in a family

30. The first stage of Galinskys model is a. Image Making. b. Interpretive.

c. Boys d. The youngest child in a family

c. Trust vs. Mistrust. d. Sensorimotor.

31. Zussman (1980) found that parents preoccupied with completing a task were _________

responsive to their children. a. More b. Less

c. About the same d. Intensely

32. According to research, children of permissive parents tend to be a. Independent and socially responsible. b. Independent but not socially responsible. c. Lacking in social responsibility and not very independent. d. Lacking in empathy. 33. Two-year-old Matthew bit his brother. In response, his mother bit him back. Which

parenting style does this exhibit? a. Authoritative b. Uninvolved

c. Permissive d. Authoritarian

34. According to Baumrind (1971), the parent who uses punitive disciplinary measures is a. Authoritative. c. Uncaring. b. Permissive. d. Authoritarian. 35. A parent who is controlling yet flexible; demanding yet rational; and is receptive to the childs

communication is considered a. Authoritarian b. Individualistic

c. Authoritative d. Neglectful

36. Serenas attitude toward her children is do what you want. She does not try to control them

and places few demands on them. Serena would be classified as a. Authoritarian c. Uninvolved b. Permissive d. Unregulated

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37.Which is the most commonly used parenting style? a. Authoritarian c. Permissive b. Authoritative d. Uninvolved 38. According to White (1971) and others, the mothers of competent children a. Created a safe physical environment at home. b. Did not provide interesting things for the child to manipulate. c. Were not tolerant of messes or accidents. d. Used distraction only if the child was over age 1 year. 39. Guidance is to discipline as a. Direction is to punishment b. Punishment is to demonstration

c. Outputs are to inputs d. Harsh is to gentle

40. Any intentional harm to or endangerment of a child is called a. Maltreatment. c. Neglect. b. Guidance. d. Restriction. 41. Which of the following is an example of neglect? a. Child is not properly fed b. Child does not get adequate medical attention c. Child lacks supervision d. All answers are examples of neglect 42. Psychological abuse includes a. Inconsistency. b. Having unrealistic expectations. c. Belittling (speaking of as if small or unimportant). d. All answers are correct. 43. An example of a resilient factor as it applies to child maltreatment is a. Childs easy temperament. b. Improvement in familys financial status. c. Neither answer is correct and applicable. d. Both answers are correct and applicable. 44. Compared to other children, children with disabilities are a. At more risk of being abused. c. Equally likely to be abused. b. At less risk for being abused. d. Never abused. 45. Researchers report that the abusive family a. Is generally active in the community. b. Is often isolated from the community. c. Does not want the child. d. Is not intelligent.

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